Introduction to tourism

INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM

Prepared by: Mabellene F. Geronimo

Course ObjectivesAfter studying this course you will be able to:

Define Tourism Outline the important international and domestic tourism

organizations Describe the economic impact of tourism Identify promoters of tourism List reasons why people travel Describe the Socio-cultural impact of tourism Familia


Tourism


Tourism

Comprised of activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. (World Tourism Organization (WTO).


Tourism

Temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during their stay at these destinations. (Tourism Society in Britain)


History of TourismEARLY TRAVEL:

Earlier travel was essentially to seek food or to escape danger.

Travel was also undertaken for trade. Growth of cities along fertile river banks like

Nile etc encouraged water travel. Ancient empires like the Romans helped

shape modern travel.


History of Tourism

THE EMPIRE ERA

The Egyptians

At its peak the travel for business and pleasure flourished.

Travel to outlining cities was necessary. Various amenities were offered to travellers. They travelled for pleasure and festivals were held every

year. People used to travel to attend these festivals.


History of TourismThe Persians:

They started travel initially for military use. Later facilties earlier used for military were

transformed to facilitate travel. Roads were built, markers were established to

indicate distances. Safety of travelers was given importance. Modes of transport like wagons, donkeys/mules

were introduced.


History of Tourism The Greeks:

Greeks were the first, who shaped the modern day travel.

Pleasure travel was popular.Travel was advanced by two developments: Currency exchange: Greek cities accepted foreign

currency,making it easier for travelers.Communication: The Greek empire covered the entire

Mediterrenian thus the language was widely understood.

They provided all the ammenities required.


History of Tourism The Romans

The prosperity of the roman empire was reflected in the development of travel.

The Romans included a large group of middle class who had money and time to travel.

They built excellent roads, transportation and communication systems.

They built rest houses.


History of TourismRENAISSANCE AND GRAND TOUR

(AD 1763-1773)

The rise of Italy as intellectual capital of Europe .

• GRAND TOUR – a tour to the principal cities and places of interest in Europe, formerly said to be an essential part of the education of the young man of ‘good birth’ and ‘fortune’.-Main travelers were diplomats, business people, and scholars Mainly for career, education, culture, literary, health, scientific, business, and economic reasons.


History of TourismThomas Cook the Father of Tourism.His first organized trip was ‘Leicester

to Loughborough ’ in 1841.It covered a distance of 22 km for 570

members.He acted as an agent by buying

tickets in bulk and selling it to others on a non profit basis.

This gave him an idea to package tours in a profitable manner.


History of Tourism

He organized the travel arrangements, accommodations, transport at the destinations and return to the homeland.

He organized the first ‘inclusive tour’ to Paris Exhibition in 1855.

‘Hotel voucher’ was introduced by Thomas Cook in 1867 and ‘Circular Note’ in 1873 which made travel easier.

First ‘Round the world tour’ in 1872.


YEAR MILESTONE

01 4000BC Invention of money by Sumerians (Babylonia)

02 5th-15th century AD

Dark Era of Tourism

03 AD 1763-1773

Renaissance stage of tourism

04 1820 Introduction of regular steamboat services

05 1830 First passenger train service begins

06 1841 Thomas Cook began running a special excursion train from Leicester to Loughborough (England)

07 1867 Thomas Cook introduced Hotel voucher

08 1872 Thomas Cook first organized ‘the round the world trip’

09 1873 ‘Circular note’ was introduced by Thomas Cook

10 1888-89 The Savoy, Claridges, and Carlton hotels were opened in London


11 1903 Airplane’s first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by the Wright brothers

12 1903 The first major hotel company-Trust Houses- opens a chain of hotels through out Britain

13 1920 Chartered flights appear in tourism

14 AD1945 IATA was established

15 1947 IUOTO was constituted

16 1950 Commercial air transportation increased and air transportation became cheaper

17 1958 Boeing 707 jet was introduced

18 1966 UFTAA was founded

19 1970 First wide-bodied jet (Boeing 747) appeared in service(capable of carrying 400 pax)

20 1975 WTO began its legal existence


Two classifications of visitors Tourist- temporary visitors

staying at least 24 hours with purposes such as leisure, recreation, holiday, family, business or meeting.

Excursionist- temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the destination visited and not making an overnight stay, including cruise travelers but excluding travelers in transit.


The Tourism System-is a group of interrelated, interdependent and

interacting elements that together form a single structure.


Five interdependent core elements

1. Tourist (role in the system)- the tourist is the actor in this system.

Tourism -is a very human experience-enjoyed, anticipated and remembered by many as one of the most important times of their lives.



2.Traveler-generating region

- generating market of tourism; provides the ‘push’ to stimulate and motivate travel.



3.Tourist-destination region- “sharp-end of tourism”, where full impact of tourism is felt and planning and management strategies are implemented.



4.Transit route region- represents the short period of travel to reach the destination and also intermediate places visited.



5.Tourism Industry- is described as the range of business and organizations involved in delivering the tourism product.


What is Tourism? Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:

The tourist: The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experience and satisfactions. The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activities enjoyed.

The business providing tourist goods and services: Business people see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist markets demand.

The government of the host community or area: politicians view tourism as a wealth factor in the economy of their jurisdiction. Their perspective is related to the income their citizens can earn from this business. They also consider the foreign exchange receipts from international tourism as well as the tax receipts collected from tourist expenditures, either directly or indirectly. The government can lay an important role in tourism policy, development, promotion and implementation.

The host community: Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction between large numbers of international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial or harmful, or both.

Tourism – Myths and Realities

Myths Realities The majority of tourism in the world is international

Tourism in the world is predominantly domestic (people traveling their own country). Domestic tourism accounts for about 80% of tourist trips.

Most tourism journeys in the world are by air as tourists jet-set from country to country

The majority of trips are surface transport (mainly by car.

Tourism is only about leisure holidays. Tourism includes all types of purpose of visit, including business, conference and education.

Employment in tourism means substantial travel and the chance to learn language.

Most employment in tourism is in the hospitality sector and involve little travel.

Large multinational companies such as hotels chains and airlines dominate tourism.

The vast majority of tourism enterprises in every destination are SMEs

Tourism is a straightforward sector demanding little research or planning

Tourism is a complex multi-sectoral industry demanding high-level planning underpinned by research to succeed.



Definition by UNWTO

Tourism defined as “ the activities of persons traveling to and staying in place outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purpose”


Elements of Tourism

Distance- distance traveled on a trip by the traveler. Trip is defined as each time a person goes to a place more than 100 miles away from home.

Length of stay at destination- tourists makes at least one overnight stay; excursionists do not stay overnight in the place that they visit.

Residence of the traveler- origin of the visitorsPurpose of travelvisiting friends and relatives ,

conventions and seminars, business, outdoor recreation, entertainment, medical, funeral, wedding and others.


Seven Characteristics of Tourism

1. Product is not brought to the consumer.2. Products of tourism are not used up.3. Tourism is a labor-intensive industry.4. Tourism is people-oriented.5. Tourism is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.6. The tourist industry is seasonal.7. The industry is dynamic.


Importance of Tourism

1. Contribution to the balance of payments2. Dispersion of development3. Effects on general economic development4. Employment opportunities5. Social Benefits6. Cultural Enrichment7. Educational Significance8. A vital force for peace


Factors for growth in Tourism Rising disposable income for

large sections of the population

Growth in the number of retired persons who have the desire and energy to travel- life expectancy is increasing.

Increase in discretionary time

Greater credit availability through credit cards and bank loans

Growth in the number of singles

Greater credit availability

through credit cards and bank loans

Higher Educational levels The growth of cities Simplification of travel

through the package tour Growth of multinational

business Modern transportation

technology Shift in values Advances in communication Smaller families and

changing roles


Tourism Category Tourism can be divided by four category:

1. International tourism1. Inbound tourism: Visits to a country by

nonresidents2. Outbound tourism: Visits by residents of a country

to another country2. Internal tourism : Visits by resident and non

residents of the country of reference3. Domestic tourism : Visits by residents of a

country to their own country4. National tourism : Internal tourism plus outbound

tourism


Traveler Terminology for Tourism.

All types of travelers engaged in tourism are described as visitors.

International visitors are persons who travel for a period not exceeding twelve months to country other than the one in which they generally reside and whose main purpose is other than exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

Internal visitors are persons who travel to destination within their country, that is outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding twelve months.


Traveler Terminology for Tourism

All travelers are subdivided into two further categories:

Same-day Visitors: Visitors who do not spend for the night in a collective or private accommodation in the country visited. E.g. A cruise ship passengers spending four hours in a port or days-trippers visiting attraction.


Traveler Terminology for Tourism

Tourist: Visitors who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited”.


Classification of Visitors Segments.

Organised mass tourists – These people have little or no influence over their travel experience other than to purchase one package or another. They commonly travel in a group, view the destination through the windows of a tour bus, and remain in preselected hotels. Shopping in the local market often provides their only contact with the native population.


Classification of Visitors Segments

Individual Mass Tourist – These people are similar to the previous category but have somewhat more control over their itinerary. E.g. The tourist may rent an auto to visit attractions

Explorers – These people plan for their own itinerary and make their own reservations. They tend to be sociable people who enjoy interacting with people at the destination.

Drifters – These people, the backpackers group, will seldom, if ever be found in a a traditional hotel. They may stay out at the youth hostels with friends or camp out. They tend to mix with the lower-socio-economics native groups and are commonly found riding third-class rail or bus. Most tend to be young.



Visiting Friends or Relatives (VFR) – These people are stay in the homes of friends and relatives.

Business Travelers – This often encompasses any form of business including conventions, trade shows, job seeking and many other reasons

Pleasure travel – This too is a very wide and all-

encompassing classification .

Business and pleasure travelers – many convention and business travelers plan to incorporate a period of relaxation prior to or after their business.



Tag-along visitors – Members of the family are common “tag-along” visitors. The presence of tag-along children has created a sub industry of child care and entertainment.

Grief travel – Family and friends attending funeral services. This types of tourist will increase in importance as society ages.

Education and Religious travel – This group includes student, those on a pilgrimage, missionaries and a host of others.

Pass-through tourist – The visitors who travel through the city without staying in place or just stop by.



This group of person are not include as a visitors at all:

Transit passengers Immigrant The army who are work at the borders The ambassador of each country


Purposes of Travel Business

Primary activities Conventions Consultations Inspection

Secondary activities Dining out Recreation Shopping Sight seeing VFR


Purposes of TravelVisiting Friends or Relatives

Primary activities Socialising Dining in Home entertainment

Secondary activities Dining out Physical recreation Shopping Sight-seeing Urban entertainment


Purposes of Travel

Other personal business Primary activities

Shopping Religious visit Medical appointment

Secondary activities Dining out VFR


Purposes of Travel

Pleasures Primary activities

Recreation Sight-seeing Dining out

Secondary activities VFR Convention Business Shopping


The Tourist Destination

Tourist Destination- is a geographical unit which the tourist visits and where he stays.

The success of a tourist destination depends upon the interrelationship of three basic factors:

3 A’s


3 A’s1. Attractions- may be site or event attractions and

natural or man-made.

Site attractions- the destination itself has the appeal to the tourist. It maybe a country, geographical region, a city or a resort.

Event attractions- include congresses, exhibitions, and festivals.

Natural attractions- include natural formations all over the world.

Man-made attractions- include buildings of historical or architectural interests.


3 A’s2. Amenities or Facilities- include

accommodation, food, local transport, communications and entertainment at the site.

3.Accessibility- means having regular and convenience of transport in terms of time and distance to the destination from the originating country at a reasonable price.


Impacts of Tourism


Economic Impacts of Tourism

POSITIVE IMPACTSIncome-The industry obviously generates income within a

destination country. Nations wanting to increase their income have used tourism as a means for reasonably quick growth.

Employment- The tourist industry offers more employment opportunities than other economic sectors.

Balance of Payments- Is an accounting of the flow of goods, services and funds in and out of the country during a given period.

Investment and Development- Once an area has become economically successful, more businessmen and government agencies may be influenced to invest in tourism and other industries in that area.



NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Inflation and Land Values- increase in the prices of goods and lands in a short period of time

High Leakages- high loss of profitSeasonality- brought about by the fluctuations in

demandOverdependence on Tourism- depending on the

industry alone and not seeing the significance of the co-existing industry



IMPACT CONTROL MEASURESDevelop tourism graduallyMaintain a scale of tourism development that is appropriate for

the local as well as national environment. Involve residents and their spokesmen in planning and decision-

making so that they can participate in determining the future of the sector.

Apply the concept of tourism development zonesMake certain that residents have easy access to products of

tourismProvide incentive to the local business sectorsDevelop strong linkages between tourism and other economic

activitiesTrain local people to work effectively in all levels of tourism


Social Impacts of TourismPOSITIVE IMPACTS

Tourism causes more interaction between peoples particularly between the tourists or visitors and the local residents or hosts.

Social Change and Multi-cultural Understanding- one of the most important benefits of tourism is the bringing together of diverse people to help them understand one another.

Adaptation to the Realities of Modern life and Improvement of the Host Country’s lifestyle- tourism promotes progress and modernization through exposure to other attitudes, values, improvement in facilities and services.

Use of Foreign Language- use of foreign language brings people in contact with those other language group, thus improve the quality of future experiences.

Improve Health conditions and Disease Control- through tourism local residents comes become aware of both health problems and good hygiene that can change the health infrastructure of a destination.


Social Impacts of TourismNEGATIVE IMPACTS

Social Saturation- the presence of large number of tourists in a certain area is the cause of this phenomenon. It results to a tight competition among the tourists and residents for limited resources in the area causing resentment in the local community.

Change in Social Structure , Behavior and Roles- tourism changes the traditional forms of employment which results in lowering of the status of agricultural workers, migration of the population and breaking up of families.

Community Problems- tourism can increase prostitution and crime in a certain area.

Negative Demonstrative Effects- refers to tourist behavior s which can be considered socially and economically inappropriate.


Social Impacts of Tourism

IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES

Reducing the contact between hosts and guests

Designing Community education and citizen involvement programs centered on tourism development, policy and regulatory issues

Expanding human resources development and training programs in all components of the tourism system.


Impact Of Tourism On Culture

POSITIVE IMPACTSIntercultural Communication- tourism can

contribute to the removal of social or national prejudices and promotion of better understanding and positive social change.

Renaissance of Native Culture- tourism is important to the host country to remind its people of its history and culture. Tourism has stimulated the preservation of traditional art including traditional songs and dances.



NEGATIVE IMPACT

Destruction of a country’s work of art- several tourists persuade the natives to sell traditional objects which have been used for generation. Beside the loss for artifacts, the increased demand for them has led changes in the form and function of art objects.



IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES

Develop programs which enhance tourism’s contribution to the intercultural communication and interaction such as matching tourist types with destination characteristics; designing programs for the interaction of local residents and guests promoting goodwill “ambassador” tourist education.

Incorporate local indigenous features within western style structures such as decorating hotel interiors with local paintings, murals and sculpture and encouraging porters, maids and waiters to dress in native costumes.


ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM

POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTLAL IMPACT OF TOURISMConservation- tourism has created environmental

awareness and has raised man’s awareness of the earth’s beauty and made it easier for him to see and enjoy it minimum damage.

Development of Attractions- tourism helps in the discovery and development of new attractions all over the world.

Historic Preservation- many historical sites in both urban and rural areas have been preserved to attract tourists.

Resident Benefits- the results of conservation and preservation can be enjoyed by the local community as well as by tourists.



NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTLAL IMPACT OF TOURISMEnvironmental Conflicts- tourism can affect the quality

of the environment and may destruct the vegetation, pollution and the destruction of wildlife.

Geological Conflicts- some tourist collect minerals, rocks and fossils affecting the geological formations of a certain area.

Resident Conflicts- conflicts frequently occur between residents and tourist developers. Tourism developments often forces residents to move from the area that is subject for development. Conflicts between tourists and local residents may also arise because of littering, vandalism and traffic congestion caused by tourists.



IMPACT CONTROL MEASURESGeneral protective measures. The protective

measures are designed to protect the various aspects of the environment – endangered animals and plants, beaches and forests- through the creation of national parks and wilderness areas.

Regulation and control of tourist development. Regulation and control refers to zoning and land use, specifications on the facilities being built.

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Introduction to tourism

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