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Introduction to Underwater Acoustics Simulator Poul Kronborg Product Area Owner, Marine MIKE Software Products DHI [email protected]
Introduction to Underwater Acoustics Simulator
Poul Kronborg
Product Area Owner, Marine MIKE Software Products
DHI
© DHI
Module Overview for Marine MIKE Software: Release 2014
Hydrodynamics Sediments Environment Waves
MIKE 21/3 HD MIKE 21/3 ST(Sand transport)
MIKE 21/3 AD(Advection-
Dispersion)
MIKE 21 SW(Spectral Waves)
MIKE 21/3 MT(Mud transport)
MIKE 21/3 OS
(Oil Spill)
MIKE 21 BW(Boussinesq
Waves)
Others:
MIKE C-Map
MIKE Animator
LITPACK ECO Lab
MIKE 21/3 PT ABM Lab
© DHI
Module Overview for Marine MIKE Software: Release 2016
Hydrodynamics Sediments Environment Waves
MIKE 21/3 HD MIKE 21/3 ST(Sand transport)
MIKE 21/3 AD(Advection-
Dispersion)
MIKE 21 SW(Spectral Waves)
MIKE 21 SM(Shoreline
Morphology)
MIKE 21/3 OS
(Oil Spill)
MIKE 21 BW(Boussinesq
Waves)
MIKE 21/3 MT(Mud transport)
ECO Lab
Others:
MIKE C-Map
MIKE Animator
LITPACK ABM Lab
MIKE 21/3 PT UAS(Underwater
Acoustics)
© DHI
Module Overview for Marine MIKE Software: Release 2017
MIKE Operations for Forecasting
Hydrodynamics Sediments Environment Waves Maritime
MIKE 21/3 HD MIKE 21/3 ST(Sand transport)
MIKE 21/3 AD(Advection-
Dispersion)
MIKE 21 SW(Spectral Waves)
MIKE 21 MA(Mooring Analysis)
MIKE 21 SM(Shoreline
Morphology)
MIKE 21/3 OS
(Oil Spill)
MIKE 21 BW(Boussinesq
Waves)
MIKE 21/3 MT(Mud transport)
ECO Lab
Others:
MIKE C-Map
MIKE Animator
Littoral Proc.(New Litpack)
ABM Lab
MIKE 21/3 PT UAS(Underwater
Acoustics)
© DHI
Performance:
• Parallelization• Linux porting
• Support of GPU’s
• Remote Execution Facility
• SaaS (MIKE in the Cloud)
Marine MIKE software: Latest Developments
Productivity tools: • Scour Calculation Tool
• Enhancements of Climate Change Editor
• MIKE Animator enhancements
• Mesh Generation improvements
• Earthquake bathymetry adjustment
• New Cyclone Tool
• Fully Spectral Wave Boundary Generation
• Random Wave Generation Enhancements
• Software Development Kit
• US Units
Engine enhancements:• Nearfield/Farfield integration
• New dike structure with overtopping
• Structure Improvements
• Flather boundary and Q/h boundaries
• Time-varying bathymetries
• Litpack Re-engineering
• New Oil Spill Module
• Agent Based Modelling
Easy data access:• Introducing online WaterData
• Improvements in the Global Tide Model
Sound is more than four times faster underwater
compared to air and there is less attenuation
Water is an excellent medium for sound
transmisson
10
Sound is important for marine life
Senses underwater
© DHI
• Smell - No receptors
• Taste - Limited
• Touch – Short range
• Visual – Short range
• Sound – Effective, fast,
long-range
Frequency (kHz)
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
SP
L (
dB
re
1 µ
Pa
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Bottlenose dolphin (Johnson 1967)
Risso's dolphin (Nachtigall et al. 1995)
Striped dolphin (Kastelein et al. 2003)
Killer whale (Szymanski et al. 1999; Behaviour)
Killer whale (Szymanski et al. 1999; ABR)
Harbour porpoise (Kastelein et al. 2002)
Marine mammal hearing
10 100 1000
SP
L (
dB
re
1 µ
Pa
)
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Bass (Nedwell et al. 2004)
Cod (Offut 1974)
Cod (Hawkins & Myrberg 1983)
Dab (Hawkins & Myrberg 1983))
Bass (Nedwell et al. 2004)
Herring (Enger 1967)
Pollack (Chapman 1973)
Pollack (Chapman & Hawkins 1969)
Atlantic Salmon (Hawkins & Johnstone 1978)
Little Skate (Casper et al. 2003)
Fish hearing
Marine sound sources
Boyd et al. 2008
6/29/2016 15
Risk based approach to noise assessment
What is the problem?
How far does the sound spread and how many
animals are in range of the sound?
How do they react to the sounds?
How can we
mitigate
impacts?
Detection
Response
Masking
TTS-PTS
Injury
• TTS =
Temporary
threshold shift
• PTS =
Permanent
threshold shift
17
• Depends on source
strength, sound spread and
different ambient noise
conditions
(Close range - > 100 km)
Detection
Masking
Fish
Whales
Toothed Whales
Seals & Sea Lions
1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz
200 k
Shipping
Fish
Whales
Toothed Whales
Seals & Sea Lions
1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz
200 k
Shipping
(Southall & Hatch in OSPAR 2009)
Source
Properties
-duration
-transient /
continuous
Channel
Age Condition
Sex
Social state
SeasonBehavioural state
Response
• Significant decline in
catch rate during and
after seismic exposure
• 5 days to recover
• Effects 20 nm
Pearson et al. 1992; Engas et al. 1996; Slotte et al. 2004
Response
6/29/2016 23
Risk management
©Werner Piper
• Source mitigation (e.g. dampening)
• Channel mitigation (e.g. Bubble
curtains, NMS, Helmholtz Res)
• Receiver mitigation (Wochner et al.
2015; Schiedek et al. 2015 )
Different approaches
6/29/2016 24
Simulate Sound
Propagation:
Underwater Acoustic
Simulator (UAS)
Undertake EIA:
Underwater Acoustic
Analyzer (UAA)
Dynamic Risk Assesment:
Agent Based Modelling
(ABM Lab)
Underwater Acoustic Simulator
© DHI
• The UAS Engine
a. Sound propagation
b. Broad band noise source
c. Range dependent
d. Ambient conditions…
Underwater Acoustic Simulator in MIKE
© DHI
• Accounting for ambient conditions
a. Bathymetry
b. Temperature
c. Salinity
d. Absorption in the seabed
e. Volume attenuation in the water – significant for high frequencies
Bathymetry and Transects
© DHI
from MIKE HD
Broad band noise source in 1/3 Octave
© DHI
Water phase
© DHI
Seabed
© DHI Femern A/S
Geological profile
Specifying Outputs and resolution
© DHI
Work Flow - Noise Impact Assessment
© DHI
Marine species filter Impact ranges (PTS/TTS)Noise maps
Pinnipeds
High Freq. Cetaceans
Some raw simulation results
© DHI
• Results in 1/3 Octave bands: 20 Hz – 5 kHz
*Sound exposure lever (SEL) is a measure of the total energy of the noise normalised to 1 second.
Validation
© DHI
• Lloyds Mirror case (the sea surface acts like a mirror for acoustic energy)
• Ideal Wedge (Jensen and Ferla,1990)
Empirical UAS Validation: Measurements at Belwind OWF
29 June, 2016© DHI #37(Degraer et al. (2010): Belwind Phase 1 windfarm, foundation B10)
UAA development (Underwater Acoustics Analyzer): On-going
• UAS: Model for the simulation of TL (CPU consuming)
• UAA: Tool for post-processing of UAS results (instantaneous):
• Scaling of source spectrum
• Apply mitigation spectrum
• Calculate relevant metrics (SEL, SPL-zp, etc.)
• Calculate cumulative impacts (noise dose, etc.)
• Make weighting of received spectrum e.g. M-weighting
• Calculate impact ranges based on various impact criteria for specific receptors
• Make transect plots, line plots, spectral plots
• In short: Prepare your Environmental Impact Asessment applying the UAA
29 June, 2016© DHI #38
6/29/2016 42
Noise Dose Impacts
TTS single strike = 700 m
(SL = 207 dB re 1µPa2 . s, N = 2400 strikes, TL = 15 log (r)
TTS: acoustic dose
6/29/2016 43
TTS single strike = 700 m TTS 1 h = 12.5 km
(SL = 207 dB re 1µPa2 . s, N = 2400 strikes, TL = 15 log (r))
TTS: acoustic dose
29 June, 2016© DHI #44
Beluga whale sound response modelling Dynamic Risk Assessment Model for
Acoustic Disturbance
Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Acute exposure to loud, low and
mid frequency impulsive sounds
Gaps in distribution due to
behavioural alterations (11.1.1)
Chronic exposure to continuous low
frequency sound
• Communication difficulties caused by
low frequency noise (11.2.1)
(OSPAR 2009; Tasker et al. 2010)
29 June, 2016© DHI #46
• Update on Southall 2007 noise exposure criteria in preparation
• NOAA Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound
on Marine Mammals in preparation
Exposure criteria
Questions
© DHI
