NESTOR S. ABROGENA JR.DESIGN FOUNDATION, SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ARTS

COLLEGE OF SAINT BENILDE

REVISED 2011

VIDEO TECHNOLOGY

VIDEO TECHNOLOGYWAS FIRST DEVELOPED

FORCATHODE RAY TUBE

TELEVISION SYSTEMS

CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

FAST-RISINGTECHNOLOGYGAVE BIRTH TOHIGHER-END

TV MONITORS

Digital Light Processing(DLP)

Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)

Plasma Display Panels(PDP)

Organic Light Emitting Diode(OLED / LED TV) 3D TV

HOLOGRAPHIC TV

BASIC

FOR FILM & VIDEOHAD ITS ROOTS

IN STILL

PHOTOGRAPHY

IMAGE REPRODUCTION

LIGHT PHOTOSENSITIVE

MATERIALARE THE ELEMENTS

OFIMAGE REPRODUCTION

AND A

PRINCIPLES OFIMAGE REPRODUCTION

1. STILL CAMERA2. MOVING CAMERA3. VIDEO CAMERA

STILL CAMERAlight falls

on the subject

capturedby the

camera lens negative enlarger

chemical process photo

print

> > > > >

MOVING CAMERAlight falls

on the

subject

>> > > >

recordsat 24 fps

negativeprint

chemical process

positiveprint projection

at 24 fps

MOVING CAMERA: PERSISTENCE OF VISION

SINCE THE EYE RETAINS IMAGES SLIGHTLY LONGER THAN IT IS ACTUALLY EXPOSED TO THEM,

IT TENDS TO MELD 2 SUCCESSIVE IMAGES INTO ONE, CREATING A SMOOTH TRANSITION BETWEEN THEM.

FILM FORMAT: 35mm-1890’s

Before: CELLULOSE NITRATE-BASED – highly flammable and becomes

explosive as it deteriorates with ageAfter: CELLULOSE ACETATE-BASED

35mm CameraCamera to Human Ratio

35mm film stock

FILM FORMAT: 16mm-1920’s

-Looks grainier and less sharp, but already coped up with the technology

- Super16 (1970) / Ultra16

16mm Camera

Camera to Human Ratio16mm film stock 16mm projector

FILM FORMAT: 8mm-1932

-½ of 16mm; less expensive; before, the prime format of home movies

- Super8 (1965) / Ultra16

Le8mm Camera Camera to Human Ratio

8mm film stock 8mm projector Sample clip

FILM FORMAT:

65/70mm-Large formats

- IMAX (image maximum) / ONIMAX (65mm horizontally)

Le70mm Camera Camera to Human Ratio

70mm film stock 70mm film negative

IMAX Projection

SIZE COMPARISON OF FILM NEGATIVES

ASPECT RATIOWIDTH OF THE FRAME

DIVIDED BY THE HEIGHT

4:3 / 1.33:1STANDARD

- 4 UNITS WIDE FOR EVERY 3 UNITS OF HEIGHT

16:9WIDESCREEN

-1.85:1: ASPECT RATIO USED BY AMERICAN-1.66.1: ASPECT RATIO USED BY EUROPEAN-LETTERBOX: CROPPING TOP AND BOTTOM

2.35:1ANAMORPHIC-VERY WIDE SCREEN; WHEN SHOOTING, SQUEEZE THE

WIDTH THEN UNSQUEEZED IN PROJECTION, WIDENING ORIGINAL ASPECT RATIO

- BIGGER LETTERBOX

RULE OF THUMBTHE LARGER THE FORMAT, THE

BETTER THE QUALITY , THE MORE EXPENSIVE IT IS TO

SHOOT AND THE HEAVIER THE EQUIPMENT TO USE.

VIDEO CAMERAlight falls

on the subject

capturedby the camera

lens,light is then converted

Into an electrical signal and prints to a magnetic tape

playbackVCR TV

monitor

> >>

HOW DO VIDEO CAMERAS WORK?LIGHT IS CONVERTED INTO AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL, EACH FRAME OF INFORMATION

DOESN’T FLOW THROUGH THE ELECTRICAL CABLE AT ONCE

AN ELECTRON BEAM SCANS ACROSS THE PICTURE FROM ONE SIDE TO THE OTHER. THE LEVEL OF BRIGHTNESS AND DARKNESS IS READ

AND TRANSMITTED

THE VIDEO IMAGE IS MADE UP OF A SERIES OF

HORIZONTAL LINES BUT THE SCANNING PROCESS IS SO FAST THAT OUR EYES SEE THE

FRAME AS A WHOLE UNIFIED PICTURE

EVOLUTION OF VIDEO CAMERA

U-matic Betacam SP Betamax

EVOLUTION OF VIDEO CAMERA

VHS Video 8 Hi 8

EVOLUTION OF VIDEO CAMERA

Digital 8Mini-DV HDV

EVOLUTION OF VIDEO CAMERA

DVD P2 / DVCPRO HD AVCHD (SD CARD)

EVOLUTION OF VIDEO CAMERA

XDCAM(BLUE-RAY / S x S CARD)

HDSLR (CF CARD / SD CARD)

RED CAMERAS(Red Drive, Red Flash [CF])

EVOLUTION OF VIDEO CAMERA

ARRI’S ALEXA(DUAL S x S CARD) PANASONIC AF 100

CAMERA(SDXC CARD- 32GB TO 2TB)

PHANTOM FLEX HIGH-SPEED CAMERA

(INTERNAL RAM MEMORY)

THE RASTER SCANHORIZONTAL LINES STARTING AT THE TOP,

FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

2 TYPES OF SCANNINGPROGRESSIVE- IN ORDER FROM TOP TO BOTTOM

INTERLACED- SCANS EVERY OTHER LINE, STARTING WITH ODD LINES (1,3,5…625), THEN EVEN

LINES (2,4,6…624)

THE RASTER SCAN

FRAMETWO FIELDS SHOWN IN RAPID SUCCESSION

THERE ARE 25 FRAMES PER SECOND WITH 50 FIELDS PER SECOND (PAL) / 24

FPS WITH 60 FIELDS PER SECOND (NTSC). THE CAMERA PROCESSES 15,625 LINES OF

PICTURE INFORMATION PER SECOND

CAMERA IMAGE SENSORSRESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSFORMING LIGHT INTO

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

CCD- (CHARGED COUPLE DEVICE)

LIGHT SENSITIVE COMPUTER CHIP DIVIDED INTO PIXELS (PICTURE ELEMENTS) VERY FINE GRID SOPT-TINY LIGHT METERS THAT READS THE

BRIGHTNESS OF LIGHT AT THAT SPOT

CAMERA IMAGE SENSORSRESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSFORMING LIGHT INTO

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

CMOS- (COMPLIMENTARYMETAL-OXIDE

SEMICONDUCTOR)

WORLD COLOR TV STANDARDS

NTSC (NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITTEE) – 525/60 INTERLACED LINES; 30 FPS, USED IN US, CANADA, JAPAN, PHILIPPINES

PAL (PHASE ALTERNATING LINE) – 625/50 LINES; 25 FPS, USED IN UK, WESTERN EUROPE, PARTS AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST, AUSTRALIA, CHINA

SECAM (SÉQUENTIEL COULEUR ÀVEC MÉMOIRE) – OR SEQUENTIAL COLOR WITH MEMORY / SYSTEME ELECTRONIQUE POUR COLEUR AVEC MEMOIRE- 625/50 LINES; 25 FPS, USED IN FRANCE, EASTERN EUROPE, PARTS OF AFRICA AND RUSSIA