COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN JATIGEDE RESERVOIR REGION IN SUMEDANG REGENCY

Djuwendah, E 1, Tuhpawana2, Kusnadi, E 3, M.Arief 4

1, 2,3,4 Dosen Prodi Agribisnis Faperta UNPADemail: endah.djuwendah@unpad.ac.id

ABSTRACT

Jatigede Reservoir region is an area with a combination of plain and water areas that have

multiple functions, as power generation, irrigation water supply, fisheries, and tourism

destinations. Thus, the tourism that was developed in the reservoir area must be the tourism

that supports the reservoir function as well as natural conservation. Ecotourism is a tourism

activity that sets forth certain natural beauty, activities and attractions as its attractiveness

as well as supports conservation efforts. Community-based ecotourism development is

expected to increase land carrying capacity, widen employment opportunities for local

communities as well as maintain environmental sustainability. The purpose of this study

were to identify Jatigede Reservoir potentials as a tourist destination and to identify local

communities’ participation in the management of Jatigede Reservoir ecotourism. This

research used qualitative descriptive method with case study technique. The data source

was obtained through interviews, documentation and observation. The research result

showed that the development of the forest around the reservoir was potential for tourism

attractions, such as outbound arena, camping, hiking, and off-road driving. The utilization

of fertile rice fields and the reservoir dam water was also potential for agro-tourism, fishing

tourism, and water tourism. Community involvement in the management of Jatigede

Reservoir ecotourism were still limited. As an implication, it is needed the policy which is

based on local potential development and the full community involvement in the planning

and management of the ecotourism in order to suit the needs and culture of the local

community.

Keywords: ecotourism, Jatigede Reservoir, development, community empowerment

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INTRODUCTION

Tourism activity is one of the sectors that have their roles in development process

and regional growth, because besides becoming contributor to economic growth, tourism

sector can also become the stimulus of the growth of other developmental sectors, such as

plantation, agriculture, commerce, and industry. According to Nugroho (2011), tourism

development has a significant role in economic, social, and environmental aspects. In

economic aspect, tourism sector contributes to the foreign exchange savings from the visits

of international tourists, and to the GDP with its components. In social aspect, tourism has

a role in labor absorption, the appreciation for national arts, traditions, and cultures, the

improvement of national identity, and others.

Sumedang Regency is one of the regencies that have excellent sectors of agriculture,

tourism, and culture. Based on tourism policy of Sumedang Regency announced in

RIPPDA (Rencana Induk Pengembangan Pariwisata Daerah) 2013, tourism development is

directed to the availability of adequate tourism objects, and is supported by reliable tourism

agents. One of the new tourism destinations in Sumedang Regency that have an integration

between nature and man-made elements and is potential to develop is Jatigede Reservoir.

Jatigede Reservoir construction has various purposes (multipurpose) that result in

community welfare. The purposes of Jatigede Reservoir include water control, power

plants, raw water supply, and tourism.

Since the first time it was officially announced by Minister of General Work and

Public Housing, Basuki Hadimulyono, on Monday, August 31, 2015, the tourism potentials

in the reservoir region began to come up. Along with the water pool heightening of

Jatigede Reservoir, there have been many tourists visiting, particularly on holidays.

Jatigede Reservoir tourism object sites that become the mainstays are Wana Wisata

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Tanjungduriat and Puncakdamar, which are located in Cisitu District and Darmaraya

District.

Natural tourism object development in Jatigede region has automatically changed the

function of forest and the land use around it, so that it is necessary that there is some

regulation in the land and forest arrangements in order to make it not only increase the

domestic income, but also maintain ecological preservation and local culture.

Ecotourism development which involves people is the best choice to ensure

environmental sustainability as well as to give some benefits for the local community. This

is parallel with tourism-based community empowerment. This research aimed at

inventorying the ecotourism potentials that could be developed in Jatigede Reservoir

region, and identifying community involvement in the tourism development in Jatigede

Reservoir region.

LITERARY REVIEW

The national tourism industry development attempt is stated in Undang-Undang No.

10 tahun 2009 about tourism. According to statement, tourism is a variety of tourism

activities, and is supported by various facilities and services which are provided by

community, company, government, and local government, while tourism industry is a

group of tourism businesses which are related to each other in producing goods and/or

services for the fulfillment of tourists’ needs in managing tourism. According to Copper, et

al (1992:81) in Sugiana (2013), there are 4 components of tourism assets that is needed in a

tourism destination. The four components are attraction, accessibility, amenity, and

ancillary.

Tourism attraction is an object that has attractive power over a person to enjoy/watch

it, so that they are interested to visit it. Generally, there are three tourism attractions:

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natural attraction, cultural attraction, and special interests. Accessibility covers all

transportation infrastructure that connect from and to the tourism destination in relation to

the duration spent and distance taken through land, sea, or air routes. Amenity

encompasses a variety of activities to fulfill the tourists’ accommodation needs along the

tour, such as lodgings, food and drink supplies, entertainment area that give comfort,

conveniences, good services, and sanitation cleanness which guarantees health and

security. Ancillary services covers various institutions that facilitate the development and

marketing of the tourism destination. The organizations include governments, private

companies, and tourism associations.

The Ecotourism International in 1991 defined ecotourism as “responsible travel to

natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people”

(Epler Wood, 1996 in Lash, 1997).

According to WWF Indonesia, 2009, there are 5 principles implemented in

ecotourism development: (1) ecotourism sustainability in economic, social, and

environmental aspects, (2) institutional, local community, and partnership developments,

(3) community-based economy, (4) education, and (5) site plan development and

implementation, and ecotourism site management. The five principles of ecotourism

development can be implemented, if there is synergy between stakeholders involved, such

as government, ecotourism managements, tourists, and local communities around the

ecotourism regions, of course.

Community-based ecotourism takes social dimension of ecotourism as a further step

by developing a form of ecotourism where local community have full control and

involvement in the management and the development, and the main proportion involves the

rest of the benefits in the community (WWF Indonesia, 2001).

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The pattern of community-based ecotourism doesn’t mean that the local community

perform solely the ecotourism business. In the implementation level, ecotourism is

considered as a part of integrated development done in a region, so that the involvement of

related parties from communities, society, government, business world, to non-

governmental organization are expected to build a network and to perform a good

partnership in accordance with their respective roles and expertise in order to help

maintaining sustainable use of resource.

METHODOLOGY

This research was a qualitative research with case study approach. According to

Moleong (2007: 6), qualitative research is a research intended to understand descriptively

the phenomena experienced by the research subjects, such as behaviors, perceptions,

motivations, actions, and others by using various scientific method. Qualitative research

departs from certain case in certain social condition. Thus, the researcher chose study case

approach. Qualitative research uses case study research technique, which means that the

research is focused on certain phenomenon chosen and intended to understand deeply in a

certain period (Haris Herdiansyah, 2010: 76).

This research was performed in three districts: Situraja District, Darmaraja District,

and Jatigede District of Sumedang Regency. The primary data was obtained through field

observation and purposive interview with village officials and local community figures.

The secondary data was obtained through literary review that is relevant to the research.

The data was analyzed descriptively. Descriptive analysis is an analysis method used with

the purpose to obtain the description which is deep and objective, and to analyze the data

and information about the research object. The activities performed in analyzing the data

were data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion as the research result that answers

the research focus based on the data analysis (Gunawan, 2012).

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. Description of Natural Tourism Potential of Jatigede Reservoir Region

Jatigede Reservoir has an attractiveness as a potential natural tourism object because

it is supported by natural atmosphere with beautiful views and friendly local inhabitants.

The region surrounding Jatigede Reservoir covers an area of 5,000 hectares. The tourism

attractions developed include (1) water tourism in the form of fishing, motorboat, and

water boom, (2) wildlife tourism, (3) camping ground, (4) sport tourism such as golf,

paragliding, off-road driving, (5) mystical tourism, (6) agritourism such as rice fields,

plantation, and fruit market, and (7) cultural tourism. Tourism attraction of Jatigede

Reservoir region is fully presented in Table 1.

Table 1. The ecotourism potentials of Jatigede Reservoir Region, Sumedang Regency

No. Type of Attraction Tourism Objects’ Name

Location Note

1 water tourism, fishing area, motorboat, raft, water bike

“Pantai” Cisema, Banyu Bungur

Pakualam Village and Jatibungur Village of Darmaraja District

Operating

2 Wildlife Tourism (Forest Tourism)

Puncak Damar Wildlife Tourism,Tanjung Duriat Wildlife Tourism

Pakualam Village of Darmaraja District, and Pejagan Village of Cisitu District

Operating

3 Waterfall Tourism Curug Cipelah and Cikidang

Bangbayang Village, Situraja District

Operating

4 Art Attraction Kuda Renggong, Gondang, Arawangsa, Beluk, Karinding, Custom Villages of Cisempur and Munjul

Sukaratu Village, Darmaraja Village, Pakualam Village, Cimarga Village, Sukamenak Village of Darmaraja District

not operating yet

5 Agritourisms of fruit market and plantation

Darmaraja Village, Pakualam Village and Sukatali Village

Darmaraja Village of Darmaraja District, Sukatali Village of Situraja District

not operating yet

6 Wisata olahraga Golf Field, Hakulah Block

Pakualam Village, Cimarga Village, and Linggajaya Village of Cisitu District

not operating yet

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Paragliding on Batudua Hill, Mount Lingga

Cimarga Village of Cisitu District

operating

7. Bumi perkemahan, Camping Ground of Puncak Damar Tanjung duriat andMount Lingga

Pakualam Village of Darmaraja District andCimarga Village of Cisitu District

operating

8. Mystical Tourism Sites of Mount Lingga and Dayeuhluhur

Cimarga Village of Cisitu District, Dayeuhluhur Village of Ganeas District

operating

. Water tourism sites in Jatigede Reservoir region were named in accordance with the

names of the village where the tourism object exists such as “Banyu Bungur” and ‘Pantai’

Cisema. The attractions to enjoy are boating, charged Rp 10,000 a loop, and water bike, Rp

5,000 an hour. For those whose hobby is fishing, there are bamboo rafts, each of which is

charged rental cost Rp 10,000 a day.

Figure 1. Water Tourism in Cisema ‘Beach’ and Banyu Bungur

The site of Banyu Bungur in Jatibungur Village of Darmaraja District is rather open;

in the east, natural view of Mount Jagat/Cakrabuana and Mount Ciremai, and in the

morning, sunrise can be seen from the grandeur of Mount Ciremai. The accessibility to

Banyu Bungur is rather easy because of the availability of the road connecting Bandung

City and Sumedang Regency directing towards Wado, Garut, Tasikmalaya and Ciamis.

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Figure 2. Wildlife Tourism of Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat, Sumedang Regency

The forest region around Jatigede Reservoir was being developed and managed by

Perum Perhutani in the form of wildlife tourisms of Puncak Damar in Baros Block,

Pakualam Village of Darmaraja District, and Tanjung Duriat, located in the Northwest of

Jatigede Reservoir coastal area. This tourism site showed the beauty of mountain nature

and the views over Jatigede Reservoir from the top of the hill projecting toward the

reservoir. Although it was still in the phase of construction, there had been many tourists

visiting. The recreation type which were going to be developed in Puncak Damar and

Tanjung Duriat Block included camping ground, outbound arena, off-road route and

culinary shelter providing various fish dishes menu. The access for visitors was through the

road of the forest region and the street of Pakualam Village of Situraja District. In this

wildlife tourism, there were parking areas for motorcycles and cars, i-Gazebo, camping

ground, outbound arena and playing ground for children, small wooden mushola which

looks natural. The entering charge to the wildlife tourisms of Puncak Damar and Tanjung

Duriat of Jatigede is Rp 5,000 a person, while the parking cost was Rp 5,000 for cars and

Rp 2,000 for motorcycles.

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Figure 4. Tourisms Curug Cipelah and Cikidang of Situraja District of Sumedang Regency

Other Natural tourism potentials in Jatigede Reservoir region is waterfall tourism.

There are Curug Cikidang and Curug Cipelah in Bangbayang Village of Situraja District,

which are the waterfall whose water doesn’t not drop directly to the ground, but, from 20

meters height, flows down through the naturally-arranged stones.

Currently available sport tourism was paragliding on the top of Batudua Hill of

Mount Lingga, while sport tourism potentials that could be developed is gold, water ski,

rowing, and fishing.

Like other Sundanese community in general, the people in Sundanese Regency is an

agrarian community, which couldn’t be separated from farming culture lasting from

generation to generation. That means that the underlying culture and tradition are the daily

life and tradition of farming community. Some arts and ceremonies purposed to seek for

blessing during planting season, thanksgiving during harvest, rejoicing during pounding

rice, and other arts and cultures. Some of the cultures are Karinding Art, a musical

instrument made of the midribs of sugar palm leaves or bamboo slats, Beluk Art, a kind of

sound followed by musical instruments, Gondang Art, Jentreng Tarawangsa, and Kuda

Renggong.

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Special interest tourism in the form of mystical visit to Sumedang ancestors is

located at the site of Mount Lingga and Dayeuh Luhur. Mount Lingga is the site of remains

of Tajimalela, the King of Sumedanglarang, and the relocation place of the ancient tombs

sites taken from the inundated area of Jatigede Reservoir located in Cimarga Village, about

12 kilometers from Cisitu District of Sumedang Regency. Other mystical visit tourism is

Dayeuh Lukur, in which there is the tombs of Sumedang ancestors, Prabu Geusan Ulun

with his wife and his vice regent (patih), and located at the top of Rengganis mountain

range in Dayeuh Luhur Village of Ganeas District.

Figure 3. The Map of Tourism Attractions of Jatigede Reservoir, Sumedang Regency

The accessibility towards various tourism objects in Jatigede Reservoir region was

relatively good. The strategic location made it easy to reach through Bandung-Cirebon

Provincial Road. Tourists from Jakarta or Bandung could go through Padalarang-Cilenyi

toll road, then go towards Sumedang District. From Sumedang town square, turn to the

right and enter Jl. Sebelas April, which leads to Situraja square. About two kilometers from

the Situraja square, there was a way down from Warung Ketan and turn to the left towards

Sudapati Village-Pajagan and then towards Jatigede. The visitors from Cirebon, 10

Majalengka, Indramayu and Kuningan could go through Tomo-Tolengas and then go

towards Cijeungjing Village of Jatigede District, then to the front areJatigede Reservoir

tourism object. The existence of the tourism object in Jatigede region of Sumedang

Regency was currently not supported by comprehensive infrastructure, because it was still

on early development phase. Currently, the ring road of Jatigede reaching about 13

kilometers to the east, passing through Ciranggem Village, Merkasasih Village, Sarimekar

Village, Jatinunggal Village, Tarikolot Village, Pawenang Village, Wado Village, Cisurat

Village, until Darmaraja Village. Cisumdawu toll road reaching 60 kilometers and

connecting Cileunyi, Sumedang, and Dawuan, and Kertajati International Airport in

Majalengka were under construction. It’s expected that those could be the attractions for

local and foreign tourists to visit Jatigede tourism objects and other tourism objects in

Sumedang Regency.

2. The Zonation of the Utilization and Activity Partnership Potentials of Jatigede Based on Business Practitioners

Besides being used as one of the sources of Locally Generated Revenue and giving

prosperity for the local community, Ecotourism development can be made as a cultural

preservation means and local genius development. By looking at the various tourism

potentials of Jatigede Reservoir region, the government officials of Sumedang as one of the

stakeholders of tourism should optimize the potentials for the sake of the community’s

prosperity.

The involved parties in the ecotourism development of Jatigede Reservoir include

Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS) Cimanuk-Cisanggarung, Local Government Official

of Forestry and Plantation, Local Government Official of Tourism and Culture, BAPPEDA

of West Java Province and of Sumedang Regency, local community around Jatigede

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Reservoir, travel agents, tourists, colleges, and others. The stakeholders in the ecotourism

development of Jatigede Reservoir, Sumedang, is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. The Stakeholders’ Role in the Natural Tourism Development in Jatigede Reservoir Region

No Stakeholder Roles1. Government Institutions

(Bappeda, Local Government Official of Tourism and Culture, Local Government Official of Forestry and Plantation of West Java Province and Sumedang Regency)

1. Reorganizing and controlling the reorganization2. Producing regulation regarding natural tourism3. Creating plan documents4. Allocating funds for the tourism development5. Forming tourism driving groups6. Providing education and training7. Coordinating activity development8. Directing local community9.2. Management Offices of Jatigede

Reservoir and Tourism (BBWS Cisanggarung-Cimanuk, Badan Otoritas Waduk Jatigede, Local Government Office of General Work, Perum Perhutani KPH Sumedang)

1. Creating the regulation2. Monitoring the natural tourism regions3. Providing infrastructure system support4. Coordinating the programs5. Preserving the region’s environment and culture6. Developing the programs7. Guiding the tourists

3. Tourism Industries (lodgings, restaurants and food stalls, travel managements, drivers, mass media, etc.)

1. Developing natural tourism activities2. Marketing3. Performing accompaniment and cooperation4. Opening employment opportunities5. Guiding the tourists

4. Research institutions (colleges) 1. Inventorying the potentials of the natural tourism region

2. Providing education and training3. Penelitian berkelanjutan5 Non-Governmental

Organization (NGO) and communities

1. Performing natural tourism activity development2. Giving support and commitment3. Becoming volunteers4. Monitoring the regions

BAPPEDA of Sumedang Regency made the planning and mapping of the zonation

area of Jatigede Reservoir region, reaching from tourism, agritourism, to non-floating net

fish catching region zone. In the buffer areas of Jatigede Reservoir, there would be built golf

field, Jatigede museum, culinary center, water boom, agrotourism of plantation, agrotourism

of agricultural product market, and others.

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The excellent agricultural commodities around Jatigede Reservoir varied, such as

sapodilla (Acrhras zapota. L) of Sukatali from Sukatali Village of Ganeas District, Pamela

orange of Cikoneng (Citrus maxima Burm) from Cisarua and Thorny Palm fruit of

“Bangkok” (Salacca zalacca) from Conggeang, coconut tree and sugar palm, whose are

could be processed into palm sugar and coconut sugar. The fish potentials in the inundated

area of Jatigede Reservoir were the raw materials of various local processed meals that could

add the value in order to increase the farmers’ income. This condition gave opportunities for

the agrotourism development in Jatigede Reservoir region.

According to Afandhi (2005) in Bagus Rai (2013), agritourism construction and

development for business world can be performed by three economic agents: State-owned

Enterprise/Local State-owned Enterprise, National Companies, Cooperatives, and personal

businesses. The three economic agents must be based on company management pattern in

their management system, individually or through cooperation (joint venture), sharing, and

others, with the principle of mutual profitability.

Figure 4. The Plans of Zonation of Utilization and Partnership Potential of Jatigede Reservoir

Source: BAPPEDA of Sumedang Regency, 201513

Based on the plans of zonation of utilization and partnership potential of Jatigede

Reservoir, there are 12 tourism activities involving participation of local community,

investors, and Local State-owned Enterprise in their managements as stated in Figure 4

above.

3. The Recommendation for Community-Based Ecotourism Development in Jatigede Reservoir Region

Ecotourism development in Jatigede Reservoir region can be fast implemented across

sectors and by encouraging high involvement of the local community. This is the basic

concept of ecotourism development. Ecotourism development involving local community

is the proper choice in order to maintain the sustainability of the environment, as well as to

give optimal benefits for the local community. Thus, it is needed the cooperation among

stakeholders, community institution strengthening, conservation attempts around the

reservoir, as well as tourism promotion which is good and right on target. Local officials

can simplify the licensing for the investors that is going to make an investment and utilize

the infrastructure. Local community are also given counseling and guidance of tourism

awareness in order to prepare the skills in tourism service providing sector.

Among the zonation plan of the utilization of Jatigede Reservoir, the wildlife tourism

object of Puncak Damar and Tanjung Duriat had been implemented and the management

was performed through cooperation between Perum Perhutani KPH Sumedang and Forest

Village Community Institution (Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan). The form of

community involvement is by being the tourism service agents consisting of tour guide

services, tour motorcycle taxi drivers of tourism, space providers and parking services,

various culinary products sellers, homestay service providers, café, and restaurants.

Community involvement around Jatigede Reservoir can be increased more through

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creativity and innovation in providing culinary and handcraft products to sell as souvenirs

for tourists.

In order to establish community-based ecotourism, it is needed institutionalism of the

tourism object management organization and social organization having the role as tourism

service management and facilitator among stakeholders. The enhancement of human

resource capabilities is important in the effort to increase the role of local community in the

ecotourism development. The trainings related to ecotourism and agritourism are necessary

to be given to local community, and they need to be involved in the planning and

development of the ecotourism in their areas (Nurhidayati, 2013).

Participation of the local community can be increase through some strategies: (1)

local community who have some lands in the built region are to cultivate their lands, so

that it can support the increase of agriculture products that can be agritourism attractiveness

and also encourage sense of belonging and sense of responsibility in the management of

the region on the whole; (2) it is to involve local community directly in the company

activities as employees, both in the agriculture and in the tourism services, tour guide, and

others; in order to do that, the management need to take some steps and attempts to

increase the specific knowledge and skills of the employees from the local community; (3)

it is to provide facilities and the place for selling agricultural products, handcrafts, and

souvenirs for villagers around the region, so that it can present typical product of the region

and increase their income, and (4) local community are to be involved in the attraction

performance of the local art and culture to be presented to tourists routinely and well-

organized.

The ecotourism development in Jatigede Reservoir region needs the developmental

phases as follows: (1) arrangement and preparation of the tourism objects, (2) preparation

of human resource and institutional synergy in village in the management of the ecotourism

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through training and guidance, (3) proposing community-based ecotourism program to get

program support and funding from local government office, (4) improving means and

facilities of the roads, (5) creating agritourism programs, (6) increasing local community’s

creativity through training and guidance of agricultural product processing technology and

marketing, (8) conservation and development of traditional art and culture to support

agritourism program in villages, and (9) increasing cooperation with related parties such as

colleges/research and development institutions for the guidance in the adoption of

innovation and technology supporting the ecotourism.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The potential of Jatigede Reservoir region in Sumedang Regency was quite good to

be developed as ecotourism, because it has various tourism objects and attractions such as

water tourism, wildlife tourism, waterfall tourism, sport tourism, camping ground,

agritourism, art and culture tourism, and mystical visit tourism. However, currently, the

potential had not optimally developed because of the inadequate supporting facilities, being

still on the planning phase.

In most of the ecotourism development activities, local community had not been

involved in the program planning and evaluation, as well as monitoring the implementation

of the program. In general, the participation of the local community was still limited in the

context of the use of business opportunities emerging along with the development of

Jatigede Reservoir tourism attractions. The form of local community involvement was still

limited to being tourism service agents consisting of tour guide service, motorcycle taxis

drivers of tourism, tourism boating service providers, space providers and parking services,

various culinary products sellers, homestay service providers, and food stalls.

The ecotourism development involving local community is the right choice to ensure

the sustainability of the environment, as well as to give optimal benefit for them. In order 16

to reach that, it is needed the roles of and coordination among the stakeholders and social

organizations in the management, control and conservation, as well as promotion of the

tourism objects.

In the context of ecotourism development in Jatigede Reservoir region, there are

some recommendations, such as that in the ecotourism construction, there should be an

integration among sectors and among regions. The construction of ecotourism region not

only depends on the management in the region alone, but also it should be integrated with

the outside of the regions and the buffer areas. It is necessary to arrange a multi-parties

action plan of the work implementation (Rencana Aksi Multipihak Imprementasi

Pekerjaan/RAM-IP), so that the involvement of the stakeholders like colleges, business

world, governments becomes clear in their roles, tasks, and responsibilities.

THANK-YOU NOTE

This work is part of the research of Academic Leadership Grant, Sustainable

Regional Economic Development (SRED) of UNPAD. Thanks for the Rector and the

Directorate of Research and Community Service of Padjadjaran University, which have

funded this research. We would like to express our gratitude for the help during the

research to village chiefs and local community figures in Jatigede Reservoir region,

BAPPEDA, and related local government offices in Sumedang Regency.

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