Inventorization and Documentation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Resources

8/6/2019 Inventorization and Documentation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Resources

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Inventorization and Documentation of Medicinal

and Aromatic Plant Resources

J SinghBotany and Pharmacognosy Division

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

CIMAP

Green Path to Better

Health And Life


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Preamble:

In present time the inventorization and documentation of

biodiversity has become an important task in view of its important in

every spheres of life.

This task become too difficult in the country like India where a

considerable biodiversity occur.

Being a subcontinent in geography, India encompasses 15 differentagro climatic zones, 10 vegetation zones, 25 biotic provinces and

426 biomes.

It has been identified as one of the top twelve mega- diversity

countries of the world.

The enormity of magnitude of genetic diversity harbored by 13-14

million species would seem to be beyond simple imagination even.

Ecosystem diversity has not even been reasonably explored as yet.


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Global Biodiversity at a Glance

No. Species No. (in million)

11 Total No. of species (expected to exist) on

Earth as per global Biodiversity

assessment (UNEP 1985)

13 14

22 Total no of Higher Plants on Earth 0.25

33Total No. of species recorded so for 1.75

44 No. of genes in unicellular organism More than 100

55 Total no. of species in India 0.13 (0.081 Animals and

0.049 Plants)

66 Total no. of microbes in India (Rough

estimate)

0.4

77 Total no of edible plants 0.08

88 Cultivated Plants 150 (In no.)

8-20 spp provide 80-90%

world food requirement


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Species Richness

Comparative statement of recorded number of plants species in

India and the World

TaxaTaxa SpeciesSpecies Percentage of Percentage of

India to theIndia to the

WorldWorldIndia*India* WorldWorld

BacteriaBacteria 850850 47004700 18.1018.10

VirusVirus UnknownUnknown 50005000 ----AlgaeAlgae 25002500 4000040000 6.256.25

FungiFungi 2300023000 4700047000 48.9448.94

LichensLichens 19401940 1700017000 11.4111.41

BryophytaBryophyta 28432843 1600016000 17.7717.77PteridophytaPteridophyta 10221022 1300013000 7.867.86

GymnospermsGymnosperms 6464 750750 8.538.53

AngiospermsAngiosperms 1700017000 250000250000 6.806.80

4921949219 392700392700 12.5112.51

*The area of the India is only 2% of the world's land


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RegionRegion Higher PlantHigher Plant

Cape Region (South Africa)Cape Region (South Africa) 60006000

Upland Western AmazoniaUpland Western Amazonia 50005000Atlantic CoastalAtlantic Coastal 50005000

MadagascarMadagascar 49004900

PhilippinesPhilippines 37003700

Eastern Himalaya (India)Eastern Himalaya (India) 35003500

SW AustraliaSW Australia 28302830

Western EcuadorWestern Ecuador 25002500

Colombian ChocoColombian Choco 25002500

The Total hot-spots and the number of endemic

species (Higher Plants)


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RegionRegion Higher PlantHigher Plant

Peninsular MalayasiaPeninsular Malayasia 24002400

California Floristic ProvincesCalifornia Floristic Provinces 21402140

WesternGhats (India)WesternGhats (India) 16001600

Central ChileCentral Chile 14501450New Caledonia New Caledonia 14001400

Eastern Arc Mts (Tanzania)Eastern Arc Mts (Tanzania) 535535

SW Sri LankaSW Sri Lanka 500500

SW Cote dlvorieSW Cote dlvorie 200200


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Biosphere Reserve

Biogeographic

Region

Name of the Biosphere Reserve & State / Union

Territory

Area in sq

km

Date of se

up

West Himalaya Nanda Devi (Uttar Pradesh) 2236.74 18.01.88

North East India Nokrek (Meghalaya) 80.00 01.09.88

Manas (Assam) 600.00 14.03.89

Gangetic Plains Sunderbans (West Bengal) 9630.00 29.03.89

Coastal Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu) 10500.00 18.02.89

Western Ghats Nilgiri (Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu) 5520.00 01.08.86

Islands Great Nicobar (Aandaman & Nicobar Islands) 885.00 06.01.89

Deccan Peninsula Similipal (Orissa) 2750.00 21.06.94


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GroupGroup Number of SpeciesNumber of Species

PteridophytaPteridophyta 200200AngiospermAngiosperm 49504950

Endemic Species of Plants


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Endemic Centers of Plants in IndiaEndemic Centers of Plants in IndiaKarakoram & Ladakh of Kashmir HimalayasKarakoram & Ladakh of Kashmir Himalayas

KumaonKumaon--Garhwal HimalayasGarhwal Himalayas

SiwaliksSiwaliksTeraiTerai

Sikkim HimalayaSikkim Himalaya

Arunachal Pradesh of Eastern HimalayasArunachal Pradesh of Eastern Himalayas

Lushai hillsLushai hills

TuraTura--Khasi hillsKhasi hillsAravalli hillsAravalli hills

Chotanagpur plateauChotanagpur plateau

PanchmarhiPanchmarhi--Satpura rangesSatpura ranges

Simlipal & Jeypore hillsSimlipal & Jeypore hills

Bastar & Koraput hillsBastar & Koraput hillsVisakhapatnam hills & Araku ValleyVisakhapatnam hills & Araku Valley

TirupatiTirupati--Cuddappa hillsCuddappa hills

Marathwada hillsMarathwada hills

SaurashtraSaurashtra--KutchKutch

MahabaleshwarMahabaleshwar--Khandala ranges of WesternKhandala ranges of WesternGhatsGhats

AgumbeAgumbe--Phonda ranges of Western GhatsPhonda ranges of Western Ghats

Ratnagiri & Kolaba ranges of Western GhatsRatnagiri & Kolaba ranges of Western Ghats

Nilgiris, Silent Valley & Wynad of WesternNilgiris, Silent Valley & Wynad of Western

GhatsGhats

Anamalais of Western GhatsAnamalais of Western Ghats

PalniPalni--YercaudYercaud

Kalakad & Agastyamalai hills of WesternKalakad & Agastyamalai hills of Western

GhatsGhats

Andaman IslandsAndaman Islands

Great Nicobar IslandGreat Nicobar Island


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Inventorization of Medicinal PlantsInventorization of Medicinal Plants

InspiteInspite ofof resurgenceresurgence ofof interestinterest onon thesethese medicinalmedicinal plantsplants therethereisis nono aa completecomplete inventoryinventory ofof medicinalmedicinal plantsplants inin IndiaIndia..

TheThe mattermatter ofof identifyingidentifying allall plantsplants withwith medicinalmedicinal propertiespropertiesisis aa difficultdifficult tasktask asas therethere areare nono readilyreadily availableavailable sourcessources ofofinformationinformation..

Moreover,Moreover, muchmuch ofof thethe knowledgeknowledge onon thethe useuse ofof medicinalmedicinalplantsplants isis heldheld byby thethe traditionaltraditional societiessocieties whosewhose veryvery existenceexistenceisis nownow underunder threatthreat..

TheThe availableavailable informationinformation isis foundfound scatteredscattered inin classicalclassical textstextssuchsuch asas SamhitasSamhitas andand Nighantus, Nighantus, treatise,treatise, reportsreports onon surveyssurveysandand ethnicethnic groups,groups, inin ethnoethno botanical botanical andand ethnoethno

pharmacologicalpharmacological publications,publications, asas notesnotes onon vouchervoucher specimensspecimensofof herbariaherbaria andand inin reviewreview articlesarticles..


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InventorisationInventorisation ofof medicinalmedicinal plantsplants isis aa stupendousstupendous tasktask ininIndiaIndia wherewhere aa numbernumber ofof wellwell establishedestablished systemssystems existsexistsalongalong withwith thethe modemmodem systemsystem ofof medicinemedicine..

AA largelarge numbernumber ofof plantplant drugsdrugs areare usedused inin eacheach ofof thesethese

systems,systems, althoughalthough somesome ofof thethe plantsplants maymay bebe commoncommon.. TheseThese medicinalmedicinal plantsplants areare usuallyusually knownknown byby theirtheir classicalclassical

oror vernacularvernacular names,names, SomeSome timestimes itit isis veryvery difficultdifficult totocorrelatecorrelate theirtheir namesnames withwith acceptableacceptable botanicalbotanical namesnames..


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Medicinal Plants in Indian System Of Medicine (ISM): An over-view

A. Ayurveda

S. No.S. No. LiteratureLiterature No. of Medicinal PlantsNo. of Medicinal Plants

1.1. Vedic LiteratureVedic Literature 200200

2.2. Charak SamhitaCharak Samhita 11001100

35003500 Sanskrit NamesSanskrit Names3.3. Sushrut SamhitaSushrut Samhita 12701270

4.4. Ashtang HridayaAshtang Hridaya 11501150

5.5. Other NighantusOther Nighantus 3500 + 8000 = 115203500 + 8000 = 115206.6. PresentlyPresently 10001000 1500 Single drugs.1500 Single drugs.

8000 Compound Formulation.8000 Compound Formulation.


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B. Other Systems of Medicine

S. No.S. No. LiteratureLiterature No. of PlantsNo. of Plants1.1. SiddhaSiddha 600600

2.2. UnaniUnani 700700

3.3. AmchiAmchi 600600

C. Tribal and Folk Medicine (AICRPE)

S. No. Wild species Used for various purposes 9500 New

1. Medicinal 7500 950

2. Edible (Subsidiary food / vegetables) 3900 800

3. Fiber and cordage 525 50

4. Fodder 400 100

5. Piscicides and pesticides 300 175


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S. No.S. No. Biogeographical zoneBiogeographical zone No. of known Medicinal plantsNo. of known Medicinal plants

1.1. Trans Himalayan zoneTrans Himalayan zone

700700

2.2. HimalayanHimalayan ZonesZones

(A).(A). North West HimalayaNorth West Himalaya

1,7001,700(B).(B). Western HimalayaWestern Himalaya

(C).(C). Central HimalayaCentral Himalaya 1,2001,200

(D).(D). Eastern HimalayaEastern Himalaya

3.3. DesertDesert ZonesZones KutchKutch && TharThar 50504.4. SemiaridSemiarid ZoneZone 10001000

5.5. Western GhatsWestern Ghats

(A).(A). WesternGhat mountainWesternGhat mountain 20002000

(B).(B). MalabarMalabar coastscoasts

Availability of Medicinal Plants in different

biogeographical zone of India


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6.6. Deccan PeninsulaDeccan Peninsula

(A).(A). DeccanDeccan PlateauPlateau southsouth

30003000

(B).(B). Central PlateauCentral Plateau

(C).(C). Eastern PlateauEastern Plateau

(D).(D). Chhota NagpurChhota Nagpur

(E).(E). Central HighlandsCentral Highlands

7.7. Gangetic PlainsGangetic Plains

(A).(A). Upper Gangetic plainUpper Gangetic plain

1,0001,000

(B).(B). Lower Gangetic plainLower Gangetic plain


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8.8. North East IndiaNorth East India

(A).(A). Brahmaputra ValleyBrahmaputra Valley

2,0002,000(B).(B). Assam hillsAssam hills

9.9. IslandsIslands

(A).(A). Andaman IslandsAndaman Islands

1,0001,000(B).(B). Nicobar IslandsNicobar Islands(C).(C). Lakshdeep IslandsLakshdeep Islands

10.10. CoastsCoasts

(A).(A). West coastWest coast

500500(B).(B). East costEast cost

TotalTotal 14150

Source: Singh J et al. 2003. Proc. NIMMAP, CIMAP, Lucknow, Pp. 50-58


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Rare and Endangered SpeciesRare and Endangered Species

ThroughThrough manifoldmanifold humanhuman impactsimpacts inin variousvarious spheres,spheres, thethe futurefutureofof aa largelarge numbernumber ofof speciesspecies hashas beenbeen jeopardizedjeopardized..

TheThe raterate atat whichwhich thethe speciesspecies areare beingbeing lostlost isis veryvery alarmingalarming andandhashas causedcaused concernconcern alloverallover thethe worldworld..

ItIt isis estimatedestimated thatthat oneone higherhigher plantplant speciesspecies isis beingbeing lostlost eacheach dayday

fromfrom thethe tropicaltropical forestsforests alonealone.. AndAnd ifif thethe presentpresent trendtrend continues,continues, aboutabout 2525%% ofof thethe totaltotal plantplant

speciesspecies willwill bebe lostlost inin thethe nextnext fewfew decadesdecades andand anotheranother 2525%% bybythethe endend ofof twentytwenty firstfirst centurycentury ..

TheThe mostmost widelywidely acceptedaccepted estimateestimate ofof thethe trend,trend, mademade byby thethe

IUCNIUCN andand WWF,WWF, isis thatthat 6000060000 higherhigher plant plant speciesspecies couldcouldbecomebecome extinctextinct oror reachreach nearnear extinctionextinction byby thethe middlemiddle ofof thethe nextnextcentrecentre..

ItIt isis fearedfeared thatthat 1515--2020%% ofof thethe totaltotal floraflora oror overover 30003000 higherhigher plantplantspeciesspecies maymay nownow fallfall inin oneone oror anotheranother categorycategory ofof threatenedthreatened plantsplants..


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Status of Threatened Plants in IndiaStatus of Threatened Plants in India

SourcesSources No. of ThreatenedNo. of Threatened

PlantsPlants

Red Data Book (3 vol.) (1978Red Data Book (3 vol.) (1978--90),90),

BSIBSI

600 Texa (Including600 Texa (Including

MAP)MAP)

CIMAP (1997)CIMAP (1997) 65 (MAP)65 (MAP)

CIMAP (IUCN Grup)CIMAP (IUCN Grup) 150 (MAP)150 (MAP)

Banned MAP (Govt. Notification,Banned MAP (Govt. Notification,

1994)1994)

56 (MAP)56 (MAP)

CITESCITES 24 (Including MAP)24 (Including MAP)


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Rare and endangered medicinal plants.

Aconitum spp, Angelica glauca, Aquillaria malaccensis,Arnebia benthamii, Atropa acuminata, Berberis aristata, Bunium

persicum, Colchicum luteum, Commiphora wightii, Coscinium

fenestratum, Coptis teeta, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Dioscorea

deltoidea, Ephedra gerardiana, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Gentiana

kurroo, Gloriosa superba, Iphigenia stellata, Inula racemosa,

Malaxis acuminata, Nardostachys grandiflora, Onosma hispidum, Peganum harmala, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Podophyllum hexandrum,

Polygonatum verticillatum, P. cirrhifolium, Pterocarpus santalinus,

Rauvolfia serpentina, Rheum emodi, Saussurea costus, Swertia

chirayita, Valeriana wallichii.


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Inventorization of Aromatic PlantsInventorization of Aromatic Plants

These plants have been always a valuable source of flavor and fragrancessince ancient times.

A rough estimate indicates that more than 2,000 plant species are indicatedto possess odoriferous principles and only few of them have been exploitedfor the commercial uses.

The sources of most important essential oils and other natural raw materialsare listed in ISO Draft Standard / No. 47203, where name of the plant inEnglish and French, Latin name of the species, and the parts of the plantsused for production of the materials are given.

In the present times, the essential oils obtained from more than 100different plant species and are being used as raw materials for fragrancesand flavor allover the world.

Further modern advances particularly in chemistry led to the developmentof technologies for isolation and characterization of odoriferous principlesfrom these aromatic herbs and essential oil.


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Major Essential Oil Bearing Plants:

S.No.S.No. Common NameCommon Name Botanical NameBotanical Name SourcesSources

11 AgarwoodAgarwood Aquillaria agallochaAquillaria agallocha WildWild

22 AwainAwain Trachyspermum ammiTrachyspermum ammi CultivatedCultivated

33 Ambrette seedAmbrette seed Abelmoschus moschatusAbelmoschus moschatus Wild / CultivatedWild / Cultivated

44 BasilBasil Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicum CultivatedCultivated55 Bergamot mintBergamot mint Mentha citrataMentha citrata CultivatedCultivated

66 CardamomCardamom Elletaria cardamomumElletaria cardamomum Wild / CultivatedWild / Cultivated

77 Cedar woodCedar wood Cedrus deodaraCedrus deodara WildWild

88 Celery seedCelery seed Apium graveolensApium graveolens CultivatedCultivated

99 CloveClove Syzygium aromaticumSyzygium aromaticum Wild / CultivatedWild / Cultivated

1010 Cinnamon barkCinnamon bark Cinnamomum zeylanicumCinnamomum zeylanicum Wild / CultivatedWild / Cultivated


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1111 CitronellaCitronella Cymbopogon winterianusCymbopogon winterianus CultivatedCultivated

1212 ChammomileChammomile Matricaria chamomilaMatricaria chamomila CultivatedCultivated

1313 CorianderCoriander Coriandrum sativumCoriandrum sativum CultivatedCultivated

1414 FennelFennel foeniculum vulgarefoeniculum vulgare CultivatedCultivated

1515 JuniperousJuniperous Juniperous communisJuniperous communis Wild / CultivatedWild / Cultivated

1616 Corinder Corinder Corindrum sativumCorindrum sativum WildWild

1717 Costus rootCostus root Sassurea costusSassurea costus CultivatedCultivated1818 Cumin seedCumin seed Cuminum cyminumCuminum cyminum Wild / CultivatedWild / Cultivated

1919 NagarmothaNagarmotha Cyperous scariosusCyperous scariosus WildWild

2020 DavanaDavana Aremisia pallensAremisia pallens CultivatedCultivated

2121 Dill seedDill seed Anethum graveolenceAnethum graveolence CultivatedCultivated

2222 EucalyptusEucalyptus Eucalyptus citriodoraEucalyptus citriodora CultivatedCultivated


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2323 GeraniumGeranium Pelargonium graveolenPelargonium graveolen CultivatedCultivated

2424 Ginger Ginger Zingiber officinalisZingiber officinalis CultivatedCultivated

2525 Lemon grassLemon grass Cymbopogon flexuosusCymbopogon flexuosus CultivatedCultivated

2626 LimeLime Citrus limonCitrus limon CultivatedCultivated

2727 PalmarosaPalmarosa Cymbopogon martiniiCymbopogon martinii CultivatedCultivated

2828 PatchouliPatchouli Pogostemon patchouliPogostemon patchouli CultivatedCultivated

2929 Pepper mintPepper mint Mentha piperataMentha piperata CultivatedCultivated

3030 Menthol mintMenthol mint Mentha arvensisMentha arvensis CultivatedCultivated

3131 Merry goldMerry gold Tegetus minuta,Tegetus minuta, CultivatedCultivated

3232 RoseRose Rosa damacenaRosa damacena CultivatedCultivated3333 SpearmintSpearmint Mentha spicataMentha spicata CultivatedCultivated


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Present scenario of InventorizationPresent scenario of Inventorization

SomeSome attemptsattempts havehave beenbeen mademade atat thethe globalglobal levellevel toto documentdocument medicinalmedicinal

plantsplants..

WorldWorld HealthHealth OrganizationOrganization (WHO)(WHO) hashas preparedprepared anan inventoryinventory ofof medicinalmedicinalplantsplants ofof thethe world,world, whichwhich containcontain moremore thanthan 2020,,000000 speciesspecies..

AtAt collegecollege ofof Pharmacy,Pharmacy, UniversityUniversity ofof IllinoisIllinois atat Chicago,Chicago, USA,USA, ProfessorProfessor

NN.. FarnswarthFarnswarth andand hishis colleaguescolleagues establishedestablished..

TheThe NAPRALERTNAPRALERT databasedatabase (prepared(prepared by by ProfessorProfessor NN.. FarnswarthFarnswarthUniversityUniversity ofof IllinoisIllinois atat Chicago,Chicago, USAUSA)).. provides provides ethnoethno medicalmedicalinformationinformation onon 92009200 species,species, containingcontaining recordsrecords onon thethe chemicalchemicalconstituentsconstituents ofof plants,plants, microbialmicrobial andand primitiveprimitive marinemarine animalsanimals andand onon thethechemistrychemistry andand pharmacologypharmacology ofof secondarysecondary metabolitesmetabolites ofof knownknown structurestructure..

More over, at present several web sites and database are available on different

aspects of medicinal and aromatic plants. Some of such web sites and database are

listed below


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Useful Websites related to MAPsItem Websites & E-mail address

American Anthropological Association

(AAA)

http://www.ameranthassn.org/

American Society of Pharmacognosy http://www.phcog.org/

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ethnomedizin

(AGEM)

(Society for Ethonomedicine)

http://www.med.uni-

muenchen.de/medpsy/ethno/

Association Franaise pour l'Enseignement

et la Recherche en Pharmacognosie

(AFERP)

http://www.univ-rennes1.fr/aferp/

Gesellschaft fr Phytotherapie http://www.phytotherapy.org/

International Association for the Study of

Traditional Asian Medicine (IASTAM)

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/iasta

m/

International Society of Ethnobiology http://guallart.dac.uga.edu/ISE/

International Society forEthno harmacolo ISE

http://www.ethnopharmacology.org/


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Indias Efforts for InventorizationIndias Efforts for Inventorization

1. Establishment of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library1. Establishment of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library

RealizingRealizing thethe importanceimportance ofof documentationdocumentation ofof traditionaltraditionalknowledge,knowledge, inin currentcurrent scenarioscenario ofof IPRIPR regime,regime, CSIRCSIR inincollaborationcollaboration (ISM&H),(ISM&H), havehave undertakenundertaken thethe workwork ofof

establishment,establishment, TKDLTKDL onon AUSHAUSH withwith aa viewview toto givegive legitimacylegitimacyofof thethe existingexisting traditionaltraditional knowledgeknowledge andand enableenable protectionprotection ofofsuchsuch informationinformation fromfrom unauthorizedunauthorized patentingpatenting..

AtAt internationalinternational levellevel TKDLTKDL hashas receivedreceived widewide acceptanceacceptance andandWorldWorld IntellectualIntellectual PropertyProperty OrganizationOrganization (WIPO)(WIPO) hashas decideddecided

toto taketake upup creationcreation ofof traditionaltraditional datadata basesbases onon thethe knowledgeknowledgeavailableavailable inin public public domain,domain, soso thatthat suchsuch datadata bases bases cancanfacilitatefacilitate establishmentestablishment ofof priorprior artsarts..


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2. Documentation and Publication of TraditionalKnowledge on Medicinal Plants, SMM-09

A CSIRs Co-ordinated Endeavors

InIn viewview ofof thethe existingexisting statusstatus ofof documentationdocumentation andand

digitizationdigitization ofof traditionaltraditional knowledgeknowledge inin India,India, thethe

CSIRCSIR hashas undertakenundertaken twotwo coco--ordinatedordinated projectproject onon oneone

ofof thethe missionmission modemode ProgrammeProgramme inin thethe TenthTenth FiveFive YearYear PlanPlan(TFYP)(TFYP) InvolvingInvolving 99--CSIRCSIR Laboratories,Laboratories, includingincluding CIMAPCIMAP..

((A). Database Structure of TKDL (Value Addition to the Databaseon Medicinal Plants).

(B). Creation of Database on Components of Biodiversity DigitalLibrary (CBDL)


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1. Digitization of biological properties,

medicinal uses, cultivation and processing

techniques etc. of plants used in ISM.

2. Digitization of Indian plant biodiversity

and Genetic Resources.

Areas of InvolvementAreas of Involvement


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Entrusted Responsibility Under theEntrusted Responsibility Under the

ProjectProject

Entrusted Responsibility Under theEntrusted Responsibility Under the

ProjectProject

1. Uses of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Essential Oil)

2. Pharmacognostical information: Plant parts, chemicalcomponents, drug description, organoleptic or sensory

characters, macro and microscopic character, powder

character, histological characters, TLC/HPTLC, finger

printing, data for identify purity and strength, ImagesLS, Images TS and Images others.

3. Germplasm information.


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ConclusionConclusion

InIn thethe lightlight ofof thethe situationssituations discusseddiscussed soso forfor severalseveral nationalnationalandand internationalinternational organisations,organisations, havehave recommendedrecommended forforpreparationpreparation ofof inventoriesinventories ofof allall thethe plantplant speciesspecies occurringoccurring inindifferentdifferent countriescountries ofof worldworld..

AnAn inventoryinventory maymay containcontain allall thethe necessarynecessary datadata thatthat cancan bebeusedused forfor thethe conservationconservation ofof medicinalmedicinal plantsplants.. ThisThis maymay includeincludewithwith eacheach speciesspecies followingfollowing informationinformation::


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1. Scientific (Latin), vernacular and trade names.

2.G

eographical distribution3. Status -rare or abundant

4. Description of the part of the plant used

5. Medicinal or other uses

6. Major chemical constituents and biological activities

7. Pharmacological and toxicological data

8. Whether cultivated or wild, availability and location of ex-situ Germplasm9. Other informations

AllAll thesethese informationinformation onon thethe medicinalmedicinal plants plants areare requiredrequired toto put put intointocomputerizedcomputerized datadata basebase toto enableenable constantconstant processing,processing, rere-- finingfining andand updatingupdating

ofof thethe datadata andand forfor retrievalretrieval ofof informationinformation asas andand whenwhen requiredrequired..


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