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INVENTORY OF MINING WASTE IN THE EU CANDIDATE
COUNTRIESOBJECTIVE: to compile an inventory of toxic waste sites from mining in EU Candidate Countries in relation to catchment areas using the DPSIR framework indicator approach
pecomines
EVERY MINING SITE IS A COMPLICATED CASETHE IMPACTS ARE FOLLOWED ON CATCHMENT SCALE
CONTENTS
DPSIR FRAMEWORK
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
METHODOLOGY APPLIED FOR TEST TERRITORIES
WASTE FORMATION
ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL SCALE
DEPOSIT AND CATCHMENT SCALE
SITE CLASSIFICATION RELATED TO TOXICITY
REMOTE SENSING TOOLS
INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH AND FINAL DELIVERABLES
DPSIR FRAMEWORK
conceptual framework developed by EEA combining information from the various sources and disciplines into sets, each set described by certain
indicators
DRIVING FORCES
human demand for mineral resources
regulations
assessment
inventoryPRESSURES
formation of emission sources, emission flowpaths and emissions as the result of exploitation of mineral resources
STATE
the quality of environment influenced and threatened by emissions originating from the mining activities
IMPACTS
emission- or risk-caused degradation of the quality of life, including human health, ecosystems, biodiversity,
cultural resources, recreational value etc
RESPONSE
actions of the communities to reduce impacts and risks
to the acceptable level
BACKGROUND: EU ENLARGEMENT (1)
BACKGROUND: EU ENLARGEMENT (2)
BACKGROUND: EU ENLARGEMENT (3)
BACKGROUND: 10 CANDIDATE COUNTRIES (1)
BACKGROUND: 10 CANDIDATE COUNTRIES (2)
BACKGROUND: DIFFERENCES IN MINING IN 1999
Fe Bauxite Cu Pb
Mn Hg,Ni,W,Sn Zn Au
Ag Hard-coal Lignite Oil shale
Source data: European IPPC Bureau, TWG workspace, Mining Waste Bref
EUCC
BACKGROUND: METAL MINING IN CC-s
Source data: European IPPC Bureau, TWG workspace, Mining Waste Bref
Production in 1999
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
Iron
Bau
xite
Cop
per
Lead
Man
gane
se
Zin
c
ton
nes
Bulgaria Czech RepublicEstonia HungaryLatvia LithuaniaPolandRomaniaSlovakiaSlovenia
Cadmium Gold Silver(t) (kg) (kg)
Bulgaria 260 1,033 20,000 Czech RepublicEstonia HungaryLatvia LithuaniaPoland 200 350 1,096,000 Romania 470 17,800 Slovakia 302 287 Slovenia
RO
BL
BL
BL
BL BL
RO
RO
RO
RO RO
SK
PL
PL
PL
HU
HU
BACKGROUND: SOLID FOSSIL FUELS MINING IN CC-s
Solid fossil fuels production in 1999
-
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
Hard-Coal Lignite Oil shale
ton
nes
Bulgaria Czech RepublicEstonia HungaryLatvia LithuaniaPolandRomaniaSlovakiaSlovenia
Source: European IPPC Bureau, TWG workspace, Mining Waste Bref
SK
BL
PL
PL
CZ
CZ
RO
ROHU
HU
EE
SLO
BACKGROUND: SOLID FOSSIL FUELS MINING
COMMON MINING-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN 10 EU
CANDIDATE COUNTRIES
DECREASE OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN LATE 1980’s - 90’s BECAUSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMICAL AND POLITICAL REASONS, LEADING TO THE PROBLEMS RELATED TO CLOSURE
Some examples: ESTONIA - phosphate mining closed, oil shale mining decreased almost 3 times during 1980-2000
CZECH REPUBLIC, SLOVAKIA - metal mining stopped, closure projects from 1991
POLAND - problems with liquidation of coal and sulphur mines
SLOVENIA - Closing down many of mines and pits, mostly because of economic reasons, in the last decade
MINING OF FOSSIL FUELS: ACID DRAINAGE, NEUTRAL SULPHATE DRAINAGE, SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
MINING OF METALS: ACID AND METAL-RICH DRAINAGE, EMISSIONS OF IN-SITU LEACHING SOLVENTS
MINING OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS: DIFFERENT EMISSIONS
WASTE FORMATION: A SIMPLIFIED SCHEME
MINERAL DEPOSIT
ORE
PROCESSING
MARKET PRODUCT
WASTEROCK
TAILINGS
EXCAVATION
MINING SITE
Transportedfrom mining
siteUsed on site:- backfilling
- further processing
(eg leaching stockpile)
- dam construction
- other use
NOTES:
Dashed line indicates that processing can take place inside the mining site and outside the site (e.g. bauxite mine) as well.
Orange colour indicates mining waste (waste rock and tailings).
NOTES:
Dashed line indicates that processing can take place inside the mining site and outside the site (e.g. bauxite mine) as well.
Orange colour indicates mining waste (waste rock and tailings).
Landfilled atthe mining
site
THE SCOPE OF A CURRENT PROJECT
ECONOMIC MINERALS
ENERGY MINERALS METALLIC MINERALS INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
Nuclearfuels
Constructionmaterials
Uranium CoalOil
Non-constructionmaterials
Non-ferrousmetals
Ferrousmetals
Fossilfuels
Preciousmetals
Minormetals
Some of the most important metals:
Ferrous metals:Fe; Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, W, V, CoNon-ferrous metals:Cu, Pb, Zn (base metals); Sn, AlPrecious metals:Au, Ag, PtMinor metals:Sb, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Ce, Hg, Nb, Ta, Ti, ZrFissionable metals:U, Th (U is considered here as nuclear fuel.)
Some of the most important metals:
Ferrous metals:Fe; Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, W, V, CoNon-ferrous metals:Cu, Pb, Zn (base metals); Sn, AlPrecious metals:Au, Ag, PtMinor metals:Sb, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Ce, Hg, Nb, Ta, Ti, ZrFissionable metals:U, Th (U is considered here as nuclear fuel.)
Oil shale
Selected list
Other
Asbestos Fluorite Gypsum Magnesite Phosphate Salt Sulphur
Sulphides in overburden of open mines for industrial minerals
SITE IDENTIFICATION DEVELOPED FOR THE TEST TERRITORY: AN EXAMPLE OF ESTONIA
Sillamäe uranium mill tailings (40 ha) and closed underground mine
http://www.ecosil.ee/
Estonian oil shale mining region: 12000 ha of open pits, about the same area - underground minesMaardu closed phosphate
mine: 1040 ha of poorly reclaimed open pits, sulphides and OM from overburden oxidising in waste rock
3 areas identified; peat, sand, gravel, limestone mining neglected
http://www.ep.ee/
ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE TEST TERRITORY
40 km0 2040 km0 20
Location of tailings ponds
Ida-Virumaa county
Number: 1
Location: Sillamäe
Area: 40 ha
Mined commodity: uranium
Status: on-going reclamation
Location of opencast mining activities
(Harju and Ida-Virumaa county)
Location of underground mining activities
(Ida-Virumaa county)
the size of the circle describing the size of the disturbed area
Location of the mining waste landfills, the size of the circle describing the amount
CATCHMENT-SCALE ASSESSMENT OF THE TEST TERRITORY
CATCHMENT ANALYSIS
All sites of Estonia possibly contributing to the pollution of a part of the Baltic Sea - Finnish Gulf.
Also, Lake Peipsi, the 5th largest freshwater lake in Europe possibly affected.
In Harjumaa county, lake Maardu, a 65-ha freshwater lake, as well as Kroodioja stream seriously affected.
Uranium mill tailings imposing immediate risk to the Baltic Sea.
DEPOSIT-SCALE ASSESSMENT OF THE TEST TERRITORY: OIL SHALE MINES
Open mines
Underground mines
Natural reserve
Deposit area
Base map: Eesti Pôlevkivi, Estonian Oil Shale Company
DEPOSIT-SCALE ASSESSMENT OF THE TEST TERRITORY: LOCATION OF WASTE ROCK
LANDFILLS
13 Mt in landfills of closed mines
138 Mt in landfills of working mines
Base map: © Estonian Geological Survey
SCIENTIFIC DEPOSIT-SCALE ASSESSMENT: GEOENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING
Geoenvironmental models:
Deposits can be classified into different types, each type having similar geochemical environmental signature, for example a potential
- to produce acid drainage (presence and particle sizes of sulphides), and
- to buffer acid drainage (presence of carbonates and alumosilicates).
USGS: (1) mining districts likely to generate highly acidic, heavy-metal-rich acid drainage waters
(2) mining districts that can generate acidic to non-acidic mine-drainage waters with elevated levels of some heavy metals
(3) mining districts likely to generate non-acidic mine drainage with low levels of acid drainage
SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
How do mining waste landfills, backfills and underground work-out areas contribute to environmental pollution?
Case-specific, every case depending on a large number of physical, chemical and technological parameters - however, many cases are very similar with respect to environmental impacts
GEOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS: AN EXAMPLE OF A PHOSPHATE MINE
Mineralsproducingacid drainageand
Mineralsreleasingheat whenoxidised
Inertminerals
Mineralswith limitedbufferingpotential
Minerals withhigh bufferingpotential
Mined commodity(1) Phosphorite
(1) Quartz (1) Apatite (Ca-phosphate)
Host rock mixedinto waste(2) Alum shale(3) Sandstone(4) Limestone
(2) Pyrite(2) Organicmatter
(2) Pyrite(2) Organicmatter
(2) Quartz(3) Quartz(4) Quartz
(2) K-feldspar(2) Illite(3) K-feldspar(4) Illite(4) K-feldspar
(4) Calcite
Technologicalsolvents usedSurroundings(5) Limestone
(5) Quartz (5) Illite(5) K-feldspar
(5) Calcite
AMD INDICATION
HEATING AND COMBUSTION INDICATION
HIGH BUFFERING CAPACITY
INDICATION
AMD and BP connected with different rock types:category
2 mining district
that can generate
acidic to non-acidic mine-
drainage waters with
elevated levels of
some heavy metals
GEOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS: AN EXAMPLE OF AN OIL SHALE MINE
Mineralsproducingacid drainageand
Mineralsreleasingheat whenoxidised
Inertminerals
Mineralswith limitedbufferingpotential
Minerals withhigh bufferingpotential
Mined commodity(1) Oil Shale
(1) Pyrite(1) Organicmatter
(1) Organicmatter(1) Pyrite
(1) Quartz (1) K-feldspar(1) Illite
(1) Calcite
Host rock mixedinto waste(2) Limestone
(2) Quartz (2) K-feldspar(2) Illite
(2) Calcite
Technologicalsolvents usedSurroundings(3) Limestone
(3) Quartz (3) Illite(3) K-feldspar
(3) Calcite
AMD INDICATION
HEATING AND COMBUSTION INDICATION
HIGH BUFFERING CAPACITY
INDICATION
AMD and BP connected with the same rock
type, calcite >> pyrite - category
3 mining districts
likely to generate non-acidic mine
drainage with low levels of
heavy metals
MINING AND MINING WASTE RELATED INSTITUTIONS: AN EXAMPLE
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
- Waste Department
- Department of Environmental Management and Technology
- Regional Environmental Departments in Ida-Virumaa and Harju Counties
CENTRE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY
- EEA National Focal Point
- National databases management
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- resource exploration
- deposit and waste mapping
TALLINN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF TARTU
The Mining Institute:
- mining technology
- GIS of mining areas
Institute of Geology:
- waste rock studies
- hydrochemical modelling
Ökosil Ltd
- Sillamäe radioactive tailings pond remediation
Eesti Pôlevkivi
- oil shale mining
Project PA n° 42
Inventory, Regulations and Environmental Risks of Toxic Mining Wastes in Pre-Accession Countries
Contributions of Remote Sensing
pecomines
Task 1: Support compilation of the inventory of waste sites from mineral mining in Pre-Accession countries in relation to “sensitive” catchment areas, by combining an indicator approach according to the DPSIR framework with an analysis of satellite remote sensing:
• improved differentiation of mining wastes from other extraction sites and land fills compared to CORINE LC
• fully geo-referenced mapping of active and ancient mining waste deposits for the regional coverage at scale 1: 50000 (50 m accuracy, > 1 ha object resolution)
• investigate potential of spectral differentiation of waste deposits (e.g. estimate of FeOx and OH abundance as proxy for AMD and heavy metal abundance, etc.)
• analyse standardised time series of satellite data for survey of the development of mining sites during the last 15 to 20 years
Contributions of Remote Sensing
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Task 2: Contribute to the assessment of the consequences of mining accidents in a perspective of ecosystem protection, by comparing local approaches to site monitoring and restoration with similar activities at the site of the Aznalcollar accident in Spain where the JRC is also involved:
• Provide spectro-analytical models to quantify soil contamination/degradation phenomena through high spectral resolution reflectance measurements
• Apply these models to remote sensing data of different spectral and spatial resolution for semi-quantitative mapping of residual heavy metal bearing material in affected areas
• Identify vegetation anomalies and provide regular up-dates of land cover to establish change history of target areas
Contributions of Remote Sensing
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Expected Deliverables
•Methodology and demonstration of processing chain for fully geo-referenced identification and mapping of superficial mining waste sites at local and national scale, based on spectral discrimination of key mineralogical components.
•Time series of Landsat TM satellite data to derive vegetation and land cover anomalies, as well as change detection on selected sites.
•Spatial and multi-temporal analysis of observed changes and anomalies in relation to existing field data (e.g. pH maps, water quality etc.) for impact assessment.
pecomines
Principal processing issues: spectral and geometrical image rectification
Landsat TM data (scene or 1/4)
Geometric correction
Test site area
Geodatabase
(UTM)
Map(UTM)
Test site area
Radiometric correction DEM(UTM)
Radiometric correction
Registration image toimage
Reflectanceimage
Georeferenced imagesradiometrically comparable
Registered imagesradio. comparable
Typical processing chain for Landsat TM Data
pecomines
Slovakian Mining Sites Smolnik Mining Area
pecomines
Principal processing issues: spectral discrimination of waste
Discrimination of FeOx and OH bearing surfaces from Landsat TM Data
Algorithm based on known spectral properties of key mineralogical components, interpretation on knowledge of geochemical processes
Example:
Baia Mare, Romania
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INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INVENTORY
SECTION I: Data requirements
I Deposit scale
Topographic map of the country, scale 1:100,000 – 1: 500,000
Background geological map for major deposits - metal deposits (iron and non-ferrous), solid fossil fuel deposits and deposits of industrial minerals (sulphur, baryte, flourite, phosphate, asbestos, magnesite, graphite, gypsum, salt), also exceptional cases with sulphides in overburden, scale 1:100,000 – 1: 500,000
For each deposit: boundaries, mineral commodities mined, genetic type, age, local formation name, petrology and mineralogy
For whole country: hydrological map, watershed boundary map
For deposit areas: surface water quality map/data, groundwater hydrology (major aquifers) and geochemistry map/data
EXPECTED OUTCOME: developing and making available maps and tools highlighting problematic areas and major environmental issues concerning toxic mining waste
INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INVENTORY
SECTION I: Data requirements (continued)
II For related catchments:Soil maps, scale 1:100,000 – 1: 500,000 European Soil Bureau in IESRegional climatic data, precipitation and infiltration data
Land use and land cover maps Land use-Land cover Unit in IES Protected areas, species and ecosystems
III For related administrative-territorial units:List and map of the unitsPopulation and population density in each unit
INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INVENTORY
SECTION II: Local knowhow requirements
IV Questionnaire to be completed for each major mining siteMining site identification and locationMining site status and productionGeological characterisation of exploited reserve Mineral processing and waste management
V Local expert evaluationSummary data and statistics for each country on the total amount of mining wasteIdentification and description of ‘hot spots’Major hazards sources, risks and impactsMajor efforts, projects and plans
EXPECTED FINAL DELIVERABLES OF THE INVENTORY
(1) A set of geoenvironmental maps of 10 Candidate Countries that presents the main hot spots of already existing and potential impacts originating from toxic mining waste
(2) A report that- gives an overview of the mining waste problems in the
countries- provides description of the major hot spots in the countries identified as priorities on national level- identifies environmental risks and impacts with respect to different vulnerability areas on catchment scale- defines the gaps in existing information