INVENTORY VALUATIONINVENTORY VALUATION

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Perpetual Updates inventory and cost of goods sold

after every purchase and sales transaction Periodic

Delays updating of inventory and cost of goods sold until end of the period

Misstates inventory during the period

Perpetual vs. Periodic

In the balance sheet inventory is frequently the most significant current asset.

In the income statement, inventory is vital in determining the results of operations for a particular period (COGS).

There are two areas of concern with inventory as far as operating income goes:

1. Revenue recognition (F.O.B. status)

2. Ending inventory valuation

The Significance of Inventory

In order to prepare financial statements, you must determine:

1. The number of units of inventory owned, and2. Value them.

The determination of inventory quantities involves:1. Counting goods on hand, and

2. Determining the ownership of goods.

Ending Inventory Valuation

Items in Merchandise Inventory

– Goods in transit – if ownership has been transferred to the owner, included in inventory

– Goods on consignment: goods shipped by owner (consignor) to a party (consignee) who sells good for owner. Reported in consignors inventory

– Goods damaged or obsolete: not counted in inventory if unsalable, if salable at reduced price, included at their net realizable value (NRV) which is the sales price minus the cost of making the sale.

Costs of Merchandise Inventory

– Expenditures necessary, directly or indirectly, in bringing an item to a salable condition and location

– Includes invoice price minus discount plus added or incidental costs (shipping, storage, insurance etc.)

Beginning Inventory

Goods Purchased

during period

Cost of Goods Available for Sale

Ending Inventory

(Balance Sheet)

Cost of Goods Sold (Income

Statement)

Not Sold

Sold

Source of Inventory Value

The specific identification method tracks the actual physical flow of the goods.

Each item of inventory is marked, tagged, or coded with its specific unit cost.

It is most frequently used when the company sells a limited variety of high unit-cost items.

Method 1: Specific Identification

Other cost flow methods are allowed since specific identification is often impractical.

These methods assume flows of costs that may be unrelated to the actual physical flow of goods.

Cost flow assumptions:1. First-in, first-out (FIFO).2. Last-in, first-out (LIFO). 3. Average Cost.

Method 2: Cost Flow Methods

The FIFO method assumes that the earliest goods purchased are the first to be sold. (This often reflects the actual physical flow of

merchandise).

Under FIFO, the first goods purchased in the period are assumed to be the first sold

The ending inventory consists of the most recently purchased.

FIFO (First In, First Out)

FIFO method assumes earliest goods purchased are the first to be sold

First goods purchased remain in ending inventory. (Seldom coincides with the actual physical flow of

inventory). Rarely used in Canada.

LIFO (Last In, First Out)

LIFO method assumes latest goods purchased are the first to be sold

The average cost method assumes that the goods available for sale are homogeneous.

The allocation of the cost of goods available for sale is made on the basis of the weighted average unit cost incurred.

Average Cost

Allocation of the cost of goods available for sale in average cost method is made on the

basis of the weighted average unit cost

Average cost method assumes that goods available for sale are homogeneous

Homework

Pg 366 - # 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, 7-6 Pg 369 # 7-1, 7-2

In periods of rising prices, FIFO reports the highest net income, LIFO the lowest and average cost falls in the middle.

The reverse is true when prices are falling. When prices are constant, all cost flow methods will

yield the same results.

Income Statement Effects

FIFO produces the best balance sheet valuation.

This is because the inventory costs are closer to

their current, or replacement, costs (since what’s

left is the most recently purchased).

Why?

Balance Sheet Effects

The Consistency Gap

A company needs to use its chosen cost flow method consistently from one accounting period to another.

Such consistent application enhances the comparability of financial statements over successive fiscal periods.

When a company adopts a different cost flow method, the change and its effects on net income should be disclosed in the financial statements.

Inventory Errors – Income Statement Effects

The ending inventory of one period automatically becomes the beginning inventory of the next period.

An inventory error in this period, affects: COGS in this period, and thus Net income in this period, as well as Ending inventory in this period, and Beginning inventory next period

Inventory Error – Balance Sheet Effects

The effect of ending inventory errors on the balance sheet can be determined by using the basic accounting equation:

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity

Overstated Overstated None Overstated Understated Understated None Understated

Lower of Cost or Market

When the value of inventory is lower than the cost, the inventory is written down to its market value.

This is known as the lower of cost and market method.

Market is defined as replacement cost or net realizable value.

ALTERNATIVE LOWER OF COST AND MARKET RESULTS

Cost Market LCMTelevision setsConsoles 60,000$ 55,000$ Portables 45,000 52,000 Total 105,000 107,000 Video equipmentRecorders 48,000 45,000 Movies 15,000 14,000 Total 63,000 59,000 Total inventory 168,000$ 166,000$ $ 166,000

The common practice is to use total inventory rather than individual items or major categories in

determining the LCM valuation.

Merchandise Turnover

Used to help analyze short-tem liquidity. Average inventory = (beginning inventory + ending

inventory) / 2 No simple rule – high rate is preferable as long as

inventory is adequate to meet demand.

Merchandise Turnover =Cost of Goods Sold

Average Merchandise Inventory

Day’s Sales in Inventory

Estimate how many days it will take to convert inventory into receivables or cash

Day’s Sales in inventory =Ending Inventory

Cost of Goods Sold X 365

Do the following Questions:

Pg 370 #7-5, 7-6, 7-7, 7-14

Problems 7-1A, 7-4A