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Investigation of Fecal Contamination in the Little River Basin, Kentucky using Microbial Source Tracking and Fecal
Indicator Bacteria, 2013 ‐2014
Mac A Cherry ‐ Hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey : Indiana‐Kentucky WSC
2016 Soil and Water Conservation Society Annual
Conference
Partnerships
Local producers
In 2009, the Kentucky Division of Water completed and approved a pathogen TMDL for the Little River Basin
Pathogens – including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and some parasites ‐ are responsible for numerous human diseases including hepatitis and pneumonia
Background
BackgroundPathogens are not directly sampled (typically)• A large number of pathogens exist• Difficult/dangerous to culture• Distributed sporadically in water
Fecal‐indicator bacteria (FIB) used as proxy• Can be easily cultured• Have a correlation with pathogens• Escherichia coli (E. coli), total coliform, fecal coliform
IDEXX 2014
Drawbacks of only using FIB to evaluate pathogens• Do not identify host sources of contamination• FIB can not only survive, but reproduce in natural
environments• FIB can be found in bottom sediments
Background
IDEXX 2014
Objective
To use microbial‐source tracking and fecal indicator bacteria to identify the sources and geographic distribution of fecal contamination in the Little River Basin
Goals:– Quantify concentrations of fecal‐indicator bacteria (E. coli) in water and sediment samples
– Isolate the geographic areas and host sources that contribute fecal contamination with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method
• SOURCES: Mixed, Human, Bovine, Canine, and Waterfowl
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LR03
SF05
SF04SF03
SF02 SF01
NF02
NF01
LR01
LR02
SF08
SF07 SF06SF09
SF10
SF11SF12
SF13SF14
19 sites total
3 main stream sites
2 north forksites
14 south fork sites
Drainage mi 2
Developed %
Forest%
Pasture%
Row Crop %
Water% Other %
SF 67.4 22 30 17 19 10 2NF 58.1 14 36 32 17 1 na
Study Area 200 10 27 24 38 1 na
Methods
FIB E. coli –Water : 225 samples
• Colilert®/Quanti‐Tray®2000• 8‐hour holding time
– Fluvial Sediment : 238 sample• Colilert®/Quanti‐Tray®2000• 24‐hour holding time
Microbial Source Tracking ‐ qPCR
–Water samples• 24‐hour holing times
–Host‐source samples• Waste‐water treatment plant
• Dogs/cows/chicken
Timeline: 2013 – 2014 recreation season(April to October)
Methods ‐MSTqPCR analytical method
– Based on concept that intestinal microbes ‐Bacteriodes ‐ vary between warm‐bloodedintestinal systems
– 5 markers:• GenBac – General• qHF183 – Human• BacCan – Canine• BoBac – Bovine• GFD – Waterfowl
http://thebookofhealthblog.blogspot.com/2010/12/bacteroides.html
Results: E. coli Water
LR01
LR02
LR03
NF01SF01
SF02
SF03
SF04
SF05
SF06
SF07
SF08SF10
SF11
SF12
SF13
SF14
20
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
E. co
li MPN
/ 100
mL
ab
ab
b
a
b
a
b
ab
a b
b
410
ab
ab
ab
ab
ab ab
ab
ab
NF02
34 % > the 410 MPN/100mL STV
SF09
Peto and Peto modified Gehan‐Wilcoxon test (p‐value < 0.001)
E. Coli in Water
LR03
SF05
SF04
SF03SF
02
SF05
NF02
NF01
LR01
LR02
SF08
SF07
SF06
SF09
SF10
SF11
SF12SF
14
3 main stream sites
2 north forksites
14 south fork sites
Results – E. coli Water SF02 SF
01
Study AreaBoundary
SF13
SF10
LR03
SF05
SF04 SF
03
NF02
NF01
LR01
LR02
SF08
SF07
SF06
SF10
SF11
SF12SF13
SF14
3 main stream sites
14 south fork sites
Results – E. coli Fluvial Sediment
Study AreaBoundary
SF02 SF
01
LR03
NF02
NF01
2 north forksites
SF12
SF13
SF11
SF10
NF01
NF01
Percent (%) detection in water samples, (samples above detection limit / number of samples)
Pecent det ection6 WWTP 100(5/5) 100(5/5) 100(5/5) 100(5/5) 0( 0/ 5)
Results – MST water samples
Site Genbac qHF183 BacCan BoBacNF02 100 (13/13) 100 (13/13) 69 (9/13) 100 (13/13)SF01 100 (12/12) 17 (2/12) 25 (3/12) 58 (7/12)SF02 100 (9/9) 33 (3/9) 55 (5/9) 67 (6/9)SF04 100 (10/10) 0 (0/9) 44( 4/9) 78 (7/9)SF06 100 (13/13) 30 (3/10) 31 (4/13) 42 (5/12)SF07 100 (13/13) 38 (5/13) 17 (2/12) 67 (8/12)SF10 100 (13/13) 18 (2/11) 15 (2/13) 23 (3/13)SF13 100 (14/14) 0 (0/14) 43 (6/14) 93 (13/14)SF14 100(12/12) 09 (1/11) 17 (2/12) 75 (9/12)LR01 100 (8/8) 25 (2/8) 0 (0/8) 38 (3/8)LR02 100 (4/4) 0 (0/4) 0 (0/5) 100 (4/4)
SiteGenbac(General)
qHF183(Human)
BacCan(Canine)
BoBac(Bovine)
NF02 5.0 x 10 7 2.9 x 10 5 5.4 x 10 3 1.9 x 10 4
SF01 1.5 x 10 7 NQ 2.5 x 10 3 1.2 x 10 3
SF02 2.0 x 10 6 NQ 1.2 x 10 3 2.1 x 10 4
SF04 2.5 x 10 6 NQ NQ 6.1 x 10 4
SF06 9.6 x 10 5 NQ NQ NQ
SF07 1.7 x 10 7 NQ NQ 1.6 x 10 3
SF10 1.3 x 10 7 NQ NQ NQ
SF13 2.5 x 10 7 NQ NQ 9.4 x 10 3
SF14 5.7 x 10 6 NQ NQ 1.1 x 10 3
LR01 1.9 x 10 7 NQ NQ NQ
LR02 4.0 x 10 7 NQ NQ 6.5 x 10 3
Medians copies/100mL (not quantifiable)Results – MST water samples
NF02 08/13/20132,250 MPN/100mL
SiteGenbac(General)
qHF183(Human)
BacCan(Canine)
BoBac(Bovine)
NF02 5.0 x 10 7 2.9 x 10 5 5.4 x 10 3 1.9 x 10 4
SF01 1.5 x 10 7 NQ 2.5 x 10 3 1.2 x 10 3
SF02 2.0 x 10 6 NQ 1.2 x 10 3 2.1 x 10 4
SF04 2.5 x 10 6 NQ NQ 6.1 x 10 4
SF06 9.6 x 10 5 NQ NQ NQSF07 1.7 x 10 7 NQ NQ 1.6 x 10 3
SF10 1.3 x 10 7 NQ NQ NQSF13 2.5 x 10 7 NQ NQ 9.4 x 10 3
SF14 5.7 x 10 6 NQ NQ 1.1 x 10 3
LR01 1.9 x 10 7 NQ NQ NQLR02 4.0 x 10 7 NQ NQ 6.5 x 10 3
Results – MSTMedians copies/100mL ; NQ not quantifiable
SF04
SiteGenbac(General)
qHF183(Human)
BacCan(Canine)
BoBac(Bovine)
NF02 5.0 x 10 7 2.9 x 10 5 5.4 x 10 3 1.9 x 10 4
SF01 1.5 x 10 7 NQ 2.5 x 10 3 1.2 x 10 3
SF02 2.0 x 10 6 NQ 1.2 x 10 3 2.1 x 10 4
SF04 2.5 x 10 6 NQ NQ 6.1 x 10 4
SF06 9.6 x 10 5 NQ NQ NQSF07 1.7 x 10 7 NQ NQ 1.6 x 10 3
SF10 1.3 x 10 7 NQ NQ NQSF13 2.5 x 10 7 NQ NQ 9.4 x 10 3
SF14 5.7 x 10 6 NQ NQ 1.1 x 10 3
LR01 1.9 x 10 7 NQ NQ NQLR02 4.0 x 10 7 NQ NQ 6.5 x 10 3
Results –MST water samplesMedians copies/100mL (not quantifiable)
The greatest amount of FIB (water), and Mixed, Human, and Canine contamination came from from NF02(mouth of the North Fork)
The greatest amount of Bovine contamination came from the headwaters of SF02
Which basin is contributing more fecal contamination ‐????? Need flow data and more sites in the North Fork
Conclusions
The END