Investigation of the Lip Reed Using Computational Modelling and ...

! #" %$&'()+*-, ./* *0 +/

132 4560" '+*378$/%9 : + ; 5=<?>@ +*

, $A

TH

EU N I V E R

S

I TY

OF

ED I N B U

RG

H

BDCEGFIHKJMLONQPSRTUFICVJIW

XAY[Z]\_â`b^c^[d]e0fQ`gY[YS\ihj`bkmlGd]npo]nbfq\_kYKrsltYSZ]\vua\_wd]`bua\_fq\_kYS^

lGr=uxY[Z]\vh]\_ysu[\_\vrslzr |YSr=u~rslZ]`pnbr=âr=]Z

YSr6Y[Z]\

k]`ps\_ua^[`pYrslh]`pke]d]u[ysZ

s=s

Z]\(Zd0f sk nb`p]^lGr=uaf YSZ]\ snps\d]^[\ih YSrO|_rskY[u[r=nY[Z]\ r rsl s`bum`pkY[r e]u sâ^`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYS^ Z]`bânb`p(ua\_\ih`p^ @|_r=fq]nb\â^ YS\_f rslKfd]^[|inb\ ^"!`bk sk]h# d]`bh$mX

e% sâ`b|& sk% sng^[`b^vrsl YSZ]\Qnb`p(ua\_\ih'( sÎ\_u lGr=u[fq\_h e#) \_npfQZ]rsnpY*6`pk Y[Z]\+-, YSZ(|_\ikY[d]ua e]d0YQYSZ]`p^ k% snpâ`b^Dl. s`bnp\_h YSr \ ]n/ s`pkâr=fQ\@`bfqIr=uaY skYQ| Z su s|YS\iu[`b^ YS`p|_^ r lYSZ]\@ snps\r=I\_u" YS`pr=krslMY[Z]\u[\i\_h0 Z]\i^[\v| Z% su" s|iY[\_ua`bâY[`b|i^1 su[\ `bk=\iâYS`py2 Y[\_hj`bk Y[Z]\]ua\_â\_kY3~r=u4!5c`pY[Z 6lGr |id]^ rsk YSZ0\'r=I\_u" YS`pr=k@rsl6a`pk27 suah98^ YSu[`:!`bk]y;& sk]h<ar=d0Y=( suah98âY[u[`:!`pk]y;qu[\i\_h

fqr h]\i^>

r `pks\_^ YS`by; YS\Y[Z]\nb`bu[\_\ih0? su YS`go |_`@ sn fqr=d0Y[Z]^mZ% =\ua\_|_\ikYSnpe \i\_k \_fq]nbr =\ih

YSr@l. s|_`pnb`gYA Y[\6^[|_`p\_kYS`go | ^ YSd]h rslKY[Z]\ eI\_Z `pr=d]ur lxYSZ]\Qu[\i\_h0 Z]\_â\mh]\i`b|i\_^ fqrh]\_n

YSZ0\Zd]f k nb`p]^d]â`bk]yk% YSd0u sn n/ Y[\B u[d0e]e \iuYSd0e \i^ o nbnp\_h'c`gYSZ( Y[\_u> Z0`b^ ^ YSd]h0

d]â\_^Kr=k]\ ^[d]| Zjh]\ `p|_\ Y[r `bks\_âY[`by2 VYS\ 0\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY snbng6YSZ]\ u[\_n@ YS`pr=k]âZ]`b]^ eI\iY= \_\_kjYSZ0\

u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^6rslxY[Z]\u[\i\_hC sk0h YSZ]\Qu[\i^[d]ngYS`bk0y^[\inpl/D ^[d]^ YA s`pk]\_h rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pr=kEcZ]\_k+h]ua`p`bk0y

skE |_r=d]^ YS`p| u[\i^[r=k% VYSr=uFD1 QYSuar=f eIr=k]\'`bkY[Z]`b^ |- sâ\ Z]\ ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^rsl YSZ0\ u[\i\_h sua\`bk0`pYS`@ snbng `pk=\_^ YS`py2 YS\ih9efq\- sâd]u[`pk]yQY[Z]\G sua\- rsl r=I\_k0`bk]yQe \Y=~\i\_kYSZ]\ np`b]^F s^ Y[Z]\i sua\ h]ua`p=\ik e' H!k]rck+r=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pk]yI s|ir=d]âY[`b|Q^[`bysk% snJmX h]h]`gYS`brsk% snbng; Y[Z]\ ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^rslY[Z]\ ua\_\_h su[\'`bk=\iâYS`py2 Y[\_h`pk Y= rmh]`bfq\_k]â`br=k0^ d]â`bk]y n/ ^[\_u h]r=0]nb\iu `be]uar=fq\iYS\iu>K rsY[`br=k rsl YSZ]\np`b]^ `bkY= rqh0`bfq\_k]â`br=k]^ `b^1 k% snpâ\_hjd]^[`pk]yL Z]`py=Z^[I\_\ih h0`by=`gYA sn `bh]\ir|- fQ\iu M

â`bk]yY[Z]\_â\Ku[\_âd]npY[^>|ir=fQ0d0YA Y[`br=k sn `pk=\_^ YS`py2 YS`pr=k]^ rslInb`b'fQrh]\inbÛ0u[r `bh]\1 ysu[\- VY

`

h]\> sn r l`bk]â`by=ZYQ`bkYSr(YSZ]\ e% sâ`b|@fQ\i| Z% sk]`p|_^ r lYSZ]\ u[\i\_h0 `pk]\- uQ^ YA se]`pnb`gYC sk% sng^[`b^^[Z0r c^xY[Z% Y( fqr h]\in c`gYSZ Yxnp\- s^ Y~Y= r h]\_ysu[\_\i^Krsl lGua\_\_h0r=f `p^~ua\_wd]`bua\_h Y[r u[\i]u[rh]d]|i\

\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYA snpnpr=e]^[\iuas\_h Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nph ]n@ `pk]ylGu[\iwd0\_k]|i`b\_^ `bfq\ch]r=f& s`bk6â`bf d]n@ YS`pr=k]^ sua\d]^[\ih+YSr9`bks\_âY[`by2 VYS\ Y[Z]\mu[\i^[Ir=k]^[\mr l Y[Z]\fqr h0\_nb^ sk]h+|ir=fQ su[`p^[r=k]^ su[\ f sh0\c`pY[Z+YSZ]\m\0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA nbnp r=e0Y s`bk0\_h u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\@h% Y MY[u[r=k0y(â`bfq`bn@ su[`gYS`b\i^ su[\lGr=d0k]h

eI\iY= \_\_k9Y[Z]\ sua\- r lr=I\_k]`pk]yQlGd]k0|iYS`pr=krsl QY=~rmh0\_y=ua\_\r llGu[\_\ih]r=f fqr h]\in k]hYSZ0\

sua\- xlGd]k]|YS`brskua\_|ir=u[h]\ih'`pkv\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY sn=^ YSd]h]`p\_^ cZ]\ik'Y[Z]\ r= \ik]`bk0y3 su[\> c`p^Mh]\_â|_ua`beI\_heI sk s]0u[r=]ua`/ Y[\k]r=k D nb`pk]\- su lGd]k]|YS`brsk@r l Y[Z]\vu[\_\ih Ir=â`pYS`pr=k0 Z0\_^[\u[\i^[d]ngYS^cy=ua\- Y[np`bfq]uar s\KYSZ]\ d]k]h]\iu[âY sk]h]`pk]yr l YSZ0\ fq\_| Z% k]`b|i^ rsl YSZ]\ nb`pqua\_\ih0M k]h % s\ YSZ0\F( DlGr=u

YSZ0\h0\i=\inbr=0fQ\ikY rsltlGd]npnp|> s% se0nb\]Z^[`p|- snMâr=d]k]h âkYSZ]\i^[`b^ fqr h]\inb^

`b`

h]rvZ]\_ua\_e h]\i|_n@ su[\xY[Z% YY[Z]`b^tYSZ]\i^[`b^ ( s^|ir=fQIr=â\_h6e fâ\_npl sk0hDY[Z% YY[Z]\( r=u"!h]\i^[|_ua`beI\_hIc`pY[Z]`bkj`b^Kf'rck0 \B |_\i0Y cZ]\_ua\'\00nb`b|i`pY[npqâY YS\ihrsY[Z]\_u c`b^[\

!#"

$ \_e0u[d% su s=&%

`b`b`

r=d]nphOnp`@! \YSr9YSZ% k! f+âd]I\_ua`p^[r=ua^ K d]u[u" 7 fQ]eI\_npn7 sk0h~np`p=\u[\> YS\ihlGr=uY[Z]\_`pum`bk snbd% e]nb\H s`bh8r =\iu f \iu[`pr h#rslâY[d]h0; sr\_n`bnpe \iuaYmZ s^ snbâr+e \i\_k

Zd]y=\inp@`bk]â]`bu" YS`pr=k% sn0 sk]hZ0\_nb lGd]n h0d]u[`pk]yQY[Z]`b^ ]u[ra\_|iY> Z sk!^? snp^[rDYSr K u"! \> snJ \ir=k% ~uar=f& sy=\ k]h K ; uaYS\ik sk snb^ YSàk@lGr=u Y[Z]\ f& sk@h]`bâ|_d]â^[`brsk]^ YSZ Yâr=nps\_h^[r'f k ]u[r=e0nb\_fq^>9 sk0h ]ua\_^[\ikYS\_hmf& sk6rsY[Z]\_ua^ lGr=u `pks\_^ YS`by; YS`pr=k0 ~rsd]nbh snbâr'np`@!s\YSrY[Z% sk! f|ir=nbnp\- sysd]\_^`pkYSZ]\6X |_r=d0âYS`p|_^6 sk0h $ nbd]`ph9z k% sfq`b|_^ u[\_â\- sua| Z ysu[r=d] VYYSZ0\ k0`p=\iu[â`pY rslch]`bke]d0u[y=ZDs`bf~d0`b|A!5 M sk]h0u 7 suau sn |_rsYaY~r=ngYSf& sk0srsZ]k~r=ây=u[r =\cz? `ph $ r=ua\_Z% k]h07 nbd]f u ;sr=k% Y[Z% skv\ifQ$~X n@ sk K su[âr=k0 r=fK | v`pnbnp su ;z? -ck"! r|A!nb`$# \ih | Z]nb`p|A!s\ z? `ph !d]nb`pk% M YS\=\_k r=k]y=\6 sk0hmX n/ k r r=npnb\; Z% sk!Î snp^[r Y[r&%`pk]|_\9z\`bk]\@lGr=u Z]`p^ Z]\inb#`pkh]\i^[`bysk]`bk]y YSZ]\E uaYS`go |_`@ snfqr=d0YSZ$M sk0h lGr=u~|ir=k]^ YSu[d0|iYS`pk]y `gY Y[r ^[d]| ZI k`bk]|iu[\ih]`be]ngDZ]`bysZâY sk]h% suah0X np^[rYSZ sk!^YSr $ u k! K r=uau[`p^xlGr=uKZ]`b^xY[\_| Z]k0`b|- nMZ]\_npH sk0h h0`b|_\

$ `bk sk]|_`@ sn âd]]Ir=uaY3( s^c]u[r `bh0\_h@e@ '!

r=d]nph nb^[rKnp`@! \YSrKYSZ% k!f o5 sk]|)(\_\ $ `brsk% *vn@ s^[ysr (lGr=u Z0\_u d]k0l. sngYS\iu[`bk0yK^[d]]Ir=u YYSZ0u[r=d]ysZ]r=d0Y f \iu[`brh6rsl âY[d]h0; s^ \_npn5 s^lGr=uZ]\iu \ |_\_npnb\ikY ]uar r l ua\- sh]`pk]y $ `bk% nbnp d0Y[fQr=^ Y Y[Z% sk!^ysrQYSrQf@% sua\_kYS^ X k0k]\G sk]hX n/ k+!c`b| Z% suah]^>5c`pY[Z]r=d0Y cZ]r=fk]r=k0\

rsltYSZ]`p^7~rsu"! r=d]nbhjZ% s\'eI\_\ik Ir=^[â`be]np\

`g

+; + kYSu[rh]d]|YS`pr=kmYSrDe]u ^[^c`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY |_r=d]^ YS`p|_^ 6 +

+; ~r=fq]d0YA VYS`brsk% sn `bf d]n@ YS`pr=k 6 6

+; X `pfQ^1 k]h |ir=kYS\ikY[^ r l Y[Z]\_â`b^ 6 6 %

"!# $&%('*)+,-. /1023 4

+ 7 sâ`b| 8`bk0h k0âYSuad]fq\_kY X |_r=d0âYS`p|_^ 6 6 5

! \i^[r=k YSr=ucZ^[`p|_^ 6 6 + +

! \i\_h Zâ`b|_^ 6 6 +

% 7 sâ`b| K rh]\_n 6 6 s

76 YSua`@!`bk0y6e \iZ% `pr=d]uKrsltYSZ0\np`bmua\_\_h 6 6 6

0 ' 0 .$/1023 %( %(' !# 34

+ kYSu[rh]d]|YS`pr=k 6 6 5

\i| Z]k]`p|- sn z\YA s`pnb^xrsltYSZ0\X uaY[`po |i`/ sn K r=d0Y[Z 6 +

u" sk]â% su[\ikY K r=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\ 6 6

% 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^ 6 6 % +

% :+ M`p"! \i^[Ir=k]^[\ K \> s^[d]ua\_fq\_kY 6 6 % 5

% k0]d0Y fQI\_h sk]|_\ K \> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY[^ 6 6

% Z0u[\_âZ]r=nphn/ `bk0y \_Z% `br=d0u 6 6,

% % K r=d0YSZ7 `pYj # \_|iY[^ 6 6 s

% 6 ~rsk]|_npd]^[`pr=k]^ 6 6 5 %

302- % 0 /102% ' /1( 0 '$ 4

% + kYSu[rh]d]|YS`pr=k 6 6 56

% 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n`bk=\iâYS`py2 Y[`br=krsl YSZ]\q^[\inpl/Dâd]âY s`bk0\_h(r=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pr=krsl YSZ]\

nb`p]^xd]â`bk]y DZ]`by=Z9D^[I\_\ihj|- sfq\_u" 6 6 55

% :+ I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA sn \iYSd0# 6 6 5

% f& sy=\X k% sng â`b^ 6 6

`

% X k% sng â`b^Krsl X wd]`pu[\ihz? Y 6 6

% K \- ^[d]ua\_fq\_kYS^Krsl Y[Z]\ lGu[\iwd]\_k]|mu[\i^[Ir=k]â\rsl YSZ]\? uaYS`go |_`@ sn nb`p]^~d]â`bk]yn/ sâ\_uczr=0]nb\iu~`be]uar=fQ\YSu 6 6 ,

% :+ kY[u[rh]d]|iY[`br=k 6 6 ,

% I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA sn \iYSd0# 6 6 ,

% I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA sn !c\_âd]npY[^ 6 6 ,

% % ~rsk]|_npd]^[`pr=k]^ 6 6 ,

! 02'$'$

6 + kYSu[rh]d]|YS`pr=k 6 6 ,

6 ~r=fq]d0YA VYS`brsk% sn K \iYSZ0r h]^crsl K rh]\_npnb`pk]y 6 + s

6 :+ `pfQ\zr=f `bk K rh]\_npnb`pk]y 6 6 + s

6 M`pk]\- su YA se]`pnb`gYQX k% sng â`b^ 6 6 + =

6 M`b K rh]\_np^ 6 6 +

6 :+ k]\vh]\iy=u[\i\vrsl lGua\_\ih]r=f fqr h0\_n 6 +

6 rqh]\_y=ua\_\rsltlGu[\_\ih]r=f fqrh]\_n 6 +;+5

6 % XAk]r=k98nb`bk0\- su~Y= rqh]\_y=ua\_\rsltlGu[\_\ih]r=f np`bmfqr h0\_n 6 + #%

`b`

6 76 ~r=k]|inbd]â`br=k]^ 6 6 + %=

3' %( 0 ) 3

+ d]y=ys\_âY[\_h@| Z% sk]ys\_^cYSrDYSZ]\vX u YS`go |_`@ sn K rsd0YSZ 6 + %

+;:+ K s`bk~r- ~r=k0âYSuad]|iY[`br=kH 6 6 + %

+; $ uar=kY n@ YS\ 6 6 + %=

+; K r=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\ ) r=nph]\_u 6 6 + %%

+; % r=k]ysd]\ K \_| Z% k]`bâf 6 6 + %%

k=\_^ YS`py2 YS`pr=kjrsltYSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbh@e \iZ% `br=d]uG6 6 + % 6

K r=d0Y[Z+7 `pY 6 6 + %

% ! \i^[Ir=k]â\ K \- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY 6 6 + % 5

76 ) `py=Zm^[I\_\ih `bh]\irQua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]y=^ 6 6 + %

~r=fq]d0YA VYS`brsk% sn M`p K r h0\_nbnp`bk]y 6 6 + %

75 $ d0YSd]ua\ ~rsu"! 6 6 +6

~r=k]|inbd]â`br=k]^ 6 6 +69+

0 3-0 /

/ 0 %(&0 ! 0 %( .02/1023

`b`b`

02 0 ! 0 %( .02/1023

`

+ 7 sâ`b|~lG\i\_h]e% |A!6fQrh]\_n rsl$ c`bk]hD`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY- Z0\7 r|_rskY[u[r=n np=\`b^ |_rskY[u[r=npnb\ihqeDYSZ0\ âd]]]ngD]u[\i^[^[d0u[\? sk0hqY[Z]\ ]ua\_â^[d]ua\ `bkDYSZ0\ `pk]âY[u[d DfQ\ikY-% 6 6

K sy=k0`pYSd0h]\rslYSZ0\ `pk]]d0Y `bfq \ih% sk]|i\rsl xYS\_k0r=u YSuar=f eIr=k]\ c`gYSZfqr=d0YSZ9D]`b\i|_\6 YaYA s| Z0\_h0%c`pY[ZmYSZ]\v^[np`bh]\d0k]\BYS\ik]h]\ih0 6 +

Z% s^[\h0` # \_u[\ik]|_\ e \Y=~\i\_k@h]u[`g `pk]y ]ua\_â^[d]ua\6 sk]hI sua\- rsl r=I\_k0`bk]y6eI\BDY=~\i\_k Y[Z]\Dnb`p]^6 s^ jlGd0k]|iY[`br=k(rslxh0u[`p`pk]ymlGu[\_wd]\ik]|i Z]\qe rsnbhnb`pk]\_^

u[\i]u[\i^[\_kY YSZ]\ sua\- s^1cZ]\iu[\^[\inpl/Dâd]âY s`bk0`bk]y6r=â|_`pnbn/ VYS`brsk `b^KIr=â^[`be0nb\ & +-,

% Z% s^[\vh]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\eI\iY= \_\ik=r=npd]fq\ r sk0h@0u[\_â^[d]ua\'h0` # \_u[\ik]|_\6 ^F lGd]k]|YS`brsk@r l sr=nbd]fq\ r.lGua\_wd]\ik]|i 7 6 6 s

76 Z]\nb`p]^~|> skje \ua\_]ua\_â\_kYS\ihe â`bfq]nb\ h% sfq \ih@f& sâ^xr=kI 6^[]ua`bk]y

fQrh]\inJ rvlGd]uaY[Z]\_u â`bfq]nb`gl f& Y[Y[\_ua^>=YSZ0\ Y[r= k]hQeIrsYaYSr=f)nb`b sua\ s^ D^[d]fq\_h'YSr eI\_Z s\xâfqfQ\YSua`b|- nbnp k]h'Y[Z]\~r=I\_k0`bk]y e \Y=~\i\_kYSZ]\if YSrDeI\vu[\_|YA sk0y=d]n/ u> 6 6 #%

+ ~d]nbnp\_k ^x=\iu[â`br=k@rsltYSZ]\ su YS`po]|_`/ n fqr=d0YSZ$ 6 ,

\B&=\iu[^[`pr=k@rslUY[Z]\ uaYS`go |_`@ sn fqr=d0Y[Z0 Z]`b^ch]\ `p|_\`b^ch]\i^[|_ua`beI\_h@lGd]nbng

`bk^[\i|iYS`pr=k Z]\~`pf y=\r=k'Y[Z]\~np\il Yt^[Z0r c^ YSZ]\ lGu[r=kY rsl0Y[Z]\7 su YS`go |_`@ snfQrsd0YSZc`gYSZ YSZ0\xYSu k]^[% u[\_kY fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\1 YaYA s| Z0\_h ^[\i\c^[\_|YS`pr=k Z]\ `pf sys\rskYSZ]\'u[`py=ZY âZ]rc^YSZ]\ fqr=d0Y[Zc`gYSZE Qz\_k]`p^ 8`b|A! fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\6 Y[Y s| Z]\ih0 6 6 ,

| Z]\if Y[`b|h]`@ sy=u" sf rsltYSZ0\ su YS`go |_`@ sn fqr=d0Y[Z lGu[r=kYc`b\B Z]\'n@ YS\nb`p]^ \_ua\fqr=d]kYS\ihr=k@YSZ]\vlGu[r=kY ]n@ YS\vrslY[Z]\fQr=d YSZ X ejYSZ]\

Z]r=nph]`bk]y'e]nbr|A!^ h McZ]`p| ZmZ]\_nphjY[Z]\e]u" s^[^Kfqr=d]kY[^ \ sk]h Gl cZ]`p| Z~\iu[\ ânb`ph `pk]^[`ph]\Y[Z]\ n@ YS\jYSd]eI\_^r lYSZ]\'nb`p]^> Z]\ np`b@y=d]`ph]\_^ e ^[\iY

YSZ]\ \_wd]`pnb`pe]u[`pd]f.Ir=^[`gYS`pr=kvrsl0Y[Z]\ np`b]^ Z0\ â \> !s\iufQrsd]kY GZ snbnpr \_h q^ YA sk0h% su[h@Z]r=uak YI\'â \> !s\iu YSrqeI\'fqr=d]kYS\ih0 Z0\'Z]rsnb\ | nbnbrc^YSZ]\ s`pu~YSrG r lGu[r=f Y[Z]\vfQrsd0YSZj|- `pY YSZ]uar=d]y=ZmYSZ0\np`b]^ 6 +

`

% | Z]\if Y[`b| h0`/ sy=u" sf rsl YSZ]\L uaYS`go |_`@ sntfQr=d YSZ â`bh]\ `p\ Z]\Df& s`bk]n/ VYS\_^~rslMYSZ]\fqr=d0Y[ZmX' k]r Yx`b^[`pe]nb\ z] sk]h $ \_u[\eIr=ngYS\_hYSr=ys\iYSZ0\_u? sk0h(â\- snp\_hEc`pY[Z s|_d]d0f y=ua\- sâ\ Z0\6^[I\- ! \_uvfQrsd]kY Z 7 ^ rs^[`pY[`br=k0\_hr s\_uYSZ0\ Z]r=np\ .! `bkY[Z]\YSrs]n/ VYS\'Y[r snpnbr nbrsd]h D^[I\- ! \_uYSrlGrsu[|_\L `bu `pk sk]hr=d0Yrsl YSZ]\6fqr=d0Y[Z9|- `pY; Z]\DZ]r=np\ snbnpr~\ihfQ\> s^[d0u[`bk0y+h]\i`b|i\_^mYSr+fq\- ^[d]ua\YSZ]\9|ir=k]h]`gYS`brsk]^`bk0^[`bh0\YSZ]\

fQrsd0YSZ |- `pY; Z]\e]u" s^[^ fqr=d]kY[^ Gl \_ua\m]n/ |_\_h `bk]â`bh]\qYSZ]\Qnb`b0^> sk]h9YSZ0\_k(Z]\_nph(`pk9]n/ |_\6eYSZ0\qZ0r=nbh]`pk]ye]npr |A!^ h Z]\Dnb`py=d]`ph]\_^

e ^[\YYSZ]\x\iwd]`bnp`be]ua`bd]f&rs \ik]`bk]y r=â`pY[`br=k0 Z]\xfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ 7 sÛZ]\_nph`bk Y[Z]\Z]r=nph]\_u f cZ]`b| Z ( s^cfQrsd]kYS\_hmrsk Ir=np\ r ^[\_|id]u[\ih `pkYSZ]\

YSu" sk]^[Ir=u YcfQ\i| Z% sk]`p^[f Gk Z]\Z]\i`by=ZY sk]h sk]ysnb\rsltYSZ0\Z0r=nbh]\iu77 ôM \_hc`gYSZ YSZ]\ % e r=ngY Z]\ Y[\_\YSZ Z]r=nb\ G| nbnbr \_h YSZ]\

s`bu YSrL r.lGu[rsf YSZ]\vfqr=d0Y[Z@|> `gYmYSZ]uar=d]y=ZmY[Z]\'np`b]^ Z]\H YSr=k0y=d]\> snps\ ` 0u[r `bh]\ihH 6^[`pfQ0nb\r=k r #9|ir=kYSu[rsnMrsl Y[Z]\? r6 6 =

76 | Z]\if Y[`b|Dh]`@ sy=u f rsl YSZ]\& suaY[`po |i`/ snUfQr=d YSZ GYSrs `b\B Z0\ f& s`bk]n/ VYS\_^~rslMYSZ]\fqr=d0Y[ZmX' z0 k]h $ k]rsY~ `p^[`pe]nb\ \_ua\eIr=ngYS\_hYSr=ys\iYSZ0\_u6 sk]h9â\- snp\_hEc`pY[Z9 |_d]d]f-y=u[\> s^[\ Z]\6â \> !s\iu'fqr=d]kY ! snbnpr~\ih ^[I\- ! \_uvYSrlGr=ua|_\L s`pu YSZ]uar=d]y=Z9Y[Z]\6Z]r=np\ .! Z]\DZ]r=nb\ | snbnpr~\ih `bu6YSr r lGu[rsf YSZ]\@fqr=d0YSZO|- `pY eI\iY= \_\ikYSZ0\ np`b]^ Z]\nb`b0^3 \_ua\Z]\inbh@`bk@]n/ |_\6c`pYSZjYSZ0\'Z]rsnbh]`pk]yDe]nbr|A!^ Gh sk]h@YSZ]\i`bu

\_wd]`pnb`be0u[`bd0f r=â`pY[`br=kH( s^â\iYeYSZ0\6nb`by=d]`bh0\_^ e Z]\' YSr=k0y=d]\> snps\ ` 0u[r `bh]\ihH 6^[`pfQ0nb\r=k r #9|ir=kYSu[rsnMrsl Y[Z]\? r6 6 s

`b`

Mr=d]h]â \> !s\iu sh% 0YS\iujlGrsu@fqr=d]kY[`bk]y |_r=k]\(^[I\- !s\_u r=k8YSZ]\(Z]r=uak

YSZ]ua\- shjfqr=d]kY ]`b\i|_\$ 6 6 s

75 | Z]\if Y[`b|h0`/ sy=u" sf rslYSZ]\ su YS`go |_`@ sn fqr=d0Y[Z `pk]^[`ph]\U`b\B Z]\ YSr=k0y=d]\>fQ\i| Z% sk]`p^[f G` ]u[r `bh0\_h @^[`pfQ]np\6r=k r # |_r=kYSuar=n rslxY[Z]\ ]r 6 Z0\ r 7 ^âY[r=]I\_he ^[nb`ph]`bk0yY[Z]\I\_ua^[I\B c`bk]h0r G` `bkY[r ]n@ s|_\r =\_ucYSZ0\H YS\_\YSZqZ]r=np\ 5 sk0h ^ YA su YS\_h ej^[nb`ph]`bk0y YSZ]\vZ]r=np\ ` + `bkmlGu[rskY

rsl Y[Z]\ YS\_\YSZZ]r=nb\ Z0\ lGu[rskY ]n@ YS\ X ( s^~eIr=ngYS\_hDYSrYSZ]\ ]n/ VYS\_^ z k]h $ sk0h@â\- snp\_hIc`pY[Zj s|id]d]f y=ua\- sâ\ 6 6

Z]\vYSu k]^[% u[\_kY fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\vd]^[\ihYSr& snbnpr `p\c`bk0yQrsl YSZ]\nb`p]^> YSrDy=\iY[Z]\_u1c`gYSZj`pY[^KfQr=d0kY[`bk]yL h% s0Y[\_u> 6 6 5

, | Z]\if Y[`b|mh]`@ sy=u" sf rsl YSZ0\@Y[u sk]â% sua\_kYqfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\ Z]\jfQr=d YSZ D]`b\i|_\ ( s^xf& sh]\ rslMYSZ]ua\_\% uaYS^ DYSZ0\f `bk e su[ua\_n r lMYSZ]\fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\

7 ^ f& sh]\@rslv rsnb`bâZ]\_hOI\_u[â \ Z]\ lGuar=kYc`pk]h]r 7 ^ f& sh]\r l

y=n/ ^[^>5 k]h Y[Z]\Y[Z]u[\> sh]\ihE sh% s YS\_u `bkY[rLcZ0`b| ZY[Z]\'fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\vâZ% sk!7 ^^[|iu[\ \_h( s^f h]\rsl I\_ua^[I\B Z]\ I\_ua^[I\B9 suaY[^ ~\iu[\6y=npd]\_h

YSr=ys\iYSZ0\_u c`pY[ZQI\_ua^[I\BQy=nbd0\ 9 sk]hDYSZ]\ y=n@ s^[^ c`bk0h]r<7 ^~y=npd]\_hDYSrvYSZ]\

e% suau[\_n d]^[`pk]yQâ`bnp`b|_rsky=nbd0\ 6 6 5

+ ~u[r=â^ D ^[\_|YS`pr=k r l Y[Z]\YSu k]^[% u[\_kY fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\6 sh% s YS\_u 6 ,

+;+ k]]d0Y`bfq \ih% sk]|i\rsl YSZ0\ YSu" sk]â% su[\ikYfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\' sk]h.Y[Z]\ z\ik]`b^

8`b|A! fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\ 6 6 %=

`b`b`

+ k]]d0Y~`bfq \ih% sk]|i\ rslMY[Z]\M ) `py=Z% sf Y[u[r=f eIr=k]\3c`pY[Z YSZ0\ YSu" sk]â% su[\ikYfQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\6 sk]hIc`pY[ZjY[Z]\z\_k]`p^8`b|A! YSu[rsf e rsk]\fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ %=

+ Z]rsYSrsy=u s0ZQrsl \B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA sn â\iYSd00 Z]`b^ % su YS`p|_d]n@ su^[\YSd]( s^ d]^[\ihYSrfq\- ^[d]ua\YSZ]\ Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh ]n/ `bk0ylGu[\iwd0\_k]|i`b\_^6r l Y[Z]\mâ^ YS\_f c`pYSZ su[`pr=d]^x\ Y[\_k]â`br=k0^ rsltYSZ0\vY[u[r=fe r=k0\^[nb`ph]\ 6 %=

+ % 7 snb`pe]u VYS`brsk h% Y DlGrsuxYSZ]\v]uar=e \fq`b|iu[r=0Z]r=k]\ 6 %

+6z`/ sysu sf?rsl \B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA snMâ\iYSd00 6 6 %

+ Z]\vnb`p]^1 sua\h0u[`ps\_k@emYSZ]\v]ua\_^[âd]u[\h]`$# \iu[\_k0|_\ C 6

+5 Z]\6nbrsd]h]^[I\- !s\_u |_r=d]0nb`bk0yh]\i`p|_\ Z]`p^h]\i`p|_\L s]0nb`b\i^ Y[Z]\6h]u[`g`bk]y

]u[\i^[âd]u[\mlGu[rsf YSZ0\mh]rck]âY[u[\- f3^[`ph]\mrsl YSZ]\mnp`b]^ Z]\jfqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\

^[Z% k!o]YS^t`bkY[rcY[Z]\ Z]r=nb\rskY[Z]\ np\il Y â`bh]\ rsl0Y[Z]`b^Mh0`/ sy=u" sf Z0\ â \> !s\iue r-`b^Z0\_nbh6`pk ]n@ s|_\xd0^[`bk0y YSZ]\Kfqr=d]kY[`bk]y Y[d]eI\xr=k YSZ0\Ku[`bysZYUZ% sk]h6â`bh]\

rsltYSZ]`p^Kh]`/ sysu sf L 6 6 6

+ $ u[\_wd]\ik]|i u[\i^[Ir=k]â\ rsl DY 0`b|- nt|ir=k0o ysd]u Y[`br=k$ Z0\'=rsnpYA y=\'r lYSZ]\h]`brh]\j^[`py=k% snc`p^Q]uar=Ir=uaY[`br=k% nxYSr Y[Z]\ u[\- (rslvr=I\_k]`pk]y(e \Y=~\i\_k#YSZ]\

nb`p]^> Z0\=\_u YS`p|- sn np`bk]\i^x^[Z0r YSZ]\h0\_âY se]`pnb`bâ`bk]yr=d0Y=( su[h sk]hj`pk ( suahâY[u[`@!`pk]y6u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^> Y6+ 5 ) *6 sk]h &% ) *u[\i^[I\_|iY[`ps\_np 6 6

+,# 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n0^[\YSd]6lGr=u YSZ]\Kfq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYrslI`bk]0d0Y`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\xd]â`bk]yYSZ]\ X j^ âYS\if 6 6 65

0`g

s k]]d0Yj`pfQI\_h sk]|_\|_d]u =\9lGr=u Y[Z]\YSuar=f eIr=k]\E sk0h8z\_k]`p^ 8`b|A! c`pY[ZjY[Z]\v^[np`bh]\d]k0\BYS\ik]h]\_h$# 6 6 6

+ 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n ^[\YSd]@lGr=uKfQ\> s^[d0u[`bk0yDY[Z]\YSZ]ua\_âZ]r=nbhj]n@ `pk]yDe \iZ% `br=d]u s

= 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA nbnpfQ\> s^[d0u[\_hQYSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbhQe \iZ% `pr=d]u M`bk]\ âZ]rc^~YSZ]\YSZ]ua\_âZ]r=nbh90n/ `bk]y lGua\_wd]\ik]|i M`bk]\i^ e âZ]r)Y[Z]\6`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYu[\i^[rDk% sk]|i\_^ Z]\qZ]r=u[`:*_r=kY snnb`pk]\_^v^[Z0r YSZ]\qu[\inb\i skYnb`pu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\QlGua\BDwd]\_k]|i`b\i^> `bh]\ikYS`po]\_hj`bkmo y=d0u[\ + 6 6 =

s 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n^[\iY[d] lGrsumfQ\> s^[d]ua`bk]y+Y[Z]\u sh]`@ YS\ih8^[r=d]k0h lGu[rsf YSZ]\

YSuar=f eIr=k]\ c`pY[Z( su `bk]y fQr=d YSZ(|- `pY9=rsnbd]fq\ YS\iu ( s^ sh]h]\ihYSrY[Z]\â^ YS\_f YSZ]uar=d]y=ZY[Z]\6 s`bu `bk]np\iY YSrcZ]`p| ZmYSZ]\]d0fQm`p^1 Y[Y s| Z]\ih`bkYSZ0`b^ h]`/ y=u sf YS\iu ( s^t^[nbrcngu[\ifQr =\iher=I\_k]`pk]yKYSZ]\ snps\ rskYSZ]\ 7 Y[\_ur=d YSnb\Y âf snpnM fQr=d0kY> Z]\Ku" sh]`@ YS\ih ^[r=d0k]hG7 sûa\_|ir=u[h]\iheYSZ]\ uad]k]k]`pk]y K YSn@ se0M sk]h sk% sng â\_h YKYSZ0\^" sfq\YS`bfq\

&% X fq]nb`gYSd]h0\ r l]YSZ]\ |_r=fqIr=k]\_kY[Ûrsl Y[Z]\~u" sh]`/ VYS\_h'^[r=d0k]hlGu[rsfY[Z]\ Y[u[r=fGDe rsk]\ s^'YSZ]\( Y[\_u =rsnbd]fq\ `p^| Z% sk0y=\_h0 Z]\QYSZ]ua\_\â\_|iY[`br=k0^6rslKYSZ]\

y=u ]ZQâZ]rYSZ0\ ^ YS\- h0qâYA VYS\ e \lGr=u[\ sk]h l YS\iuYSZ]\ u[\inb\- ^[\crsl Y[Z]\37 DYS\iu sk]hDYSZ]\ch0k% sfq`b|K^ YA Y[\ s^YSZ]\1( YS\iu ( s^ u[\inb\> s^[\ih sk0hqY[Z]\c|- `pY=r=npd]fq\ ~\ikY lGu[rsf == fQnIYSr = fqn Y 6u" YS\vrsl 5 fQn ^[\i|

6 fQI\_h sk]|_\ rsl sr=nbd0fQ\ rsl s`pu( s^( lGd]k0|iYS`pr=krsl lGu[\_wd]\ik]|i sk]h sr=nbd0fQ\5

Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbhv]n/ `bk0yxlGu[\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^ sk]h]u[\i^[âd]u[\i^tlGr=u su `bk]yKfqr=d0Y[Z|> D`pYQ=r=npd]fQ\i^> 6 6 59+

5 Z]\ \ # \i|iY6r lKe]nbrc`pk]y 0u[\_â^[d]ua\I sk]h |- `pY(=r=npd]fQ\qr=k(YSZ]\Q]n/ `bk]ylGu[\iwd0\_k]|; Z]\ fd]| Z n@ su[ys\_u âZ]`pl YD`pk lGua\_wd]\ik]|iOh]d]\mY[rY[Z]\je]nbr7D`bk]y']u[\i^[âd]u[\| Z% k]y=`bk0y`bfq]np`b\_^Y[Z% Y~Y[Z]\ 0n/ `bk]ylGu[\_wd]\ik]|i `b^ n/ suay=\_ng`bk]h0\_I\_k]h]\ikY r l Y[Z]\v|- `pYm=rsnbd]fq\ 6 6 5

% + 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n â\iYSd0jlGrsu Y[Z]\Z]`py=Z^[I\_\ihj|- sfq\_u" '\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^67 ^^[\Y Y[rI+6KlGr=uxYSZ]`p^KâY[d]h0; 6 6 5

% ]`p|- sn`pf y=\YA !s\_k#c`pY[ZY[Z]\DZ]`bysZ(â \i\_h |- sfq\_u" jâZ]rc`bk]y@Z% sngl~r lYSZ]\'nb`p r=I\_k0`bk]y Z]\ f& su4!^ r=kY[Z]\d]0 \iunb`p \_ua\ h]u -ck9r=kc`pYSZ 'o k]\ YS`b0 \ihf u"!s\iuxI\_kYSr]u[r `bh]\ ^[r=fq\ YS\YSd]ua\ YSr Y[Z]\rsY[Z]\_u c`b^[\^[fqr r YSZmnb`pm^[d]u l. s|_\ 6 6 5,

`

% X k6\ fQ]np\~rsl s`butrslI`bf& sy=\i^ |> s0YSd0u[\_hDd]â`bk]y YSZ]\xZ0`by=Z â \i\_hD|- fLD\_u" 6lGuar=f?Y=~rqh]` # \_ua\_kY sk]ysnb\_^ Z]\_â\'ua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]y=^7 \_ua\^ k]| Z]u[rsk]`bâ\_hd]^[`pk]yDYSZ]\r=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y6]ua\_â^[d]ua\^[`py=k% sn `pk@Y[Z]\'fqr=d0Y[Z |> `gY; Z]\`bfGD sy=\i^ Z% =\meI\_\ik+fQ`pu[u[rsu[\_h sk]h+uarsYA Y[\_h Y[rE s|_|ir=d]kY6lGr=uYSZ]\| Z sk]y=\i^`bfq rs^[\_h(eYSZ]\Q|- sfq\_u" ^[\YSd]'8YSZ]\Qnb\l Y'`pf y=\D`b^fQ`pu[u[rsu[\_h' seIr=d0YYSZ]\ 2D `b^ YSr |ir=fQI\_k0^ Y[\ lGr=u Y[rYSZ0\|- sfq\_u" nb\ik]^~`pk=\_ua^[`pr=k0 k]hYSZ]\

u[`py=ZY`pf sys\q`p^'`pk=\_u YS\ihC se rsd0Y'Y[Z]\*D `pêI\_|- d]^[\ Y[Z]\ |> sfq\_u I7 ^fQrsd]kYS\_h6d0]^[`ph]\ch]rckqrskDY[Z]\xYSua`bIr h$ Z]\câwd su[\i^ r l ua\ \i|iY[`p=\KY s \^[\i\_k Z]\iu[\ ~\iu[\ d0^[\_h lGrsuvY[Z]\Q`pe]u[r=fq\iY[\_uv\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^']u[\i^[\_kY[\_h+`bk

^[\i|iYS`pr=k % 6 6 +

% % Z]\7( s\ilGr=uafQ^r l YSZ]\Knp`brs \ik]`bk]y Z]\_`py=ZY sk]h6np`brs \ik]`bk]y su[\> lGd]k]|BDYS`pr=k]^xlGr=uc\- | Zh% Y qâ\iY u[\_|ir=u[h0\_hc`gYSZjYSZ]\Z]`py=Zj^[I\_\_h|- sfq\_u" M Z0\ su[uarc^ Ir=`pkY~YSrDYSZ]\vk]r=k9Dnb`pk]\- u~]Z]\ik]r=fq\_k% H 6 %

% 76 Mr=y Mr=yx0nbrsYMr l0X u[\- =\_u YS`p|- sn2 0`p^ s\_ua^[d]^ ) \_`py=ZY Z0r=u[`:*_r=kYA n; `b^ c`pY[Z@^ YSu" s`by=ZYcnp`bk]\ o0YS^1cZ]\_ua\ ]]u[rs]u[`@ YS\ 6 &6

% d0Y=7 u[h sk0h 2( su[h fQr YS`brsk@r lYSZ]\'nb`p]^> `p^ h0\io k]\ih

lGr=uK\- | Z h% VYA 6^[\Y s^xY[Z]\vfQ`pk]`bfd]f rs \ik]`bk]y6Z0\_`bysZY> 6 &5

`b`

% 75 s\ilGr=uafQ^trsl0Y[Z]\ fQrsY[`br=kv`pkY[Z]\ k]h h0`bu[\i|iY[`br=k]^ k]h'Y[Z]\ rs \ik]`bk]y su[\> M Z]\_â\xh% Y Z% s\xe \i\_k'k]r=u[f& snp`b^[\ihlGr=u |in/ sua`pY z? VYA c^[\iY ( s^ Z]`bysZG sfq]nb`gYSd]h]\ YSr=k0\(c`pY[ZL lGd]k]h% sfq\_kY sn0lGu[\iwd]\_k]|6rsl + 5)F* Uz? YA ^[\Y, 7 ^ jnbr sfQ0nb`pY[d]h]\ Y[r=k]\Gc`pY[Z mlGd]k]h% fQ\ikY snlGu[\iwd]\_k]| r l

+ ) * & 6 6

% 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA nM^[\iY[d]d]â\_h@lGr=uKYSZ]\v`be]uar=fQ\YS\iu \ \iu[`bfq\_kY[^> Z]\v` De]u[rsfQ\YS\_u7( s^c]n@ s|_\ih `pkjY[Z]u[\i\vh]` # \_ua\_kY r=â`pY[`br=k]^G 6 ,

% , ]Z]\iu[`p|- sn r=n@ su|ir 8r=uah]`bk YS\^ âYS\if3d]â\_h YSr9f& s YSZ]\m|> sfq\_u IrD^[`gYS`brsk]^> 8`pY[Z ua\_â \i|iYYSrjo y=d]ua\ % mYSZ]\ 8 `b^`pûa`bâ`bk]yjr=d0Yrsl YSZ]\

% sy=\ Y[Z]\ 8 `b^~y=r \i^xlGu[r=f?YSZ0\nb`b |_\_kY[u[\YSr( su[h]^KY[Z]\n/ sâ\_uxâr=d]ua|_\ sk]hmYSZ0\

89 `b^cy=r\_^Kd]jYSZ]\v% y=\v \iu[I\_k]h]`p|_d]n@ suxYSr6Y[Z]\vr=0YS`p|- sn u s`pnJ ,

% + ! \i^[Ir=k]â\xrsl]Y[Z]\xr=I\_k]`pk]y u[\- h]`pr h]\ ^[`py=k% sn k]hYSZ0\~Ir=`bkY h]`bâ]n/ s|i\BDfQ\ikYS^ rs^[`pY[`br=k0^ +8 Z]\qu[\_h(=\iuaYS`p|- sn np`bk]\D^[Z0r c^YSZ]\DYSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph

]n/ `bk0yqlGua\_wd]\_k0|i &% ) * IY[Z]\=\iuaY[`b|- n e]n@ s|A!jnb`pk]\_^ ^[Z]rYSZ0\u[\i^[rDk% sk]|i\_^`ph]\_kYS`go \_h6`pk YSZ]\~r= \ik]`bk0y6 su[\> u[\_â rsk]^[\ Z]\3!s\ u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^ su[\Y[Z]\r=d0Y=( suah'^ YSu[`:!`bk]yKua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^ Y , ) * + = ) * sk]hL+ % 6)F* sk0hYSZ]\v`pk ( suah@^ YSua`@!`bk]yDua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\ Y 6 +)F* 6 ,&6

6 + Z]\â`bfq]nb\nb`p fqrh]\_n ]ua\_^[\ikYS\_h`pk^[\i|iYS`pr=k % 5c`pY[Z ua\_|iY sk]y=d0n/ su|_uar=^[^c^[\i|iY[`br=k% n su[\> DeI\iY= \_\ikYSZ0\np`b]^ 6 + 5

`b`b`

6 Z]\ Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh 0n/ `bk]yvlGu[\iwd0\_k]| rsl Y=~rh]` # \_ua\_kY~rsk]\BD f sâ^ fqrh]\_np^> Z]\@|_u[rs^[^qâf eIr=nb^q^[Z]r k`bk2( su[hOâY[u[`:!`pk]y(fQrh]\_n ]n/ `bk]y(r=k]ng

Y[Z]\'`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYF sk]h u[\i\_hua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^> Z0\'h]`@ sfqr=k]h@âf eIr=nb^

^[Z]rC kr=d0Y=( suahâY[u[`:!`pk]ycfQrh]\inJ ]n/ `bk0y rsk]np Y[Z]\ `bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY

sk]hju[\i\_h u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^ 6 6 +;+

6 $ u[\_wd]\ik]|ijua\_â r=k0^[\r l Dr=k]\vh]\iy=u[\i\'rsltlGu[\i\_h]rsf `bk27 u[h@âYSua`@!`bk0yqnp`b

fQrh]\inJ Z]\ u[\i^[Ir=k]â\ `p^ s^M\B I\_|iY[\_hlGr=u Knb`bk0\- su rsk]\BD fQrh]\r=â|_`pnbn/ VYSr=u sk]hD|_rskY s`bk0^ k0r=k]\crslIYSZ]\c|_rsfQ]np\B `pY^[\i\_k `pkD\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY sn u[\i^[Ir=k]â\fQ\> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY[^>% 6 6 +;+5

6 % Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbheI\_Z% `brsd]uxrslMY[Z]\ fqr h0\_nJ M`bk]\i^ sk]h Ge u[\ Y[Z]\ ^" sfQ\

s^vYSZ]r=â\ ua\_|_rsu[h]\ih \B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA snpnp sk0h ^[Z]rck `pk o ysd]u[\ s M`bk]\ | ^[Z0r c^ YSZ]\ ^[`bfd]n/ Y[\_hqYSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbh0n/ `bk]ylGu[\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^% s^~rse0YA s`pk]\_hlGu[r=f nb`pk]\- su~âYA e]`bnp`pY sk% sng â`b^M 6 6 + s

6 76 M`bk]\> su ^ YA se0`bnb`gYmu[\i^[d]ngYS^ lGr=u Y[Z]\r=k0\h]\iy=u[\i\ rsllGua\_\_h0r=f k]hY= rh]\BDy=u[\i\rslKlGua\_\_h0r=f fqr h0\_nb^ Z]\ Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nph+]n/ `bk0ylGu[\iwd0\_k]|+rslcYSZ]\

r=k]\h0\_y=ua\_\jrslclGu[\i\_h]r=f fQrh]\inb^ h]r\_^6k0rsYD|_uar=^[^6r =\iu6YSZ]\mua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\lGu[\iwd0\_k]|jrsl Y[Z]\6 s`pux|_r=npd]fqk00e]d Y Y[Z]\Y= rQh]\iy=u[\i\vrsl lGua\_\ih]r=f fqr h0\_n

^[fqr r YSZ]ng |iu[r=â^[\_^ r =\iu> 6 6 +

0`

6 Mr=d]^ fqrh]\_ncrslY[Z]\ sr |> snclGr=nbh]^ Z]u[r=d0y=Z s]0u[r=]ua`/ Y[\ su sfq\iY[\_u

| Z]r=`p|_\DYSZ]`p^fqr h]\in|- sk e \ sh% s0Y[\_h Y[rua\_]ua\_^[\ikY YSZ]\Qe]u ^[^0n/ =\iu[^ nb`p]^> 6 6 + #%

6 75 Z]\ `pfQ0d]nbâ\6u[\_â rsk]^[\ G`bkYSZ]\qlGu[\iwd0\_k]| h]rsf s`pk rslxY[Z]\qh]`bâ]n/ s|i\BDfQ\ikY r l Y[Z]\ `pk]h]`g `ph]d% sn rs`bkY f ^[^[\i^ r l YSZ0\ np`b6fqr h0\_nJ X ^ \B I\_|YS\_h$\- s| ZAr l6YSZ]\ Y= r#|_rsd]]nb\ih&Ir=`bkYf& sâ^[\_^\B Z]`be0`pYS^@Y=~r#ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\_^8Z% Y|> skL snp^[reI\x^[\i\_kq`b^ Y[Z% YY[Z]\_ua\3 su[\K|inb\> su[ng'`pk27 suahL sk]h6r=d Y=7 suahâY[u[`@!`pk]y6| Z% su" s|iY[\_u[`pâY[`b|_^c]ua\_â\_kY `pkmYSZ]\i^[\u[\_â rsk]^[\|_d]u =\i^>76 + ,

6 $ u[\_wd]\ik]|i+! \i^[Ir=k]â\6rsl QY]`b|> snU|ir=k0o y=d0u Y[`br=k0 Z]\ =\iuaYS`p|- sn nb`pk]\_^^[Z]r YSZ]\h]\iâY se]`bnp`bâ`bk]y rsd0Y=7 u[h sk]h@`bk2( su[hjâY[u[`:!`pk]y6u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^> Y+ 5 ) *6 sk]h &% ) *u[\i^[I\_|iY[`ps\_np Z]`b^Ko y=d0u[\v`b^3 6u[\i \> Y rslto y=d]ua\ :+ 4+ s

6 , ! \i^[Ir=k]â\qr l Y[Z]\ su[\> jr l~r=I\_k0`bk]ymlGd]k]|YS`pr=krsl YSZ]\Dnb`p9fQrh]\in y=ua\_\iknb`pk]\ Z0\xu[\ihG sk]h e0nbd]\ nb`bk0\_^t^[Z]r YSZ]\ u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\~rsl]YSZ0\xh]`bâ]n/ |_\_fq\_kY

rsl]Y[Z]\~Y= r rs`bkYUf& sâ^[\_^ ^[\i\~o y=d0u[\ 6 75 Z]\~Z]`by=Z0\_u Y= rI\- !ÛlGr=uafYSZ]\ o k]y=\iu[]ua`bkYDrsltYSZ]\vk]rsk Dnp`bk]\> suxZ]\i`by=ZYKlGd]k]|YS`pr=k0 Z]\vnbr \_uKY= ru[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^ lGr=uaf D% s`puxrsl r=d0Y=( su[hH sk]hj`bk2( su[h@âY[u[`@!`pk]yDu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^ + =

6 + 8Z]\_k@Y=~r r=d0Y rsl]Z s^[\'^[`bk0\6( =\i^ e]npd]\ sk]hua\_h nb`bk0\_^ sua\'âd]I\_u D rs^[\_h@YSZ]\u[\i^[d]ngYS`pk]yG7 =\lGr=u[f Ge]n/ s|A!mnp`bk]\ Z% s^KY=c`b|i\Y[Z]\vlGu[\_wd]\ik]|irsltYSZ]\vr=ua`by=`pk% snI^[`bk0\6( =\i^ 6 6 + s

6 +;+! \i^[Ir=k]â\xrsl]Y[Z]\xr=I\_k]`pk]y u[\- h]`pr h]\ ^[`py=k% sn k]hYSZ0\~Ir=`bkY h]`bâ]n/ s|i\BDfQ\ikYS^> Z]\cu[\_hD=\iuaY[`b|- n]nb`pk]\x^[Z0r c^ YSZ0\cY[Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbhD]n/ `bk0ylGu[\_wd]\ik]|i &%= )F* YSZ]\=\iuaYS`p|- sn e]n@ s|A!mnb`pk]\_^ ^[Z0r AY[Z]\ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\_^`ph]\_kY[`po \ih`bk

YSZ]\ r= \ik]`bk0yE su[\> u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\ Z]\ !s\+u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^L su[\ Y[Z]\r=d Y=7 suahâY[u[`@!`pk]y ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_Î Y , )F*6+ = ) * sk]h + % 6 ) * sk]hY[Z]\`pk ( suahâY[u[`@!`pk]y6u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\ Y 6 +-)F* Z]`p^xo y=d]ua\v`b^3 Du[\_I\- VYcrsl o]y=d]u[\ % + + &%

6 + \ik]`bk]y sua\- ( =\ilGrsu[f4]u[rh]d]|i\_heqYSZ]\ rsd]^ fqrh]\_n Z]\h0`b^[|ir=k DYS`pkd0`pYS`p\_^ r |i|_d]u cZ]\_ua\YSZ]\ 2D h]`bâ]n/ s|i\_fq\_kYKrsl rsk]\f& s^[^xeI\_|ir=fq\_^xnp\_^[^

YSZ% kjY[Z]\vrsYSZ0\_u> 6 6 +

6 + Z]\|ir 8r=uah]`bk YS\ââY[\_f-d]^[\ihlGr=u sk snp^[`p^ r lYSZ]\nb`b@fqr h]\inJ â`bk]y|_`pu[|_d0n/ su|_r 8r=u[h]`pk% Y[\_^ `pk]âY[\- sh r l |> suaY[\_â`/ sk+|ir 8r=uah]`bk% VYS\_^ snbnprc^'lGr=u^[`pfQ]np\\BY[\_k]â`br=k'rsl0Y[Z]\ fqrh]\_n=`pkYSrF clGr=d0uth0\_y=ua\_\8rsl@8lGu[\i\_h]rsfAfQrh]\_n Z]\|ir 8r=uah]`bk YS\x`pÛk]\iy2 Y[`p=\K`pkYSZ0`b^h]`@ sy=u" sfe \i|- sd]â\Q`b^h0\io k]\ih

s^KeI\_`bk0yqIr=â`pYS`g=\`pkjY[Z]\v|_npr |A!2c`bâ\vh]`bua\_|iY[`br=k$ 6 + 5

6 + % Z]\~ua\_â r=k0^[\xrsl Y[Z]\~np`bfQrh]\in`pk'lGr=d0u h]`pfQ\ik]^[`pr=k]^ YSrsy=\iY[Z]\_u c`pYSZYSZ]\u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\vrsl Y[Z]\k]r=k98nb`bk0\- su( su[\> rsltr= \ik]`bk0y lGd]k]|iY[`br=k$ lt% uaYS`p|_d]n@ su`bkYS\iu[\iâY `b^xY[Z]\v]u[\i^[\_k0|_\r l sh0h]`pY[`br=k% n npr lGu[\iwd]\_k]|@u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^ + %=

+ k]]d0Y(`pfQI\_h% k]|_\+fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^lGr=uYSZ]\+Y[u[r=f eIr=k]\ c`gYSZA su[`pr=d]^fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\|_r=k o y=d]u" YS`pr=k]^>? 6 6 +66

9 `

k]]d0Yj`pfQI\_h sk]|_\9fq\- ^[d]ua\_fq\_kYS^mlGr=u Y[Z]\fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\_^md]â\_h0Fc`pYSZ sk]h c`pY[Z]r=d0YKY[Z]\ sh% s YS\_uc]`p\_|i\ 6 6 +65

:+ K \_| Z sk]`b|> sn lGu[\iwd]\_k]|@u[\_â rsk]^[\rsltYSZ]\ su YS`po]|_`/ n nb`pu[\i\_h0C6 +6

K \_| Z sk]`b|> sn lGu[\iwd]\_k]|@u[\_â rsk]^[\rsltYSZ]\ su YS`po]|_`/ n nb`pu[\i\_h0C6 +6,

K \_| Z sk]`b|> sn lGu[\iwd]\_k]|@u[\_â rsk]^[\rsltYSZ]\ su YS`po]|_`/ n nb`pu[\i\_h0C6 +6,

% K \_| Z sk]`b|> sn lGu[\iwd]\_k]|@u[\_â rsk]^[\rsltYSZ]\ su YS`po]|_`/ n nb`pu[\i\_h0C6 + s

6 K \_| Z sk]`b|> sn lGu[\iwd]\_k]|@u[\_â rsk]^[\rsltYSZ]\ su YS`po]|_`/ n nb`pu[\i\_h0C6 + s

`b`

+ Z% s^[\ua\_n@ YS`pr=k]^[Z0`b]^ e \Y=~\i\_k@h]u[`g`bk]y']u[\i^[^[d0u[\ sk]hmnp`b rs \ik]`bk]y su[\> lGr=uK`bk2( su[h sk0h r=d Y=7 suah ^ YSua`@!`bk]yDua\_\_hjY \i^< 6 +

% + e]nb\ rslIZ]`by=Z^[I\_\_hDua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y=^>z? YA â\iY[^1+(D \_u[\xl. |_\xr=k6ua\_|ir=u[h D`bk]ys^>z? Y 'â\iY + ]u[r `bh]\ih YSZ0\ |- nb`be0u Y[`br=k6lGr=u YSZ]\i^[\h% VYA â\iYS^ z? YA ^[\YS^ 5 D + \_ua\ â\iY[^ rsl lGu[r=kY sk0hQâ`bh]\cu[\i|_r=uah]`bk0y=^>z? VYA ^[\YS^ 5 k]h ]u[r `bh0\_hY[Z]\~|> snb`pe]u Y[`br=klGr=u YSZ0\_^[\~h% YA ^[\iY[^> Z0\ rsl \> s| Zh% Y â\iY 7 s^ \_`gYSZ]\iu ad]âY( seIr s\ Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh h% Y â\iY[^ 5+;+ sk]h+ r=u7 VY~YSZ0\f 0`pf d]f e]npr~\iux]u[\i^[âd]u[\ 8& s0]u[r- `bf& YS\inp +;76! Gh% YA ^[\YS^ 6 0, k]h+ z? YA Q^[\iY % d]^[\ih' Qe]nbrc`bk0y]u[\i^[âd]u[\L s0]u[r- ` Df VYS\_ng Z snpl ( me \Y=~\i\_k@YSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbh sk]h@f 0`pf d]f ' 6

% e]nb\rsltYSZ0\|> snb|id]n/ VYS\_h snpd]\_^Kr l# sk]h lGr=uxY[Z]\v^[r=npd0YS`pr=ky=`g=\_k@`bk

\_wd% Y[`br=k % lGr=uxYSZ0\h0` # \_u[\ikY ua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]y=^KrslUnb`pfQr YS`brsk03 6

`b`b`

6 + su" sfq\iYS\iu[^d0^[\_hY[r+r=e0Y s`bkOYSZ]\h YA `pko y=d0u[\ 6 % Z0\ sk]y=d]n@ sulGu[\iwd0\_k]|i`b\_^ |_r=uau[\i^[Ir=k]hY[rqY[Z]\fq\- sâd]u[\ihua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\'lGu[\iwd]\_k]|i`b\i^r=e DYA s`pk]\_h lGu[r=f YSZ0\h% Y ^[Z]rck8`bko]y=d]u[\ s 8 + 5)F*E sk0h &% ) * `bfq`bn@ su[ng;UY[Z]\j nbd]\i^qr l sk]h \_ua\fq\- sâd]u[\ih\0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA nbnp Z]\u[\if s`pk]`bk0y % su" sfQ\YS\iu[^ ~\iu[\(| Z]r=â\_k Y[r y=`ps\(âd]`pY se]np\9u[\_âd]npY[^>r=e0Y s`bk]\ih e `pYS\iu Y[`br=kC u[r=d]k0hO snpd]\_^Dr=e0Y s`bk0\_h+lGu[r=f \B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA snfQ\> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY[^>% 6 6 + s

6 z\_â|_u[`p0YS`pr=k]^6rsl YSZ]\j% u sfq\iY[\_u[^qrsl YSZ]\@nb`p+fQrh]\inK^[Z]rck`pkOo]y=d]u[\

6 Z]\ d]]I\_u( sk]h npr~\iu np`b]^ sua\ sâ^[d]fq\_hQYSrfQr =\ âfqfQ\YSu[`p|- snpnp ^[r6YSZ0\ su sfq\iY[\_ua^F u[\\_wd]`g snb\ikYclGr=uKeIrsY[Z@np`b]^ 6 +

+ z\_â|_u[`p0YS`pr=krsltYSZ0\ u[`brsd]^K|_r=k o y=d]u" YS`pr=k]^xrsltYSuar=f eIr=k]\? k]hjfQr=d YSZ D]`b\i|_\i^> 6 6 +6

fQI\_h sk]|_\'h% Y QlGr=ucYSZ]\ u[`brsd]^ Y[u[r=fe r=k0\|_rsk0o y=d]u" YS`pr=k]^$ snpn c`pYSZ skjd]k]\ Y[\_k]h0\_hânb`bh0\ 6 6 +6

fQI\_h sk]|_\ h% Y lGr=uMY[Z]\ Y= r fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\iÛd]â\_h0=eIrsY[Z c`gYSZ k]h c`gYSZ Dr=d0YKY[Z]\ sh% s0Y[\_uc]`p\_|_\ 6 6 +6

9 `g

<

!"#$ %& ' ()#"(

~u" s^[^Q`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY[^ sua\H (^[d]e0^[\iYrslYSZ0\ c`pk]h`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYQl. fQ`pnp; h]\o k]\_heOYSZ0\

fq\iYSZ0r h(rslK\ik]\_uays(`bk]]d Y'`pkYSr Y[Z]\qââY[\_f 89YSZ0\Qnp`b]^vrsl YSZ]\Q]n/ =\iulGrsu[f YSZ0\Qua\_\_h$YSZ0u[r=d]ysZ cZ]`b| ZI s`pu~`p^xe]nbrckm`pkY[rYSZ0\`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY> 8`bk]h `bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY[^K|- skmys\_k]\iu snpnpeI\fQrh]\inbnb\ih e â`bfq]nb\DlG\_\ih]e% s|A! ââY[\_f cZ0\_u[\Y[Z]\ua\_\_h s|YS^G ^L snps\ YSZ% VY snpnbrc^1 skmr=â|_`pnbn/ VYS`bk0y r rsl s`bux`pkYSr YSZ0\`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY>McZ]`p| Z@`pkYSd]uakj]u[r `bh]\i^KlG\_\_h9De% s|A!qYSZ% VYch]u[`g=\_^xY[Z]\fqrsYS`pr=k rsl Y[Z]\u[\i\_h0 Z]\vu[\i^[d]ngYA skYKâ\_ngl@8^[d]^ YA s`pk]`bk0y r=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`br=k`b^6Y[Z]\_ua\ilGr=ua\ u[\i^[d]ngYqrsl? s\iu[r 8\_n/ âYS`p|m|_r=d0]nb`pk]ye \Y=~\i\_kY[Z]\ fq\_| Z sk]`b|> snKr=â|_`bnpn/ Y[r=uGY[Z]\ ua\_\ih UY[Z]\ s|ir=d]^ YS`b|qr=â|_`bnpn/ Y[r=u GY[Z]\ `pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY sk]h YSZ]\ r?rsl s`buY[Z]u[r=d0y=ZYSZ0\ua\_\ih0

+

) \inbfqZ]r=npY"* % n@ s`bhOf d]| Zr lYSZ]\y=u[r=d0k]hM r=u"!+lGr=uqYSZ]\ d]k]h]\iu[âY sk]h]`pk]y rsl YSZ]`p^

lG\_\ih]e% s|A!6^ âYS\if sk]hq`bkD% uaYS`p|_d]n@ su|> YS\iy=r=u[`p^[\ihDY[Z]\K su[`pr=d]^Y \i^ r l u[\i\_h& s^ aâY[u[`:!2D`bk0yrsd0Y=7 u[h]^4r=u a^ YSu[`:!`bk]y`pk ( suah]^" Z0\_^[\ h]\io]k]`pY[`br=k]ûa\ilG\iu[u[\ihQY[rY[Z]\cu[\_â rsk]^[\ rsl

ua\_\_hQYSrG ânbr8`bk0|_u[\> s^[\ `bkQ^[d]]0npQ]u[\i^[^[d0u[\F8 aâY[u[`@!`pk]yr=d Y=7 suah ua\_\_hmua\_â r=k0h]^

c`pY[Z kQ`pk]|_ua\- sâ\ `pkqrs \ik]`bk]y sI\_u YSd]ua\ 9 sk]h Ha^ YSua`@!`bk]yv`pk ( suah'ua\_\ih u[\i^[Ir=k]h]^ c`pY[Z 6h]\_|iu[\> s^[\`bkjr=I\_k]`pk]y sI\_uaY[d]u[\

Z]\_â\Q|> YS\iy=r=ua`b\_^ rsl~ua\_\ih]^v|- skeI\6fQrh]\_npnb\ihed]â`bk]y r=k]\6h0\_y=ua\_\Drsl lGu[\i\_h]r=f

fqr h]\inJc^[d0| Z s^Y[Z% Yjd]â\_h e8nbnb`prsY[Y sk]h ~rcâZ]\_u = Y[r+fQrh]\_n YSZ]\9np`bua\_\_h$ d]| Z@fqr h]\inb^ Z% =\ve \i\_k@\BYS\ik]^[`g=\inpmd]â\_hjYSrD]uar h]d0|_\=\iuamua\- snp`b^ YS`b| âkYSZ]\i^[`p^[\_h `bk DâY[u[d]fq\_kY'^[r=d0k]h]^ + , 6&6 6&5 sk]h' snbâr ^'â|_`b\ikYS`po]|DY[r rsnb^YSrjlGd]u YSZ]\iu

d]k]h0\_u[^ YA sk0hjY[Z]\lG\_\ih]e% s|A! fQ\i| Z% sk]`p^[fq^xrsl e]u" s^[^K`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYS^ ) r~\=\iu> f d]| Z r=u"!Z% s^ ^[Z0r ckY[Z% Y YSZ]\nb`pfQ`gYA Y[`br=k0^~rslY[Z]\_â\fqr h0\_nb^cf& !s\vYSZ0\_f d]k]âd]`pY se]nb\vlGr=ucu[\i]u[r Dh]d]|i`bk]y |_\iuaYA `bk \ \iu[`bfq\_kY snbngr=e]â\_u =\_h+0Z]\_k]rsfQ\ik% +6 + 5 8% su YS`p|_d]n@ su[ng;YSZ0\ se0`bnb`gYQY[rQ0n/ I YclGu[\iwd]\_k]|i`b\i^ eIrsYSZ seIr s\ sk0h eI\_npr YSZ]\u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\lGu[\iwd0\_k]|rslY[Z]\G s`puc|_r=npd]fQk +5 + +, , % % , 6 6 Z]`b^ ]Z]\ik]r=fq\_k]r=k$ `bk % su DYS`p|_d]n@ su>`bfq]np`b\_^ YSZ% VYxYSZ]\vnp`bua\_\_hj|> sk]k]rsYceI\v|_n@ s^[â`po \ihI s^K\_`gYSZ]\iu aâY[u[`@!`pk]y6`bk2( su[h]^4r=u a^ YSua`@!`bk]y6rsd0Y=7 u[h]^4

0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n^ YSd]h0`b\_^@d]â`bk]y sk suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQr=d YSZ ]u[r `bh]\' u[r=e]d0âY- f sk sy=\BD se]np\Qâr=nbd YS`brsk(Y[r YSZ0\Q]uar=e]np\_fq^']ua\_â\_kYS\ihOe(\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYS`pk]yc`gYSZ Zd]f& sk ]n/ =\iu[^`bnbeI\_u Y sk0hQt\iY[r=`pY h]\_â`by=k0\_h sk suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQrsd0YSZ Y[Z% Y ( s^ |- s% e]nb\Krsl ]uar h]d0|_`bk0yfq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY[^Fc`gYSZE qu[\_I\- VYA se]`pnb`gYl. su e \=r=k]hcZ% Y ( s^? | Z]`b\ e]nb\6c`pY[ZZd]f& sk

]n@ s\_ua^> d]e]^[\iwd]\_kYSng; YSZ]\iu[\6Z% s\qeI\_\ik^[\is\_u" snh]\is\_npr=]fq\_kYS^vrsl su YS`po]|_`/ n fqr=d0Y[Z

âY[d]h]`p\_^>âd]| Z sÛY[Z]r=^[\Ke ~d]nbnp\_k +5 + \- sn % 2 sk]h % \iu[y=\*3 sk]h!cr h]\Y + =

)$ ) "$ )

Z]\md]k0h]\_uaâYA k]h]`bk0y9rsl h0k% sfq`b| ^ âYS\ifQ^6|> sk+eI\my=u[\> YSng \ik]Z% sk0|_\_h e Y[Z]\md]â\rsl

|_rsfQ]d YA Y[`br=k% n fqr h0\_nbnp`bk]yM `bfd]n/ Y[`br=k0^ rsl âd]| Z ^ âYS\ifQ^v|> sk]u[r `bh]\6h YA Y[Z% Yv`b^d]k]rse0YA s`pk% se]np\ e \B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA sn fQ\YSZ]rh]^G8O^[d]| Z s^qYSZ]\ r=â`pY[`br=k sk]hs\_npr |i`pYOrsl

snpn% suaY[^'r lxYSZ]\qâ^ YS\_f Y y=`g=\ik YS`pfQ\ ) r \is\_u âd]| Z â`bf d]n@ YS`pr=k]ûa\_nprsk YSZ0\

h]\=\_npr=]fq\_kYvrsl fqr h]\in Y[Z% Y6 s|i|_d]u" YS\inpu[\_0u[\_â\_kYS^vYSZ0\ ]Z^[`b|> snâ^ YS\_f `bfq]nb\

r=k]\ h]`bfq\_k0^[`brsk% snfQrh]\inb^t|- sk 0u[rh]d]|_\~\B |_\inbnb\ikYu[\i^[d]ngYS^>s\_^[I\_|i`/ snpnpv`pk'YSZ0\xy=\_k0\_u VYS`brskrsl âkYSZ]\i^[`p^[\_h ^[r=d]k0h]^> ) r \is\_u> âY[d]h]`b\i^ rsl Y[Z]\ fQrsY[`br=krsl Y[Z]\cnb`b6ua\_\ih + % 6 5 Z% =\ ^[Z]rckYSZ Yx`gY \ Z]`be]`gYS^ l. su fqr=ua\ |ir=fQ0nb\BqfqrsY[`br=kDYSZ% k|- sk e \ u[\_0u[\_â\_kYS\ihje

â`bk]y=np\'h0\_y=ua\_\ rslUlGu[\_\ih]r=ffQrh]\inJcX h]h0`pYS`pr=k% snpnp âYSd0h]`b\i^rslY[Z]\YSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph]n/ `bk0yeI\_Z% `br=d0ur l7 su YS`go |_`@ snUnp`bu[\i\_h]^Z% s^v^[Z0r ck(YSZ% VYY[Z]\DââY[\_f |- k h]\iâY se]`bnp`bâ\6e rsY[Z

eI\_nbr sk]h seIr s\Y[Z]\ s`buK|ir=nbd0fQkju[\i^[r=k YSr=ua^> ~d]npnb\_k +5 + d]â\_h@nb`pk]\- suK^ YA se0`bnb`gY sk% np^[`p^ YSr ^[Z]rOYSZ% YUr=k]\xh0\_y=ua\_\Krsl lGua\_\_h0r=f)fqrh]\_np^ \_u[\K`pk]|- % se]np\ rsl ua\_]uar h0d]|_`pk]yYSZ0`b^KeI\_Z% `br=d0u>

"$ ) %& %&"

Z]\ s`pfQ^KrsltYSZ0`b^KâY[d]h0 sua\YSr

+;h]\=\_npr= 6fqr h0`po \ih=\_ua^[`pr=k r lUYSZ0\ uaYS`go |_`@ snIfQr=d YSZ0

fQ\> s^[d0u[\YSZ0\YSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbh+eI\_Z% `brsd]u rslcYSZ0\I suaY[`po |i`/ sn fqr=d0YSZ cZ0`bnb\Q]n/ `bk0yE YSuar=f eIr=k]\

fq\- sâd]u[\YSZ0\vlGua\_wd]\ik]|i@u[\i^[Ir=k]â\'rsltYSZ0\ uaYS`go |_`@ sn np`b]^

% h]\=\_npr= Y[u sk]â% sua\_kY fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\Y[r snbnpr 8`bâd% snp`b^ VYS`brskrsltYSZ]\vnb`p]^>

6 `bks\_âY[`by2 VYS\ Y[Z]\fqrsYS`pr=k rslMY[Z]\nb`p]^~h0d]u[`pk]y r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`br=kDd]â`bk]y6Z0`by=Zâ \i\_hm`bh]\ir

u[\i|_r=uah]`bk0y& k]h n@ s^[\iuczr=]]np\_u~`pe]u[r=fq\iY[ua

h]\=\inbr= fqr h]\inrsl~Y[Z]\qnb`b0^vY[Z% Yu[\i]u[rh]d]|i\_^'\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY snbng9r=e]â\_u =\_h e \DZ% `br=d0u>

Z]`b^6^ YSd]h `b^|_r=fq rs^[\_h rslcY= rf s`pk % uaYS^ ~Z s0YS\iu[^ sk]h % h]\i^[|iu[`beI\YSZ0\

\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYSÎ\_u lGr=u[fq\_h9rskYSZ]\L uaYS`go |_`@ sn fQrsd0YSZ0 d]^[`pk]y Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nph9]n/ `bk0y sk% sng^[`b^ sk]hnb`b@u[\i^[Ir=k]â\ fQ\> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY[^`bk | Z% s0Y[\_u $ sk0h`b^[d snb`p^ Y[`br=kjrslY[Z]\np`b@fQrsY[`br=k

d]â`bk]y Z]`by=Z ^[I\_\ih `bh]\iru[\i|_r=uah]`bk0y`bk | Z% s0Y[\_u % ~Z% s0Y[\_u 6@d]^[\i^'YSZ0\ u[\i^[d]ngYS^']u[\D^[\ikYS\_h `bkY[Z]\v\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY sn | Z% 0YS\iu[^KYSrD`bks\_âY[`by2 VYS\YSZ0\v`@ se]`bnp`pYqrslth]`$# \iu[\_kYcY \i^rsl fqr h]\inb^ M`bk]\> su^ YA se]`pnb`gYH k% snpâ`b^ Y[\_| Z]k]`pwd]\_^ su[\6d0^[\_hYSrjâZ]r YSZ Y Y=~r@h]\Dy=ua\_\jrsl lGu[\_\ih]r=f3fqrh]\_nx`p^Du[\_wd]`pu[\ih `pkOrsu[h]\iu YSr(u[\_0u[rh]d]|_\mY[Z]\mYSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbhO]n/ `bk0yeI\_Z% `br=d0u ]ua\_â\_kYS\ih9`bk@| Z% s0Y[\_u `bfq\vh]r=f& s`bkj^[`pf d]n@ YS`pr=k]^xYSZ0\_kâZ]rAYSZ% VY r=k0\

%

^[d0| Z(Y= r h0\_y=ua\_\Drsl lGu[\i\_h]r=f fQrh]\_n |- sk]ua\_h]`p|iYY[Z]\6\B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA snpnp r=e]^[\iuas\_h fq\BD| Z% sk0`b|- n]u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\1cZ]\ik k]rsk98nb`pk]\- uUlGd]k]|YS`brsk6h]\io k0\_^ YSZ]\3 sua\- rsl r=I\_k]`pk]ye \Y=~\i\_kYSZ0\np`b]^

~Z% s0Y[\_u ua\i`b\Bc^QY[Z]\ e s^[`p|_^Drsl c`pk]hO`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY& s|ir=d]^ YS`b|i^Qua\_np\i skYDYSrYSZ]`p^

âY[d]h0 k % su YS`p|_d]n@ su> YSZ]\Qu[\iwd0`bu[\ifQ\ikYS^lGr=u'^[\inpl@8âd]âY s`bk]\ih r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`br=k u[\ `pk=\_^ YS` Dy2 Y[\_hlGr=uv`bk2( su[h(âY[u[`@!`pk]y sk]h lGrsur=d0Y=( su[h âYSua`@!`bk0y@ua\_\ih Y \i^>X4e% sâ`b|Dnb`p9u[\i\_h

fqr h]\in~`p^ ]u[\i^[\ikY[\_h0~y=`p`bk0yYSZ]\Y[`bfq\8h0r=f `bk(\_wd% Y[`br=k]^6r l fqrsYS`pr=k lGrsuL r=k]\mh]\Dy=ua\_\ rsl lGua\_\_h0r=f?fQrh]\_n Z0\ u[\iwd]`bua\_fq\_kYS^ lGr=u ^[\_ngl@8^[d0âYA `bk]\ih r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`br=k lGrsu `pk27 suahr=uqr=d0Y=( su[h âY[u[`@!`pk]y ua\_\ihY \i^ sua\ d]â\_hY[r âZ]r YSZ% YqYSZ0\nb`p u[\_\ih|- kk]rsYQeI\

h]\i^[|_ua`beI\_h s^cr=k]ngr=k]\vr=uxY[Z]\vrsYSZ0\_uKY \

~Z% s0Y[\_u ]ua\_^[\ikYS^h]\YA s`pnb^ rsl% k]\ s\_u[â`br=k'rsl]Y[Z]\7 su YS`go |_`@ sn=fqr=d0YSZ$ Z]`pÛfqr=d0Y[Z

`b^Kh0\_^[`py=k]\ih@Y[rqeI\fqr=u[\ \ `be]np\YSZ% skj]ua\i`brsd]^cfQrh]\_np^x`bkmY[Z]\vu sk]ys\rslU`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY[^

`pY|- sk8]n@ s^ \_npn? s^ snpnbrc`bk]y y=u[\> YS\ium r YS\_kY[`/ sn lGrsu `b^[d snb`p^ Y[`br=kr l'Y[Z]\9nb`p]^> \iu[`bfq\_kY[^6 su[\ h0\_^[|iu[`pe \ih(Y[Z% Yfq\- sâd]u[\'YSZ]\ lGua\_wd]\_k0|iu[\i^[Ir=k]â\qr l Y[Z]\ np`bua\_\_h$ s^ \_nbn s^ YSZ0\cY[Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh 0n/ `bk]yveI\_Z% `br=d0u> Z]\F se]`pnb`gY rsl YSZ]\cnb`p]^YSr^[\inpl@8r=â|_`pnbn/ VYS\c`pY[Z]r=d0Y sk9`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY6 YaYA s| Z]\ih`b^? snp^[r`pk=\_^ YS`py2 YS\ih0$c`gYSZ lGr|_d]^rskYSZ]\ uar=nb\'rsl

YSZ0\fqr=d0Y[Zj|- `pYsr=nbd]fq\

~Z% s0Y[\_u % h]\i^[|iu[`beI\_^\ \iu[`bfq\_kY[^h]\_â`by=k0\_h9YSrmfq\- sâd]u[\'YSZ]\ fqrsY[`br=k rsl YSZ]\ np`b]^

`bkQf kDh0`bfq\_k]â`br=k]^ â\`b^ f& sh]\ rsl Z]`py=Z â \i\_hmh]`py=`pY sn0`bh0\_r |> sfQ\iu Mua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y Y lGu sfq\u" YS\i^d]YSr 5 + = lGu fQ\i^ I\_uâ\_|_rsk]h0 sk]h n@ s^[\iuzr=0]nb\iu `be]uar=fq\iYS\iu`b^

d]â\_h Y[rjfQ\> s^[d]ua\6YSZ]\qh]`bâ]n/ |_\_fq\_kY[^rslx`pk]h]`p`ph]d% sn r=`pkYS^r=kYSZ]\Dnp`b9^[d0ual. s|i\ Z]\

6

h% Y r=e YA s`pk]\_h#c`pYSZ(YSZ]\ Z]`by=Z(^[I\_\ih+|- sfq\_u" ]uar `ph]\_^ sk% sng â`b^rslxY[Z]\ np`b(r= \ik]`bk0y

sua\- sk]h#np`brs \ik]`bk]y Z]\_`py=ZYlGd]k]|YS`brsk]^>F s^ \_npn s^mf& s]]`pk]y Y[Z]\9fqrsYS`pr=krslr=k0\

Ir=`bkYxrsk YSZ]\ nb`bQ^[d]u l. s|_\`pk Y= r6h]`bfq\_k]â`br=k0^> Z]\n@ s^[\iuxzr=0]nb\iu `be]uar=fq\iYS\iu~`p^~d]â\_h

YSr@fq\- sâd]u[\qYSZ]\DlGu[\iwd0\_k]| ua\_^[Ir=k]â\ rsl7 kd]f eI\_urslKIr=`pkY[^vr=k Y[Z]\Qnp`b^[d0ual. s|i\ `pkh]`$# \iu[\_kY h]`pfQ\ik]^[`pr=k]^>

~Z% s0Y[\_u 6 Z s^Y= r9f s`pk â\_|iY[`br=k0^> k+^[\i|iYS`pr=k 6 nb`pk]\- u'^ YA se]`pnb`gY# sk% sng â`b^rsly=\ik]\_ua`b|Dnb`p(fqrh]\_np^ c`pYSZr=k0\ sk0h(Y= rh]\iy=u[\i\_^'rsl lGua\_\ih]r=f`b^vd]â\_h(YSr@^[Z]r%Y[Z% Y fqr h]\in9c`gYSZY= rh]\iy=u[\i\_^rsl lGua\_\_h0r=f `pÛ|- % se]np\~rsl ua\_]uar h]d0|_`bk0y YSZ]\ Y I\Krsl Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nph]n@ `pk]y'eI\_Z `pr=d]u~fq\- ^[d]ua\_h`pk | Z% s YS\_u kâ\_|iY[`br=k 6 % M vY=~r6h0\_y=ua\_\ r l lGu[\i\_h]r=f

fqr h]\inM`b^ \BM sfq`bk]\ih`pk@Y[Z]\Y[`bfq\vh]r=f& s`bk0~r=fq% su[`p^[r=k0^F u[\f sh0\'eI\iY= \_\ikYSZ]\vlGu[\Dwd]\_k0|iDu[\i^[Ir=k]â\ rsl Y[Z]`b^fqr h0\_n k]hqY[Z]r=â\KfQ\> s^[d]ua\_hq\B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA snpnpGlGu[rsf | Z% s YS\_ua^ sk]h % qX k `pk]`pY[`/ sn âY[d]h0(rsl1 mlGr=d]uvh]\iy=u[\i\Qr l~lGu[\i\_h]rsffQrh]\_n`p^vh]\_â|_u[`pe \ih0 k]h sy2 `bkD|_r=fq% sua`bâr=k]^ sua\ f& sh]\KeI\iY= \_\ikYSZ]\clGu[\iwd0\_k]|Qua\_â r=k0^[\ r l âd]| Z vfQrh]\_n5 k]hYSZ0r=^[\vr=e]â\_u =\_h\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY snbng;

~Z% s0Y[\_u ]u[\i^[\ikY[^YSZ]\ |_r=k0|_nbd0^[`brsk]^ rsl YSZ]`p^qY[Z]\_â`b^>xY[r=y=\YSZ]\iu&c`pY[Z^[rsfQ\@^[d]y Dy=\iâYS`pr=k]^DlGr=uDlGd0YSd]ua\ r=u4! K`pk]|_npd]h]`pk]y r=â^[`pe]nb\@fQrh]`go |- Y[`br=k0^ YSrYSZ]\ h]\_â`by=k rslYSZ0\

su YS`po]|_`/ n fqr=d0YSZjd]â\_h@Z]\_ua\

H

" " #$ %& )#

K d]â`b|> sn `bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY u[\_â\- sua| Z( s^ y=u[\> YSngG sh0 sk0|_\_hQe ) \_npfQZ0r=npY"* &% `bk6Y[Z]\cn/ YaYS\_uZ% sngl rsl~Y[Z]\I+, YSZ|i\_kYSd]u ;&) `p^ ~r=u4!9`bk9YSZ0`bô \inbh(`b^]ua\_^[\ikYS\_h `bk9Z]`pêIrr;! " # " # % 7) \_npfQZ]rsnpY* ^ ~r=u4!m`bkjYSZ]`p^Ko \_nph |ir s\_ua\_hE DZd]y=\^[I\_|iY[u[d]f

rsl s|ir=d]^ YS`b|i^>=e0d0Yrsl % uaYS`p|_d]n@ su u[\inb\i sk0|_\~Y[r YSZ]`pÛ^ YSd]h0`b^tZ]`b^ u[\i^[\- u[| ZDr=k YSZ0\x]Z^[`b|i^

rsltf d]â`b|> sn$c`bk0h@`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY[^> uaYS`p|_d]n@ su[ng;M) \_npfQZ0r=npY"* ]uar= rs^[\_hmY[Z% YKYSZ0\nb`b0^xrsl e]u" s^[^0n/ =\iu |_rsd]nbh e \'u[\_0u[\_â\_kYS\ih e â`bfq]nb\vfqr h]\inJ%cZ]\iu[\Y[Z]\G sua\- Qr l r= \ik]`bk0y

eI\iY= \_\_k YSZ]\nb`p]^7~rsd]nbh@`bk]|iu[\> s^[\ s^KYSZ]\^[d0]]np]u[\i^[^[d0u[\( s^ ^[nbrcngm`bk]|iu[\> s^[\ih07) \|- nbnb\ih YSZ0`b^~YI\rsl u[\i\_h aâY[u[`:!`pk]y r=d Y=7 suah]^"Dua\_\_h$ Z0`b^x| Z% 0YS\iuK`bk=\iâYS`py2 Y[\_^xYSZ0\

5

eI\_Z% `br=d0uKrslUY[Z]`b^xYI\r lUfqr h0\_nJM s^1~\inbn s^KY[Z% YcrsltYSZ]\a^ YSua`@!`bk]y6`pk27 suah]^"DY \

K d]â`b|- n c`bk0h `bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikYS^ |> sk+e \ h]\_â|_u[`pe \ih+e s\_u ^[`pfQ0nb\DlG\_\_h0e% s|A! npr r=

fqr h]\in +;+ D âZ]rck`bkmo ysd]u[\ +;

Pi

Valve

Resonator

Radiated Sound

Air Supply Pressure

Flow

$ `py=d]u[\ + ( s^[`p| lG\_\ih]e% s|A!qfqr h]\in rsl c`pk]h `pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY- Z0\F r |_r=kY[u[r=n snps\ `b^|_rskY[u[r=npnb\ihmemY[Z]\v^[d]0]npm0u[\_â^[d]ua\ k]h@Y[Z]\v]u[\i^[âd]u[\'`bkYSZ0\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY>

Z]\ r r l `bu `pkY[rYSZ]\m`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYD`p^ fQrh]\iu Y[\_h+eC snps\ cZ]`b| Z `p^ `pY[^[\_ngl

|_rskY[u[r=npnb\ihe YSZ]\ ^[d0]]np]u[\i^[^[d0u[\ sk]hYSZ]\ ]ua\_â^[d]ua\ `pkYSZ]\ `bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY- k c|in/ sua`bk]\Y-lGr=u \BM sfq]np\ YSZ]\ snps\ `p^tY[Z]\ |- sk]\ u[\i\_h'r= \ik]`bk0y sk0h|_npr=^[`pk]y sy2 s`pk]âYMY[Z]\ fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

n/ k e]u ^[^`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY`pY'`b^vYSZ]\Qr=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pk]ymnb`p]^rslxYSZ0\ ]n@ s\_u Z]\ ]u[\i^[^[d0u[\

`bk@YSZ]\`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikYr=^[|i`bnbn@ YS\i^ s^ YSZ0\ ]u[\i^[âd]u[\( =\_^ sua\ua\ \i|iYS\ih9lGu[r=f YSZ0\ \_k]h0^rsl

YSZ0\`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY> Z]\lGu[\iwd0\_k]| Y7cZ]`p| Z@Y[Z]\_â\rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pr=k]^ r |i|_d]uK`p^xh]\_I\_k0h% skY r=kYSZ0\^[Z% \6 sk0hmnb\_k0ysYSZr lMYSZ]\6 s`pu |ir=nbd0fQk0 kYSZ]\|> s^[\r ltY[Z]\|> sk]\ua\_\_h sk0hmnb`bQu[\i\_h

`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYSÛYSZ]\ u[\_\ih \ # \_|YS`g=\_ng |iYS^ s^ |inbr=â\_h \ik]h lGr=u]u[\i^[âd]u[\ ( =\_^6`pk YSZ0\

YSd0e \ Zd]^( | np`bk]h0\_u h]ua`ps\_k+e+^[d0| Z ua\_\ihOZ s^L Z% suafQr=k0`b| ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\m^[\iu[`b\i^

c`pY[ZmlGu[\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^ h0\io k]\ihe

<+% :+

cZ]\iu[\ `p^ Y[Z]\np\_k]ysY[Z r lYSZ]\'|inb`pk]h]\iu> `p^KYSZ]\'^[I\_\_h9r l^[r=d0k]h`bk s`pu> sk]h `b^cYSZ0\

Z% suafQrsk]`b| kd0f e \iu + ~u sâ^K`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikYS^3 sua\h]\_â`by=k0\_hmYSrDZ% =\6 k ]]u[r- ` Df& YS\inp6Z% u[fqr=k]`b|câ\_u[`p\_^xr lMu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^> Z]\ d0^[\rsl 5 sua`bk]y'Z]r=uak0lGrsu `pk]âY sk]|_\0Z% ^YSZ0\x\ # \_|Yrsl | Z% sk0y=`bk]y YSZ]\x\ # \i|iY[`p=\Knp\_k]y YSZr l YSZ]\1 `buU|ir=nbd0fQklGr=u su `pk]y lGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^ ~\_k sh]\ , h]\i^[|_ua`beI\_h fqrh]\_n rsl e0u sâ^`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY c`pY[ZE &5 u[`bk0y Z]r=uak

YSZ Y |_r=k]â`b^ YS\_h rsl 6| np`bk]h0u[`b|> sn â\_|iY[`br=k cZ]`b| Z@nb\ih `pkYSr& G% su[`pk]yQZ0r=u[k0]Y[Z]\^[Z% sI\vrslcZ]`p| Z|_r=d0nbheI\h0\_^[|iu[`pe \iheH ~\_â^[\_ntlGd]k]|YS`brsk0 ) \'Y[Z]\_ua\ilGr=ua\|> snb|id]n/ Y[\_hjYSZ% VY YSZ0\u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\vlGu[\iwd]\_k]|i`b\i^ rsltYSZ0`b^Kfqr h]\in sua\ ]]u[r- `bf& Y[\_npQy=`g=\_k@e

% + +

cZ]\iu[\'`b^ Y[Z]\ # " rsl YSZ]\Z0r=u[k0 `b^ YSZ]\np\_k]y YSZrslMY[Z]\Z]rsu[kâ\_|iY[`br=kI k]h

`p^xYSZ]\vnb\ik]ysY[Z@r l Y[Z]\v|inb`pk]h]u[`p|- sn ^[\i|iYS`pr=k0

Z]\ rsl YSZ]\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYK`p^xh]\o k]\_h s^ YSZ]\u" YS`prrslt]ua\_^[âd]u[\

,

% k]h@sr=nbd0fQ\ r6 5 YKY[Z]\v`bk]]d Ycrsl Y[Z]\v`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY + 6

Yc`b^KIr=â^[`be0nb\YSrDfq\- sâd]u[\ \B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA snpnp;YSZ]\`pk]]d0Yc`pfQI\_h sk]|_\r l skj`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY

YSZ0`b^K`b^Kh0\_^[|iu[`pe \ih`bkmâ\_|YS`brsk]^ sk]h %

8`bk]hv`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYS^ u[\ |_r=ks\_kYS`pr=k% snpnp ]d0Yt`bkYSrKrsk]\ rslY=~r |- Y[\_y=rsu[`b\i^ 0 r rhMc`pk]hr=ue0u sâ^`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikYS^> Z]\6h0`bâY[`bk]|YS`pr=keI\iY= \_\_kYSZ0\Y=~rjZ% ^nb`gY[YSnp\YSrmh]r c`gYSZYSZ0\

f& YS\iu[`/ nlGuar=f cZ]`p| Z6YSZ]\L su[\K|ir=k]^ YSu[d0|iYS\ih0e]d0Y u VYSZ]\iuYSZ]\Kfq\_| Z% k]`bâf%d]^[\ihqY[r]n/ YSZ0\_f ~XfQrsu[\ s]]uar=]ua`/ Y[\|in/ sâ^[`go |- Y[`br=kj|> YS\iy=r=u[`p^[\i^cY[Z]\`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY[^ emY[Z]\YI\

rslKua\_\ih YSZ]\ d]â\ eI\ `gY a|- sk0\BD^ Ynb\>u[\_\ih0^[d0| ZC s^ |in/ sua`bk]\Yrsu'r=eIr\ u[\i\_h0 sk" s`pu"u[\i\_h0( s^q^[\_\ik`bk+Y[Z]\ ]d0YS\ sk]hOu[\i|_r=uah]\_uxr=u nb`bM9u[\_\ih0(cZ]`p| Zh]ua`ps\_^& snbnae]u" s^[^49`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikYS^>U^[d]| Z s^Y[Z]\QY[u[d]fqI\iY rsu'YSuar=f eIr=k]\ Z]`b^'âY[d]h0 lGr|_d0^[\_^r=k

YSZ0\np`bmua\_\_h@`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYS^5 sk]h@^[I\_|_`go |- nbnp r=kmYSZ]\veI\_Z% `brsd]ucrsl Y[Z]\vnb`pmu[\_\ih `gYSâ\_npl

lIY[Z]\_â\Ku[\i\_h6Y \i^>YSZ]\ |- sk]\D^ Y np\>ua\_\_h0^ u[\~Y[Z]\Ke \iâYd0k]h]\_uaâY[r rh0 Z]\Ke s^[`p|]Z^[`p|_^`pk=r=ng=\_h `bkYSZ]\i`bue \iZ% `pr=d]uvZ% s^'e \i\_k \_npn \_âY se]np`b^[Z0\_h â`bk]|i\) \_npfQZ]rsnpY* ^ % YS`pfQ\ c`pYSZO^[d0e]^[\iwd0\_kYju[\i^[\- u[| Z`pkYSrYSZ]\i`buDe \iZ% `br=d]u6lGr|_d]â`bk]yr=k YSZ0\ k]rsk98nb`pk]\- u| Z% su |iYS\iu[`pâYS`p|_^ â\_\ lGr=u\ fQ]np\ sk snpâY[àk s sk]h z? snbfqr=kY\iY sn s ) \inbfqZ]r=ngY* ^ h]\_â|_u[`p0YS`pr=krslY[Z]\np`b u[\_\ih0 r=k YSZ]\ r YSZ]\iu Z% sk0h0 l. s`pnb\ih YSr \B ]n/ `bkâ`byDk]`go |- skY ]Z^[`p|- snI]Z]\ik]r=fq\_k% \B \iu[`p\_k]|i\_heDf d]â`b|i`/ sk]^ D ^[I\_|i`po |> snbng YSZ0\ se0`bnb`gY'Y[r]`gYS| Z @k]rsYS\ Y sk lGua\_wd]\_k0|i u[r=d]k0h sk `pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY ^'k% YSd0u sn u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\ Z]`pânp`b]]`pk]y; 0Z]\_k]rsfQ\ik]r=k@`b^Krsl Y[\_kjd]^[\ihe " **f d]^[`p|_`@ sk]^> sfQrsk]y=âYcr YSZ]\iu[^>

+

% ) ) "

X ^q^[\i\_k`pk+o y=d]ua\ +;( c`pk]h `pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYQ|- skOeI\ ua\_]ua\_^[\ikYS\_h ^ E r |_rskY[u[r=n

snps\ |_rsd]]nb\ih9YSrI u[\i^[r=k YSr=u Z0\qua\_âr=k% Y[r=uu[\i]u[\i^[\ikY[^Y[Z]\6|_rsnbd]fqkrsl s`pu`bk]â`bh]\YSZ0\eIr=ua\r l Y[Z]\v`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY> kjYSZ0\|> s^[\rsl |_\iuaYA `bkje]u ^[^ `bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY[^> âd]| ZE s^KYSZ0\YSuar=f eIr=k]\Y[Z]`b^ e r=ua\ `p^ | np`bk]h0u[`b|> sn lGr=u fQr=^ Yxrsl `pYS^ nb\ik]ysYSZ sk]hmr=I\_k Yxr=k0\ \_k0h GYSZ0\eI\_nbn \_k0h Z]\mnp`b]^rslKY[Z]\]n@ s\_u |inbr=â\r #OYSZ]\ fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\\_k]h$9X `bu'`b^'`bk a\i|iYS\ih`bkY[rYSZ]\Dfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\ M0u[r `bh]`pk]yYSZ]\D\ik]\_uays9`bk0]d0Yv`bkY[rjY[Z]\6â^ YS\_f sk]h|_ua\- Y[\_^ ]ua\_^[âd]u[\( =\ . ]n/ k]\8 ( =\ `pkYSZ0\'o uaâY6 s0]u[r- `bf& YS`pr=k h]rckYSZ0\nb\ik]ysY[ZrslYSZ0\

u[\i^[r=k YSr=u 8Z]\ik YSZ]`p^ ( =\Kua\- s| Z]\i^YSZ]\ \_k]h$=^[r=fq\~r l `pY[Û\_k0\_u[y `p^ ua\ \i|iYS\ihDe% s|A!d]YSZ0\xu[\i^[r=k% VYSr=u2 sk]h âr=fq\~\_â|- sI\_^rsd0Yrsl Y[Z]\x\ik]h6rsl]Y[Z]\~YSd0e \ l YSZ]\ lGu[\iwd0\_k]|6rsl YSZ0\

`bka\_|iY[\_h s`puF r)`b^|inbr=â\YSrI ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\6lGu[\_wd]\ik]|irsl YSZ]\G `bu |ir=nbd0fQk0$ âY sk]h]`pk]y( s\9`b^|iu[\> YS\ih#`bkY[Z]\eIr=u[\ Z]\9u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^jrslYSZ]\`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY |- sk#eI\lGr=d0k]h

\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYA snpnpDefq\- ^[d]ua`bk]yYSZ]\`pk]]d0Y~`bfq \ih% sk]|i\ 0rsl Y[Z]\`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY- h]\io k0\_h`bkj\iwd YS`pr=k $ `by=d0u[\ ^[Z]rc^F skj\BM sfq]nb\`pk]]d0Y `bfqI\_h% sk0|_\fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYclGr=u

`bk]yDe]u" sk]hmYS\ik]r=uKYSuar=f eIr=k]\ c`pY[Z qfqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\6 YaYA s| Z0\_h ^[\i\'â\_|YS`brsk %

r ^[`pfQ0nb`pl cY[Z]\ ]u[r|_\i^[^trsl]fqr h0\_nbnp`bk]y YSZ]\ ua\_\_h sk]h`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY ââY[\_f s`pY `p^Mrsl YS\ikd]â\ilGd]nYSr |_rsk]^[`ph]\_utr=k]ngnbr sfQ0nb`pY[d]h]\rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pr=k]^ suar=d]k]h KoM \_h\iwd]`bnp`be]ua`bd]f âYA VYS\ Z]`p^\BM sfq`bk% VYS`brsk rsl " # ]n@ `pk]y|- kD`p\_nbh|_nb\> su sk0hq`pk0lGr=uaf Y[`ps\ h% VYA r=k6YSZ0\

eI\_Z% `br=d0u rslUYSZ]\ââY[\_f 8Z]\_kY[Z]\rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pk]y r`bka\_|iY[\_h `bkYSrqYSZ]\`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY

Z% s^6 npr sfq]np`pYSd0h]\ sk0h9Z% s^ lGu[\iwd0\_k]||_nbrs^[\ YSrmrsk]\6rsl YSZ]\6ua\_âr=k% skYfQrh]\i^rsl

YSZ0\'`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY- Y[Z]\'â\_ua`b\_^ rslUZ% su[fqr=k]`p| \> !^ âZ]rck`bkjo y=d]ua\ |- sk e \vua\_h]d]|i\_h

+;+

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 90010

7

108

Trombone Impedance

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (Ω

)

$ `py=d]u[\ K sy=k0`pYSd0h]\rsl YSZ]\`pk]]d0Yc`pfQI\_h sk]|_\ rsl 6Y[\_k]rsuxYSu[rsf e rsk]\ c`pY[ZmfQrsd0YSZ D]`p\_|_\ YaYA s| Z0\_h0c`gYSZmYSZ]\vânb`bh0\d]k]\BY[\_k]h]\ih0

YSr ad]^ Y Y[Z]\r=k]\v \> !mrsl `bkYS\iu[\iâY + Z]`b^ snpnbrc^xYSZ0\'^ ^ YS\if Y[rQeI\vfQrh]\inbnb\ihI s^ r=k]\vh]\iy=u[\i\vrsl lGua\_\ih]r=f u[\i^[r=k YSr=uMc`pY[Z `pk]]d0Yc`pfQI\_h sk]|_\ + %

%+

%

cZ]\iu[\ `p^ YSZ]\j^[wd% u[\ju[rrsY6rsl +; c`p^ YSZ]\j`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYDu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\mlGu[\iwd]\_k]| rsl

`bkY[\_u[\iâY> `p^ Y[Z]\ sfq]np`pYSd0h]\crsl YSZ0\ `bfqI\_h% sk0|_\ VY Y[Z]`b^ lGu[\iwd0\_k]|; `p^ YSZ0\ wd% snp`pYl. s|YSr=u6rsl YSZ0`b^6u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ sk]h `b^ YSZ0\jlGua\_wd]\ik]|iOrsl YSZ]\ r sh]fq`pY[Y[\_h Y[Z]u[r=d0y=Z

YSZ0\ ua\_\_h + Z]\@^[d]e]â|_ua`b0Y `p^Dd]^[\ihZ]\_ua\ 1 k]h Y[Z]u[r=d0y=Z]r=d0YDY[Z]`b^DâY[d]h0 1 s^& sk se]e0u[\i`@ YS`pr=k6lGr=u a`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY K r h0\_nbnp`bk]y YSZ]\ u[\i^[r=k% VYSr=u `bkDYSZ0`b^^[`pfQ0nb`po]\_h6f& sk]k]\iuf& !s\i^cY[Z]\vfQrh]\inbnb`pk]yrsl Y[Z]\vu[\i\_h98ua\_âr=k% Y[r=ucââY[\_f f d]| Z@^[`pfQ0nb\_u ^[\i\v| Z% s0Y[\_u 6 wd% YS`pr=k % |> sk@e \vu[\Bcu[`gY[YS\ikH ^3 DY[`bfq\h]r=f& s`bkm\iwd% YS`pr=k

6

+

cZ]\iu[\

`b^YSZ]\Q]u[\i^[âd]u[\`pk(Y[Z]\q`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY'fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\& sk]h `b^vYSZ]\qr=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y|_rsfQIr=k]\ikY rslYSZ0\ =rsnbd]fq\ r `pk a\_|YS\_h#`pkYSr Y[Z]\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY Y[Z]u[rsd]y=ZY[Z]\ua\_\_h$ rsk98nb`pk]\- u ]uar=% sy; YS`pr=k\ # \_|YS^M^[d]| Z# s^âZ]r|A!H7 s\DlGrsu[f& YS`pr=k = 6 % % 5 |- ke \'`by=k0r=u[\iheua\_^ YSu[`p|iY[`bk]yqYSZ]`p^ â^ YS\_fYSr nbr sfq]np`pYSd0h]\vu[\_ys`bfq\ sk]he `bk D=\iâY[`by2 Y[`bk]yr=k]ngDu[\in/ Y[`p=\inpDnpr lGu[\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^ cZ]\_ua\ Y[Z]\F( =\_np\_k]y YSZm`b^ f d]| Z y=u[\> YS\iuYSZ skYSZ0\h]`@ sfQ\YS\iu rslUYSZ]\'e r=ua\rslUYSZ]\'`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY Y[Z]\]n@ sk]\ 7 =\ s]]uar `pf Y[`br=k`b^Kâdq|_`p\_kY-

% %& "(

Z]\KlGd]k]|YS`pr=kDrsl vua\_\ihQ`pk& c`pk]hD`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY `p^YSr6 s|Y s^ skDr=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y r|_rskY[u[r=n

snps\ sh]fq`pYaYS`bk0y r rsl s`pu `bkYSr9Y[Z]\m`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikYQua\_âr=k% Y[r=ucZ]`b| ZO|_r Dr=I\_u" YS\i^c`pY[ZYSZ0\k% Y[d]u sn s`buq|_rsnbd]fqku[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^jrslYSZ]\`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY> Z]`b^ |_rD r= \iu Y[`br=ku[\i^[d]ngYS^`pk " " " " # $cZ]\iu[\6YSZ]\6ua\_\ih sk0h(ua\_âr=k% Y[r=u\- s| Zua\_`bk lGr=u[|i\

YSZ0\r YSZ]\iu ^ rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pr=k0 ) \_npfQZ0r=npY"* &% r=ua`by=`pk% snbngDh]\_â|_ua`beI\_h Y= rq|_n/ ^[^[\i^crslUua\_\ih]^

YSu[`:!`bk]y d Y=7 suah]^"ED cZ0\_u[\mY[Z]\u[\i\_h u[\i^[Ir=k]h]^6Y[rE ^[npr `bk0|_u[\> s^[\ `bk YSZ0\

âd]]]ng 0u[\_â^[d]ua\eO`bk]|iu[\- ^[`bk0y `pY[^ u[\- (rslr=I\_k0`bk]y ) \_npfQZ]rsnpY*mh0`b^[|ir =\_ua\_h

Y[Z% Y Y[Z]\_â\u[\i\_h]^ cZ0\_k#|_rsd]]nb\ihYSr u[\i^[r=k% VYSr=u 0n/ se r s\YSZ]\i`buqk% Y[d]u snua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\lGua\_wd]\_k0|i;

YSu[`:!`bk]y k27 suah]^"D cZ]\_ua\ YSZ]\ r=]Ir=^[`gYS\ `p^'Y[u[d]\LDYSZ0\u[\i\_hC sua\- h]\i|_ua\- sâ\_^ s^ u[\i^[d]ngYrsl sk`pk]|_ua\- sâ\_h9âd]]]ng]ua\_^[âd]u[\8Z]\_k|_rsd]]nb\ihYSrI Qu[\_âr=k% Y[r=u>

+

ua\_\_h0^ rsltYSZ0`b^xY \v]n@ me \inbr YSZ]\i`buKk% Y[d]u nMu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\vlGu[\_wd]\ik]|i

K r=ua\vu[\_|i\_kYSng; $ np\iY[| Z]\_u ua`by=r=uar=d]ânpQh]\io k0\_h Y[Z]\_â\'ua\_\ih|_n@ s^[â`po |> YS`pr=k]^

Z]\jl. s|iY6Y[Z% YDYSZ]\i^[\ju[\i\_h]^Lc`bnpnx]n@ seIr s\jr=uDe \inbr Y[Z]\_`pu6k% Y[d]u snKua\_âr=k% sk]|i\lGu[\iwd]\_k]|i`b\i^6|- sk eI\d]k0h]\_uaâYSrrh e |ir=k]^[`ph]\_ua`bk]y YSZ]\ua\_wd]`pu[\_fq\_kY'YSZ% Y'YSZ]\ r=^[|i`bnbn@ DYS`pr=k]^ `bk@YSZ]\ s`buc|_rsnbd]fqk sk0h YSZ0\u[\i\_h9f d0âY u[\_`pk0lGr=ua|_\\> s| ZrsY[Z]\_u kr=u[h]\iu lGr=ucYSZ0\

r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`br=k0^`bk Y[Z]\ s`pu'|ir=nbd]fqk Y[r9e \Qu[\iy=\_k]\iu Y[\_h e Y[Z]\ r4rsl s`puY[Z]u[rsd]y=Z YSZ0\

u[\i\_h0 YSZ0\'fq\- skj snbd0\r lUYSZ0\r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y|_r=fq rsk]\_kY rslUY[Z]\ ]r &^[Z]r=d0nbheI\ r=â`pY[`p=\

cZ]`pnb\vYSZ]\ 0u[\_â^[d]ua\L Y YSZ]\ ua\_\ih9\_k]h9rslUYSZ]\ `pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY `b^ r=â`pY[`p=\ lY[Z]\ r ( s^k]\iy2 YS`g=\ cZ]`pnb\mYSZ]\@`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYq]u[\i^[^[d0u[\( s^Q r=â`pY[`p=\ Y[Z]\@âYA k]h]`bk0y#( =\ r=d]npheI\h0`bfq`bk]`p^[Z]\ih@u" YSZ0\_uKYSZ% ku[\i`bk0lGrsu[|_\ih0 Z]`b^ u[\i`bk0lGr=ua|_\ifQ\ikY3c`pnbn r|_|id]uc`pltYSZ]\]Z% sâ\h]`$# \iu[\_k0|_\ eI\iY= \_\ik YSZ]\qr=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]ym|ir=fq r=k0\_kYr l~YSZ0\ r6 sk]h(YSZ]\qr=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y|_rsfQIr=k]\ikYcr lUYSZ0\0u[\_â^[d]ua\'`pkmYSZ]\v`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYcfQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ J]`b^Knp\_â^cY[Z% sk

Z]`b^1( s^ \B ]n/ `bk]\ih@e7 fQ]eI\_npn +;+ `pkjY[\_uafQ^crsltYSZ]\v\ik]\_uaysmYSu" sk]âlG\iuc`bkYSr6YSZ0\

â^ YS\_f Z]\ `bk]^ YA skY sk]\_rsd]^ u" YS\Kr l \_k0\_u[y 6YSu k]âlG\iu> `pkYSrYSZ]\F s`pu|_r=npd]fQkDe6YSZ0\

r.Y[Z]u[rsd]y=ZjYSZ]\vnb`p]^> `b^Ky=`g=\_k@e

`pÛYSZ0\K]u[\i^[^[d0u[\c`bk Y[Z]\K`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\ ;cZ]`p| Zq`pÛYSZ0\K^[d]f%r l$ ^ YA Y[`b|K]ua\_^ D^[d0u[\ 0 k]h skQr=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pk]y|_rsfQIr=k]\ikY J.`p^YSZ]\ ^[d]f?rsl âY YS`p| r8|ir=fQIr=k]\ikY

+ %

sk0hH skjr=â|_`pnbn/ VYS`bk0y|_rsfQIr=k]\ikY Zd]^ \_wd% Y[`br=k eI\_|ir=fq\_^

5

Z]\ 4Y[\_u[f h]\i^[|iu[`beI\_^'YSZ]\Qh]`bâ^[`b YS`pr=krslK\_k0\_u[y `pk(Y[Z]\ fq\- sk# r6 Z0`b^h0r \i^k]rsY? # \i|iYY[Z]\6\_k]\iu[yse% sn/ k]|_\ r l Y[Z]\6r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]yQââY[\_f Z]\ sk0h YS\iu[fq^

=\iu sy=\qYSr*_\_uarr =\iuG |ir=fQ0nb\iY[\Q||_nb\ Z]`b^'fQ\> sk]^'Y[Z% YYSZ]\Qk]\iYu Y[\Qr lK\_k]\iu[ys

YSu" sk]^ lG\_u `bkYSrYSZ0\ s`pu|_r=npd]fqkq`p^ y=`ps\_kqe6Y[Z]\ Y[\_uaf Zd0^> Y[Z]\ \_k]\iu[ysD`pk]]d0Y `bkY[r

YSZ0\ ââY[\_f c`bnbn eI\ Ir=^[`gYS`ps\'`gl `p^ Ir=^[`gYS`ps\'r s\_u6 | |inb\$cZ]`b| Zc`pnbn eI\'YSZ0\ |- sâ\cZ]\ik YSZ0\0Z% s^[\vh]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\veI\iY= \_\_k sk]h `p^Knb\_â^KYSZ% sk

\vh]\o k]\ s^KYSZ]\v]ua\_â^[d]ua\'h]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\ s|_uar=^[^KY[Z]\vu[\_\ih

cZ]\iu[\ `p^ Y[Z]\ âd]]]ngq]u[\i^[^[d0u[\ YSZ]\ ]u[\i^[âd]u[\`pkqY[Z]\ ]n/ =\iu ^~fqr=d0Y[Z0lGr=u \M sfQ0nb\ sk]h `b^6YSZ0\]ua\_^[âd]u[\ `bk]â`bh]\jYSZ0\ `pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYQfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\ #z\o k]`bk0y ^QYSZ0\

r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]yD|ir=fQIr=k]\ikYrslYSZ0\ ]u[\i^[âd]u[\6h]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\G |_u[rs^[^YSZ0\ u[\i\_h sk]hf !`pk]y YSZ0\

sâ^[d]fq0YS`pr=kmYSZ% VYKYSZ]\v^[d0]]np]u[\i^[^[d0u[\`p^3 s]]uar-0`pf VYS\_ng |ir=k]^ YA skY-% \vy=\iY

,

+6

s^[âd]fq`bk]yY[Z% YY[Z]\( rOYSZ]uar=d]y=Z Y[Z]\xnb`p | Z% sk0k]\_n]`p^wd% sâ` 8^ YA Y[`br=k% ua;VlGu[`p|iYS`pr=k]np\_^[^ sk]hj`pk]|_r=fq]ua\_^[â`be]np\`pYx|- sk@e \6 ^[^[d0fQ\ih@Y[Z% YKYSZ0\r=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pk]y|ir=fq r=k0\_kYcrsltYSZ]\ rYSZ0u[r=d]ysZYSZ]\ua\_\ih0 0`p^1 s]]uar-0`pf VYS\_ngD`bk0Z% s^[\ c`gYSZY[Z]\r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y|_rsfQIr=k]\ikY~rsl

YSZ0\ sua\- Qr lr=I\_k]`pk]y |ir=kYSuar=nbnp\_h@ejY[Z]\ua\_\_h$ \h]\o k]\Y[Z]\'0Z% s^[\'h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\ e \Y=~\i\_kOYSZ]\rs \ik]`bk]y u[\- r lKYSZ]\mua\_\_h sk0h YSZ]\m]ua\_â^[d]ua\@h0` # \_u[\ik]|_\I |_u[rs^[^ YSZ0\

u[\i\_h s^

+

X 0]np`bk0yDY[Z]\u[\_ys\_k]\iu Y[`br=k@u[\iwd0`bu[\ifQ\ikYS^ h0\_^[|iu[`pe \ih seIr =\ sk]h@u[\ifQ\if eI\_u[`pk]y6YSZ% VY `b^ u" sh]`/ k]^ r=d Yrsl0Z% s^[\ c`pYSZ YSZ]\'fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\]ua\_^[âd]u[\ Y[Z]\|ir=k]h]`gYS`pr=k lGr=u

^[\inpl/D ^[d]^ YA s`pk]\_hjr=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`br=k e \i|_r=fq\_^

r=u +;+

Z]\vh]u[`g`bk]y lGr=ua|_\ McZ0`b| Z@|- sk snp^[rDe \h0\_^[|iu[`pe \ihH s^KY[Z]\v^[d]f r l 6âY YS`p| sk]h(r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y |ir=fq r=k0\_kY- `b^v]uar `ph]\_h(e9YSZ]\D]ua\_â^[d]ua\Qh]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\ \

h]\o k]\ DIr=â`pYS`g=\lGr=ua|_\Y[rqeI\vr=k]\?cZ]`p| Z `pk]|_ua\- sâ\_^KYSZ]\vr=I\_k0`bk]yL sua\- DrsltYSZ]\ua\_\_h$IârlGr=u6 sk ! " # u[\_\ih`p^`bk9]Z% ^[\Lc`pYSZ sk0h(lGr=u6 k ! " # u[\i\_h `b^K\BM s|YSngmr=d0Y rsl ]Z% sâ\?c`pYSZ

+

$ r=u Qh]u[`g=\_k$ h% sfqI\_h0I^[`pfQ]np\vZ% su[fqr=k]`p|vr=^[|i`bnbn@ YSrsu>]YSZ0\|_rsfQ]np\B@h]`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikY

|> sk@e \ cua`pY[Y[\_k s^ 6

+

cZ]\iu[\ '`p^YSZ]\ lGua\_wd]\_k0|irsl YSZ]\6h0u[`p`pk]ylGr=u[|i\ `b^Y[Z]\6u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\6lGu[\iwd]\_k]|rsl

YSZ0\r=^[|i`bnbn@ YSrsu> )`p^~YSZ0\|_r=fq]nb\h0u[`p`pk]ylGr=ua|_\ `p^~YSZ0\f sâ^xrsl YSZ0\r=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[r=u( k]h `b^3 6h% fQ]`pk]yD|_r\ q|_`p\_kY-

Z]\lGua\_wd]\_k0|i h]\_I\_k]h0\_kY]Z% ^[\ h]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\'e \Y=~\i\_kYSZ0\h]ua`p`bk]yDlGr=ua|_\ k]hYSZ0\

h]`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikYc`p^Ky=`ps\_k@eYSZ]\ suay=d]fq\_kY rsl

! " #! $ % '& (

+

cZ]\iu[\ )`p^DY[Z]\0Z% s^[\ rsl Y[Z]\h0`b^[0n/ s|i\_fq\_kY& sk]h `b^DYSZ0\ ]Z s^[\ rslYSZ0\ h]ua`p`bk0y

lGr=ua|_\ $ u[r=f Y[Z]`b^ `pY |- ke \'^[\i\_kYSZ Y cZ]\ik +* ) 8Z]\_k 8Z]\_k -, YK`p^~k]r8Ir=^[â`be]np\ Y[r |- snp|_d]n@ YS\YSZ0\ 0Z% s^[\ ua\_n/ VYS`brsk]^[Z]`p]^ eI\iY= \_\ik k]h lGr=uMeIrsYSZv`pk ( suah sk0hrsd0Y=7 u[hâYSua`@!`bk0yu[\i\_h]^*`p=\ik@Y[Z% Y lGr=u3 sk `bk27 u[h@âYSua`@!`bk0yQua\_\_h@YSZ]\lGr=ua|_\`b^ u sh]`@ sk]^cr=d0Y rslU]Z% sâ\c`pY[Z YSZ]\K0u[\_â^[d]ua\ch]` # \_ua\_k]|i\ e]d0YlGr=u sk6r=d0Y=( su[hD^ YSu[`:!`bk]yua\_\_h6Y[Z]\xlGr=u[|i\K`b^ ]Z% sâ\

+5

c`pY[ZmYSZ]\v]ua\_^[âd]u[\'h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\ lGr=u3 skjr=d0Y=( su[h âY[u[`@!`pk]y6u[\i\_h`p^Ky=`ps\_kje

+ %

sk]hjlGr=u3 skj`pk ( suah ^ YSu[`:!`bk]y6ua\_\_h e

+6

!c\_\ih \ * k2( su[h YSua`@!`bk0y d0Y=( su[h Y[u[`@!`pk]y

se]nb\ :+ Z s^[\vu[\in/ Y[`br=k0^[Z]`p]^xeI\iY= \_\_k h]u[`g`bk]y6]ua\_â^[d]ua\ k]hjnb`bmrs \ik]`bk]yL u[\- lGr=u`bk2( su[h sk]hjr=d Y=7 suah^ YSu[`:!`bk]y6ua\_\_h@Y \i^

$ u[r=fAYA e]nb\ +x`pYU|- sk eI\xâ\_\_k Y[Z% YU`pl5 ua\_\ih6`bÛh0u[`ps\_kL YU`pY[^ ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\xlGu[\_wd]\ik]|i `pY[^Y \|- k eI\h]\iY[\_uafQ`pk]\_h8e#\BM sfq`bk0`bk]y Y[Z]\]Z% sâ\u[\_n@ YS`pr=k]âZ]`beI\iY= \_\ik.YSZ0\

h]ua`p`bk]y60u[\_â^[d]ua\ sk0hjY[Z]\vr=I\_k]`pk]y su[\> M

$ d]uaY[Z]\_uafQr=ua\ `pY `b^ k]r8 rs^[^[`pe]nb\cYSr\B ]n/ `bk&cZ sk rsd0Y=7 u[hmâY[u[`:!`pk]yu[\_\ihmf d]^ Y

]n@ Y[Z]\ua\_\_h sk0hm`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikYxu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^ sk]h cZI skm`pk ( suahmâYSua`@!`bk0y u[\i\_h

f d]^ Y0n/ Y[Z]\Qua\_\ih sk]h `bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY'u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^> Y 7 s^\_^ YA se0nb`bâZ]\_h seIr s\YSZ Y `pk rsu[h]\iu lGr=u ^[\inpl/D ^[d]^ YA s`pk]\_h r=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pr=kYSrqYA ! \]n@ s|_\ YSZ]\]Z% sâ\h]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\'e \DY= \_\_k YSZ]\9=rsnbd]fq\ r sk0h Y[Z]\ 0u[\_â^[d]ua\ `pk#YSZ]\(fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\9f d]^ Y eI\e \Y=~\i\_k % k]h |ir=k]â\_wd]\_kY[npmYSZ0\0Z% s^[\h]`$# \iu[\_k0|_\ve \Y=~\i\_k@YSZ]\vu[\i\_h@r=I\_k]`pk]y su[\> k]h

+

YSZ0\Q]ua\_â^[d]ua\h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\ |_u[rs^[^vYSZ]\qu[\i\_h f d0âY'e \qnb\i^[^vYSZ% sk rsuysu[\- VYS\_uvYSZ sk G^[\_\v\iwd YS`pr=k :+;+ $ `py=d]ua\ âZ]rc^ Y[Z% Yc`bkjr=uah]\_uKY[rq^" YS`pâl QYSZ]`p^K|_r=k]h0`pYS`pr=k0YSZ0\ ]n@ `pk]y'lGua\_wd]\_k0|imf d0âYxeI\ YSZ0\u[\i\_hmu[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ lGu[\_wd]\ik]|i rsl skrsd0Y=7 u[hâY[u[`:!`pk]yua\_\_h$Mr=u YSZ]\6ua\_\ih(ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\6lGu[\_wd]\ik]|irsl YSZ]\6`pk ( suah9âYSua`@!`bk0yu[\i\_h

DFcZ]`b| Z f& Y[| Z]\_^ cZ% YG) \_npfQZ]rsnpY*6h0`b^[|ir =\_ua\_hcZ]\ik Z]\ `pk]`pY[`/ snpnp@h]\o k]\_h âYSua`@!`bk0y`bk2( su[hM& k]h< âYSua`@!`bk0y6r=d0Y=( su[hQu[\i\_hjY I\_^

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

−π

−π/2

0

π/2

π

ωd / ω

0

Φ (

radi

ans)

Inward Striking ReedOutward Striking Reed

$ `py=d]u[\ Z s^[\ h]`$# \iu[\_k0|_\ e \Y=~\i\_k'h]u[`g `pk]yK]ua\_^[âd]u[\ sk]h sua\- Krsl r=I\_k]`pk]yKe \Y=~\i\_kYSZ0\mnb`b0^ s^G lGd0k]|iY[`br=k+rsl h]ua`p`bk0ylGu[\iwd0\_k]|; Z0\me r=nph nb`pk]\_û[\_0u[\_â\_kYDYSZ]\I u[\- ^cZ]\iu[\^[\_ngl/Dâd]âY s`bk]`pk]y6r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`br=kQ`b^KIr=^[â`be]np\

Z]\q^ sfq\ sk% sng â`b^|> sk eI\ s]]np`b\ihcZ0\_k Y[Z]\q`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikYv`p^v|_r=k]â`bh]\iu[\ih s^vYSZ0\h]ua`p=\ik Z su[fqr=k]`p| r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[r=u~`pk]âY[\- shjrsltYSZ0\u[\_\ih0 Z]\lG\_\ih]e% s|A!m|i`bu[|id]`pYx]u[\i^[\_kY[\_h`pk

o y=d0u[\ +6^[Z]rc^YSZ YYSZ0\6u[\_âr=k% Y[r=u`b^ h]u[`g=\_keY[Z]\6u[\i\_h0 k]h# YYSZ0\6^ sfq\YS`pfQ\

YSZ0\Qua\_\_h `b^vh]ua`p=\ik eYSZ]\qu[\i^[r=k YSr=u X ^'h]\i^[|iu[`beI\_h `bk(^[\_|YS`pr=k j^[`bk0y=nb\Dfqr h]\

rsl YSZ]\Dua\_^[rsk% YSrsu|> ske \Dua\_]ua\_^[\ikYS\_h s^ jâ`bfq]nb\Z% su[fqr=k]`p| r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[r=uGh]\io]k]\_h e

+,

\_wd% VYS`brsk 6

Z]\\_wd]`p snp\_kYcrsl \_wd% Y[`br=k + lGr=uxY[Z]\ s|_r=d0âYS`p|vu[\_âr=k% Y[r=uc`b^Ky=`g=\ik@e

+

`p=\ik(Y[Z% YY[Z]\ ]r `b^ m^[d]fr lxâY YS`p| sk]h(r=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y |_r=fq rsk]\_kYS^ k]hYSZ0\|ir=fq]nb\lGr=uaf rsl |- skjeI\6cua`pYaYS\_k s^

+5

cZ]\iu[\ `b^ Y[Z]\lGua\_wd]\_k0|i9rsl Y[Z]\ r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]yD|ir=fQIr=k]\ikYrsl YSZ]\ r sk0h `b^ `pYS^]Z% ^[\ \iwd% YS`pr=k :+ eI\_|ir=fq\_^

+

~r=k]â\_wd]\ikY[np ]YSZ]\ ]Z% sâ\h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\eI\iY= \_\_kmY[Z]\`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYx]ua\_â^[d]ua\6 sk]h Y[Z]\F rYSZ0u[r=d]ysZjY[Z]\vu[\i\_h`p^Ky=`ps\_k@e

!

+,

s

K r `bk]yvlGu[rsf%YSZ]\ `bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY 0u[\_â^[d]ua\ IYSrvYSZ0\ ]ua\_â^[d]ua\h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\ |_u[rs^[^ YSZ]\ u[\i\_h \_wd% VYS`brsk :+,6eI\_|ir=fQ\i^

s

`p=\ik Y[Z% Y 7 ^ h]\o k]\_h lGr=u Y[Z]\u[\_\ihE s^cYSZ]\']Z% sâ\âZ]`pl Y rsl lGu[r=f Y[Z]\'ua\ilG\iu[\_k0|_\

\|> sk@\_âY se]np`b^[Z d0^[`bk0yqY[Z]\v^ sfq\h]\io]k]`pY[`br=k

+

Z]`p^qlGd]k0|iYS`pr=kO`b^D]nbr Y[YS\ih `pkOo]y=d]u[\ % YQ|- keI\@â\_\iklGu[r=f3Y[Z]`b^Dy=u" s]Z YSZ% VY `pk

r=uah]\_ulGr=uQYSZ]\9`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYY[r+]n/ eI\_npr-`gYSûa\_âr=k% sk]|i\9lGu[\_wd]\ik]|i J Y[Z]\9]Z% sâ\eI\iY= \_\_kmsr=nbd]fq\3 r k]h YSZ0\ ]ua\_^[âd]u[\h0` # \_u[\ik]|_\ f d]^ YxeI\ eI\iY= \_\_k sk]h |_rsu[u[\i^[Ir=k]h]`pk]y Y[r YSZ]\]Z% sâ\u[\in/ Y[`br=k]âZ]`b ]u[rh]d]|i\_h#e sk ! " # ua\_\_h$ r ]n@ seIr s\ tYSZ]\q]Z% sâ\Qfd]âY'nb`p\ e \Y=~\i\_k sk]h t|_rsu[u[\i^[Ir=k]h]`pk]yjYSr sk ! " # ua\_\_h$

Zd]^> \- | Zu[\i\_hjY \Z% s^KYSZ0\_^[\h]\o k]`bk0yq| Z su s|YS\iu[`b^ YS`p|_^

X k % . -. $ .0 02 f d]^ Y 0n/ eIrsYSZDYSZ]\ u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ lGu[\iwd0\_k]|rsl YSZ]\vua\_\_hH sk]h@YSZ]\vu[\i^[r=k sk]|_\lGu[\iwd0\_k]| r lUYSZ0\ s`puK|_r=npd]fqk08Z]\_kY[Z]\vu[\i\_h

`p^Kh]u[`g=\_k Ycua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\ YSZ]\v]Z s^[\h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\ `b^

X k $ % . -. $ 0202 f d]^ Y]n/ eIrsYSZY[Z]\ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\ lGu[\iwd0\_k]|

+

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

−π

−π/2

0

π/2

π

ωu / ω

i

Φ (

radi

ans)

$ `py=d]u[\ % Z% sâ\@h0` # \_u[\ik]|_\jeI\iY= \_\ik =rsnbd]fq\ r k]h ]u[\i^[^[d0u[\@h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\I s^L lGd]k]|YS`pr=kjrsl sr=nbd0fQ\ r lGu[\_wd]\ik]|i

rsl YSZ]\vua\_\_hH sk]h@YSZ]\vu[\i^[r=k sk]|_\lGu[\iwd0\_k]| r lUYSZ0\ s`puK|_r=npd]fqk08Z]\_kY[Z]\vu[\i\_h

`p^Kh]u[`g=\_k Ycua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\ YSZ]\v]Z s^[\h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\ `b^

" %

Z]\cu[\i\_hq`b^|ir=d]]np\_h6YSrYSZ0\Ku[\_âr=k% Y[r=u `bkL lG\_\ih]e% s|A!6npr rs â\_\co y=d]ua\ :+ |_rskY[u[r=npnb\ihe Y[Z]\ r sk]hmYSZ0\]u[\i^[^[d0u[\vh]` # \_ua\_k]|i\6 s|_uar=^[^xY[Z]\u[\i\_h . sk]hj|_r=k0^[\_wd]\ikYSnp e s^[âd]fq`bk]y# âYA VYS`b|mâd]]]ng ]u[\i^[âd]u[\xe+YSZ]\j]ua\_^[âd]u[\ `bk+YSZ0\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ \i|iYS`pr=k y2 =\60Z% s^[\6ua\_n@ YS`pr=k]^[Z0`b]^clGr=u h0u[`ps\_k9r=â|_`pnbn/ VYSr=u Z]\6np`bua\_\ih(|> sk9eI\

fqr h]\inbnp\_hjeH q^[\Y rsl\_wd% Y[`br=k]^ h]\i^[|_ua`be]`pk]yQY[Z]\h]u[`g=\_kfQrsY[`br=kjrslUYSZ]\r=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[r=u[^K`pk

=

YSZ0\^ âYS\if =

cZ]\iu[\ `b^xYSZ0\=\_|YSr=ucua\_]ua\_^[\ikYS`bk0yqY[Z]\h]`bâ]n/ |_\_fq\_kYcrsl Y[Z]\vnb`b$ `b^~Y[Z]\vf VYSu[` rsl \ # \i|iYS`g=\h sfQ0`bk]y'|_r\ q|_`p\_kYS^ `b^ YSZ]\ f Y[u[` qrsl \ # \_|YS`ps\^[]ua`bk]y|_r\ q|_`p\_kYS^ sk]h `p^Y[Z]\Qs\_|iY[r=uys`p`bk]yjYSZ0\ \ # \_|YS`g=\ h0u[`p`pk]y lGr=ua|_\qh]`p`ph]\_h e(YSZ0\

\ # \_|YS`g=\f sâ^Krsl \- s| Z h]`bfq\_k]â`br=kmr l Y[Z]\vnb`bmh0`b^[0n/ s|i\_fq\_kY-

$ r=u^[f& snpnM sfq]np`pYSd0h]\_^ YSZ0`b^fq\_| Z% k]`b|> sn0r=â|_`pnbn/ VYSr=ut|- skDeI\1 sâ^[d]fq\_h6YSreI\K|_rsd]]nb\ih

YSrrsk]npr=k]\3 s`puU|_rsnbd]fqk6u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\|inbr=â\xYSrY[Z]\cu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\KlGu[\iwd0\_k]|Drsl YSZ]\Knp`b ua\_\_h$ Zd]^cYSZ]\v\_wd% VYS`brsk@r lUfqrsYS`pr=kmrsltYSZ]\ s|ir=d]^ YS`b|vr=â|_`pnbn/ VYSr=u |- sk@eI\6cua`pYaYS\_k s^

s

cZ]\iu[\

`b^ YSZ]\ rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pk]yDfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\ ]u[\i^[âd]u[\ `p^ YSZ0\ u[\inb\i skYua\_âr=k% sk]|i\lGu[\iwd]\_k]|rsl YSZ]\ s`bu |_rsnbd]fqk0 `b^ `pY[^ wd% snp`pY6l. s|YSr=u sk]h `b^ YSZ]\ sfq]nb`gYSd]h]\crsl `pYS^

`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\ Z0\ r `bkYSrmYSZ0\q`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY> t`b^|ir=kYSu[rsnbnb\iheYSZ]\Dr=I\_k]`pk]y su[\> eI\iY= \_\_k YSZ]\vnb`p]^1 sk0h@Y[Z]\v]u[\i^[^[d0u[\h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\ |_u[rs^[^cYSZ]\vnb`p]^>

X â`bfq]nb\cr=k0\ h]\iy=u[\i\8r l@8lGu[\i\_h]r=f?np`bqfQrh]\_n `p^ âZ]rck`bkqo y=d]ua\ 6 Z]\ np`b]^ sua\u[\i]u[\i^[\ikY[\_hOe f& sâ^ r=k â]u[`pk]yE sk0h+h% s^[Z0 rsY c`pY[Z ^[]ua`bk]y|_r=k]^ YA skY k]hh% sfq]`pk]y|_r\ q|i`b\_kY Z]\jnp`b `p^6|_r=k]^ YSu" s`bk]\ih+YSr9fqr s\jr=k]np `bk Y[Z]\ Dh]`pu[\_|YS`pr=k0$ r=uxâ`bfq]nb`p|_`pYD`gYK`b^7 s^[âd]fQ\ih@Y[Z% YxY[Z]\YSr=I k]hje rsYaYSr=f4nb`pmfQr YS`brsk]^7 sua\âfqfQ\YSu[`p| sk]h@YSZ% VY Y[Z]\np`b@r= \ik]`bk0y sua\- `p^cu[\_|YA sk0y=d]n/ u c`gYSZ DoM \_hHc`ph0YSZ 5 Z]\np`b]^ sua\

s

yz

r

m

m

r

P

P0

i

dh

k

k

yx

$ `py=d]u[\ 76 Z0\nb`p]^v|- sk eI\ ua\_]ua\_â\_kYS\ihOe' â`bfq]nb\Dh% fQI\_h f sâ^r=k â]u[`pk]yfqr h]\inJ r lGd]u YSZ]\iu â`bfq]nb`gl f& YaYS\_ua^> YSZ]\ YSrs sk0heIrsY[Y[r=f&nb`p su[\ sâ^[d]fq\_hYSr e \iZ% =\âfqfQ\YSua`b|- nbnp sk]hjYSZ]\vr=I\_k]`pk]y6eI\iY= \_\_k YSZ]\if YSrqe \ua\_|YA sk]ysd]n/ su

h]ua`p=\ik e9Y[Z]\Q0u[\_â^[d]ua\ h]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\ LteI\iY= \_\ik YSZ0\Qfqr=d0Y[Z(0u[\_â^[d]ua\ sk0h YSZ0\

fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\c]u[\i^[âd]u[\ Z0`b^ h]u[`g `pk]ylGr=u[|i\ Z s^ Y= rf& s`pkq|ir=fq r=k0\_kYS^ DtYSZ]\ h]`bua\_|Y]ua\_^[âd]u[\h]`$# \iu[\_kY[`/ sn k]hmYSZ]\ ~\iu[k]rsd]nbnp` ]ua\_^[âd]u[\ |> sd]^[\iheY[Z]\vu[\_âd]npY[`bk]y]r .rsl

s`pu>

Z]\\_wd% Y[`br=kjrsl fQr YS`brsklGr=uxYSZ]`p^KfQrh]\in `b^xY[Z]\_ua\ilGr=ua\ys`p=\ik e

&%

cZ]\iu[\ `b^Y[Z]\u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\lGua\_wd]\ik]|i+r lKYSZ]\mnp`b0 `b^YSZ]\wd% nb`pY(l. s|YSr=u'rslKYSZ% VYu[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ sk]h `p^xYSZ]\vf& s^[^crsltYSZ0\np`b0

Z]\mlGr=u[|i\YS\iu[f h]\i^[|iu[`beI\_^6Y[Z]\ d]`ph lGrsu[|_\i^Dr=k+YSZ]\mnp`b0 Z]`b^6`p^G |_rsf e]`bk YS`pr=k9rsl~Y[Z]\DlGr=u[|i\Qh]d0\qY[r@Y[Z]\Q0u[\_â^[d]ua\h]`$# \iu[\_k0|_\& s|_uar=^[^vYSZ]\qnb`p]^> sk0h YSZ0\

lGr=ua|_\vh]d]\YSr6Y[Z]\? r.YSZ0u[r=d]ysZ@Y[Z]\vnb`bm| Z sk]k]\inJ

&%

Z]\eI\_Z `pr=d]u rslYSZ0\fqr h]\inM]u[\i^[\ikY[\_hZ]\iu[\ sk]h lGd]uaY[Z]\_u fQrh]\inb^> `p^ h0`b^[|id]^[â\_hlGd]u YSZ]\iu `pkj| Z% s0Y[\_u 6

" % ) % " % %

Z]\ ]Z% ^[\ sk]hlGua\_wd]\_k0|ivu[\in/ Y[`br=k0^[Z]`p]^ h]\i^[|iu[`beI\_h`bkâ\_|YS`brsk âZ]r YSZ Y ) \inbfqZ]r=ngY* % |_n@ s^[â`po |> YS`pr=kDrsl Y[Z]\cnb`pqua\_\ih s^ aâY[u[`@!`pk]y 8r=d Y=7 suah]^"u[\i\_h ~r=d0nbh ua\_wd]`pu[\KYSZ% VY`pY ]n@ s\_h9r=k0np seIr s\YSZ0\ k% Y[d]u sn u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\ r lYSZ]\ ua\_âr=k% Y[r=ueI\_`bk0y ]n@ s\_h06) r7D\is\_u0YSZ]`p^~`p^7 Y r h0h]^(c`pY[Z YSZ0\ \B I\_ua`b\_k0|_\rsl f d0^[`b|i`/ sk0^ cZ]r o]k]h YSZ Y~Y[Z]\i su[\ se]nb\YSrlGrsu[|_\L mk]r YS\6r =\iu c`ph]\6u sk0y=\6rsl ]`pY[| Z]\_^ Dc`pk]|_npd]h]`pk]y seIr =\ eI\_npr sk]h# Y? sk s|ir=d]âY[`b|ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\'rsltYSZ0\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY eI\_`bk0yq0n/ =\ih +

nbnb`prsY[Y k]h ~rcâZ]\_u = ^ YSd]h0`b\_h YSZ]`p^0Z]\_k]rsfQ\ik% MUe0d0YY[Z]\_`puua\_âd]npY[^ \_u[\Q`bk D|_rsk]|_npd]^[`g=\ ~Z0\_k k]h \_`pk]u[\i`b| Z +6 \iualGr=uafQ\ihq\ \iu[`bfq\_kY[^ d]â`bk]y v|_d]^ YSr=f?e]d]`pnpY

s] su Y[d]^`bk]n/ |_\qrsl1 sk(`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY'Y[Z% Y6( s^'h0\_^[`py=k]\ih YSr s|iY s^ j^[`bk0y=nb\Dfqr h]\

s|ir=d]âY[`b|> sn u[\i^[r=k YSr=u Z]\vu[\i^[r=k% kYclGua\_wd]\_k0|i@rsl YSZ]\vh]\`b|_\v|ir=d]nbhjeI\6 snpY[\_ua\_h0% k]hYSZ0\I s|_r=d0âYS`p|m`bfq \ih% sk]|i\|_rsd]nbh eI\mfQ\> s^[d]ua\_hc`pY[Z]r=d0YYSZ]\jf d]â`b|i`/ sk ua\_fqr `pk]y9Z]`p^

nb`p]^xlGu[rsf YSZ]\h]\ `p|_\ Z]\u[\i^[d]ngYS^ rslUY[Z]\_â\'\0I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^ ^[Z0r \_hY[Z% YcYSZ0\fd]^[`p|_`/ k|_rsd]nbhj]n@ e r YSZ se r s\ k]h eI\_npr Y[Z]\vu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\vlGu[\_wd]\ik]|i@rsltYSZ0\h0\i`b|i\

r=^[Z0`@! -7 5 I\_ualGrsu[fq\_hE â\_ua`b\_^ rsl \B I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^|ir=fq% su[`pk]yDYSZ]\ 0n/ `bk]yDlGu[\Dwd]\_k0|i c`pYSZ@YSZ]\'u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\lGua\_wd]\ik]|i rslY[Z]\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY- ) `b^ u[\_âd]npY[^ snp^[rq^[Z]r \_hYSZ Y YSZ]\cnb`p6u[\i\_h |ir=d]nphq0n/ L seIr =\cr=u e \inbrY[Z]\cu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\clGu[\iwd0\_k]|Qr l Y[Z]\ `pk]âY[u[d D

6

fq\_kY-

0I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^6I\_u lGr=u[fq\_h e ~d]npnb\_k +5 + sk]h \> sn % d]^[`pk]yE skC uaYS`go |_`@ snfqr=d0YSZ c`gYSZ su YS`go |_`@ sn nb`p]^ ^[Z]r \_hmYSZ Y~Y[Z]\h]\ `p|_\ Y[Z]\iQd]â\_hYSru[\_0u[\_â\_kYcZd]f& sknb`p]^x|ir=d]nbh snp^[rD]n@ seIr s\ k]hje \inbr.Y[Z]\ s|_r=d0âYS`p|u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\

~nb\> su[ng;=YSZ0\ \`bh]\ik]|_\ ^[Z]rc^ YSZ% Y ) \_npfQZ]rsnpY* =fqr h]\in]rslIYSZ]\cnp`b6u[\i\_hql. s`bnpÛYSrlGd]npnp\B ]n@ s`bkDYSZ0\ eI\_Z% `br=d0u rsl YSZ]\ nb`pqua\_\ih0 Z]`b^ âY[d]h0Q \iualGr=uafQ^lGd]u YSZ]\iu7 sk snp^[`p^ rsl YSZ0\nb`pu[\i\_h0 d0^[`bk0yq\ \iu[`bfq\_kY sn âY[d]h]`p\_^cd]^[`pk]y sk suaY[`po |i`/ snIfqr=d0YSZI k]h |ir=fq]d0YA VYS`brsk% snfqr h]\inbnp`bk]y

#

) `pâY[r=u[`p|- snpnp; wd% skYS`gYA Y[`p=\ sk0h(Y[Z]r=u[rsd]y=Z\B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYS^r=k e0u sâ^0n/ =\iu[^Z% =\qe \i\_k

h]` Q|id]npY YSrO|- suaua#r=d Y- \=\_u" snv]u[rse]nb\ifQ^0u[\_â\_kY@YSZ]\ifQâ\_nps\_^jYSr+YSZ0\(`pk]wd]`bâ`pY[`p=\

^[|i`b\ikY[`b^ Y- `bk0|_nbd0h]`bk]y

M`bfq`pY[\_hDnbd0k]y|> s% s|i`pY86Y[Z]\`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY~|> skr=k0npDeI\ e]npr ckQlGr=u( ^[Z]rsuaY~Y[`bfq\ sk0hIc`gYSZj su[`@ se]nb\ ]u[\i^[âd]u[\'r s\_ucYSZ% VYKYS`bfq\

f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ sh ad]^ YSfq\_kY8 e r YSZ#|_rsk]^[|i`br=d]Î k]h#^[d]e9D|_rsk]^[|i`br=d]^mfqr =\ifQ\ikY[^

e(YSZ]\0n/ =\iu ]u[\i^[\ikY& su `bk]y\if eIr=d]| Zd]u[\X Z]`py=Z nb\=\in~rslc|ir=k]^[`pâY[\_k]|

5

eI\iY= \_\ik\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^ `b^xY[Z]\_ua\ilGr=ua\`pfQIr=â^[`be0nb\

K \> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY38j`pYc`p^ s\_u h0` q|_d]ngYcYSr& Y[Y s| Zfq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYS^cYSr& Zd]f& sk6]n@ s\_u kYSu[rh]d]|i`bk]ylGrsu[\_`py=k r=e a\_|iY[^ `bkYSr Y[Z]\K]n@ s\_u ^fqr=d0Y[Z6f snbâr # \_|YcYSZ]\i`buK]n@ `pk]yL se]`pnb`pY sk]hj\if e rsd]| Zd]u[\ 5

!c\_I\- Y se]`pnb`pY8Q|ir=kYSu[rsn % su" sfQ\YS\iu[^7c`bnpnI su k]r Ycr=k]npqlGu[rsf h% Y[r6h% ; e]d YlGuar=f fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY Y[rDfQ\> s^[d]ua\_fq\_kY +

Z]\vd]â\'rsl sk suaY[`po |i`/ snIfqr=d0YSZjr =\iu[|ir=fQ\i^ Y[Z]\_â\'0u[r=e]np\_fq^

M`bfq`pY[\_hnpd]k]yc|- s s|_`gYF8Y[Z]\ fQrsd0YSZ|- sk]n@ `bk]h]\o k]`gYS\_ng; sk]h6c`pY[Z |ir=k]âY skY]ua\_â^[d]ua\ sk0h r.u Y[\

f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ sh ad0âYSfq\_kY8+Y[Z]\_ua\H u[\jk]r âd]e D |_r=k]â|_`pr=d]^& sh ad]^ YSfq\_kYS^DYSr `pYS^

\if e rsd]| Zd]u[\

K \> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY 8`pYU|- skqe \K`pk h]\_hGc`pY[ZL 6 y=u[\> Y u sk0y=\xrsl fQ\> s^[d0u[`bk0yh]\i`b|i\_^

!c\_I\- Y se]`pnb`pYI8# ys`p=\ik |ir=k0o y=d0u Y[`br=k#c`bnbnua\_f& s`bk' s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inp9|ir=k]âY skYr =\iucnbr=k]yDI\_ua`brh]^>

X |_|_\i^[â`be]`pnb`pY8 su YS`go |_`@ sn fQr=d YSZ]^( su[\? s`pn/ se]np\ Y3 skqYS`bfq\ lGr=u1 kQnb\ik]ysY[Zrsl

Y[`bfq\

Z]`p^q^ YSd]h d]^[\i^ sk su YS`po]|_`/ n~fqr=d0YSZcZ]`p| Z ( s^q`bk]â]`bua\_h e+YSZ]\jh]\i^[`bysk d]â\_h e

~d]npnb\_k + . sÛâZ]rckD`bk'o]y=d]u[\ :+ $ `by=d0u[\ ^[Z]rc^ ]Z0rsYSr=ysu s]Z'rsl YSZ0`bÛk0\ su DYS`go |_`@ sn0fqr=d0Y[Z0 Z0\F uaYS`go |_`@ snfQr=d YSZ6d]â\_^ n/ Y[\B Y[d]eI\_ô nbnp\_hc`gYSZ( YS\iu Y[rvu[\_0u[\_â\_kY

YSZ0\xZd]f k6nb`b0^>; k]h YSZ]\i^[\3 sua\~fqr=d]kYS\ih6r=kL Z]\iu[fq\iY[`b|- nbnpvâ\- snp\_h6eIr- Gu[\_0u[\_â\_kYS`pk]yYSZ0\fqr=d0Y[Z `bkY[rLcZ0`b| Z s`bux`p^Ke]nbrck@eI 6]d]fq0

$ `py=d]u[\ :+ ~d]nbnp\_k ^K=\_ua^[`pr=k r l Y[Z]\ suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQr=d YSZ0

$ `py=d]u[\ \A=\iu[â`br=k@rslUY[Z]\ suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQr=d YSZ0 Z]`b^ch]\`b|_\`b^ch]\i^[|iu[`beI\_h@lGd]nbng`pk^[\i|iY[`br=k Z]\Q`bf& sy=\6r=k(YSZ]\qnb\l Y'âZ]rc^'Y[Z]\qlGuar=kYr l~YSZ0\ su YS`go |_`@ snfqr=d0YSZc`pY[ZYSZ0\DY[u sk0^[% sua\_kY'fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\& VY[YA | Z]\_h ^[\i\Qâ\_|YS`brsk Z]\q`bf& sy=\r=k(Y[Z]\qu[`bysZY^[Z0r c^cYSZ0\fqr=d0Y[Z c`pYSZ Dz\_k0`b^8`b|A! fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\6 Y[Y s| Z]\_h$

Z]\f& s`pk h]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\'e \Y=~\i\_kYSZ0\fqr=d0YSZ d]^[\ih`bk@YSZ]`p^ ^ YSd]h H k]hYSZ Y d0^[\_he

~d]npnb\_k `b^ YSZ% Y YSZ]`p^ s\_ua^[`brsk9Z% s^ Y[Z]\np`b]^ fQrsd]kYS\_h " Y[Z]\ fqr=d0Y[Z|- `pY Z]`p^ snpnbrc^Kf k h]` # \_ua\_kYcY \i^ rsl fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\_^ sk]h@`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYS^KYSrDeI\v]n/ =\ihemYSZ0\

,

su YS`po]|_`/ n fqr=d0Y[Z0 Z]`p^ |_r=fq\_^ Y YSZ0\|_r=^ Y6rsl Z% `bk]y u[\_h0d]|iY[`br=k+`pk YSZ]\m^ YA se0`bnb`gYrslxY[Z]\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\qu[`pf sy2 s`pk]âYvY[Z]\ np`b]^ 8`pk Y[Z]\ ^ ^ YS\if âZ]rck+`bk o]y=d]u[\ +QYSZ0\

fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\Du[`pf ( sô]u[fqnpeIr=ngYS\_hr=kY[r@Y[Z]\qlGuar=kY]n/ Y[\6rsl~Y[Z]\DfQrsd0YSZ0 ]uar `ph]`bk0y ql. u fqr=u[\u[`py=`bh@fqr=d]kYS`pk]yqY[Z% skY[Z% Y ]u[r `bh]\ihejYSZ]\'k]\=\iu[â`br=kr lYSZ]\fQr=d YSZ0 Y(( s^~Y[Z]\_ua\ilGr=ua\ k]\i|_\i^[^ uaY[r'YA !s\y=ua\- Y |- u[\k]r Y Y[r h]`b^ YSd]uae YSZ0\ fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\FcZ0\_k sh ad0âYS`pk]y6YSZ]\ s0% su VYSd]^

kr=u[h]\iuYSrI s| Z0`b\is\L y=u[\> YS\iunb\=\_nUrsl |_r=kYSuar=nUr s\_uYSZ]\6 su sfq\iY[\_ua^rsl YSZ]\6\ifLDeIr=d]| Zd]u[\ ^[\is\_u" sn |_r=fq rsk]\_kYS^1 \_ua\ sh0h]\_h

Z]\\iwd]`bnp`be]ua`bd]f?Ir=^[`gYS`brskrsl YSZ]\np`b]^~`b^x|ir=kYSu[rsnbnb\ihmeYSZ]\ nb`b y=d]`bh0\>6e]npr |A!^>

Z]\ 7 VYS\_u']u[\i^[âd]u[\`pk Y[Z]\ np`b]^v`b^|_rskY[u[r=npnb\ih sk0h fQ\> s^[d0u[\_h e YaYA s| Z0`bk]y Z]\> sh@rsl ( Y[\_u>c`gYSZm su[`@ se]np\Z]\_`py=ZY-]Y[rDY[Z]\vnb`p]^>

Z]\@Ir=^[`gYS`brskOr l YSZ0\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ju[\in/ Y[`ps\jY[r(Y[Z]\ YS\i\iYSZM `b^D|ir=kYSu[rsnbnb\ih k]hfq\- sâd]u[\ih d0^[`bk0y& Y[u[r=npnb\i sk]hju `bn fq\_| Z% k]`bâf

Z]\9s\_uaY[`b|> sn rsâYS`pr=k8rslYSZ]\(fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\9|- sk eI\' |_|_d0u Y[\_np^[\iY@d]â`bk]y YSZ0\

Y[u[r=npnb\i sk]h@fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\Z]r=nph]\_u

~d]nbnp\_k ^[Z0r \_h YSZ% Y6Y[Z]\jn/ Y[\_u" sn~YS\ik]^[`pr=kOrsl Y[Z]\jn/ Y[\B nb`b0^6Z% sh nb`gY[YSnp\\ # \_|Yqr=k

YSZ0\\_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ + ~r=k0^[\_wd]\ikYSnp |_r=kYSuar=n r ltY[Z]`b^ YS\_k0^[`brsk 7 s^cr=fq`pYaYS\ih lGu[r=f?YSZ0\

h]\i^[`bysk@r lUYSZ0`b^3 su YS`po]|_`/ n fqr=d0YSZ$

=

%& " % % ( )

$ `py=d]u[\i^ % k]h 76 ^[Z0r OYSZ0\x^[| Z]\if VYS`b|~h]`/ sysu sfq^MlGr=u Y[Z]\xk]\B< su YS`go |_`@ snfQr=d YSZ0 Z]\ uaYS`go |_`@ sn fqr=d0Y[Z ( s^ 0u[`bk0|_`b snbng f& sh]\rsl nbd]fq`bk]`pd]f M sk0h|_rsk]âY[u[d]|YS\_h lGu[r=f

16mm

20mm

50mm

33mm

70mm

e

ef

f da

a

b

A

d

b

h

70mm

120mm

c 120mm

$ `py=d]u[\ | Z0\_f& YS`p|Kh]`/ sysu sf/rslIYSZ]\ su YS`po]|_`/ n fqr=d0Y[Z GlGu[rskY`p\ Z]\cn/ Y[\B6np`b]^ ~\iu[\fqr=d]kYS\ihjr=kYSZ]\lGuar=kYK]n@ YS\ rsl YSZ]\fqr=d0Y[Z X eQYSZ]\Z0r=nbh]`pk]ye0nbr|A!^ Gh cZ]`p| ZmZ]\_nphYSZ]\e0u sâ^KfQr=d0kY[^ \ sk]h l cZ]`b| Z \_ua\^[np`bh`pk]^[`ph]\ Y[Z]\n/ VYS\BQYSd0e \i^xrslYSZ0\'np`b]^ Z0\'np`bjy=d]`ph]\_^ e â\iY YSZ]\v\_wd]`pnb`pe]u[`pd]f Ir=^[`gYS`pr=kmrslUY[Z]\nb`b0^> Z]\â \> !s\iufqr=d]kY GZ nbnbr \_h' âY sk]h% u[h Z]rsu[k YI\^[I\- !s\_u'YSreI\ fqr=d]kY[\_h0 Z]\Z0r=nb\ | snpnbrc^~YSZ0\ `buxYSrG r lGu[r=f4YSZ]\vfqr=d0YSZj|> `gYmYSZ]uar=d]y=ZmYSZ0\np`b]^

+^[\iu[`b\i^jrsl0n/ Y[\_^ X z sk0h $ Z0\ \ih]y=\_^jrslYSZ0\_^[\(]n@ YS\i^ \_u[\Dnp`beI\_u nbnp|_r2 Y[\_hc`pY[Z |_d]d]f-y=u[\> s^[\ sk0h(eIr=ngYS\_h YSr=y=\YSZ]\iuYSrmlGr=uaf s`pu 8Y[`by=ZY^[\> snb^ Z]\v]n/ VYS\_^7 \_ua\, 6 fqf4`bkmYSZ]`p|A!k]\_â^> n@ YS\i^ z k]h ]u[r `bh]\ih@`p\c`bk0yc`bk0h]rc^ snbnprc`bk]y9YSZ0\fQrsd0YSZ |- `pYOYSr eI\r=e0^[\_u =\ih0n/ Y[\ Z% sh Y=~r sfqf

+

D

o

m

pb

c d d

n

p

120mmE

20mm

k

h

B

210mm 80mm

46mm

30mm

16mmA

b

22mm

i

j

8mm

10mm

f

f

$ `py=d]u[\ % | Z]\_f& Y[`b|@h]`/ sysu sf3r l YSZ0\ su YS`po]|_`/ nxfQrsd0YSZ â`bh]\j`b\ Z]\f& s`bk]n@ YS\i^ rslUYSZ]\fQrsd0YSZ X) k]r Y `bâ`be]np\ z sk0h $ \_ua\eIr=npY[\_h@YSr=y=\YSZ]\iu k]h^[\> snb\ih c`pYSZm s|id]d]f y=ua\- sâ\ Z]\v^[I\- ! \_u fQrsd]kY Z ( s^c rs^[`pY[`br=k0\_hmr =\iu Y[Z]\vZ]r=nb\.! `bkY[Z]\YSrs]n/ VYS\vYSr snpnbr npr=d]h]â \> !s\iu YSrQlGr=u[|i\ s`pu `pkE sk]hrsd0YrslY[Z]\ fqr=d0Y[Z|- `pY Z]\ Z]rsnb\ snpnbr \_hfq\- sâd]u[`pk]y h0\i`b|i\_^YSr fQ\> s^[d]ua\YSZ0\ |_r=k0h]`pY[`br=k]^ `bk]â`bh]\YSZ0\KfQr=d YSZ6|- `pY Z]\Ke]u" s^[^fqr=d]kY[^ Gl ~\iu[\c]n@ s|_\ih6`bk]â`bh]\~Y[Z]\Knb`p]^>; sk]h YSZ0\_kDZ]\_nph`bkD]n@ s|_\ce6YSZ0\ Z]rsnbh]`pk]ye]nbr|A!^ Gh Z]\ np`bDy=d]`ph]\_^ Ge ^[\iY YSZ0\ \iwd0`bnb`pe]u[`pd]f/r= \ik]`bk0yIr=^[`gYS`brsk0 Z]\Dfqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\( s^Z]\_nph(`pkYSZ]\DZ]rsnbh]\iu f cZ]`b| Z( s^'fqr=d]kY[\_hr=k# Ir=nb\ r ^[\i|_d]ua\_h `bk(YSZ]\qYSu" sk]^[Ir=u Y fq\_| Z% sk0`b^[f Gk Z]\Z]\i`by=ZY sk]h sk0y=nb\qrslKYSZ0\Z]r=nph]\_u1( s^coM \_hHc`gYSZjYSZ]\' % .e r=ngY Z]\ YS\i\iYSZMQZ]rsnb\ | snpnbr \_hjYSZ]\ s`buxY[r rAlGu[rsf YSZ]\fQrsd0YSZ |- `pYjYSZ]uar=d]y=Z@YSZ]\nb`p]^> Z]\ Y[r=k]y=d]\q sng=\ ` ]uar `ph]\_hH ^[`pfQ0nb\r=k r #9|ir=kYSu[rsnMrsl Y[Z]\? r6

h]`@ sfQ\YS\iu~Z]r=np\_^ sk0hmr=k]\ s fQf?Z]r=np\ ! |id0YK`pk s^xâZ]rck0 Z0\ Z0r=nb\i^1 snbnpr~\ihfq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\_^3 sk0h f& sk]r=fq\iY[\_ua^xYSrDe \v`pk]^[\iuaYS\ih `pkYSr6YSZ]\vfqr=d0Y[Zm|- `pY;

X â \> !s\iu6fQr=d0kY Z ( s^ d]â\_h YSr fQrsd]kYG â \> !s\iu6r =\_u'YSZ]\QZ]r=nb\ .! Z]`p^fqr=d]kY67 s^'h]\_â`by=k0\_h Y[r s|i|_r=fqfqr h% VYS\L ^ YA sk0h% su[h Z]r=uak h]ua`p=\iuY[Z]u[\> sh Y[rH nbnbr c`bh0\'â\_nb\i|iY[`br=k rslâ \> !s\iu[^YSrqeI\d]â\_h0cX kH sh% s YS\_u 7 ^ snp^[rq|_r=k]^ YSuad]|iY[\_hYSr snbnpr ^ YA sk]h su[hm|ir=k]\nbrsd]h]^[I\- !s\_u YSr eI\? YaYA s| Z]\ihmYSrY[Z]`b^ ^[I\- ! \_ucfQrsd]kY- Z]`p^1 sh% 0YS\iu`b^6âZ]rck `pk o y=d]ua\ +n/ Y[\ X Z% sh s fqf h]`@ sfQ\YS\iu Z]r=np\|_d0Yq`pk+`pYS^6|i\_kYSua\

| D~YSZ]\ YS\_\YSZ Z]r=nb\ âr|- snpnb\iheI\_|- d]^[\6`gY ]uar `ph]\_hY[Z]\ âd]]Ir=uaY e \iZ]`bk]hY[Z]\np`b]^

c

B

C

j

D

d d

a

b

d d

j

i120mm

E

210mm

k

h

42mm

80mm

9mm

$ `py=d]u[\ 76 | Z]\_f& Y[`b|h0`/ sy=u" sf rslYSZ0\E suaY[`po |i`/ sncfqr=d0Y[Z GY[r=`b\B Z]\9f& s`bk]n@ YS\i^ rslUYSZ]\fQrsd0YSZ X) zI sk]h $ Gk]rsY `p^[`pe]nb\ \_ua\eIr=npY[\_hjYSr=ys\iYSZ0\_u k]h^[\> snb\ihc`pY[Z s|_d0d]f ysu[\- ^[\ Z]\^[I\- !s\_u6fqr=d]kY .! snpnbr \_h ^[I\- ! \_u YSr lGr=u[|i\ s`pu~YSZ]uar=d]y=ZjYSZ0\Z0r=nb\ ! Z0\Z0r=nb\ G| snbnpr~\ih `buxYSrG r&lGuar=f Y[Z]\vfQrsd0YSZj|- `pYeI\iY= \_\_kY[Z]\ nb`b0^ . Z]\ np`b]^ \_ua\ Z]\inbh `pkQ0n/ s|i\3c`gYSZqYSZ]\ Z]r=nph]`bk]yve]npr |A!^ h M k]hYSZ0\_`bu \_wd]`pnb`be0u[`bd0f r=â`pY[`br=kH( s^â\iYeY[Z]\6nb`py=d0`bh]\i^ e Z]\# YSrsk]y=d]\ np=\ ` ]uar `ph]\_h 6^[`bfq]np\r=k r #9|_r=kY[u[r=nMrsltYSZ0\6]r 6

33mm

18mm

100mm

124mm

$ `py=d]u[\ Mr=d]h]â \> !s\iu7 sh% 0YS\iu lGrsu fqr=d]kY[`bk]y v|_r=k]\ ^[I\- !s\_u r=kDYSZ]\cZ]r=uakQY[Z]u[\> shfqr=d]kYc]`b\i|_\

=

`bk ^[`pfQ`pn/ sul. sâZ]`brsk YSr YSZ]\ Y[\_\YSZ+rsl Zd]f& sk 0n/ =\iu> Z]\e s^[\0n/ Y[\ $ Z% s^ âY sk]h% u[h |> sfQ\iu fqr=d]kYtYSZ]ua\- sh0\_h6Z]r=np\ suaY[`/ snpnph0u[`bnpnb\ih'`pkY[r `gY Y[r? s^[â`b^ Y c`pY[Zâ\_|_d0u[\fqr=d]kYS`pk]y

Z]\nb`p]^ YSZ0\_fq^[\_ng=\i^ . \_ua\(n@ YS\Y[d]e \iô nbnp\_h<c`gYSZ<( YS\iu> r h0` # \_u[\ikYY \i^rsl~n/ Y[\BE \_ua\ d]â\_h0 c`pYSZ(f& YS\iu[`/ nUYSZ]`p|A!k]\_â^rsl fqf sk0h fqf Z]\i^[\ \_u[\ ]uar `ph]\_hqe sr=Z]k suah sk]h r=k]^ 8G skq k0y=nb`p^[ZDf kd l. s|iY[d]u[\iu r l n@ YS\Du[d]e0e \iu

y=npr s\_^X npn np`b]^6 \_u[\H+ fqf`bkYS\iu[k% sn h]`@ sfQ\YS\iu> Z]\n/ VYS\B(Y[d]e \i^ \_u[\ |_r2 Y[\_h+`pk

YA nb|_d0f Irch]\_u3 sk0hm^[nb`p]I\_hr =\iuxYSZ]\e0u sâ^KfQr=d0kY[^ \ sk]h l Z]\_â\v]`b\i|_\_^7 \_ua\+ fqf \ Y[\_uak% snth]`/ sfq\iY[\_uce]u" s^[^ YSd]eI\_^ Z0\u[`py=ZY Z sk]hfqr=d]kY[^ G\ \_ua\|inbr=â\_h VYYSZ0\6\BYS\iu[k% snU\_k]h0 k]h9r=I\_kr=kYSZ0\6`bkYS\iu[k% sn \_k]h$ Z]\6np\il YZ sk]h9fqr=d]kYS^ l \_ua\r=I\_k# YveIrsYSZ\ik]h]^> e]d Y?c`pYSZ# mZ]r=â\6o]Y[Y[`bk]ymr=k9Y[Z]\6\BYS\iu[k% n\_k]h0 Z0`b^6 snpnbr~\ih Z]r=â\YSrDe \ YaYA s| Z0\_h Y[rD\- s| Z@nb`pYSrD|_r=kY[u[r=n sk0h fq\- sâd]u[\?( YS\iuc]u[\i^[^[d0u[\`pk]^[`ph]\YSZ0\nb`p0 Z]\jZ]r=^[\i^ \_ua\ju s`p^[\_h d] seIr =\mYSZ]\mfqr=d0Y[Z+YSr9]uar `ph]\ E( Y[\_uD|_r=npd]fqk rsl

fq\- sâd]u se0nb\Z]\i`by=ZY- cZ]`b| Z snbnpr~\ih@|> snb|id]n/ VYS`brskrslUY[Z]\?7 VYS\_uc]ua\_â^[d]ua\'`pkjY[Z]\vnb`p]^>

Z]\cnb`p]^ \_ua\ â\_|id]u[\ih `bk]n/ s|i\Kd]^[`pk]yYSZ0\KZ]r=nbh0`bk]ye0nbr|A!^ Gh Z]\_â\ e0nbr|A!^ \_ua\f& sh]\clGu[r=f lGu[rsf?% M sk]h \_ua\|_n@ sfq \ihQYSrsy=\iY[Z]\_u d]^[`pk]y'Y[Z]\e]u" s^[^ e r=ngYS^ sk]hkd0Y[^

y k]|_\Y[Z]\vnb`b0^7~\iu[\`bkm]n@ s|_\]YSZ]\mZ% sh skj\ # \_|YS`ps\'np\_k]y YSZjrsl 5 fqf

Z]\Dnb`p9\_wd]`bnp`be]ua`bd]f Ir=^[`gYS`pr=k]^ \_ua\Q|ir=kYSu[rsnbnb\ih9d]^[`pk]ymYSZ]\6np`b9y=d0`bh]\i^ e sy2 s`pkf& sh]\'lGuar=f % Z]\i^[\L snpnbr~\ihYSZ0\\_wd]`pnb`pe]u[`pd]f rs^[`pY[`br=k@rslY[Z]\np`b]^cYSreI\ \> s^[`pnp|_rskY[u[r=npnb\ih0

%

120mm

120mm

25mm70mm

64mm

55mm

F

A

C D

B

i

i1

i2

i

$ `py=d]u[\ 5 | Z]\_f& YS`p| h]`/ sysu sf rsl Y[Z]\ suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQr=d YSZ `pk]^[`ph]\ `p\ Z]\ Y[r=k]y=d]\fq\_| Z% sk0`b^[f ` ]u[r `bh]\ih v^[`pfQ0nb\xr=k r #m|ir=kYSu[rsn]rslIYSZ]\1 r6 Z]\3 r( s^ âY[r=]I\_he@^[nb`ph]`bk0yDY[Z]\ \iu[^[I\Bc`bk0h]r ` `bkYSrq]n/ |_\r s\_u YSZ]\ YS\i\iYSZM Z]r=np\ sk]h âY suaY[\_he6^[np`bh]`pk]yYSZ0\KZ]r=nb\ G`J+ `bk6lGu[r=kY rslIYSZ0\ YS\_\YSZZ]r=np\ Z]\KlGu[r=kY ]n@ YS\ GX ( s^ e r=ngYS\ihYSr6Y[Z]\v]n/ Y[\_^* ) z sk]h $ sk]h@^[\> snb\ih c`gYSZm s|_d]d0f y=u[\> s^[\

X YSr=k]ysd]\>QfQ\i| Z% sk]`p^[f ` 7 s^ snbârQ`pk]|_rsu[Ir=u Y[\_h05 k]h`p^ âZ]rck`bkjo y=d]ua\ 5 Z]`p^3( s^F qânb`ph]`bk]y6 sk]\_n r=kjYSZ0\'`pk]^[`ph]\vrsl Y[Z]\vlGu[r=kY ]n/ VYS\?c`pY[ZjY= r&c`pk]h]rc^> k0\c`bk0h]r<7 ^~r=I\_k ` + 2cZ]`pnb\KYSZ]\ rsY[Z]\_u 7 ^ |inbr=â\_h r # c`pYSZ I\_ua^[I\B c`bk0h]r `

Z]\`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYxfqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ ( s^xfqr=d]kY[\_hm`bkQYSZ]\Z0r=nbh]\iu Gf cZ]`p| Z 7 s^~f sh0\lGu[rsf % sk0h 7 s^ Y sI\_u[\ihC Y6r=k0\^[`ph]\ YSr |_|_rsfQfqr h YS\DYSZ]\mfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\Q|_d]$ Z]\fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ 7 s^KZ0\_nbho]u[fqnpD`bkQYSZ]`p^xfQrsd]kYxeâ\- snp`bk]y `gY~`pk c`pY[Ze]nbd9D YA ! Z]\Z]r=nph]\_u Gf ( s^qY[Z]\_k ^[\i|_d]ua\_h#`bk YSZ0\@Y[u sk]â rsuaYqfQ\i| Z% sk]`p^[f Gk Z]`b^DYSu" sk]^[Ir=u Y

6

fq\_| Z% sk0`b^[f |ir=k]^[`pâY[\_hrsl? e]u" s^[^Z0r=nbh]\iu c`gYSZ nbr|A!`bk]y e rsnpY& sk]h sk snpd]fQ`pk]`bd0f

e% sâ\6]n/ VYS\ fqr=d]kYS\ihr=kY=~r@u `bnb^ k]\6rsl YSZ]\i^[\6u `bnb^ 7 ^vY[Z]u[\> sh]\ih0 sk]hZ% shr=k0\

kd0Yr=k(\_`pY[Z]\_uvâ`bh]\Drsl YSZ]\De% sâ\Q0n/ Y[\DY[r snbnpr s|i|_d]u" YS\ sk]h ^[\i|_d]ua\QIr=^[`gYS`pr=k]`bk0yrsl

YSZ0\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ Z]\cYSZ0u[\- h]\_hqu s`pn0Z% h G+ fqf Vu[rsY YS`pr=k'Y[Z]u[\> sh09 sk]hD^[r sk Y[u =\in|_rsd]nbhjeI\\> s^[`pnp fQ\> s^[d]ua\_h0

Z]\fqr=d0Y[Z&( s^xh]\i^[`bysk]\_hY[reI\ fqr h]d0n/ suârYSZ Y~|i\_u YA s`pk% su YS^~|ir=d]nph eI\ sh]h0\_hr=u u[\ifQr =\ih s^ k]\_|i\_â^ su ; $ r=u `pk]âY sk]|i\ `bkqr=u[h]\iu Y[rfqr=d]kY YSZ]\cYSu" sk]^[ su[\ikY~fQrsd0YSZ D]`p\_|_\ Gh]`bâ|_d]â^[\_h'`bkv^[\i|iY[`br=k r=k]\ rslYSZ]\ np`by=d]`ph]\_^ Ge Z% shvYSrceI\ ua\_fqr =\_h$; sk]hvYSZ0\fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\ Z0r=nbh]\iu Gf sk]hY[u sk]â rsuaYxfq\_| Z sk]`bâf k \_ua\u[\ifQr s\_hI sk]hmua\_]n@ s|_\ihc`pY[ZL ^[I\_|_`@ sn h% s0Y[\_uh]\i^[`bysk]\_h6YSr s|i|_r=fqfqr h% VYS\ Y[Z]\xYSu" sk]â% su[\ikY fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ ^[\i\

o y=d0u[\

%& ) %& %

k6r=uah]\_utYSr `b\B YSZ]\xfqrsY[`br=krsl YSZ0\xnb`p]^ ^[I\_|_`@ snYSu k]^[% u[\_kY fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\s^[Z0r ckD`pk

o y=d0u[\_^ & k]h ,M( s^ |ir=k]^ YSu[d0|iYS\ih0 Z]\'h]\_â`by=kI( s^ `pk]^[]`pu[\ih ej^[`pfQ`pn/ su fQrsd0YSZ D]`p\_|_\i^cd]^[\ih`bkjâ`bfq`bn/ u ^ YSd]h]`p\_^ 6 + % 6

Z]\Kfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\x|id]G7 s^|ir=k]^ YSu[d0|iYS\ihqlGuar=f/ \iu[^[I\B 9 sk]h6Y[Z]\xZ]`py=Z Dwd% nb`pYvysn/ sâ^`b\Bc`bk]yLc`bk]h0r 7 s^ oM \_hY[rqY[Z]\|_d]d0^[`bk0yQâ`bnb`p|_r=kjy=npd]\ X fqf h]`@ sfq\iYS\iucZ]r=nb\

( s^h]ua`bnbnp\_h@`bkYSrQYSZ]\ â`bh]\'rslYSZ0\ |_d]Y[r snpnbr ]uar=eI\fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\'Y[re \'`bk]â\_u YS\_h$ Z]\jfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\m^[Z sk!( s^D|_d0Y6lGuar=f z\ik]`b^ 8`p|A! Y[u[r=f eIr=k]\ fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

$ `py=d]u[\ Z0\ Y[u sk]â% sua\_kYUfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ d]â\_hYSr snbnpr `b\Bc`bk]ycrsl YSZ]\ np`b]^ Y[r=y=\YSZ]\iuc`pY[Zj`pYS^Kfqr=d]kY[`bk]yL sh s0YS\iu>

sk]h YSZ]ua\- sh@|- ua=\ih Y[r& nbnbr `pY~YSrq^[|_ua\A`pkYSr6YSZ]\v|id]0

2.2mm

17.8mm

37.8mm

19.5

mm

13mm

25.3mm

22.3mm

$ `py=d]u[\ , | Z]\if VYS`b|'h]`/ y=u sf r lYSZ]\YSu k]^[% u[\_kYfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ Z]\fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\( s^f h]\~rsl Y[Z]u[\i\x% su YS^ D Y[Z]\xf& s`bke% su[ua\_n rsl YSZ]\Kfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ 7 ^f sh0\xrsl Ir=nb`p^[Z]\ihI\_u[â \ Z]\lGuar=kYGc`bk]h]r ( s^Df sh0\rsl y=n/ ^[^> k]h YSZ]\Y[Z]u[\> sh]\ih h% s0Y[\_u6`bkY[rcZ]`p| Z YSZ0\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\j^[Z sk!7 ^Qâ|_u[\B~\ih<7 ^ f& sh]\jrslI\_ua^[I\B Z]\ \iu[^[I\B% su YS^1 \_u[\'y=nbd0\_hjYSr=y=\YSZ]\iu1c`pYSZ@I\_u[â \@y=nbd0\ 5 sk]h@YSZ]\vy=n@ s^[^1c`pk]h]r ( s^ ysnbd]\ihjY[rYSZ0\e su[ua\_nMd]â`bk]yD^[`pnb`p|_r=kmy=npd]\

Z]\ fQr=d0kY[`bk]y sh s0YS\iu 7 s^ h]\i^[`bysk]\_hqYSr snbnpr Y[Z]\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\KIr=â`pYS`pr=kDu[\in/ Y[`p=\

5

YSr'YSZ]\fqr=d]kY[`bk]y'u s`pnb^ YSr eI\? s|i|_d]u" YS\inpq|_r=kY[u[r=npnb\_h$ Z]\6 sh% 0YS\iu~`b^ ^[Z]rckj`bkQo y=d]ua\

+ Y@|_rsk]^[`pâYS^jrslY= r f& s`bk#0`b\_|i\_^ D& +e]u sâ^ ânb\i\i=\ K YSZ% VY@o0YS^jr =\_ujYSZ0\

fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\âZ% sk!5 k]h skE snpd]fq`bk]`pd]f e]npr |A! K e Y[Z% Yfqr=d]kY[^r=kYSr Y[Z]\ u" s`bnp^F VYYSZ0\vlGuar=kYcrsltYSZ]\vfqr=d0YSZ$

Z]\x`pkY[\_uak% sne rsu[\~r l]YSZ]\( sh% s YS\_u Z% s^tY=~rh]`pâY[`bk]|YUâ\_|iY[`br=k0^>2 sk0h ( s^h]\i^[`bysk]\_hY[rZ% =\6 ^x^[f& snbn skm\ # \i|iY3 ^x rs^[^[`pe]nb\ r=kYSZ0\`bfq \ih% sk]|i\ rslMY[Z]\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY- Z0\o u[^ Y^[\i|iY[`br=kDlGr=nbnprcÛYSZ]\c\ Y[\_uak% sn e rsu[\KrslIYSZ]\câZ% sk!6d]â\_hQ`bk6YSZ]\KY[u sk]â% sua\_kY fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

YSrm0u[r `bh]\L YS`py=ZYo]YaYS`bk0ym^[\- nJ Z]\Du[`bh0y=\ eI\ilGr=ua\ YSZ]\6â\_|_rsk]h â\_|YS`brsk(f& Y[| Z]\_^YSZ0\`bkY[\_u[k sn0h]`@ sfq\iYS\iuUrsl Y[Z]\3 sh% 0YS\iuUYSr Y[Z]\K`bkY[\_u[k sn0h]`@ sfq\iYS\iu VYYSZ]\K\ik]h6rsl YSZ0\xfQrsd0YSZ D]`p\_|_\Q^[Z% k!5 cZ]`b| Z \_k]âd]u[\i^L ^[fqrrsYSZ(YSu k]^[`gYS`brsk eI\iY= \_\ik YSZ]\ sh% s0Y[\_u']`b\i|_\ k]hYSZ0\ sh]h0`pYS`pr=k% sn np\_k]y YSZrsl ]`bI\ `pkYSu[rh]d]|i\_hmeDYSZ]\ sh% s0Y[\_u Z]\ lGr=npnbrc`bk0yâ\_|YS`brskrsl

`bkY[\_u[k sne rsu[\D`b^v|inp`bk]h]ua`b|> sn D h]\_â`by=k0\_h ^'âd]| Z YSr@Z% =\ @fq`bk0`bf d]f\ # \_|Yrsk YSZ0\

| Z% su" s|iY[\_ua`bâY[`b|`pfQI\_h% k]|_\r ltY[Z]\vfQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ Z0\rsd0YSâ`bh]\rsl Y[Z]\ sh% s0Y[\_u3 snp^[r6Z% ^Y= r ^[\i|iYS`pr=k]^ Z]\ o uaâYxâ\_|YS`brsk`b^ YSZ]ua\- sh0\_h0M snbnpr c`pk]yvYSZ]\ Z]\_`py=ZY~rsl YSZ]\ fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

u[\in/ Y[`ps\Y[rQYSZ0\'l. s|i\']n@ YS\rslY[Z]\ uaYS`go |_`@ snMfqr=d0YSZ@YSrQe \ sh ad]^ YS\ih sk]h o]u[fqnpmoM \_h$ k@r=u[h]\iuxYSr6lGd]u YSZ]\iu â\_|id]u[\vYSZ]\vfqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\0Y=~rq^[`ph]\_^crsltYSZ0\\YS\_uak% snMâd]ual. s|i\ \_ua\5 YaYS\ik]\_h0 sk]hH % .y=uad]eâ|_u[\B K | ( s^ d0^[\_h YSr npr |A!Y[Z]\ sh% s0Y[\_u `bk@]n/ |_\r=kYSZ0\? snbd0fQ`pk]`bd]f e]nbr|A!5 s^( \_npn0 s^ Y=~r6e]u" s^[^Kkd0Y[^ K h sk]h ( s^[Z0\_u[^ K \ rsk\_`gYSZ]\iu

^[`ph]\vrsltYSZ]\ve]npr |A!5

Z]`b^fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\qe \iZ% =\_^r=k]np^[nb`py=ZYSngh]`$# \iu[\_kY[np9YSr k0r=u[f& sne]u" s^[^fQrsd0YSZ D]`p\_|_\?cZ]\ik]n@ `pk]y YSZ0\npr~\iu fqrh]\_^cr=kmYSZ0\Y[u[r=f eIr=k]\ Z]\v=r=npd]fQ\r l Y[Z]\v|_d]@rsl

Mb

Ma

MdMe

MeMd

Mc

$ `by=d]ua\ + ~uar=^[^ D^[\i|iY[`br=k rsl Y[Z]\YSu" sk]^[ su[\ikY fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ sh% 0YS\iu>

YSZ0\QYSu" sk]â% su[\ikY fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\L7 s^+ fqnJ Z0`b^'sr=nbd0fQ\L7 ^k]rsY| Z]r=â\_k+e(h]\_â`by=k0e]d0Y ( s^Qh0`b|iY YS\ihe+YSZ0\ ]Z^[`p|- sn u[\iâY[u[`b|YS`pr=k]^D`bfq rs^[\_hOh]d]ua`bk]yYSZ0\ |ir=k]âY[u[d]|YS`pr=k

rsl YSZ]\QfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\ Z]\QfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\L( s^'| Z]r=^[\ik YSr Z% =\ @u[`pf ^[`:*_\q|_r=fq% su" se]nb\YSrYSZ Yqrsl Y[Z]\ z\_k]`p^8`p|A! +fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\ ( sk]h YSZ]\@h]\i0YSZ rsl Y[Z]\jfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

( s^ | Z0r=^[\ik YSrD]uar `ph]\v\_k]rsd]y=Zf& Y[\_u[`@ sn ^ YSua\_k]ysY[Z@Y[rQ^" lG\_ngfqr=d]kYcYSZ]\vâZ% sk!5 Z]\`bk0]d0Y `bfq \ih% sk]|i\'rslUYSZ]\'fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\'`p^ âZ]rck9`bk o]y=d]u[\ +;+G^[\i\ ^[\i|iYS`pr=k % lGr=u

YSZ0\'\0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n fq\iY[Z]r h@d]â\_hY[r r=e0Y s`bkjYSZ0\_^[\'h% Y Z]`p^ o]y=d]u[\ snbârQâZ]rc^ YSZ0\`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\jrsl Y[Z]\z\ik]`b^ 8`p|A! Ofqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\mlGuar=f cZ]`b| ZOYSZ]\@^[Z sk!7 ^ r=e DYA `bk]\ih0 Z]`p^ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\Z% shH Q|_d0 =rsnbd]fq\'r l ,sfqnJ Z]\`pk]]d0Y `bfq \ih% sk]|i\vrslYSZ0\M ) `py=Z% sf YSu[rsf e rsk]\ c`pYSZ YSZ0\@Y= r h]`$# \iu[\ikYqfqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\i^ YaYA s| Z0\_h`p^D^[Z]rck`pk

o y=d0u[\ +

k h]h]`pY[`br=k YSrmYSZ]\D`pk]]d0Y`pfQI\_h sk]|_\ YS\iâYSê9f d]â`b|i`/ sk]^ Z% =\q|_r=k0o]u[fq\_h9YSZ% VYYSZ0\qfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\60n/ ^ " s^?~\inbn:mr=u\is\_k e \Y[YS\iu"mYSZ sk(Y[Z]\DâY sk]h% suahfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

`bkQYSZ]\npr~\iuxfQrh]\i^>0e0d0YxYSZ0\ \iualGr=uaf k]|_\? VY~YSZ0\Z]`by=Z0\_u~fqrh]\_^ `b^xIr rsu> Z]\ `bk]]d Y`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\ ua\ \i|iY[^cY[Z]`b^~`bfq]u[\i^[^[`pr=k&DUYSZ]\npr \_u~fQrh]\_^~Z% =\âY[u[r=k0y6`bfq \ih% sk]|i\ sn D

,

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000

100

200

300

400

500

600

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (k

Ω)

Transparent MouthpieceDenis Wick 6BS Mouthpiece

$ `py=d]u[\ :+;+ k]0d0Y~`pfQI\_h sk]|_\Kr l Y[Z]\ Y[u sk0^[% sua\_kY fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ sk]hDYSZ]\ z\_k0`b^8`b|A! fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000

10

20

30

40

50

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (M

Ω)

Trombone with transparent mouthpiece and adapter pieceTrombone with Denis Wick 6BS mouthpiece and no adapter

$ `py=d]u[\ + k0]d0Yv`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\ rsl Y[Z]\M ) `by=Z% f Y[u[r=fe r=k0\c`pY[ZYSZ]\ Y[u sk]â% sua\_kYfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\6 sk]hIc`pY[ZmYSZ]\z\_k0`b^8`b|A! YSu[rsf e rsk]\fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\

d]\i^>5cZ]\_ua\- s^ YSZ]\vZ]`py=Z]\_ucfqr h0\_^cZ% =\'|_r=fq% su" YS`g=\_ng s\_uaI \- !j`pfQI\_h% k]|_\ snbd0\_^>|_rsfQ% u[\_h9Y[rjY[Z]r=â\q0u[r `bh]\ih#c`gYSZ9YSZ]\Dk]rsu[f& snUfqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ Z]\qlGua\_wd]\ik]|iâZ]`pl Y[^

^[\i\_kmZ]\iu[\? u[\ h]d]\ Y[r'YSZ0\]u[\i^[\ik]|_\rsl YSZ]\ \BYSu" nb\ik]ysYSZ rsl YSd0e]`bk]y'`bkqYSZ]\ fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

sh% 0YS\iu>

%

% $ %&

â`bk]y Y[Z]\? su YS`go |_`@ sn fQr=d YSZ0 `pYx`p^~Ir=^[â`be]np\ YSr|_u[\> YS\6 e0u[r2 shmu" sk]y=\ rsl ]n/ `bk0y ^[`gYSd% DYS`pr=k]^0YA s`pnbr=ua\_hY[rDY[Z]\v]u[rse]nb\if `bkjZ% k]h0 Z]\ su[\> s^crsl `bkYS\iu[\_^ YF su[\

M`bjua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\']uar=I\_uaY[`b\i^1D `p^K`b^K\i^[^[\ikYS`/ n Y[r&!k]r YSZ]\i^[\]u[r=I\_u YS`p\_^KlGr=u3 6lGd]nbn

d]k0h]\_uaâYA k]h]`bk0yQrsltYSZ0\^ âYS\if

~r=kY[u[r=nM% u sfq\iY[\_u[^7D Z]r&Y[Z]\ve \iZ% `br=d]ucrsltYSZ0\'`p^Knb`b0^3 # \i|iY[\_hem| Z sk]y=`pk]yY[Z]\ u[`brsd]^K^[\Y[YS`pk]y=^3 s`bn@ se]np\

Z]ua\_âZ]r=nbh8]n@ `pk]y eI\_Z% `brsd]uDD`bk#rsu[h]\iu YSr u[\ih]d]|i\Y[Z]\9|_rsfQ]np\B `pYOrslYSZ0\

^ ^ YS\if Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nphfQ\> s^[d]ua\_fq\_kYS^6 nbnbr sâ^[d]fq0Y[`br=k]^Y[rme \f sh0\L se rsd0YYSZ0\np`bk]\> su[`gY rsltYSZ0\^ âYS\if

r=k Dnp`bk]\> suxeI\_Z% `brsd]u7D~Z0r YSZ]\â^ YS\_f | Z% k]y=\_^ s^KYSZ]\vua\_nb\ skY fQ]np`pY[d]h]\_^

sua\`bk]|iu[\> s^[\ih0

X |_r=d]^ YS`p| |_rsd]]nb`pk]y DUZ]r8YSZ]\ |_r=d0]nb`pk]yeI\iY= \_\ikjY[Z]\ np`bQu[\_\ihI sk]h Y[Z]\ |_r=d]^ YS`p|ua\_^[rsk% YSrsuK`b^c|_r=kY[u[r=npnb\_h$

M`b(fqrsYS`pr=kD Z]r YSZ0\ nb`p]^vfQr s\&cZ]`pnb\q]n/ `bk]y k]r YS\ ) r ?h0r \i^'YSZ0`bê \DZ% `brsd]ux suaI |_u[rs^[^ck]rsY[\_^ sk]h@f d]â`b|_`@ sk]^

Z]\G uaYS`go |_`@ sn fQrsd0YSZH( s^h0\_^[`py=k]\ihc`gYSZY[Z]\_â\L s]]np`b|> YS`pr=k]^c`bkfq`bk0h0 Z]\\B \iu[` Dfq\_kYA sn0^[\iY[d]0 ]Z]rsY[r=y=u ]ZDrsl cZ0`b| Zq`b^^[Z0r ckq`bk6o ysd]u[\ + ( s^ h]\_â`by=k0\_hq^[rYSZ% VY

% +

snpn Y[Z]\_â\ ^[`gYSd% VYS`brsk]^ |ir=d]npheI\ `bk=\iâY[`by2 Y[\_hHc`gYSZ r=k]np@âf snpnM|_r=k o y=d]u" YS`pr=k| Z% sk0y=\_^z\iY s`bnp\_hh]\i^[|_ua`b0Y[`br=k0^rsl YSZ]\Q^[\iY[d] sua\ y=`g=\ik lGr=u\- s| Z Y I\ r lK\B I\_u[`pfQ\ikY`pk YSZ0\

lGr=npnbrc`bk]y^[\_|YS`pr=k]^> k@r=uah]\_uKYSrDr=e YA s`pk@d0^[\ilGd0nMu[\_âd]npY[^> fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^3~\iu[\vYA ! \_k@rsl

M`bjfqrsYS`pr=k

% r=npd]fq\ r

K rsd0YSZ@]u[\i^[âd]u[\?D e r YSZ@âYA VYS`b|6 k]hjr=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pk]y

X |_r=d]^ YS`p|0u[\_â^[d]ua\'`pkmYSZ]\vfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\

d0Y[]d0YF s|_rsd]âY[`b|]ua\_^[âd]u[\

YS\iuK]u[\i^[âd]u[\'`bkmYSZ]\vnp`b]^

Z]\i^[\K% su" sfq\iYS\iu[^ snbnpr d]^ Y[ru[\i|_r=uah YSZ]\x|ir=fq]nb\YS\ âYA VYS\xrsl0YSZ]\x^ âYS\if Y skys`p=\ikYS`pfQ\ Z]\iu[\L sua\Y=~rmYI\_^rsl u[\i|_r=uah]`bk0yh]\i`p|_\6d]â\_h9YSrm|> s0YSd0u[\Y[Z]\6e \iZ% `br=d]u rslYSZ0\^ âYS\if

K `p|_uar=]Z]r=k0\FD ~ud0\_n sk0h" u fQ`p|_uar=]Z]r=k0\_^( \_ua\d0^[\_hmY[rqua\_|ir=u[hmYSZ0\

]ua\_â^[d]ua\( sua`/ Y[`br=k]^ Ym su[`pr=d]^mIr=`bkYS^m`pk#YSZ]\â^ YS\_f ?X k X d]h0`brD YS\_| Z0k]`b|> X K + (|> su[h0`brhOua\_â r=k0^[\|ir=k]h]\ik]^[\iu fq`b|iu[r=]Z0r=k]\ ( s^Qd0^[\_hOYSr(u[\i|_r=uah YSZ0\

u" sh]`/ VYS\_hjâr=d]k]h0

Z]rsY[r h0`brh]\ D YSZ]\r=I\_k]`pk]y su[\> qeI\iY= \_\ikYSZ0\'np`b]^7( s^ u[\_|ir=u[h0\_hej|ir=nbnp\_|iY[`bk]y

Y[Z]\nb`py=ZY h]fQ`gY[Y[\_h Y[Z]u[r=d0y=Z YSZ0\_f 9X ^[f& snbn n@ s^[\iu7 ^ d]^[\ih+YSr9]uar `ph]\ YSZ0\

%

ARTIFICIAL

MOUTH

TROMBONE

LASER

PHOTODIODE

LIPS

LOUDSPEAKER

WATER TUBES

MICROPHONES

MIRROR

MANOMETER

LENSES

$ `py=d]u[\ + tZ]rsY[r=y=u" s]Zr l \B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA sn^[\YSd]$ Z]`b^ % su YS`b|id]n/ uM^[\iY[d]( sÛd]â\_hY[rfq\- sâd]u[\vYSZ]\vYSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph]n@ `pk]yqlGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^ r lUYSZ0\â^ YS\_f c`gYSZ sua`br=d0^ \YS\_k0^[`brsk]^rsltYSZ]\Y[u[r=f eIr=k]\ânb`ph]\

%

np`by=ZYâr=d]ua|_\ Z0\9n/ sâ\_umeI\- sf 7 s^j\0 sk]h]\ih YSr ]r rhYSZ]\np`b sua\- McYSZ0\_klGr|_d]â\_h6h]rckDr=kYSr6 Y I\ + 6 = z X )ce]u[`phDz\iYS\i|iY[r=u]Z]r YSrh]`brh]\ Z]`p^]Z0rsYSrh]`brh]\Z shH 6np`bk]\> suxu[\i^[Ir=k]â\'d]jYSr 6 ! ) *

X^ YA Y[`b| Z]\- h rsl ]ua\_^[âd]u[\ 7 s^ s]]np`b\_hYSr YSZ]\ fQr=d YSZlGuar=f sk X `bu ~r=kYSu[rsn k]h0d]âY[u[`b\i^ YSh K +;+ 6! 0d]fQ$X !crsYA fQ\YS\_uF r fq\iY[\_u cZ]`p| Z(fq\- ^[d]ua\_hE r%u" YS\iêI\iY= \_\_k 6G sk]h 766np^ c`gYSZI 6u[\i^[r=npd0YS`pr=kjrsl +np^ |ir=k]k]\i|iY[\_heI\iY= \_\ikYSZ0\

]d]fq sk0hYSZ]\fqr=d0Y[Z#y2 =\Y[Z]\sr=nbd]fq\]r -u VYS\ k#rsu[h]\iu YSr fq\- ^[d]ua\n/ suay=\_u r?u VYS\_^ r?fq\iYS\iu ( s^'d]^[\ih0 cZ]`p| Z |_rsd]nbh fQ\> s^[d]ua\ eI\iY= \_\ik s nb^ sk]h +5 np^ 0c`gYSZ mu[\i^[r=npd0YS`pr=k9rsl nb^ Z]\D]ua\_â^[d]ua\ ( s^v|_r=kY[u[r=npnb\_hd]^[`pk]y

9 u[`/ e]nb\ sng=\ cZ]`p| Z snpnbr \_hO^[fqr rsY[Z sk]hO|_r=kYS`pkd]r=d]^D su[`@ YS`pr=k rsl YSZ]\j^[d0]]np

]ua\_^[âd]u[\xX)z`by=`gYSu[rsk s= f& sk]r=fq\iY[\_u3 sk0hH I\ % , & fQ`p|_u[rs]Z]r=k]\

fq\- sâd]u[\ihqY[Z]\KâY YS`p|3 sk]hDr=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y ]u[\i^[^[d0u[\ `bk]â`bh]\xY[Z]\cfQr=d YSZ6|- `pY u[\_â \i|iY[`p=\inp X I\ % +-, fq`b|iu[r=]Z0r=k]\ c`pY[Z D^[Z]rsuaY + fqf ]u[rse \67 ^ `bk0^[\_u YS\ih`bkY[r

YSZ0\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\mYSr(y=`g=\mYSZ]\ sngYS\_uak% Y[`bk]y9|ir=fQIr=k]\ikYQr lfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\j]u[\i^[âd]u[\#X

|- nb`be0u Y[`br=k'|_d]u =\clGr=uYSZ]`p^]u[rse \3 sh s0YS\iu 7 ^ 0u[rh]d]|_\ih k]h nbn0ua\_âd]npY[^ ~\iu[\co npY[\_u[\ih s]0u[r=]ua`/ Y[\_ngjd]^[`pk]y K YSn@ se]uar=y=u" sf Z]\X d]h]`prD Y[\_| Z]k0`b|- qX K + Q|_r=k]h0\_k]â\_u

fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\6]n/ |_\_h' YY[Z]\Q\ik]h(rsl~Y[Z]\D`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikYua\_|_rsu[h]\ih YSZ0\qu" sh]`@ YS\ih' |_r=d]^ YS`p|]ua\_^[âd]u[\

Z]\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY d]^[\ih9`bkjYSZ]\i^[\ \ \iu[`bfq\_kY[^ ( s^? M$) `by=Z sf YS\ik]r=u YSu[rsf e rsk]\ Y[u[r=f eIr=k]\I( s^| Z]r=â\_k8eI\_|- d]^[\9`gY snpnbr \_hâfQrrsY[Z|_rskY[u[r=n r =\_uQYSZ]\ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\lGu[\iwd]\_k]|i`b\i^ rslxY[Z]\h]rck]^ YSu[\> sf u[\_âr=k% Y[r=u> Z]\fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\qd]â\_h ( s^YSZ0\QYSu" sk]^ D

% %

% sua\_kYQfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\ ]ua\_â\_kYS\ih#`bkO^[\_|YS`pr=k Z0`b^& snbnpr \_h n/ sâ\_uDYSr(e \@^[Z]rsk]\

YSZ0u[r=d]ysZ YSZ0\'YSu" sk]â% su[\ikYfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\vYSrq`bnbnpd]fq`bk% Y[\ YSZ0\'np`b]^ Z]\ fQr=d0kY rslnp`by=ZY

% sâ^[\ihOY[Z]u[r=d0y=Z YSZ]\ nb`b0^ ( s^6u[\i|_r=uah]\_hOd]^[`pk]yYSZ0\]Z]rsY[r h0`brh]\ ]uar `ph]`bk0yE ^[`py=k% snYSZ Y( s^ h]`pu[\i|iYSng(]u[r=Ir=u YS`brsk% snYSr YSZ]\Qr= \ik]`bk0yE su[\> eI\iY= \_\_k+Y[Z]\nb`p]^> Z]`p^ ( s^| Z]\i|A!s\_hefQ\> s^[d]ua`bk]y Y[Z]\=rsnpYA y=\| Z% sk]ys\6 s^KYSZ]\h]`pr h0\ 7 ^ \ r=â\_h@YSr6n/ ^[\_uKnp`by=ZY sh]fq`pYaYS\ih YSZ0u[r=d]ysZE Q su[`@ se]np\ânb`gY rsl !k0r ckEc`ph0YSZ0 Z]\_â\ su[`pr=d]^ ^[`bysk% snb^3 \_u[\ snbn|_rsnbnb\i|iY[\_h sk]h sk% sng â\_h d]^[`pk]yqY[Z]\ % 0#â^ YS\_f Z0\ 0#^ ^ YS\if k]hYSZ0\6 sk% sng â`b^1 k]h swd]`bâ`pYS`pr=k Y[r r=np^xd]â\_h@`bkYSZ0`b^x^ YSd]h0 su[\h]\i^[|iu[`beI\_h@`bkI ] \ik]h]` mX Z]\6 ^ ^ YS\if-â\_uas\_h# s^ e rsY[ZE Qh YA |_wd]`bâ`pY[`br=k@h]\i`p|_\G sk0hE s^ kE sk% sng^[`b^YSrr=n Z0\'^ ^ YS\if ( s^ ^[\Y Y[rQI\_u lGr=u[f ua\- sn D Y[`bfq\ $ $ ^crsl YSZ]\u[\inb\i skY ^[`py=k% snp^3 sk]h0cZ]\iu[\F s]]uar=]u[`@ YS\h]\_|ir=k=r=npd0YS`pr=kQr l ^[`py=k% snp^> Z]\ |ir=k0o ysd]u Y[`br=kqrslIYSZ]\i^[\ lGd]k]|iY[`br=k0^

( s^D| Z]r=^[\ik^[\i% su" YS\inp lGr=u6\> s| ZO\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY> Z]\ ââY[\_f f& !s\i^qd0^[\jrsl

]ua\BD\ `bâY[`bk]yD|> snb`pe]u Y[`br=k h% YA lGr=u /fQ`p|_u[rs]Z]r=k]\i^> e]d Y d0^[`bk0yq0u[r=eI\ sh% s0Y[\_ua^ rsursY[Z]\_uxfq`b|iu[r=0Z]r=k]\i^~u[\iwd]`bua\_hmlGd]uaY[Z]\_u7 sh ad]^ YSfq\_kYxYSr Y[Z]\h% VYA M kmr=uah]\_u YSr6|_rsfQI\_k D^ VYS\KlGr=u]Z s^[\ sk]h& sfq]nb`gYSd]h0\~^[Z0`pl YS^=YSZ]\cua\_|_rsu[h]\ihQh% VYA 7 ^ \ r=u YS\ihqlGuar=f% 0

`bkY[r K YSn@ se0 K Y[n/ sem0u[r=y=u" sfq^7~\iu[\6cu[`pYaYS\ikjY[rQI\_u lGr=u[f4YSZ]`p^c]Z% sâ\`pk=\_ua^[`pr=kH k]hlGd]u YSZ]\iuF k% snpâ\YSZ]\vu[\i|_r=uah]\_h h% Y M

7 snb`pe]u VYS`brsk7 ^ I\_u lGr=u[fq\_hmemd0^[`bk0y& I\ % + % fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\? s^KYSZ0\u[\lG\_ua\_k]|i\ fq`b|iu[r=]Z0r=k]\ $ r=u60u[r=eI\ sh% s0Y[\_ua^>7 9|> snb`pe]u Y[`br=k =\_â^[\in c`gYSZ fQrsd]kYS`bk0y

Z]r=np\_^lGr=u eIrsYSZ Y[Z]\ k]h+]u[rse \ sh% s0Y[\_ua^7 s^d]^[\ihCcZ0`b| Z snbnpr~\ih e r YSZ fq`b|iu[rD]Z]rsk]\_^Y[r u[\i|_r=uahYSZ]\â`by=k sn lGuar=f ^[f& snbncâ \> !s\ium^[`bfd]npY sk]\_rsd]^[ngc`pYSZ0r=d0Y k\BY[\_u[k sn ^[r=d]k0h o \inbh0 $ r=ucrsYSZ]\iucfQ`p|_u[rs]Z]r=k]\i^>5 6lGu[\i\BD o]\_nbh@fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY3( s^ f sh0\

% 6

`bk sk sk0\_| Z]r=`p|| Z% sf eI\_u $ r=uY[Z]\9lGu[\iwd0\_k]| u" sk]y=\9Y]`p|- snpnp \BM sfq`bk]\ih `pk#YSZ]`p^

âY[d]h0 0YSZ]\iu[\ ( s^xnp`pYaYSnb\Kh0`bâY[r=uaY[`br=kQr=k skqfq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\ sk]h\=\ikjY[Z]\]uar=eI\ sh% 0YS\iuu[\iwd]`bua\_h r=k]ng âf snpn( h ad]âY[fQ\ikY6rsl ]Z% sâ\I sk]h sfq]nb`gYSd]h0\ Z]`p^G sh ad]^ YSfq\_kYG( s^ snp^[rI\_u lGr=u[fq\_h e K VYSn/ e ]uar=y=u fd]â`bk]y |> snb`pe]u VYS`brskqh YA âZ]rckj`bkQo]y=d]u[\ :+ %

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000

1

2

3

4

5

Am

plitu

de

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

−pi/2

0

pi/2

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se (

radi

ans)

$ `bysd]u[\ + % 7 nb`be0u Y[`br=kh YA lGr=uxY[Z]\v]u[r=eI\fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\

X ^@|- sk eI\(â\_\ik0YSZ]\]Z s^[\(^[Z]`gl Yje \inbr 6 = )F*`p^m^[f& snbn Gnb\i^[^mYSZ% k e]d Y^[`py=k]`go |- skY \_k]r=d0y=Z#YSr+eI\YA ! \_k `bkYSr s|_|ir=d]kY-~r=k]â\_wd]\_kY[np; snbn h% Y u[\_|ir=u[h0\_h

c`pY[ZmYSZ]\v]uar=e \vfq`b|iu[r=]Z0r=k]\ ( s^F sh ad]^ YS\_h s]0u[r=]ua`/ Y[\_ngeI\ilGr=ua\o k% sn sk snp^[`p^>

%

! "!#

0 ./1023%(' 0

$ u[\iwd0\_k]|h]rsf s`pk k% snpâ`b^t`b^tr=k]\ rsl]YSZ0\~fqr=âY d]^[\lGd]n0fq\iY[Z]rh]^tlGrsu `pks\_^ YS`by; YS`pk]y kr=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y'ââY[\_f kjYSZ0`b^K|- ^[\YSZ]\vua\_^[Ir=k]â\'r l Y[Z]\vnb`b0^K`b^Kfq\- sâd]u[\ih emua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y

YSZ0\np`bmr=I\_k0`bk]y sua\- L s^c`pYK`p^K\B |_`gYS\iheI sk s|_rsd]âY[`b|]ua\_^[âd]u[\'^[`py=k% sn

Z]\K\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYA sn0^[\iY[d]D`b^âZ]rckQ`pko y=d0u[\ +6 Z]`b^â\iY[d] ( s^â`bfq`bn/ u Y[rYSZ% VYd]â\_he~d0nbnb\ik + sk]h \> sn % c`pYSZmY= r! \ijh]`$# \iu[\_k0|_\_^

Z]\q 0&^ âYS\if 7 ^'d]â\_h s^YSZ]\Dh% Y I swd]`bâ`pYS`pr=k9h]\ `p|_\ Z0`b^ snbnpr~\ihua\- snMYS`pfQ\ sk snp^[`p^crslYSZ0\h% Y M s^F \_npn s^ qy=u[\> Y h]\- sntrsl\YSu L \B `pe]`bnp`pYm`pk

Y[\_u[fq^KrsltYSZ]\vua\_|_rsu[h]\ih sk]h@u[\i]u[rh]d]|i\_h@^[`py=k% snp^>

Z]\ YSu" sk]^[ su[\ikY~fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ ( s^ d]^[\ihm`bk]^ YS\- h rsl Y[Z]\ ^ YA sk0h% su[hQâYnb\ fQrsd0YSZ D]`p\_|i\ Z]`b^ snbnpr \_h YSZ]\\ikYS`bua\mnb`p sua\- YSre \ `p\ \_hO`bk]^ YS\- h rslcYSZ]\ ^[f& snbnâ\_|iY[`br=k `p\( se]np\Y[Z]u[r=d0y=ZYSZ0\fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\^[Z% skM! Z]`b^ snbâr fq\- skY YSZ% VY YSZ0\\ikY[`bua\rs \ik]`bk]y sua\- D|_r=d0nbh@e \vu[\i|_r=uah]\_h$Iu" YSZ0\_uKYSZ% k ad]^ Y Y[Z]\vr=I\_k]`pk]yDZ]\_`py=ZY

YKY[Z]\v|_\ikY[u[\rsltYSZ]\vnb`p]^>

Z]\cnbr=d0h]^[I\- ! \_u fQrsd]kYS\_hDr=k6Y[Z]\cfQr=d YSZD|- `pY60u[r `bh]\ihqY[Z]\K\B |_`gYA Y[`br=kDâ`by=k% nJcZ]`p| Z ( s^Qfq\- ^[d]ua\_he+Y[Z]\ I\ % , & fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\m`bk]â\_u YS\_h `bkYSrYSZ0\

|- `pY Z]\9u[\i^[d]ngYS`bk0y fQr YS`brskrslYSZ0\9nb`b0^Qy2 s\ ua`bk]yC u[\- rslr= \ik]`bk0y YSZ% VY snpnbr~\ih k sfqr=d]kY'rslxn@ s^[\iu'np`by=ZY]u[rs r=u YS`pr=k% snUY[r Y[Z% Y su[\> @YSr % sâ^'YSZ0u[r=d]ysZ YSZ0\

% 5

Optical Rail

Mirror

Photodiode

PULSE

P.C.

Las

er

PolarisingFilter

Oscilloscope1/4" Microphone

Loudspeaker

Audio Amplifier

$ `by=d0u[\ +6 z`@ sy=u f rsl \B I\_ua`bfq\_kYA sn ^[\iY[d]0

nb`p]^G sk0hOeI\m|_rsnbnb\i|iY[\_h e YSZ]\m0Z]rsYSrh]`pr h]\ Z]\jua\_^[d0npYS`pk]y9fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\I sk]h h]`pr h]\

^[`py=k% snp^ \_ua\u[\_|ir=u[h0\_h sk]h sk% np^[\ihmeQYSZ]\v â^ YS\_f Z]\\B |i`pYA VYS`brsk^[`py=k% sn( s^cy=\_k]\iu Y[\_h@eI K YSn@ sem]uar=y=u f Z0`b^K]uar=y=u f y=\ik]\_u" YS\ihH 6^4 \_ Y â`bk]\ ( =\^[`py=k% snIYSZ% VYK|_r=d0nbhmf& !s\d]â\rsl |- snp`be]u" YS`pr=k |id]uas\YSr6]uar `ph]\6 skm`bk0]d0Yc^[`py=k% sn5c`pY[Z sk snbfqr=^ Y5 Yq^[I\_|YSuad]f r s\_uDYSZ]\mlGua\_wd]\_k0|i u sk]ys\@r l `pkY[\_ua\_âY> Z]\@|- nb`be0u Y[`br=k|_d0ua=\L( s^vr=e0YA `bk]\ihc`pYSZ9Y[Z]\D^ sfq\L s]% u Y[d]^>Md]â`bk]yjr=k0npY[Z]\6fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\6^[`py=k% snYSrD]uar `ph]\YSZ]\vâ|- snp`bk]y6h% VYA M

Z]\D 0 ââY[\_f ( s^â\iYYSr h]\_|ir=k=r=ng=\6YSZ]\`bk]]d Y^[`py=k% snp^ lGuar=fY[Z]\ fq`b|iu[rD]Z]rsk]\? sk]hQYSZ]\h0`brh]\ sk]hua\_Ir=uaY YSZ]\ u[\_âd]npY[`bk]y $ $ f& sy=k]`gYSd]h0\ sk0hm]Z% sâ\ Z]\i^[\h% Y ^[Z0r \_hDYSZ0\~lGu[\iwd0\_k]|6u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\Kr l YSZ]\xnp`b'r= \ik]`bk0y? su[\> lGr=u k'| Z]r=`p|_\xr l `bk]]d Y^[`py=k% sn Z0\ `pk]]d0Y â`by=k sn]Z% sh6Y[r0u[r `bh]\c\_k0\_u[y YSrYSZ0\ ^ âYS\if YYSZ0\clGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^ rsl

%

`bkY[\_u[\iâY>=e]d0Y skâ`by=k% n|ir=d]npheI\xd]^[\ih6]u[r `bh0\_h `gYUfq\iYtYSZ]`pÛ|ir=k]h]`gYS`brsk0 X^4 \_ Y ^[`bk0\( s\ ( s^~| Z]rs^[\_kmeI\_|> sd]â\ `pY |ir=d]nbhQ]u[r `bh0\ \ik]r=d]y=Z \_k]\iu[ysDYSry=`g=\F 'fq\- sâd]u se0nb\ nb`bu[\i^[Ir=k]â\ sk]h@|_r=d0nbhje \v\> s^[`pnpQ|_d]^ YSr=fq`bâ\_hjYSrD`bk]|inbd]h0\YSZ]\lGu[\iwd]\_k]|i`b\i^ rslU`bkYS\iu[\iâY-

YD^[Z]rsd]nbh eI\mk]rsYS\ih+YSZ% Y h]u[`g `pk]yYSZ0\mnb`b0^c`pY[ZC sk r=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pk]y@]u[\i^[^[d0u[\@`bk YSZ0\

fqr=d0YSZ |- `pYQ`b^ Y[Z]\ rs] rs^[`pY[\ rsl cZ YKZ% s0 \ik]^xh]d]ua`bk]y k]r=uaf sn ]n@ `pk]yâ`pY[d% YS`pr=k0zd]ua`bk]y]n@ `pk]yYSZ]\@r=â|_`bnpn/ Y[`bk]yh]u[`g `pk]y9lGr=u[|i\j`b^D]u[\ih]r=fq`bk% kY[np ]u[r `bh]\ih e YSZ0\

u[\i^[r=k skY s`bu |_r=npd]fqkrsl Y[Z]\xf d]â`b|> sn0`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY- ) r \i=\iu>2cZ]\ikqrsk]\x|_rsk]^[`ph]\_uaÛYSZ% VYYSZ0\qh0u[`p`pk]ymlGr=u[|i\q`p^v]u[r `bh]\ih k]r Yve# k# e]^[r=npd0YS\D]ua\_â^[d]ua\ Ue0d0Ye9Y[Z]\D]u[\i^[^[d0u[\

h]`$# \iu[\_k0|_\1 s|iu[r=âÛYSZ0\~nb`p]^> `pY e \i|_r=fq\_Û|_nb\> su YSZ% Y YSZ]\ Y=~rh]`$# \iu[\ikYUh]u[`g`bk]y ^[`pY[d% Y[`br=k]^ sua\q\iwd]`p snp\_kY- $ `py=d]ua\ :+ âZ]rc^ mh]`@ sy=u f c`pY[Z9YSZ]\Du[\inb\ kY]ua\_â^[d]ua\_^> l( \ sâ^[d]fq\ Dâ`bkd]âr=`bh% n h]u[`g`bk]yD]ua\_^[âd]u[\ ]ys`p=\ik e

:+

`pY `b^|inb\> su Y[Z% Y L YSZ]\60u[\_â^[d]ua\Dh]` # \_ua\_k]|i\L s|_uar=^[^Y[Z]\ nb`p]^> c`bnpn eI\ ^[`pfQ0np@]Z% sâ\^[Z0`pl YS\ih6e cZ]\_kq^4c`gYS| Z]`pk]ylGu[rsf h]ua`p`bk0y]u[\i^[âd]u[\ `bk]â`bh]\ YSZ]\Kfqr=d0Y[Z YSr6 h]ua`p`bk0y]ua\_^[âd]u[\h]rck]^ YSu[\> sf

k ^[rsfQ\ ^[`pY[d% Y[`br=k]^ `gY ( s^`pk]|_rsks\_k]`p\_kYUY[rh]ua`p=\ YSZ]\ nb`p]^tlGuar=f&YSZ0\~fqr=d0YSZ'|- `pY ^[rL h0\i`b|i\ 7 s^K|ir=k]^ YSu[d0|iYS\ih cZ0`b| Z snbnpr~\ih YSZ]\npr=d]h]â \> !s\iuxYSr eI\6 YaYA s| Z]\ihmYSr YSZ0\

fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\QY[r]uar `ph]\ sk rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pk]yj]u[\i^[^[d0u[\mlGu[r=fY[Z]\h]rck]^ YSu[\> sf â`bh]\ Z]`p^h]\ `p|_\~^[Z0r ckO`bk+o ysd]u[\ +5 ( s^D^[`bfq]ng 9]n@ sâY[`b|| np`bk]h0\_uc`pY[Z npr=d]h]â \> !s\iufqr=d]kYS\ih r=k r=k]\D\_k0h0 sk0h(Y= rZ]rsnb\_^|_d Y'`pkYSrjYSZ]\q^[`ph]\_^vYSr snbnpr)Y[Z]\DfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

% ,

imP P

$ `bysd]u[\ :+ Z]\'np`b]^7 su[\vh]ua`p=\ik eY[Z]\v]u[\i^[âd]u[\'h]` # \_ua\_k]|i\

sk]h qYA s`pnt0`bI\YSreI\G YaYA s| Z0\_h0 8Z]\ik9YSZ]`p^ h]\ `p|_\( s^d]â\_h0 YSZ]\ ua\ilG\iu[\_k0|_\D^[`py=k% sn

128mm

Plan View

Mounting tube

40mm

Side View

132mm

10mm

Loudspeaker

93m

m

$ `py=d]u[\ +5 Z]\npr=d]h]â \> !s\iu6|_r=d0]nb`pk]yh]\`b|_\ Z]`b^h]\i`b|i\ s]0nb`b\i^Y[Z]\h]ua`p`bk0y]ua\_^[âd]u[\qlGu[r=f-YSZ]\qh]rck]âY[u[\> sf ^[`bh0\qr l~YSZ0\Qnp`b]^ Z0\ fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\D^[Z% k!o]YS^`bkY[rYSZ0\Z]r=np\vr=k Y[Z]\np\il Y ^[`ph]\rsl YSZ]`p^ h0`/ sy=u" sf Z]\â \> !s\iueIr@`p^ Z0\_nbh `bk@]n/ |_\d]^[`pk]yYSZ0\fqr=d]kY[`bk]y Y[d]e \vr=kjYSZ0\ua`by=ZYKZ sk]h@^[`bh0\r l Y[Z]`b^Kh]`@ sy=u" sf

( s^D]u[r `bh]\ih e \ % +, fq`b|iu[r=]Z0r=k]\c`gYSZ (âZ]r=u Y + fqf npr=k]y ]uar=e \3 VY[YA | Z]fQ\ikY-`bk]â\_u YS\_hq`bkY[rvY[Z]\cfQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\K|_d]$ Z]`b^ fq`b|iu[r=]Z0r=k]\1 sk0hQ]uar=eI\

\_u[\ |- snp`be]u" YS\ih sy2 s`pk]âY I\ % + % fq`b|iu[r=]Z0r=k]\ 9 s^ h]\i^[|_ua`beI\_hQ`bkq^[\_|YS`pr=k

%

k r=uah]\_u YSr r=e0YA `bk np`bu[\_â rsk]^[\ fQ\> s^[d]ua\_fq\_kY- YSZ]\ lGr=nbnprc`bk]ycâY[\_]^ ~\iu[\ |- suau[`b\ih

6

r=d0Y

X k(\if eIr=d]| Zd]u[\L( s^v^[\iYd] c`gYSZY[Z]\6YSu[rsf e rsk]\6`bk9]n@ s|_\ YSZ% VY?~r=d0nbh]n/ c`gYSZ]`pkYSZ]\vh]\i^[`bua\_hjlGu[\iwd0\_k]| u" sk]y=\

Z]\Y[u[r=f eIr=k]\ ( s^ |- sua\ilGd]npnpQu[\ifQr =\ih0

Z]\fqr=d0Y[Z 7 ^ np\il Y~]n/ `bk]y lGrsu1 skm\BY[\_k]h]\ihI\_ua`brhrsl YS`pfQ\ s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inps fQ`pkd YS\_^ YSr9\ik]^[d0u[\YSZ Y YSZ0\\_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ 7 ^6âYA e]nb\ Z0\m]n/ `bk]y@lGu[\Dwd]\ik]|i ( s^ u[\_|ir=u[h0\_h0 s^7 \_npn s^ skYS`pfQ\h0r=f `bkm^ fQ]np\_^Kua\_wd]`bua\_h0

Z]\vâd]]]ngm]u[\i^[âd]u[\ 7 s^KY[d]u[k]\ihr #E sk]hjYSZ]\v^[d0]]np np=\|inbr=â\_h0

X nbn â`by=k sn np\i=\inb^7 \_ua\â\iYKY[rq\ik]^[d0u[\vf 0`pf d]f?^[`py=k% sn âY[u[\_k0ysYSZIc`pY[Z]r=d0YK^" YSd9Du" YS`pr=k0

Z]\ \B |_`gYA Y[`br=k ^[`bysk% sn 7 s^]n/ =\ih+r=k |ir=kYS`pkd0r=d]^ npr r=(YSZ]uar=d]y=Z Y[Z]\ npr=d]h Dâ \> !s\iu>

X l YS\_u c% sd]â\~rsl$+~^[\i|_r=k0h0 Y[Z]\x 0^ âYS\if)eI\_y; skua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y G^[\i\7 s]I\_k0h]` X&lGr=uKh0\iYA `bnb^

k]|i\3 âYA e]nb\xua\_â r=k0^[\K|_d0ua=\cZ% h6e \i\_kDr=e0Y s`bk]\ih `p\ sY[Z]\_ua\77 s^k0r6 sh]h]`gYS`brsk% snua\_h]d]|YS`pr=k `pk(Y[Z]\Qâ`by=k snk]r=`p^[\DlGu[r=f âd]|_|i\_â^[`ps\m^[`py=k% sn^ ~\i\_]^D Y]`b|> snbng9r=e DY s`bk]\ih l YS\iuxYSZ]ua\_\^4 \_\_0^ Y[Z]\vu[\i|_r=uah]`bk]y sk0h ]n@ e s|A! \_u[\^[`pf d]ngYA sk]\ir=d]ânpZ% npYS\ih0

6 +

kr=uah]\_u YSrrse0YA s`pkQY[Z]\ h]\i^[`pu[\_h \_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ 0Y[Z]\_ua\F \_u[\ ^[\is\_u" sn0!s\ su sfq\iY[\_ua^

YSZ YcZ% shjYSrDeI\ h ad]âY[\_h@^[`pf d]npY sk]\ir=d]^[ng

M`b ( YS\iuc]u[\i^[^[d0u[\

X u[\- 6rslUr=I\_k]`pk]y6e \Y=~\i\_kY[Z]\vnb`p]^

K rsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\v r=â`pY[`br=k

Z]\i^[\~ su sfq\iY[\_ua^ su[\ h]\i \ik]h% skYrskrsk]\ sk]rsY[Z]\_u k]|iu[\- ^[`bk0y Y[Z]\ nb`b?( YS\iu ]u[\i^[^[d0u[\h]\i|_u[\> s^[\i^YSZ]\L sua\- r l rs \ik]`bk]y s^ YSZ0\6nb`b0^ \B % k]h0 `bfq`bn@ su[ng; h]\i|_ua\- sâ`bk]ymYSZ0\G su[\> rsl r= \ik]`bk0ye shad]âY[`bk]yYSZ0\ np`b6y=d]`ph]\_^ `bk0|_u[\> s^[\i^ Y[Z]\17 VYS\_u ]ua\_^[âd]u[\ ^[np`by=ZYSng h]d0\cY[r

YSZ0\ `bk0|_u[\> s^[\ih\BY[\_u[k sn ]ua\_â^[d]ua\r=k Y[Z]\ np`b]^d]^[Z0`bk]yY[Z]\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ |_npr=^[\iu Y[rYSZ0\

l. s|i\]n/ VYS\ `bk]|iu[\- ^[\_^xY[Z]\F( Y[\_ux]ua\_â^[d]ua\ 5 sk]hI VY~YSZ0\^ sfq\ Y[`bfq\ | Z sk]y=\i^xYSZ]\ su[\> rslr=I\_k]`pk]yDe \Y=~\i\_k@YSZ]\vnb`p]^>

e0YA s`pk]`bk0y sk\_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\6YSZ% Y? r=d]nph]n/ c`pYSZ0`bk mh]\_â`bua\_h9lGu[\iwd0\_k]|u sk]ys\( s^ =\iua+f d0| Z 9|> s^[\mrslcY[u[`/ n( sk0hO\iu[uar=u> e% sâ\_h r=kC shad]âY[`bk]yY[Z]\YSZ]ua\_\I!s\+% Du fQ\YS\_ua^DfQ\ikY[`br=k0\_h seIr s\ ) r~\=\iu>x|i\_uaY s`bkOy=d]`ph]\_np`bk]\i^6|- skOeI\@d0^[\_hOYSry=`g=\ âY suaY[`bk]yqIr=`bkY- $ rsuF DnbrAk0rsYS\ Y[Z]\ ( Y[\_u ]u[\i^[^[d0u[\ `pk@Y[Z]\np`b]^KâZ]r=d]npheI\'npr s D]uar `pf Y[\_ngL+-! k]h YSZ]\~fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\x^[Z]rsd]nbh eI\xua\_n/ VYS`ps\_ngl. sue% s|A!vlGu[rsf/Y[Z]\~l. s|i\]n@ YS\ s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inp % fqf $ r=u~Z0`by=Z]\iu~k]r YS\_^0YSZ0\ 7 Y[\_ux0u[\_â^[d]ua\v^[Z]r=d0nbhmeI\Z]`bysZ

]]u[r- `bf& Y[\_np ! sk]hqYSZ]\ fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\ |inbr=â\_u YSrvYSZ]\ l. s|_\i]n/ Y[\ s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inp fqf k\i`pYSZ0\_uq|- sâ\ KYSZ]\ \_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ r=d]nphk]rsYQ]n/ `glYSZ]\H su[\> rslr= \ik]`bk0y

eI\iY= \_\_kmY[Z]\ np`b]^ 7 ^~^[\YK`bk0|_r=uau[\_|YSng; r r c`bh]\ skr=I\_k0`bk]y sk]h Y[Z]\ s`pu r=d]nph& r6

YSZ0u[r=d]ysZOY[Z]\j| Z% sk]k]\incd]k]Z]`pk]h]\_ua\_h0( s]]ng`bk]ynb`gY[Y[nb\QlGrsu[|_\mY[rY[Z]\@nb`b0^> r r(k% suau[r sk9r=I\_k0`bk]y r=d]nph9|- sd]â\6YSZ]\ r)rsl s`bu YSrmeI\YSrrm^[npr6 sy2 s`pku[\ih]d]|_`pk]yYSZ0\ lGr=u[|i\

r=k@YSZ]\nb`p]^xYSr qk]\iy=nb`py=`be0nb\np\i=\inJ Z]\\if e rsd]| Zd]u[\ ~r=d0nbh Y]`p|- snpnp ]n/ j`pltYSZ0\'YSZ0\

Z]\i`by=ZYceI\iY= \_\_k YSZ]\vnb`p]^(( s^F s]]uar `pf Y[\_ng 76 fqf 8H+ fqf

0 ./1023%(' 02 '

$ `py=d]u[\ :+ D^[Z0r c^ DY]`p|- sn fq\_| Z% k]`b|> snMnb`p@ua\_â r=k0^[\r=e0YA `bk]\ih d]â`bk]yDYSZ0\'fq\iY[Z]r h0^

h]\i^[|_ua`beI\_h seIr s\ $ d]uaY[Z]\_uKfq\_| Z% k]`b|> sn nb`pmu[\i^[Ir=k]^[\h% Y & u[\y=`g=\_k@`bk s0 \ik]h]` "

10−4

10−3

10−2

Frequency Response of the Artificial Lips

Vo

ltag

e (

V)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450−180

−90

0

90

180

Frequency (Hz)

Ph

ase

(d

eg

ree

s)

$ `py=d]u[\ + $ u[\iwd0\_k]| ua\_^[Ir=k]â\ rsl1 jY]`p|- sn |_rsk0o y=d]u" YS`pr=k0 Z0\Q=rsnpYA y=\DrslxYSZ0\h]`pr h]\ ^[`py=k% sn `b^ ]u[rs r=u YS`pr=k% sn YSr'YSZ]\? u[\- r l r= \ik]`bk0yeI\iY= \_\_kjYSZ0\nb`p]^> Z]\=\iuaYS`p|- snnb`pk]\_^^[Z]r Y[Z]\jh]\_^ YA se0`bnb`p^[`pk]yr=d Y=7 suah k]h `bk27 u[h âY[u[`@!`pk]y9u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^>1 Y + 5 ) * sk]h &% )F*u[\i^[I\_|YS`ps\_ng;

fQfq\_h0`/ Y[\_np `pYj`p^m|_np\- suY[Z% YjYSZ]`p^mââY[\_f `b^s\_u 8|_r=fq]nb`p|- Y[\_h03c`pY[Z8^[\is\_u" snu[\i^[r=k skY I\- !^^[Z]rc`bk0y`bkYSZ0\Qua\_^[Ir=k]â\|_d0ua=\" rsY[\qY[Z% YYSZ]`p^v\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY'd]â\_h

r=k]ng'Y[Z]\cfQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ ;c`gYSZDk]r`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY r=k6YSZ]\ch]rck]^ YSua\- sf%â`bh]\crsl Y[Z]\cnb`b0^> Z]\

6

u[rsnb\r l Y[Z]\6u[\i^[r=k YSr=u `b^\ fQ`pk]\_h9`pk9^[\_|YS`pr=k % k9\_`gYSZ]\iu^[`ph]\6rslY[Z]\6]n/ `bk0ylGu[\iwd]\_k]|6YSZ]\iu[\3 sua\K|_r=k0^[`b^ YS\ikY[np Y= rvu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^ 8 c`pY[Z6]Z% sâ\_^ rsl sk]h Z]\i^[\m]Z% ^[\_^|_n/ ^[^[`gl YSZ]\i^[\ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^L s^ rsd0Y=7 u[h+âY[u[`:!`pk]y k]h `bk2( su[h âYSua`@!`bk0yu[\i^[I\_|YS`ps\_ng;5 s^KâZ]rck `pkm^[\_|YS`pr=k ua\i`brsd]^7~rsu"!e~d]npnb\ik + sk]h \- sn % Z% =\6âZ]rck^[`bfq`bn@ suKu[\i^[d]ngYS^ % su YS`p|_d]n@ su[ngmYSZ]\ 0u[\_â\_k]|i\6rsl sk9r=d Y=7 suah `pk ( suah9% s`bursl ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_êI\iY= \_\_kLcZ]`p| Z YSZ]\xua\_\ihc`bnbn9 sn 7 ^]n@ ;UX k]rsY[Z]\_u|ir=k]â`bâY[\_kYlG\- VYSd]ua\`b^Y[Z]\D]u[\i^[\ik]|_\qrsl( @ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\LcZ0`b| Z(`b^ u sh]`@ sk]^r=d Yvrsl~0Z% s^[\Gc`gYSZ9YSZ]\Dh]ua`p`bk0y

]ua\_^[âd]u[\ Z]\_â\1!s\lG\- VYSd]ua\_^ sua\7 sn 7 ^]ua\_â\_kY `bkYSZ]\xnp`bu[\i^[Ir=k]^[\Kfq\- ^[d]ua\_fq\_kYS^ sngYSZ]r=d0y=Z9r |i|- sâ`br=k snbng@Y[Z]\i# u[\6^[r@|_npr=^[\ Y[r=y=\YSZ]\iu`pklGu[\iwd0\_k]|(Y[Z% YY[Z]\i9eI\_|ir=fq\

`bk0h]`b^ YS`bk0y=d]`bâZ% se]np\ Z]`b^ `b^ \_â \i|_`/ nbnpYSu[d0\ `pl YSZ]\ u[\i^[r=npd0YS`pr=k rsl YSZ]\ h% YA `b^ nbr6 s^~`pkYSZ0\ua\_âd]npY[^ rse0YA s`pk]\_hje~d]npnb\ik k]h \- sn

! \i \> YS\ihfq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^trsl0Y[Z]\ ^" sfq\ \if eIr=d]| Zd]u[\ ]u[rh]d]|i\ |ir=k]â`bâY[\_kY h% YA c^[\YS^ sk]h(YSZ]\qf& s`bk9âZ% sI\ rsl7 @ua\_^[Ir=k]â\&c`pnbnUY]`p|- snpnp9eI\Du[\iY s`bk0\_h `gl Y[Z]\qfQr=d YSZ(`b^vu[\D|_rsk0o y=d]ua\_hO`bk+YSZ0\m^ sfq\ 7 `pk+^[d]e]â\_wd]\ikY^[\_â^[`pr=k]^> X | Z]`b\ `pk]y9YSZ]`p^6`bk+]u" s|iY[`b|i\`b^ h]` Q|id]npY h]d]\YSr Y[Z]\`pkYS\_u Dh]\i \ik]h]\ik]|_\ r lYSZ]\'% su" sfQ\YS\iu[^ r lYSZ]\'\_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ ^ \_nbn( s^âr=fq\|_d]uau[\ikY[np d]k]|ir=kYSu[rsnbn/ e]nb\q% su" sfQ\YS\iu[^68^[d]| Z s^Y[Z]\ sk0y=nb\& YcZ0`b| ZYSZ0\fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\â`pY[^K`bkj`pY[^3 sh% s0Y[\_u d]| Z su sfq\iY[\_ua^3 su[\vh]`p^[|_d0^[^[\ih`pk@â\_|YS`brsk :+;YSrsy=\iY[Z]\_u1c`pY[Zj^[r=fq\ rs^[^[`pe]nb\fqrh]`po |> YS`pr=k]^~Y[Z% Yc|ir=d]nbhjeI\vf sh0\YSr6YSZ]\ s0% su VYSd]^

$ u[r=f YSZ0\_^[\u[\_âd]npY[^>c`pYQ`b^Q rs^[^[`pe]nb\jYSr h]\_ua`p=\ kd]fQ\iu[`p|- sn fQ\> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY[^rslYSZ0\

u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\q| Z% su" s|iY[\_ua`bâY[`b|i^r l Y[Z]\Du[\_\ih0 Z]\Du[\i^[r=k% kYlGu[\iwd]\_k]|i`b\i^ sua\6YSu[`g`/ snpnpjh]\DYS\iu[fq`bk]\ih `pkYSZ]\|- sâ\6rslYSZ]\u[\_â rsk]^[\6|id]uas\qâZ]rck`bko ysd]u[\ :+ qYSZ]\lGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^

6 %

rsl Y[Z]\cY=~r Z0`by=Z]np`by=ZY[\_hqu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^7 su[\ + 5 ) * k]h &% )F*z\iY[\_u[fq`bk0`bk]yYSZ0\ wd% snp`pYl. s|YSr=ur l Y[Z]\6u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^'`p^? mnb\_â^YSua`p`/ snt]uar |i\_^[^ e \i|- sd]â\qY[Z]`b^ |_d]u =\q|_nb\> su[ngh0r \i^

k]rsYh]\i^[|iu[`beI\ @np`bk]\> suâ`bfq]nb\6Z% u[fqr=k]`b|r=^[|i`bnbn@ YSrsu> Z]\qfqr=âYvd]â\ilGd]n fq\iYSZ0r h`b^Y[r

s]0np|id]uas\Qo]YaYS`pk]ymYSrmYSZ]\L \_nbnh0\io k]\ih % uaYS^vrsl YSZ]\D|id]uas\ X ^'|> sk(e \D^[\i\_k(lGu[r=f

o y=d0u[\ + M YSZ0\q|id]uas\_^|- sk(eI\qh0`bâY[`bk]|YSngn@ s|A!`bk]yj`bk9d0^[\ilGd0n h YA lGr=uY[Z]`b^]d0u[Ir=^[\^[r k s]]uar-0`pf VYS`brsk `b^ snbnY[Z% Y6|> sk+e \ f sh0\ X wd% nb`pYl. s|YSr=u'rslceI\iY= \_\_k s D]uar `pf Y[\_ng sk]h `p^~|_rsk]^[`pâYS\ikYSnpQfq\- sâd]u[\ihmd]^[`pk]y6|_d]u =\o]YaYS`pk]y fq\iYSZ0r h]^ Z]\i^[\fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY[^ |> sk eI\ d]^[\ih s^ % su fQ\YS\_ua^ `pkQf& Y[Z]\_f& YS`p|- sn fQrh]\inb^ rsl Y[Z]\ nb`bDua\_\_h$ Z]\ u[\i^[r=k% kY lGu[\iwd]\_k]|q|- skqe \cfq\- sâd]u[\ih&c`gYSZDy=u[\> Y s|_|id]u |i; sk]h& s^ ^[d0| Z|- skqeI\

\- ^[`bngQY[u sk0âlG\_uau[\ih@Y[r& fqrh]\_n ) r \i=\iu> YSZ]\wd% nb`pYql. s|YSr=uKfq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^ su[\np\_â^ \_nbn h]\io]k]\_h09 sk0hL s^^[d0| Zq0u[r `bh]\Kk]r YSZ]`pk]yfqr=u[\ r=unb\i^[ÛY[Z% skL sk6rsu[h]\iursl f& sy=k]`gYSd]h]\\_^ YS`pf Y[`br=klGrsufQrh]\_n su sfq\iY[\_ua^> Z]`b^`b^h0`b^[|id]^[â\_h lGd0uaYSZ0\_uv`bk(| Z% s0Y[\_u6 cZ]\_ua\`pY1 snbârqeI\_|ir=fq\_^K|_np\- suxY[Z% Y sk@r=uah]\_uKrsl f& sy=k]`gYSd]h]\ \_âY[`bf& YS`pr=k`p^3 snbnIYSZ% Y `p^xh]\_â`bua\_hlGr=uKfqr h0\_nbnp`bk]y']d]ua r=â\_^

Z]\ sh]h0`pYS`pr=k% snKh YA â\iY[^m]u[\i^[\_kY[\_h8`bk ] \ik]h]` âZ]r-Y[Z]\f& s`bk lG\- Y[d]u[\i^^[\i\_k9`pk o y=ua\ + u[\|ir=k]â`bâY[\_kYF8@k sfQ\inp IY[Z]\]ua\_â\_k]|i\6rsl r=d0Y=( su[h `bk2( su[h9% `bu[^rsl u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^> $ `py=d]ua\ % âZ]rc^qY= r^[d]| ZO% s`pu[^ 8 sk0h Y[Z]`b^\_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\I r=d]nph]n@ Y=~rh0` # \_u[\ikYk]r YS\_^r=k(YSZ]\DYSuar=f eIr=k]\ \> s| Zc`pY[Z]`bkr=k0\Qrsl YSZ]\i^[\Q% s`bua^ c`pY[Zfq`bk]`pf sn shad]âY[fQ\ikY rsltYSZ0\^ âYS\if

6&6

# !#

Z]\ fQ\> s^[d]ua\_fq\_kY rsl0Y[Z]\ `pk]]d0Y `bfqI\_h% sk0|_\ rsl% kr=e a\i|iYU]u[r `bh]\i^ suaY[`b|_d0n/ suanpd0^[\ilGd0n`bk lGr=u[f& YS`pr=k@r=kYSZ]\u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^vrsl Y[Z% Yr=e a\_|iY> Z0\6u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^vrslY[Z]\6r=e a\i|iYv|> skeI\|> YS\iy=r=ua`b^[\ihjemY[Z]u[\i\v% su fQ\YS\_ua^

!c\_âr=k% sk]|i\lGua\_wd]\ik]|i

d% snp`pYql. s|iY[r=u>

fq \ih% sk]|i\vf sysk]`pY[d]h]\? sk0h ]Z s^[\

k]\ fQ\YSZ]rh rsl fQ\> s^[d0u[`bk0yY[Z]\ `pk]]d0Y `bfqI\_h% sk0|_\ `b^YSr s]]ngL 'â`by=k% nc`pYSZ !k]rck s|ir=d]âY[`b|sr=nbd]fq\=\inbr|_`gYYSr+Y[Z]\\_kYSu" sk]|_\(rslYSZ]\9`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY> sk]h fq\- sâd]u[\9YSZ0\

u[\i^[d]ngYS`pk]yv]u[\i^[^[d0u[\ `bk]â`bh]\xY[Z]\c`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikY G^[\_\ \_wd% VYS`brsk Z]`p^YS\_| Z0k]`bwd]\ `b^ \_nbn\_^ YA se0nb`bâZ]\_h@d]â`bk]yDâY[\_]I\_h ^[`pk]\ 7 s\_^ ^cY[Z]\v`bk]0d0Yc^[`py=k% sn 5 6

Z]`b^ âY[d]h0@d]â\_^ Y[Z]\ X ^ ^ YS\if =\iu[^[`pr=k 6 + Ih0\i=\inbr=I\_hH Y YSZ]\ k]âY[`pY[d0Y l d]u8`b\ik]\_u n/ k]y=âY[`bn % Z]`p^ `p^ |ir=fQ s|iY Z% u[hM( su[\F sk]hq^[r l Y=7 sua\ s|A! sy=\cYSZ% Y |> skfq\- sâd]u[\Y[Z]\6`bk0]d0Y`pfQI\_h sk]|_\rsl sk9r=e a\i|iY + Z0`b^% |A! y=\ d]â\_^ | Z]`bua9^[`py=k% sn`bk0âYS\> sh(rsl1 jâY[\_]I\_h â`bk]\L( s\ k]h |> sk Y[Z]\_ua\ilGr=ua\Q0u[rh]d]|_\qu[\i^[d]ngYS^`bkad]âY mlG\^[\i|_r=k0h]^>u" YSZ0\_u'Y[Z% sk(YSZ]\q^[\=\_u" sn~fq`bkd0Y[\_û[\iwd0`bu[\ih lGr=uvYSZ0\Qd]â\ rsl1 âY[\_]I\_h ^[`bk0\

( s\'â`by=k snJ

6

Mouthpiece

Trombone

Out

In

BIAS

P.C.

$ `py=d]u[\ +, ~ 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA ntâ\iY[d]lGr=uKYSZ]\'fQ\> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY rsl`pk]]d0Y `bfq \ih% sk]|i\vd]^[`pk]yYSZ0\ X mââY[\_f

0 ./1023%(' 0

kr=u[h0\_uYSrjr=e0Y s`bkY[Z]\D`bk]0d0Y`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\6rsl( skr=e a\i|iY-MY[Z]\D^[\iY[d] âZ]rck `pk9o y=d]ua\

+,G7 s^ d]^[\ih0 Z]\ X jZ]\- sh 7 ^ YaYA s| Z]\ih Y[rQYSZ0\'fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\vrslY[Z]\r=e a\_|Y Y[reI\fq\- sâd]u[\ih sk]h9|_n@ sfq \ih o uafQngj`bk]n@ s|_\ \ik]^[d]ua`bk]y skE s`puaYS`py=ZY â\- sn Z]\r=e a\_|Y sk]hZ]\> sh~\iu[\D]n/ |_\_hr=k# m|- u[I\iYYS`pnb\Y[rmu[\ih]d]|_\qe% s|A!y=uar=d]k]h(k]r=`p^[\6np\i=\inb^ sk]h# fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY 7 s^ f sh0\ k9r=uah]\_u YSrr=e YA s`pk snpntY[Z]\ h% Y u[\iwd]`bua\_hlGr=u YSZ]`p^ âY[d]h0 ^[\=\iu sn h]`$# \iu[\_kY r=e a\i|iY |_rsk0o y=d]u" YS`pr=k]^1 \_u[\vfq\- sâd]u[\ih0 Z]\_â\`pk]|_npd]h]\_h

Y[Z]\YSu[rsf e rsk]\ c`pY[ZjY[Z]\vâY sk]h% suahz\ik]`b^8`p|A! mfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\

Y[Z]\+YSu[rsf e rsk]\c`pYSZAY[Z]\ ^ YA sk0h% su[h)z\_k0`b^8`b|A! fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\C sk0h)YSZ0\

sh s0YS\iuK]`b\i|_\ â\_\vo y=d]ua\ :+

Y[Z]\YSu[rsf e rsk]\ c`pY[ZjY[Z]\YSu" sk]^[ su[\ikY fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ â\_\o y=d0u[\

Y[Z]\ Y[u[r=fe r=k0\3c`gYSZqYSZ]\cYSu" sk]^[ su[\ikY~fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ k]hQY[Z]\ h% s0Y[\_u ]`b\i|_\ c`pY[Z

6&5

Y[Z]\v^[nb`ph]\\ Y[\_k]â`br=k@ su[`p\_hj`bk 6 |if âY[\_]^

Y[Z]\z\_k]`p^8`b|A! mfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ 5 sk]h

Y[Z]\YSu k]^[% u[\_kY fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\

0 ./1023%(' 02 '

0 200 400 600 800 10000

10

20

30

40

50

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (M

Ω)

Trombone with 6BS Mouthpiece

$ `py=d]u[\ s k0]d0Yx`pfQI\_h sk]|_\ |_d]u =\ lGrsu YSZ0\ YSuar=f eIr=k]\ sk]hmz\ik]`b^ 8`b|A! c`pY[ZYSZ0\ânb`ph]\d]k]\ Y[\_k]h0\_h0

$ `bysd]u[\ ^[Z]rc^ Y]`b|> sn0`pk]]d0Y`bfq \ih% sk]|i\~fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY>`bkY[Z]`bÛ|- sâ\xlGr=uUYSZ0\M ) `bysZ% sf YSuar=f eIr=k]\Lc`pY[Z YSZ0\z\_k0`b^ 8`p|A! fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\& Y[Y s| Z]\ih0 Z]\qlGu[\Dwd]\_k0|i;wd% snp`pYl. |iYSrsu sk]h& sfQ0nb`pY[d]h]\ rsl \> s| Z ua\_âr=k% skY \> !G sua\cy=`ps\_kD`bk s]I\_k0h]`

6

k rsu[h]\iu YSr`bks\_âY[`by2 VYS\cYSZ]\ lGd]k]h% sfq\_kY sn e \iZ% `pr=d]u rsl Y[Z]\ np`bqu[\i\_h0 `pY `b^ |_rsks\_k]`p\_kYYSr@\BM sfq`bk0\q`gYSê \iZ% `br=d]uv`pk jnb`pk]\- suvua\_y=`pfQ\ Z]`p^'`p^v r=â^[`pe]nb\De(nbrr;!`bk]yI YYSZ0\eI\_Z% `br=d0u'k]\> suvYSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbh0th]\o k]\_h s^Y[Z]\q r=`pkY VY cZ0`b| Z Y[Z]\Q^ âYS\if \ikYS\_ua^â\_npl/D^[d0âYA `bk]\ih(rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pr=k0 Z]`bÎr=`pkY `b^ Y]`p|- snpnpjh]\o k]\ih eE Qe]nbrc`bk0y]u[\i^[âd]u[\ k]h`b^| Z% su |iYS\iu[`p^[\_h e Y[Z]\ua\_^[d0npYS`pk]y]n@ `pk]ylGua\_wd]\_k0|i; X k% np^[`pk]y9Z]r Y[Z]\^ ^ YS\if

h]\iâYA e]`bnp`b^[\i^ snbnpr c^KY[Z]\'YI\rslUu[\_\ihYSrQe \h]\o k]\_h$ d]â`bk]yDYSZ]\'`bk2( su[hH sk]hrsd0Y=7 u[hâY[u[`:!`pk]y6u[\i\_h h]\io k0`pYS`pr=k]^Ky=`g=\ik `pkm^[\_|YS`pr=k

0 ./1023%(' 0

k rsu[h]\iu Y[r`pks\_^ YS`by; YS\KYSZ0`b^ YSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbhqe \iZ% `br=d]uY[Z]\ \B \iu[`pfQ\ikY sn ^[\YSd] ^[Z]rck`pk

o y=d0u[\ +17 ^ d0^[\_h$ kqY[Z]`bÛ^[\iY[d]0YSZ]\xY[u[r=fe r=k0\77 s^ VY[YA | Z]\_hDYSrYSZ0\KfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

d]â`bk]ymYSZ0\L sh% s0Y[\_uv]`p\_|_\ Z]\6YSuar=f eIr=k]\( sô u[fqnp |_n@ sfq \ih9`bk9]n@ s|_\ Y[r@0u[\is\_kY

| Z% sk0y=\_ÛY[r Y[Z]\~â\_k]â`pYS`g=\x\if eIr=d]| Zd]u[\~|- sd]â\_h6eYSZ]\ rsY[\_kYS`@ snbngn@ su[y=\ lGr=ua|_\_^ s]]np`b\ihe Y[Z]\ YSuar=f eIr=k]\ YSrY[Z]\fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ Z0\^[nb`ph]\F( s^Knp\il Yxd0k]|_n@ sfQI\_h ^[r YSZ Yx`gY(( s^lGu[\i\YSrDfQr s\ e]d0Y `gY17 s^câd]]Ir=uaY[\_h nbr=k]y6`gYS^Knp\_k]ysY[Z0

Z]\cnb`p]^ \_u[\c|ir=k0o y=d0u[\_hDYSr0n/ G y=`g=\ikqfqrh]\xr=k6YSZ0\xYSu[rsf e rsk]\ =Y[Z]\xlGu[\iwd0\_k]|rsl cZ]`b| Z( s^vh]\iY[\_u[fq`bk0\_hlGu[r=fYSZ]\D`bk0]d0Yv`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\6fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY[^vh]\_â|_u[`pe \ih `pk

^[\i|iY[`br=k % Z]\qlGu[\_wd]\ik]|i u[\i^[Ir=k]â\ rsl YSZ]`p^\if eIr=d]| Zd]u[\ 7 ^'fq\- sâd]u[\ih s^h]\D^[|iu[`pe \ihm`bkâ\_|iY[`br=k % +; kmr=uah]\_u YSr fq\- sâd]u[\Y[Z]\ Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nphme \iZ% `br=d]u Y[Z]\^[d0]]np

6 ,

Optical Rail

Mirror

Photodiode

PULSE

P.C.

Las

er

PolarisingFilter

Oscilloscope1/4" Microphone

Loudspeaker

Audio Amplifier

Trombone

Manometer

Probe Microphone

$ `by=d]ua\ + \iu[`bfq\_kY sn ^[\YSd]@lGr=uKfq\- sâd]u[`pk]y6YSZ]\YSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph@0n/ `bk]yDeI\_Z% `br=d0u>

]ua\_^[âd]u[\L( s^v^[nbrcng`pk]|_ua\- sâ\_h(d]kYS`bn YSZ]\6np`b]êI\_y; sk9YSrj]n/ @YSZ]\6Y[u[r=f eIr=k]\ l YS\ikYSZ0\ k]rsY[\7 ^ YSrrwd]`b\YYSr Z]\- su `bk]`gYS`/ nbnp ]^[rQYSZ]\ rs^[|_`pnbnpr=^[|ir= \ 7 ^d]^[\ih9YSrfqr=k]`gYSr=u

YSZ0\h]`pr h]\^[`py=k% sn Z]\ ]ua\_â^[d]ua\7 s^ YSZ]\ik9u[\ih]d]|_\ihYSr Y[Z]\fq`bk0`bf d]f nb\=\_n u[\iwd0`bu[\ih

YSr@^[d0âYA `bk Y[Z]\qk]rsYS\ Z]\qlGu[\_wd]\ik]|i(rsl~YSZ]\q]n/ s\_h k0rsYS\L7 û[\i|_r=uah]\_h$ YâZ]r=d]npheI\Qk]r YS\_h(YSZ% VY'`pk f& sk|- ^[\_^YSZ]\q]ua\_^[âd]u[\Qu[\iwd0`bu[\ih Y[r^[d0âYA `bkYSZ]\qk]rsY[\ ( s^np\_â^YSZ skOY[Z% Yqu[\iwd]`bua\_h YSr(`bk]`gYS`/ VYS\ rs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pr=k0 Z0\ r 7 s^DYSZ0\_k^ YSr=0 \ih< sk]h YSZ0\

^[np`bh]\QrslKYSZ0\ YSuar=f eIr=k]\ \YS\_k0h]\_h e 6 |if sk]h YSZ0\]u[r|_\i^[^6ua\_I\- Y[\_h0 Zd]^6fq\- D^[d0u[\_fq\_kY[^ âZ]rc`bk]yvYSZ]\KY[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nphQ0n/ `bk]ylGua\_wd]\_k0|i& s^ lGd]k]|iY[`br=kDrsl YSZ]\KY[u[r=f eIr=k]\

^[np`bh]\\BYS\ik]^[`pr=k0 sk]h|ir=k]^[\iwd]\_kYSng9rsl YSZ0\6u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\6lGu[\iwd0\_k]|rsl YSZ]\6`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY- \_u[\ r=e0YA `bk]\ih0 Z]\ h% YA 'r=e0YA `bk]\ih `bkQ^[\i|iYS`pr=k % \_ua\d]â\_hYSr'y=`ps\ Y[Z]\ snpd]\_^ rslYSZ0\DY[u[r=fe r=k0\6u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^vlGr=u6 jy=`ps\_k(^[np`bh]\ \YS\_k0^[`brsk0 Z0\DlGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^r l Y[Z]\Dnb`b

=

u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^7~\iu[\ Y !s\iklGu[r=f Y[Z]\nb`pQua\_â r=k0^[\h% Y r=e0Y s`bk0\_h VY~YSZ0\ eI\_y=`pk]`bk]y'rslMYSZ0\\B I\_ua`bfq\_kY-

0 ./1023%(' 02 '

$ `py=d]u[\ = ^[Z]rc^ r=k]\ ^[\iYUrsl]h YA MtX ^t|- keI\ â\_\_k$sYSZ]`p^ h YA c`b^ wd% snp`pYS`gYA =\inp ^[`bfq`bn@ suYSr'h% Y 'r=e0Y s`bk0\_h `pk â`bfq`bn/ u\B I\_u[`pfQ\ikYS^~e ~d]npnb\_k + sk]h \- sn % UYSZ]\ ]n/ `bk0ylGu[\iwd]\_k]||iu[r=â^[\i^ lGu[r=f e \inbr YSr seIr s\@Y[Z]\ Y[u[r=fe r=k0\ ^Qua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\ lGu[\iwd]\_k]|< ^YSZ0\ânb`ph]\`b^K\YS\_k0h]\_h . sk]h@|_r=k0^[\_wd]\ikYSnpmY[Z]\vu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\vlGu[\iwd0\_k]| ua\_h]d0|_\_h n@ D`bk0ye \inbr YSZ]\K`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYua\_âr=k% sk]|i\K`b^| Z su s|YS\iu[`b^ YS`p|xrsl `bk2( su[hD^ YSu[`:!`bk]yua\_\ihDYI\_^cZ]\iu[\- ^]n/ `bk0yF e r =\ YSZ]\ `bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikYUua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\~`b^t| Z% su" s|iY[\_ua`bâY[`b| rsl r=d Y=7 suah âY[u[`:!2D`bk0y6u[\_\ih YI\_^> s^câZ]rck`bkmâ\_|YS`brsk

~nb\> su[ngm`bk2( su[h@âY[u[`@!`pk]y sk]hrsd0Y=7 u[h^ YSua`@!`bk]yDua\_y=`pfQ\i^ |> sk]k]r Y `pk]h]`g `ph]d% snpnp& s|D|_rsd]kYlGr=uYSZ]`p^'eI\_Z% `brsd]u> XxY \_`gYSZ]\iu'\YSu[\ifQ\ rslxYSZ0\h% Y ^[\Y-UY[Z]\ua\_\_h |_r=d]nph eI\

|_n@ s^[â`po \ih# s^\_`gYSZ]\iu`bk27 u[hâY[u[`@!`pk]y ^[Z0r=uaYv]`p \nb\_k0ysYSZ0M0n/ `bk]ymeI\_npr /YSZ0\q`pk]âY[u[d Dfq\_kY? sk0hu[\i\_h9u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^ r=u r=d0Y=( su[h9^ YSua`@!`bk]y npr=k]yq]`bI\np\_k]ysY[Z0I]n/ `bk]y seIr s\YSZ0\`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY? sk0hu[\i\_h9u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\i^ 6) r~\=\iu>M^[d0| Z9u[\_\ihY \i^|- sk]k0rsY]n@ \ D s|YSnp r=kjYSZ]\v`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYcu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\Ik0r=uK|- skjYSZ0\ij|_uar=^[^cr =\iu `gY-

rsY[\ Y[Z% Y1 npYS\iu[`pk]yYSZ]\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\`p^~\iwd0`p snb\ikY Y[rEanp`b]]`pk]y; k]r YS\ cZ]\iu[\YSZ0\]`pY[| Z`b^ ^[fqr r YSZ]ngQ| Z sk]y=\ihmeQYSZ]\ f d]^[`p|_`@ sk suar=d]k]h ^[`bk0y=nb\ `bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY

u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ e sh ad]^ YS`pk]yYSZ]\ \_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ kDYSZ]\anp`b]]`pk]y;|> s^[\ `gY `b^Y[Z]\ ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\lGu[\iwd]\_k]|i`b\i^Krsl YSZ]\np`b]^ YSZ Y3 sua\| Z% sk]ys\_h0]u" YSZ0\_u~Y[Z% skYSZ0\u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\lGua\_wd]\_k0|_`b\i^Krsl

+

0 10 20 30 40 50150

200

250

Slide Extension (cm)

Fre

quen

cy (

Hz)

Experimental Threshold Playing Frequencies

flip

flip

(a)

(b)

$ `py=d]u[\ = I\_u[`pfQ\ikYA snpnp@fQ\> s^[d0u[\_h9Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nph9e \iZ% `br=d]u M`pk]\ ^[Z]rc^YSZ0\YSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph#]n/ `bk]y(lGu[\iwd0\_k]|; M`bk]\i^ e ^[Z]r YSZ]\`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikYu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^ Z]\Z]r=ua`@*ir=kYA sn nb`pk]\_^^[Z0r 4YSZ0\ u[\inb\ kYnb`p ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\lGu[\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^`bh]\ikY[`po \ih `bk o y=d]ua\ +

YSZ0\`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY- Z]`p^ ^ YSd]h0@d]â\_^? D su[`@ se]nb\`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\eI\_|> sd]â\ `pY3( s^\- ^[`b\iuxYSrq|_r=kY[u[r=nM^ ^ YS\if Y[`b|> snbngQY[Z% skmYSZ]\vua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\lGua\_wd]\_k0|_`b\i^ r l Y[Z]\vnb`b0^>

Z]\cââY[\_f%|> sk snbâre \Kâ\_\ikDY[r ad]fqeI\iY= \_\_kqYSZ]\Kfqrh]\_^r lIY[Z]\xYSuar=f eIr=k]\1 VYYSZ0\\BYSua\_fq\^[nb`ph]\\ Y[\_k]â`br=k0^ |_f \BYS\ik]^[`pr=k sk]h % 5 76 |if \BY[\_k]â`br=k Z]\YSZ]ua\_âZ Dr=nph+]n/ `bk]y9lGua\_wd]\_k0|_`b\i^Qâd]y=y=\iâYqYSZ% VY6YSZ]\iu[\j`b^L nb`pfQ`gYS\_h u sk0y=\jrsl k0rsYS\i^DY[Z% YDYSZ0\

\_fe r=d0| Zd0u[\ d]â\_h`bk@YSZ]`p^ \0I\_ua`bfq\_kY c`pnbn ]n@ 8@`pk Y[Z]`b^ |- sâ\ e \Y=~\i\_kC+ )F* k]h + )F* Z0`b^ ad]fq#e \Y=~\i\_k&fqr h0\_^m|_rsu[u[\i^[Ir=k]h]^jYSr +^4c`gYS| Z e \Y=~\i\_k.rsd0Y=7 u[hâY[u[`:!`pk]yYI\eI\_Z `pr=d]uxr=kmY[Z]\nbr \_uxfqr h0\ cZ0\_u[\Y[Z]\YSZ]ua\_âZ]r=nbhj]n@ `pk]y `p^1 seIr s\

YSZ0\ nbr|- n`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikYu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\ sk]h `pk ( suah âY[u[`:!`pk]yrsk YSZ]\QZ]`bysZ]\_ufQrh]\LcZ]\_ua\YSZ0\ YSZ]ua\_âZ]r=nbh+0n/ `bk]ylGua\_wd]\ik]|i+`p^ eI\_nbr?YSZ0\`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY6u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\ Z]\mIr=`pkY

Y cZ0`b| ZYSZ0\ YSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbh9]n@ `pk]y lGua\_wd]\_k0|i|_uar=^[â\_^lGu[rsf-eI\_npr Y[rI se r s\ YSZ]\ ^" sfq\

`bk0âYSuad]fq\_kYu[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ . Y^[np`bh]\'\BYS\ik]^[`pr=kC+5 76 |_f`bko]y=d]u[\ = |_np\- suanp@h]r\_^k]r Y

\B Z]`pe]`pYQ^[d0| Z ^[d0h]h]\_k#| Z sk]y=\`pk ua\_\ih#e \iZ% `pr=d]uxe]d0Y u Y[Z]\_uQu[\_0u[\_â\_kYSÎ (|_r=k9DYS`pkd]r=d]^YSu" sk]â`pYS`pr=k9eI\iY= \_\_k Y[Z]\6Y=~r fQrh]\i^r l~r=â|_`pnbn/ VYS`brsk0~r=k]â\_wd]\ikY[np UYSZ]\Dd]â\

rsl âd]| Z# \_npnUh]\o k]\ih0 sk]h9r=0 r=â`bk]yM u[\i\_hYI\_^`b^ |_nb\> su[ng@k]rsY? ]]u[rs]u[`@ YS\lGr=u YSZ0\h]\i^[|_ua`b0Y[`br=kQrsl Y[Z]`b^ u[\i\_h 86^[d]| Zmh0\io k]`gYS`pr=k]^ h]rk]r Y7 snpnbrlGrsu Y[Z]`b^ !`bk]h rsl |ir=kYS`bkd]rsd]^

| Z% sk0y=\ `pk YSZ0\QYSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph ]n@ `pk]y@lGua\_wd]\ik]|i lGu[r=feI\_npr YSr e r =\qYSZ]\Q`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY

u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ k]^ YS\- h0`pY'`b^ ~r=u YSZ |ir=k]â`bh]\iu[`bk0ycZ% Y!`pk]h rslxu[\_\ih ~rsd]nbh nbnbr)YSZ]`p^

r=e]â\_u =\_h e \iZ% `br=d]u5 sk]hjYSZ]`p^K`b^K`pks\_^ YS`by; YS\ih `pk@| Z s0YS\iu 6

# # #

0 ./1023%(' 0 %(% 02 3 - 02- % 3

\i|iYS`pr=k % ]u[\i^[\ikY[^ ch]\_â|_u[`p0YS`pr=kr l0YSZ0\ e]u" s^[^ f d]â`b|_`@ skv`bkvYS\iu[fq^ rsl% â\iYr l]|_rsd]]nb\ihr=â|_`bnpn/ Y[r=u[^ DY[Z]\np`b]^( sk]hYSZ0\`bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY- ) r \is\_u> Y[Z]\_ua\`b^7 nb^[r YSZ]`pu[hua\_^[rsk% YSrsu`bkjYSZ0\'^ ^ YS\if D YSZ0\sr |> snMYSu |iY- Z]`b^ ^[\i|iY[`br=k `bk=\iâYS`py2 Y[\_^cYSZ]\\ # \_|Y YSZ YcYSZ]`p^ Z% ^r=kmYSZ0\^ âYS\if

Z]\ suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQrsd0YSZ( s^h]\_â`by=k]\ih9YSrjZ% =\& mn/ suay=\ |- `pY=r=npd]fQ\e \iZ]`bk]hYSZ0\

nb`p]^^[rjYSZ YvYSZ]\ ) \inbfqZ]r=ngY* ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\Qrsl YSZ]\D|> `gYE7 s^^[d Q|i`b\ikY[npnpr s^YSr@eI\

=

`bk0^[`bysk]`po |> skY- ) r \is\_u `gYc`b^KIr=^[â`be]np\YSr& snpY[\_uxYSZ0\|> `gY=rsnbd]fq\ve sh]h]`pk]yG7 Y[\_u Z]\F) \inbfqZ]r=npY"*xu[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ rsl$ ua`by=`ph D ( snbnp\_h rse a\_|Y c`gYSZ& |> `gY =rsnbd]fq\ k]h skjr=d0Y[nb\YcrslUnp\_k]y YSZ sk]h sua\- O`p^ ys`p=\ikje

+ 6

Z]`p^~\_wd% VYS`brsk`b^ e% s^[\ihjr=k^[\=\iu sn ^[^[d0fQ0Y[`br=k0^> $ `pu[^ Y-YSZ% Y YSZ]\F7 =\inb\ik]ysYSZ0^Krsl `bk DYS\iu[\iâY( su[\cf d]| Zqy=ua\- Y[\_uYSZ% kqY[Z]\ h0`bfq\_k]â`br=k]^r l Y[Z]\ ua\_âr=k% Y[r=u> Zd]^ YSZ0\ ua\_^[rsk% YSrsu|- k eI\@Y[u[\> YS\ih s^& ^[\_ua`b\i^Qrsl nbd0fQI\_hO\_np\_fq\_kYS^~^[I\_|i`po |> snbng Y[Z]\ k0\_|A! sk]hOe rh0

rsltYSZ]\rse a\_|Y- X k]r YSZ]\iuF ^[^[d0fQ0Y[`br=km`p^xYSZ% VYK `p^[|ir=d]^cnbr=â^[\i^F u[\k]\iy=nb`py=`be]np\ |ir=fq% su[\ihc`pY[ZYSZ0\1 s|_rsd]âY[`b|~u" sh]`@ YS`pr=k'`pfQI\_h sk]|_\ $ r=u ââY[\_fq^ cZ]\_ua\xYSZ]\~k]\_|A!'Z% s^ sk su[\> rsl s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inp |_f r=ucy=ua\- Y[\_ucYSZ]`p^ s^[âd]fQ YS`brsk@`p^K nb`bh$ ) r~\=\_u `pk@Y[Z]\Y]`p|- sn]n@ `pk]y â`pYSd YS`pr=k@Y[Z]\ np`b@| Z% sk]k]\inZ% s^ sk sua\- Qr l r= \ik]`bk0y f d]| Z9âf nbnb\iuKYSZ% sk YSZ]`p^

* + |_f Z]\D\ # \_|Yv`b^ Y[Z% YY[Z]\6â^ YS\_f Z% s^6 f d]| Zy=ua\- Y[\_uh sfQ0`bk]y|ir \ GD|_`p\_kY- cZ]`b| Z u[\_h0d]|_\i^YSZ]\Qwd% snb`gY9l. s|iY[r=u sk]h Y[Z]\ |> snb|id]n/ VYS\_h(u[\i^[r=k sk]|_\QlGu[\_wd]\ik]|i Z]\Do k% sn sâ^[d]fq0Y[`br=k`b^Y[Z% YvYSZ]\qeIr h0rsl~Y[Z]\Du[\_âr=k% Y[r=uZ% s^vu[`py=`bh( snbnp^> Z]`b^`b^n/ u[y=\inp Y[u[d]\6cZ]\ikd]^[`pk]yDYSZ]\ suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQr=d YSZ0 e]d Y `pk@Y[Z]\'|> s^[\'rslUY[Z]\Zd0f sk@=r|- snYSu" s|iY~YSZ]`p^x`b^xk0rsYxYSZ0\|- sâ\ DYSZ]\ârsl Y7( snbnp^xfq\- skY[Z% YxY[Z]\h% sfq]`bk0yrsl YSZ0\ââY[\_f `b^

lGd]u YSZ]\iu `pk]|_ua\- sâ\_h0

Z]\ f 0`pf d]f |- `pYsr=nbd0fQ\rslY[Z]\ suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQr=d YSZ ( s^ + = fqnJ Z0`b^M|_rsd]nbhveI\u[\ih]d]|i\_he sh]h0`bk]yG( YS\iu Y[rDY[Z]\|- `pYmYSrDua\_h]d]|i\'Y[Z]\=r=npd]fQ\vrsl s`pu> Xf `pf d]f

rslG+6 = fqnxrsl ( Y[\_u |ir=d]npheI\ sh]h0\_h`pkOY[Z]`b^L7 Z]\ rs^[`pY[`br=kOrslY[Z]\ s`buD`bk0nb\iY

%

o]YaYS`bk0y 89% su YG `bk9o y=d]ua\ % 89f& su4!s\_h(YSZ]\qf& `bf d]f 7 VYS\_u'nb\=\_n !`bk0y YSZ0\

s]0u[r- `bf& YS\@ nbd]\i^ + fqf + f GY[Z]\ s]]uar-0`pf VYS\np\_k]y YSZ#rslvYSZ0\9nb`b

| Z% sk0k]\_n fqf + f YSZ]\& s]]uar-0`pf VYS\Dr=I\_k]`pk]yH u[\- jrslxY[Z]\qnb`b

| Z% sk0k]\_n sk0h + =s fQn + f YSZ]\@=r=npd]fQ\jrsl YSZ]\ fQr=d YSZO|- `pY \y=\Y k`bk0h]`b|> YS`pr=k+rsl Y[Z]\) \_npfQZ0r=npY"*lGu[\_wd]\ik]|iOrsl YSZ]`p^DââY[\_f 66 u h ^> lvYSZ]\sr=nbd0fQ\ rsl s`buQ`bkYSZ0\fQrsd0YSZ#|> `gY`b^ u[\_h0d]|_\ih8Y[r+`pY[^fQ`pk]`bfd]f3 snbd]\ rsl

== fQn YSZ]`p^v snpd]\De \i|_r=fq\_^ +;+ = u sh V^> Z]\_â\ sk]ysd]n/ sulGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^|ir=k=\iuaYYSrI ]]u[r- `bf& Y[\_np 5)F*L sk]hC+ &6 )F* ua\_â \i|iYS`g=\inp; ~r=k]^[\iwd]\_kYSng; ~\D\0I\_|YvYSrm^[\i\

H) \_npfQZ]rsnpY*6ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\QlGr=uvYSZ0\Qfqr=d0Y[Z |> `gY r lKe \Y=~\i\_k 6 ) * k]h s= )F* h]\i \ik]h]`bk0y@rsk(Y[Z]\6|_r=k o y=d]u" YS`pr=k0 Z]\Dâ\_|_rsk]h sk0hY[Z]`buahfQrh]\_^r l Y[Z]\6YSu[rsf e rsk]\ c`pY[ZmYSZ]\^[np`bh]\d]k0\BYS\ik]h]\_h$Il. snpn `bkY[rDY[Z]`b^Kua\_y=`pr=k0 k r=u[h]\iuKYSrD`bk=\iâY[`by2 Y[\YSZ]\v\ # \_|YrslIYSZ]\ |- `pY r=kqY[Z]\c]n/ s\_h k0rsYS\Y[Z]\cu sh0`/ Y[\_hq^[r=d]k0h ( s^ u[\_|ir=u[h0\_h d0^[`bk0yY[Z]\c^[\iY[d]

^[Z0r ck `bk+o y=d0u[\ s Z]\jfqr=d0YSZ( s^qfQr=d0kY[\_hO rs`bkYS`pk]y9d]27 u[h]^DYSr( su[h]^DYSZ0\

|_\i`bnp`bk]yY[r snpnbr Y[Z]\@|- `pY+YSr(eI\@o npnb\ih Y[r `gYS^Df& `bf d]f nb\is\_n1c`pY[Z ( Y[\_u> Z]\ su YS`po]|_`/ nIfqr=d0Y[Z&( s^Ku[\i|_r=k o y=d]ua\_hlGu[rsf?Y[Z]\â\iYSd0@âZ]rckj`bkQo]y=d]u[\i^ YSr 5 Z]\ ^[I\- ! \_u ]n@ YS\ ( s^v`bk=\iuaYS\ih âr@Y[Z% YY[Z]\6^[f& snbn fQ`p|_uar=]Z]r=k0\6Z]r=nb\i^ \_ua\& VYYSZ0\Ke rsYaYSr=f/rsl YSZ0\ fqr=d0Y[Z0 Z]\c^[I\- ! \_u Z]r=np\ .! ( s^ ^[\- nb\_hGc`gYSZL u[d0e]e \iu e]d]k]y ^( s^ r=k0\'rsl YSZ]\'fQ`p|_uar=]Z]r=k0\Z0r=nb\i^> Z]\'rsYSZ0\_u fQ`p|_u[rs]Z]r=k]\vZ]rsnb\ s|iY[\_hE ^ sk r=d0Y[nb\iY

lGr=utYSZ]\ 7 Y[\_u=YSZ]uar=d]y=ZG ]`b\i|_\~r l YSd]e]`pk]y cZ]`p| Z( s^^[\> snb\ih `bkYSZ]\xZ0r=nb\UX<) r # f sk0k|_np`b ( s^ ]n/ s|i\_hjr=kjYSZ]\v\ik]h r l Y[Z]`b^xY[d]e \5 s|iY[`bk]y s^ snps\

k r=uah]\_uYSrr=e0^[\_u =\âd]e0Y[nb\ | Z sk]y=\i^6`bk Y[Z]\ âr=d]k]h$7+^[\i|_r=k0h+^ sfq]nb\i^ \_ua\^[\Dwd]\_kY[`/ snpnpm|> s0YSd0u[\_h k]hE sk% np^[\ih`bk K Y[n/ se@]uar=y=u f Z]\ $ rsd]u[`p\_uKYSu" sk]âlGrsu[fq^

6

Sound Desk

Optical Rail

Mirror

Photodiode

PULSE

P.C.

Las

er

PolarisingFilter

Oscilloscope

Probe MicrophoneTrombone

Microphone

Water outlet

Valve

PumpAir

$ `py=d]u[\ s t \iu[`bfq\_kY sn â\iY[d] lGr=utfQ\> s^[d]ua`bk]y YSZ]\~u sh]`@ YS\ihâr=d]k]h lGuar=f&YSZ]\ YSu[rsfLDeIr=k]\ c`pY[Z' sua`pk]y fqr=d0Y[Z|- `pYvsr=nbd]fq\ YS\iu ( s^ sh0h]\_hY[r Y[Z]\~^ ^ YS\if/Y[Z]u[r=d0y=ZYSZ0\& `bu`bk0nb\iYY[r cZ]`b| Z(YSZ]\q]d]fq`b^ Y[Y s| Z]\ih `bk9Y[Z]`b^vh]`@ sy=u f Y[\_u?7 ^'ânbrcnpu[\ifQr s\_hjemr=I\_k]`pk]yYSZ0\ np=\rskYSZ]\ ( YS\iuKr=d0Y[nb\iY1 ^[f& snbn sfqr=d]kY- Z0\u" sh]`@ YS\ih^[rsd]k]hI7 s^ u[\i|_r=uah]\_h@emYSZ]\ uad]k]k]`pk]y K Y[n/ se0 sk]h sk% sng â\_h YKYSZ0\^" sfq\YS`bfq\

rsl YSZ]\i^[\ ^" sfq]nb\i^6 \_ua\ sk snp^[\ih Y[rh]\YS\_uafQ`pk]\6YSZ]\& sfq]nb`gYSd]h0\_^6 sk]h(lGu[\iwd0\_k]|i`b\_^'rsl

YSZ0\ ^[I\_|YSu n \> !^> Z]\6^ ^ YS\if 7 ^^[\iYd]# s^`bk o y=d]ua\ s c`pY[ZYSZ]\f `pf d]f

Ir=^[â`be]np\ np\i=\in r l%7 Y[\_u +6 s fQn `bkYSZ]\ fQr=d YSZ|> `gY; Z0`bÛy; s\7 ua\_f& s`bk0`bk]yc|- `pY=rsnbd]fq\rsl == fQn Z]\vâ^ YS\_f 7 s^câ\iY ]n/ `bk0yYSZ]\â\_|ir=k]h@fQrh]\rsl Y[Z]\YSu[rsf e rsk]\ c`pY[Z(Y[Z]\q^[nb`ph]\Dd]k]\ Y[\_k]h0\_h0 sk0h YSZ0\Qh% VYA H |_wd]`bâ`pY[`br=kâY suaY[\_h0 k r=uah]\_uvYSr \_nb`pfQ` Dk% Y[\? sk| Z sk]y=\i^K`bkmu h]`/ Y[\_hâr=d]k]hjh]d0\YSr YSu" sk]â`b\_kYKeI\_Z `pr=d]ux`pk YSZ]\^ âYS\if0k]r| Z% sk0y=\_^1 \_u[\f& sh]\YSr Y[Z]\vââY[\_f lGr=u3 6â`by=k]`go |- kYxnb\_k0ysYSZjrsltYS`pfQ\ s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inps fq`bkd0Y[\_^ Z]`p^K\_k]âd]u[\ih@Y[Z% YxY[Z]\ââY[\_f Z shm^[\Y[YSnp\_hj`bkY[rG âY[\- sh0âYA VYS\ k]|i\`pYF7 ^\iâY se]nb`p^[Z]\ihYSZ% VYYSZ]\6u" sh]`@ YS\ih9^[r=d]k0h( s^|ir=k]âY skY- snps\( s^r=I\_k]\ih' VY

YSZ0\'e% ^[\rslYSZ0\'fqr=d0Y[ZH snpnbrc`bk0y YSZ]\67 VYS\_u YSrqnb\> s\Y[Z]\fQr=d YSZ@|- `pY@^[npr cng; Z]\ r&u" YS\?( s^cZ]\_nph |ir=k]^ YA skYF Y 5 fqn \iuK^[\i|_r=k]h$

0 ./1023%(' 02 ' % % 02 302- %

Z]\ua\_^[d0npYS^~rsl YSZ]\i^[\\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^KâZ]r~\ihjs\_u mnb`gY[YSnp\K u[`/ VYS`brsk `bkQYSZ]\Y[`bf e]ua\ ]`pY[| Zr=u sfq]nb`gYSd]h]\ rsl0YSZ]\ u sh]`@ YS\ihâr=d]k]hL s^tYSZ]\ |- `pYv=rsnbd]fq\ ( s^| Z sk]y=\ih0 Z]\xn@ su[ys\_âY| Z% sk0y=\`bkY[Z]\u h]`/ Y[\_hmâ \i|iYSuad]f ( s^cr=e]â\_u =\_h s^~Y[Z]\=rsnbd]fq\rsl s`pu~`pkYSZ]\fqr=d0Y[Z

|- `pY7 ^`bk]|iu[\- ^[\_h9lGuar=f s= fqntY[r 6&6 fqnJ s^^[Z0r ck`pko y=d]ua\ #% Z]\6âY[\- sh0âY YS\ceI\ilGr=ua\xYSZ]\1( YS\iu np=\7( s^ r=I\_k]\ihQ`p^^[Z]rckq`bk6YSZ0\co]u[âY â\_|YS`brskQrslIYSZ0`bô y=d0u[\ Z]\ snps\ ( s^ r= \ik'h0d]u[`pk]y Y[Z]\ ^[\i|_r=k]h^[\_|YS`pr=k0 cZ]\_ua\ YSZ0\ ( Y[\_utâYS\> sh]`pnp6 sk0h'ânbrcnp r \_hr=d0YlGuar=f YSZ]\6fqr=d0Y[Z|- `pY Z]\o k% n^[\i|iYS`pr=k9^[Z0r c^Y[Z]\ ^ ^ YS\if l YS\iu YSZ0\ snps\Z% sh@e \i\_k@u[\i^[\- nb\_h$

Z]\6 su[`@ YS`pr=k`pkYSZ]\L sfq]np`pYSd0h]\rsl \> s| Z I\- !`bkY[Z]`b^|> s^[\( s^vnb\i^[^Y[Z% skC+ h \B |i\_0Y YSZ]\ 6VYSZQ \> !59cZ]`p| ZQ sua`b\_hQeI+ 6Vh Z]\_â\ su[`@ YS`pr=k]^ sua\ k0\_y=np`by=`pe]nb\(cZ0\_k|_rsfQ% u[\_h c`gYSZmYSZ]\ sua`/ Y[`br=k]^ Y 0`b|- nbnpQ^[\i\_k h]d]u[`pk]yDk]r=uaf sn ]n/ `bk]yM

0 ./1023%('*! 0 02' $''%

Z]\Kuar=nb\ YSZ% YUYSZ]\xfqr=d0Y[Z |- `pY]n/ ^`pk e0d*>*i`bk]y VYSZ]\Knp`b]^ D cZ]\iu[\xY[Z]\xnb`p]Ûrs^[|_`pnbn@ YS\c`pY[Z]r=d0Y kh]rck]âY[u[\- fua\_âr=k% Y[r=u `p\ Mc`gYSZ Dfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ua`bf `b^3 nb^[rDd]k0|_\_u YA s`pk + 8`gYSZ]r=d Y Y[Z]\I\_ua`brh]`b|vh]ua`p`bk]yDlGr=ua|_\0u[r `bh]\ih9ejY[Z]\h]rck]^ YSua\- sf-u[\_âr=k% Y[r=u>YSZ0\6fQrh]\_nUu[\_0u[\_â\_kYS\ih e9\iwd YS`pr=k &% |- skk]rsYvâd]âY s`bkr=â|_`pnbn/ VYS`brsk06) r \i=\iu>

5

300 300 800 800

47

57

Volume (ml)

Pea

k A

mpl

itude

(dB

)

1st Partial2nd Partial3rd Partial4th Partial5th Partial6th Partial

$ `py=d]u[\ #% X fq]np`pYSd0h]\ rsl Y[Z]\|_r=fqIr=k]\_kY[^Krsl Y[Z]\u h]`/ Y[\_hmâr=d]k]hmlGu[rsf YSZ0\YSu[rsfLDeIr=k]\ ^ YSZ0\7 VYS\_u =r=npd]fq\`b^ | Z% sk0y=\_h0 Z]\YSZ0u[\_\'^[\i|iYS`pr=k]^r lYSZ]\y=u s0Z^[Z]rYSZ0\âY[\- sh 9âY YS\6eI\ilGr=ua\L sk]h# l Y[\_uYSZ0\6u[\_np\- sâ\6rsl YSZ]\G( YS\iu6 sk]h9YSZ0\6h0k% sfq`b|6âY YS\L ^YSZ0\3( Y[\_u 7 ^ ua\_nb\> s^[\ih k]hqY[Z]\c|- `pY sr=nbd0fQ\7 \_kY lGu[r=f s= fqn YSr s fQnM Y u Y[\rsl 5 fQn ^[\i|

c`bh0\_npQd]â\_h0u s|YS`b|i\YS\i| Z]k]`bwd]\lGr=u~Zd0f skj]n@ =\_ua^c`b^~Y[rq0n/ s|i\YSZ]\i`buxnp`b]^~Y[r e]u sâ^fqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\~ua`bf sk0h e]d**~YSZ]\i`butnb`p]^ Û`pl0YSZ]\ \_ua\K]n/ `bk]yF sk `pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY>=^[Z]rc`pk]yYSZ Yc\_wd% Y[`br=k &% h]r\_^ck]rsY sh0\_wd% Y[\_nph]\_â|_u[`pe \Y[Z]\vââY[\_f

k]\QIr=â^[`be0nb\6\B ]n@ sk% Y[`br=k9lGr=uY[Z]`b^v]Z0\_k]r=fq\_k0r=k `p^YSZ% YvY[Z]\D`bfq \ih% sk]|i\qr l~YSZ0\

fqr=d0YSZ9|> `gY sk]h9sr |> snYSu" s|iYv]uar `ph]\_^Y[Z]\Dr=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pk]yqh]u[`g `pk]ylGr=ua|_\ kr=uah]\_uY[r

`bks\_âY[`by2 VYS\~Y[Z]`b^=YSZ]\3 su YS`go |_`@ snfQr=d YSZ( s^^[\Y d0 YSr]n@ fQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\xu[`pf c`pY[Z6k]r

h]rck]^ YSu[\> sf ua\_^[rsk% YSrsu> Z0\qfqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\u[`bf ( s^vu[\_0u[\_â\_kYS\ih e h]\`b|_\cZ0`b| Z( s^ r=ua`by=`pk% snpnp(h]\_â`by=k0\_h Y[r Z0r=nbh k]rsu[f& snxe]u" s^[^QfQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\@`pkOY[Z]\@fQr=d YSZ]]`p\_|i\

Z]r=nph]\_u(8m`pYS\if f ^[Z]rck`pk o y=d0u[\ % Z]`b^ |_r=fqIr=k]\_kY Z% shH Qh]`@ sfQ\YS\iuF k]hua`bf

YSZ0`b|A!k]\_â^ ^[`pfQ`pn/ suY[r Y[u[r=fe r=k0\Qfqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ X h]h]`pY[`br=k snbng;M]ua\i`br=d0^ \B I\_u[`p\_k]|i\`bk0h]`b|> YS\ihYSZ% Y d]^[`pk]y ~YSZ]`pk]k]\_uMysu sh]\r l n@ YS\ lGrsu YSZ]\np`b]^ ~r=d0nbhvf !s\^[\inpl/D r=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pr=k

\- ^[`b\iu> sk0h6^[rYSZ]\ fQfYSZ]`p|A!n@ YS\ np`b]^ ~\iu[\cu[\i]n/ s|i\_hc`gYSZ fqf/Y[Z]`b|A!k]\i^[^ nb`p]^>cZ]`pnbâY6! \_\i]`bk]yjYSZ0\qr YSZ]\iuh0`bfq\_k]â`br=k]^Y[Z]\D^ sfq\ + fQf-h]`/ fQ\YS\_u + s fqfnb\_k0ysYSZ05 fqf\ # \_|YS`ps\cnb`bnb\_k0ysYSZ UX ^[`bh0\~lGu[r=fYSZ0\_^[\c| Z% k]y=\_^YSZ]\K\0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n]^[\YSd]G( s^YSZ0\ ^" sfQ\ s^ d]â\_h`pk6YSZ]\ ]u[\`br=d]^ ^[\i|iY[`br=k0 k]âY[\- shQrsl sk snp^[`pk]yYSZ]\ u h]`/ Y[\_hD^[rsd]k]h

^[I\_|YSuad]fMY[Z]\D% su fQ\YS\_ua^vrsl~`pkYS\_ua\_^ Y \_ua\6YSZ]\6YSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph ]ua\_â^[d]ua\ sk0h(Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nph

]n@ `pk]ylGu[\iwd0\_k]|; Z]\jfQrsd0YSZ |- `pY7 s^6o npnb\ih c`pYSZ +6 = fqn~rsl ( YS\iu> nb\- `bk0y sk `buQsr=nbd0fQ\ rsl == fqnJ X k#\if e rsd]| Zd]u[\( s^YSZ0\_klGr=d]k0hYSZ% Y ]n/ s\_h#`bk YSZ]`p^

|_rsk0o y=d]u" YS`pr=k0 sk]h@YSZ]\vYSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph]n/ `bk0yqlGua\_wd]\_k0|iH sk]h0u[\_â^[d]ua\ \_u[\'fQ\> s^[d0u[\_h$ Z]\3 s`puUâd]]]ng' sng=\(( s^YSZ]\ik6|_npr=^[\ihL sk]h 6 fqn r l%7 Y[\_u\ Y[u s|YS\ihDlGuar=fYSZ]\Kfqr=d0Y[Z

|- `pY Z]\9k0\ YSZ]ua\_âZ]r=nbh]n/ `bk]y(lGu[\iwd0\_k]| sk]he]nbrc`bk0y ]ua\_^[âd]u[\ \_ua\YSZ0\_k

fq\- sâd]u[\ih0$ k]h Y[Z]`b^c]uar |i\_^[^ u[\_I\- VYS\_h `bk 6 fqnMâY[\_]^d0kY[`bn Y[Z]\np`b]^7 r=d]nphk]rsY e]d**\is\_k c`gYSZ8YSZ]\(f& `bf d]f ^[d]]0np8]ua\_^[âd]u[\ s]]np`b\ih0 k]|i\(Y[Z]`b^@âY sy=\(Z% sh e \i\_k

u[\> s| Z]\ih0UYSZ0\ ( YS\iu ( sû[\_`pkYSu[rh]d]|i\_h `pk 6 fQnUâYS\i]^ d]kY[`bnYSZ0\Q|> `gY(sr=nbd0fQ\G( sû[\ih]d]|i\_hYSrQ`pY[^ =s fQnM^ YA su YS`pk]yQIr=`pkY>cX)â\_|_rsk]h9\_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\( s^ Y[Z]\_k\iâY se]nb`p^[Z]\ihYSZ Y0n/ =\ih Y |ir=fQ su Y[`ps\_npnbr%lGu[\iwd]\_k]| ., ;) * sk]h Y[Z]\ 0u[r|_\_âûa\_I\- Y[\_hlGr=uxY[Z]`b^Kk]\BA\_fe r=d0| Zd0u[\

0 ./1023%(' 02 ' 02' ''%

Z]\D`bk0`pYS`@ snt`bk=\iâYS`py2 Y[`br=k]^ wd0`b|A!np9âZ]r~\ih YSZ YYSZ]\Dnp`b]^ r=d]nphr=k]np^[d]^ YA s`pk rs^[|_`pn Dn/ `br=k]^`plKY[Z]\mfqr=d0YSZ |- `pY sr=nbd0fQ\( s^6âf snpn D`b\YSZ]\iu[\ ( s^L n/ suay=\ fQr=d0kYrsl

( YS\iux`bkqYSZ]\|> `gY; ~r=k0^[\_wd]\ikYSnp YSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbhua\_âd]npY[^(~\iu[\r=k0npDr=e0Y s`bk se]nb\clGr=u |- 2D

,

`pYq=rsnbd]fq\_^xd0jY[r % 6VfQn 9cZ]\iu[\> s^xYSZ]\f& `bfd]f?|- `pY sr=nbd0fQ\ 7 s^6+ = fqnJ Z]\ s`pu'`pk YSZ]\Q|- `pY |- sk eI\ Y[Z]r=d]y=ZYrsl s^G ^[0u[`bk0y : Z]\âY[u[\ik]ysYSZ+r lKYSZ]`p^ ^[]ua`bk]y

`bk0|_u[\> s^[\i^'`pk( snpd]\ s^YSZ]\D=rsnbd]fq\Drsl1 s`puh]\_|iu[\> s^[\i^> k rsu[h]\iulGr=uv`gYYSr@e \& @d0^[\ilGd0n

% su YKrsl YSZ0\r=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`bk]yââY[\_f ]YSZ]\â]u[`pk]y6f d]^ YK]uar `ph]\? lGr=ua|_\ cZ]`p| Z@`p^~|ir=fQ su De]np\ YSrM r=u y=u[\> YS\iu Y[Z% sk0YSZ]\ rsYSZ]\iu lGr=ua|_\i^1 s|iY[`bk]y'r=k Y[Z]\ ^ ^ YS\if X â^[d]fq`bk0yYSZ% VY~YSZ0\lGr=ua|_\c`bnpnUeI\DâYSuar=k]yj\_k0r=d]y=Z(`pl YSZ0\qf& sy=k0`pYSd0h]\ rsl YSZ]\D`pfQI\_h% k]|_\6]uar `ph]\_he9YSZ0\

s`pu |- `pY`b^|inbr=â\YSrmYSZ0\6 \> !rsl Y[Z]\6`bfq \ih% sk]|i\ rsl YSuar=f eIr=k]\ fqr=d0Y[Z]]`b\i|_\ `gY`b^

Ir=^[â`be]np\YSrD\_^ YS`bf& Y[\6 Y1cZ% Y |- `pY =r=npd]fQ\6 k \ # \i|iY3c`bnpn eI\rse]^[\iua=\ih0

$ `py=d]u[\ 6 fq \ih% sk]|i\ r l =r=npd]fq\ r l0 s`pu s^ vlGd0k]|iY[`br=kqrslIlGu[\_wd]\ik]|i& sk0hqsr=nbd]fq\

Z]\`bfq \ih% sk]|i\rsl sr=nbd]fq\rsl s`buK`p^Ky=`ps\_kje

+

cZ]\iu[\ `b^ Y[Z]\ =rsnbd]fq\ rsl YSZ0\6|- `pY; `b^ Y[Z]\6^[I\_\ih r l âr=d]k]h`pk s`bu sk]h `p^ YSZ0\

h]\ik]^[`gYrsl1 s`pu> Z]`b^vlGd]k]|YS`pr=k `p^v^[Z]rck ysu s]Z0`b|- nbnp `bko y=d0u[\ 6 $ r=u j]n/ `bk0y

5

lGu[\iwd]\_k]|Drsl + = ) * su sh ^[\i| kq`pfQI\_h sk]|_\Kr l 6 + ~rsd]nbh6eI\c]u[r `bh]\ihDe

qsr=nbd0fQ\rsl1+ &% fqnJ Z]`p^ `p^ r=k0np qo]u[âY s]]uar-0`pf VYS`brsk0 e \i|- sd0^[\ rslUYSZ]\']u[\i^[\_k0|_\

rsl YSZ0\n@ su[ys\r =\_uc]ua\_â^[d]ua\`pkmYSZ]\|> `gYm|_r=fq`bk0ylGu[r=f4YSZ]\lG\i\_h@]`bI\? sk0h `bux]d0fQ0 sk]h(YSZ]\Dl. s|Y'Y[Z% YYSZ]\D=r=npd]fq\qr l3 s`bu`p^'k0rsY|_r=fq]nb\YS\inp9â\- snp\_h eYSZ0\Qnp`b]^ cZ0`b| ZYSZ0\_u[\lGr=u[\ snpnbrc^6 s`pu cZ]`b| Z Z% s^veI\_\_k' s|ir=d]^[`p|- snpnp|_r=fq]u[\i^[â\_h Y[rjnb\- !r=d0YvY[Z]u[r=d0y=Z

YSZ0\np`b]^0ua\_h]d]|i`bk]yDYSZ0\\ # \i|iY[`p=\`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\rsltYSZ]\v|> `gY;

X-âf nbnx=rsnbd]fq\ 0u[r `bh]\i^ n@ su[ys\_uD`bfq \ih% sk]|i\ cZ]`b| Zâd]y=y=\iâY[^QYSZ YQY[Z]\\ifLDeIr=d]| Zd]u[\ ~rsd]nbh e \Q\- sâ`b\_uY[r]n@ Z]\ ua\_âd]npY[^'rsl~YSZ]\DY=~rh% YA j^[\YS^ G]n/ `bk0y VY+ +-)F* k]hE, ;) *`pk YSZ0\o u[^ Y`bk0âYA k]|_\ sua\^[Z0r ck`pk o y=d0u[\ X ^ |- skeI\ â\_\_k$YSZ0\_u[\ `b^7 'âYS\> sh0 u[`bâ\ `pk YSZ]ua\_âZ]r=nbh ]u[\i^[^[d0u[\ s^ Y[Z]\|> `gYQsr=nbd]fq\ `p^~`pk]|_ua\- sâ\_h0% k]h 6|_r=uau[\i^[Ir=k]h]`pk]yQh0u[r=j`bkmlGua\_wd]\_k0|i;

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 4401500

2000

2500

3000

Cavity Volume (ml)

Thr

esho

ld P

ress

ure

(Pa)

90

100

110

120

130

Thr

esho

ld F

requ

ency

(H

z)

High NoteLow Note

$ `py=d]u[\ Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh]n/ `bk]yKlGua\_wd]\_k0|_`b\i^ k]hv]u[\i^[^[d0u[\_^tlGr=u sua`pk]ycfQr=d YSZ|- `pY=rsnbd]fq\_^

Z]\q^[r=d]ua|_\Drsl YSZ]\6lGua\_wd]\_k0|i(| Z% sk]ys\& ^vY[Z]\D|- `pYsr=nbd0fQ\( s^`bk]|iu[\- ^[\_h( s^5 +

k]rsYch0d]\YSrD| Z% sk0y=\_^c`bkY[Z]\vd]]^ YSu[\> sf |> `gY;]e]d Y h0d]\YSr6YSZ0\`bk]|iu[\- ^[\_h s`pu r k]h]ua\_^[âd]u[\ Z]`b^6( s^'\iâY se]nb`p^[Z]\ih e# jwd0`b|A!9fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY?8YSZ]\qnb`p]^?~\iu[\qe]d*>*i\_hc`pY[Z ^[f& snpn |> `gY sr=nbd]fq\ k0\- suY[Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbhC sk]h+0n/ =\ih VYG lGu[\iwd]\_k]|+rsl ;, )F* Z]\']u[\i^[^[d0u[\( s^ `pk]|_ua\- sâ\_h0$ sk]h Y[Z]\k0\/]n/ `bk0yqlGua\_wd]\_k0|iH( s^6 76 )F* X/o k% sn`bk0|_u[\> s^[\'YSrYSZ0\ f 0`pf d]f ]ua\_^[âd]u[\Dua\_^[d0npYS\ih`bkE ]n@ `pk]yQlGua\_wd]\ik]|irsl % )F* $ r=u|_rsfQ% u[`bâr=k0YSZ]\ ]u[\i^[^[d0u[\?7 ^xYSZ]\ikm^[\iYKY[rG |_rsk]âY skYK nbd]\ sk]hYSZ0\|- `pYQ=r=npd]fQ\

( s^`bk]|iu[\> s^[\ihq`pk âY[\_]^ rsl 6VfQne \Y=~\i\_k == sk0h % 5&6 fqnJ Z]`p^]u[rh]d]|i\_h ^[]ua\- shD`pk

lGu[\iwd]\_k]| r l ad]âYF+; 6 ) * ~np\- suanp6YSZ0\ f& s`bk6lGua\_wd]\_k0|i| Z sk]y=\i^ \_u[\ h]d]\ ]u[`pf sua`bngYSr6Y[Z]\v]u[\i^[^[d0u[\`pk]|_ua\- sâ\ Z]\vh% Y lGr=uxYSZ]\i^[\vYS\iâYS^F sua\^[Z]rck`pkmo y=d]ua\ 59

300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 48084

85

86

87

88

89

90

Cavity Volume(ml)

Pla

ying

Fre

quen

cy (

Hz)

Playing Frequency as a function of cavity volumePlaying Frequency as a function of blowing pressure

low medium high Blowing Pressure

$ `py=d]u[\ 5 Z]\ \ # \i|iYKrsl e]nbrc`bk0y']ua\_â^[d]ua\6 sk]h |> `gYQsr=nbd0fQ\ r=kQY[Z]\ 0n/ `bk]yvlGu[\Dwd]\_k0|i; Z]\ f d]| Zn@ su[ys\_u ^[Z]`gl Y `pkQlGua\_wd]\_k0|iQh]d]\ Y[r'Y[Z]\ e]nprc`bk]y]u[\i^[âd]u[\| Z sk]y=`pk]y`bfq]np`b\_^ YSZ% VYKYSZ]\v]n@ `pk]y6lGu[\_wd]\ik]|ij`p^cn/ suay=\_ng `pk]h]\_I\_k0h]\_kY rsltYSZ]\v|- `pYmsr=nbd0fQ\

' !# % 02

YZ sÛeI\_\ik6^[Z]rck6YSZ% VY Y[Z]\~=rsnbd]fq\ r l YSZ]\ fQr=d YSZ |> `gY'Z sÛ=\iua'nb`gY[YSnp\ \ # \_|iYr=kYSZ0\u h]`/ Y[\_hD^[rsd]k]hDlGu[r=f Y[Z]\KYSuar=f eIr=k]\ ) r \i=\iu> `bk6YSZ]\c|> s^[\ rslIYSZ]\ e]d*>*i`bk]ynb`p]^ =YSZ0\

5

|- `pY=r=npd]fQ\D]n@ ^ m=\iua`bfqIr=uaY skY% su Y'e90u[r `bh]`pk]ymYSZ]\q`bfq \ih% sk]|i\L sy2 s`pk]âYcZ]`p| ZjY[Z]\np`b]^ |- skm]n@ ; kmYSZ]`p^~\0I\_ua`bfq\_kY-0`pY(( s^xlGr=d0k]hYSZ% VY3 |- `pYQ=r=npd]fQ\ rsl

s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inp % 6VfQnr=utnb\i^[^ ( sûa\_wd]`bua\_h lGr=u YSZ0\x\BM sfq`bk]\ih \_fe r=d0| Zd0u[\_^Y[rh]\iâYA De]`pnb`bâ\ Z]`p^ \ \iu[`bfq\_kY h]`ph k]r Y `pk=\_^ YS`py2 YS\Y[Z]\v\ # \_|iY rsl =r|- snMYSu" s|iY âZ% sI\'r=kjYSZ0\

u h]`/ Y[\_hâr=d]k]h$ $ r=u~\BM sfq]nb\0`bkY[Z]\|> s^[\vrsl h]`ph a\_ua`bh]dm0n/ `bk]yY[Z]\=r|- n lGr=u[f& skYS^Z% =\ sk\ik]r=uafQr=d0^ \ # \i|iY r=k Y[Z]\'u" sh]`@ YS\ih âr=d]k]h 5 3) r \is\_u `bkjYSZ0\|- ^[\rslYSZ0\YSuar=f eIr=k]\ sk]hrsYSZ0\_u|_rsfQfqr=ke]u" s^[^v`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kYS^ d]k]nb`:!s\ Y[Z]\6h]`bha\_u[`ph]dYSZ0\6`bk]]d Y

`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\qrslxYSZ0\Q`pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY'`b^vl. su'ysu[\- VYS\_uvYSZ sk YSZ Yr lxYSZ]\D=r|- n Y[u s|Y-UârYSZ0\

\ # \_|YS^G u[\Qs\_u âd]e0YSnp\ "8Z]\_ua\ YSZ0\ `bfqI\_h% sk0|_\qrslxYSZ0\ `bk0âYSuad]fq\_kY `p^'% uaYS`p|_d]n@ su[ngnbr6 s^Gc`pY[ZOY[Z]\jh]`bh a\iu[`ph]d0 sk]h snbâr9YSZ]\@ \ih% snKk]r YS\jrsl YSZ]\jn/ u[y=\iu6e]u sâ^Q`pk]âY[u[d Dfq\_kYS^ `pk]|_npd]h]`bk0y@Y[Z]\qY[u[r=fe r=k0\ YSZ0\ \ # \_|Y`p^'wd]`gYS\qr=e`br=d]^ Z]\ | Z su s|YS\iu[`b^ YS`p|`bfqI\_h% sk0|_\ `p^Ky=`ps\_k@e

%

sk]h9ârm`pY `b^ `pfQfq\_h0`/ Y[\_npr=e `pr=d]^ Y[Z% Y YSZ]`p^ snbd]\ c`bnpn eI\l. su n/ suay=\_u lGr=u sk9`pk]âY[u[d Dfq\_kY-0cZ]\iu[\ 6 O|_f Y[Z% sk9lGr=u6 mZd]f ksr |> snUY[u s|Y cZ0\_u[\ |_f Y[r

, M|_f \_u lGr=u[fq`bk0y \0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n `pk=\_^ YS`py2 YS`pr=k]^Drsl YSZ]`p^qk YSd]ua\ rskZd]f& sk]n@ s\_ua^Q`p^ =\_u Oh]` q|_d0npY- eI\_|- d]^[\jYSZ]\@\_fe r=d0| Zd0u[\@rsl Y[Z]\j]n/ =\iuQ|> sk]k]r YQeI\j|_r=k9DYSuar=nbnp\_hD^[\i% su" YS\inp6lGu[rsf YSZ]\ |_r=k o y=d]u" YS`pr=kDrsl YSZ0\ sr |> sn YSu |iY sk]hqYSZ]\ fQrsd0YSZq|- `pY â`bk]y sk su YS`po]|_`/ n fqr=d0Y[Z@âr=nps\_^cYSZ]`p^K]u[rse]nb\if

5

K \> s^[d]ua\_fq\_kY r l~YSZ0\Qua\_^[Ir=k]â\ rsl YSZ]\& sua\- r lxr=I\_k]`pk]y@e \Y=~\i\_k Y[Z]\Qnp`b]^Y[rH sk(r=^ D|_`pnbn@ YS`pk]ym]u[\i^[âd]u[\mh]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\ s|_uar=^[^Y[Z]\ np`b]^^[Z0r c^'YSZ% Y'YSZ]\ suaY[`po |i`/ snnp`b]^\B Z]`pe]`pY D|_r=fq]nb\@u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\ e0d0Y Y[Z]\_ua\ sua\Y= r h0`bâY[`bk]|Y ua\_âr=k% sk]|i\_^ ]u[\i^[\_kY> k]\rslY[Z]\_â\^[Z0r c^ r=d0Y=( suah98âY[u[`:!`pk]yv| Z% su" s|iY[\_u[`pâY[`b|_^ k]hqY[Z]\KrsY[Z]\_u ^[Z0r c^ `bk2( su[h 8âY[u[`@!`pk]y| Z% su D s|YS\_ua`b^ YS`b|i^> Z0\ nb`p]^ c`bnpn]h]\_^ YA se0`bnb`p^[\ Y( lGua\_wd]\_k0|iQe \Y=~\i\_kYSZ0\_^[\ Y=~ru[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^

Z]\L su YS`po]|_`/ n fqr=d0Y[Z|- sk$Mnb`@! \ Zd]f& sk9]n@ s\_uM]n/ H YYSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph9e rsY[Z9e \inbr sk]h se r s\QYSZ0\u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\r l3 sk `pk]âY[u[d]fq\_kY- Z]`p^`b^ Yr h]h0^ c`pY[Z Y[Z]\ r=d Y=7 suah98âY[u[`:!`pk]yfqr h0\_nrsl YSZ]\Knp`b]^t]uar= rs^[\_hDe) \_npfQZ0r=npY"* cZ]`p| ZD]u[\ih]`b|YSÛY[Z% Yr=k0np]n/ `bk0y Y[Z]\v`bk]^ YSu[d0fQ\ikYcua\_âr=k% sk]|i\'`p^K rs^[^[`pe]nb\

Z]\x=rsnbd]fq\~rsl `but`bkY[Z]\xfqr=d0YSZ|- `pY'Z% s^k]r h]`bâ|_\_uak]`be0nb\~\ # \i|iYrsk YSZ]\xu" sh]`@ YS\ih^[rsd]k]h0) r~\=\_u~`pk+r=u[h]\iu lGr=uY[Z]\mnb`p]^YSr9â\_ngl@8r=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[\&cZ]\ikO0n/ `bk]yc`gYSZ]r=d YL h]rck]^ YSu[\> sf ua\_âr=k% Y[r=u G`b\ f d0^[`b|> sn `bk]^ YSuad]fQ\ikY YSZ]\ =r=npd]fq\ rsl `bu `bkQY[Z]\fqr=d0Y[Z

|- `pY]n/ ^ L! \ijuar=nb\

5 %

Z]rsY[r=y=u ]Z]`b|L k% snpâ`b^rsl YSZ0\qnp`b9fqrsYS`pr=krsl e]u" s^[^v]n@ s\_ua^6( sô uaâY \iualGr=uafQ\ihe

K su YS`pk+`bk<+, % % 6 ^[`bk0y âYSuar=eI\mnb`bysZY sk]h fqr `p\|- fQ\iu M K uaYS`pk YSrr;!' ^[\iu[`p\_^rslx`pf sys\_^6 Yh]`$# \iu[\_kY]Z% ^[\_^'rslxnp`b9fqrsYS`pr=krsl( @|ir=u[k]\Y0n/ =\iu> ) \Qd0^[\_h ^[I\_|i`/ sn fqr=d0Y[Z]]`p\_|_\ch]\i^[`py=k]\_hqlGr=uYSZ]`p^ ]d]u[Ir=â\ cZ]`b| ZqZ% sh v`b\Bc`bk]y?c`pk]h]r#`bkDYSZ0\

]n@ sk]\ r lxYSZ]\ ]n/ =\iu ^ nb`p]^> K su YS`bk ^'u[\_âd]npY[^âZ]r~\ihOY[Z]\ r=I\_k0`bk]yZ0\_`bysZYe \Y=~\i\_k

5&6

YSZ0\np`b]^3 ^F lGd]k0|iYS`pr=kjrsl0Z% s^[\ sk]h@`bk=\iâYS`py2 Y[\_hjYSZ]\vu[\in/ Y[`br=k0^[Z]`pme \Y=~\i\_k Y[Z]\nb`b

r=I\_k]`pk]yZ]\i`by=ZY sk]h9nb`pr=I\_k]`pk]y sua\- M d]e]â\_wd]\_kY'âY[d]h]`b\iê~r=0nb\iH sk]h YSu[rsk]y + sk]h r=âZ]`@! -7 \BY[\_k]h]\ihYSZ0\@rsu[`bys`bk% sn `bk=\iâY[`by2 Y[`br=k0^6e npr r !`pk]y YDYSZ0\

YSZ0u[\_\Dh]`pfQ\ik]^[`pr=k% sn fQr YS`brsk6rsl Y[Z]\cnb`p]^> Z]\_â\ ^ YSd]h0`b\_^ snp^[rd]â\_h ^ YSuar=e \c]Z0rsYSr=ysu s]ZYSrDr=e YA s`pk@`pk0lGr=uaf Y[`br=kqYSZ]uar=d]y=Z0r=d0Y D|_r=fq]nb\YS\| |inb\vrsl nb`pmfQrsY[`br=k$

Z]\6`bk lGr=u[f& YS`pr=kmYSZ% VY|- k9e \ h0\_u[`g=\ihlGu[r=f YSZ]\i^[\ ^ YSd]h0`b\_^`p^ |iu[`pY[`b|> snMYSr Y[Z]\ h]\D=\inbr=0fQ\ikY rslF s|_|id]u Y[\m^[`pf d]n/ VYS`brsk]^'r l np`b e \iZ% `pr=d]u X ^6r=k]\\ fQ]np\ K ^" snbn@ sf\iY sn % 5 h]\_fqr=k]^ YSu VYS\_h YSZ]\Q\ # \_|iY rslKd]â`bk]yH sk s]0u[r=]ua`/ Y[\Du[\_n@ YS`pr=k]âZ]`b(e \Y=~\i\_kYSZ0\'Z]\i`by=ZY eI\iY= \_\_kY[Z]\nb`b0^3 sk]h Y[Z]\r s\_u" snbn sua\- qe \Y=~\i\_kY[Z]\_f k]^ YS\- hrslUd]^[`pk]y

YSZ0\ ^[`pfQ0nb`b^ YS`p|6u[\_|YA sk0y=d]n/ ulGd]k0|iYS`pr=k cZ]\iu[\ +`b^

|_rsk]âY skY- K ^" snbn@ sf d]â\_hH Dwd% h]u Y[`b|lGd]k0|iYS`pr=k

% :+

sk]hjYSZ0\_u[\lGr=u[\

%

Z]`b^ | Z% sk]ys\ y=u[\> YSngj\_k]Z sk]|_\ih9YSZ]\'âYA e]`bnp`pYI sk0h|_r=kY[`bkd]`pY@rslY[Z]\fqrh]\_n k]hu[\ifQr s\_hmf d]| Z rslMYSZ]\ d]k]h]\i^[`pu se]np\ Z]`py=ZQlGua\_wd]\ik]|i |_r=fq rsk]\_kYS^ lGu[r=f%Y[Z]\ r8^[I\_|DYSuad]f X â`bfq`bn@ sufq\iYSZ0r hqh]\_â|_ua`beI\_he% \_uay=\>* sk]h !cr h0\iY s u[\_âd]npY[^~`pkQ\iwd0`p snb\ikYeI\_Z% `br=d0u>0cZ]`p| Z( s^lGd]u YSZ]\iu\_k]Z% k]|_\ih eY[Z]\_`pu|_r=k0^[`bh0\_u VYS`brsk]^rsl YSZ]\]d]`bh r Y'^[f& snbn u[\- ^'rslxr= \ik]`bk0yeI\iY= \_\_k Y[Z]\ np`b]^j 0I\_ua`bfq\_kYA n `p^[d% snp`b^" YS`pr=k]^rslK\ifLD

5

eIr=d]| Zd]u[\i^> eIrsYSZmr lMYSZ]\6 su YS`go |_`@ sn fQr=d YSZ sk0hmZd0f skm0n/ =\iu[^>0]u[r `bh]\ YSZ]\r=0 r=u YSd Dk]`gY YSrD=\iu[`gl mr=uK`bfq]uar s\YSZ]`p^Ku[\in/ Y[`br=k]âZ]`b$

% $ %& " % # ) % % %&

)( % " % %& $

%

â\ rsl0 'fqr h0\_u[kQZ]`bysZ Dâ \i\_hQ`ph]\_r|- sfq\_u" '\inb`bfq`bk YS\i^f kDr l YSZ]\ k]\iy2 YS`g=\ \ # \_|iY[^rsl d]â`bk]y6^ YSuar=e \0Z]rsYSrsy=u s0Z su YS`p|_d]n@ su[ng;9 sknpr=k]yY[\_u[f4 su[`@ YS`pr=k]^ `b\ sua`/ Y[`br=kr =\iuf kv||_nb\i^ `pk'Y[Z]\~]n@ `pk]y â`pY[d% YS`pr=k su[\ \ # \_|iY[`ps\_npua\_fqr s\_h lGuar=fAYSZ]\ ^ sfq]nb\

DlGrsu `bk]^ YA sk0|_\ânb`bysZY| Z% sk]ys\_^6`bk lGua\_wd]\ik]|iC k]h YS`pf e]u[\qYSZ% VY6r |i|_d]ur s\_u Y[Z]\ YS`pfQ\

I\_u[`pr hDua\_wd]`bua\_hqlGr=uâY[u[r=eI\ 0Z]rsYSrsy=u s0Z Z]`p^ fq\iY[Z]rh snp^[r snpnbrc^YSu" sk]^[`p\_kY \ # \_|iY[^YSr e \ r=e]^[\iuas\_hDMâd]| Z s^ Y[Z]\~^ YA su YS`bk0y? sk]h ^ YSr=0]`bk]y rsl k]rsY[\_^r=uU| Z% k]y=\_Û`bk ]`gYS| Z0 kYSZ0`b^tâYSd0h0;2 *%`p^[`brsk !c\_â\- sua| Z0 k]| % Z% skYSr=fA % +x|- fQ\iu 17 s^ d]^[\ih0 cZ]`p| Z( s^|- % se]np\rsl YA !`pk]yd]Y[r 6 +h]`by=`gYA sn `pf sys\_^ \iu^[\i|_r=k]h# Y ua`bk]y u[\_âr=nbd YS`brsk]^> Z]\vfq`bfq`bf d]f?d]â\ilGd]nMua\_âr=nbd0Y[`br=kj`pkYSZ]`p^ ^ YSd]h 7 ^ 6 + ]` 0\inb^cZ]`b| Z snbnpr~\ih jf `pf d]f lGu" sfQ\Du" YS\Drsl"59+ % lGu sfq\_Î\_u^[\_|ir=k]h0 Z0\ u[\i^[r=npd0YS`pr=kE7 ^k]rsYYSZ0\r=k]ng9nb`pfQ`gYr=k(YSZ]\DlGu fQ\Du VYS\D YSZ]\q\B Ir=^[d]ua\QY[`bfq\L( s^ snbârH k `bfqIr=uaY skYl. s|iY[r=u>X k = Z snbr=ys\_kn@ sfq ( s^d]â\_hY[r `bnpnbd]fq`bk% VYS\ Y[Z]\np`b]^xe]d0Y \i=\ikYSZ]`p^ âr=d]u[|i\

( s^k]rsYvâdq|_`b\ikYSnpe]u[`py=ZYlGr=u \B rs^[d]ua\DY[`bfq\_êI\_npr ]]u[r- `bf& Y[\_np#+ s ^> Z]`p^`b^ \iu[Z% s0^ YSZ]\f& s`pk h]u -ce% |A! rsl d]^[`pk]y9Z]`py=Z Dâ \i\_h+]Z0rsYSr=ysu s]Z ) r \is\_u YSZ0\

5&5

]n@ `pk]ylGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^x^ YSd]h]`p\_hQZ]\_ua\ u[\> s| Z f `pf d]f%rsl ;) * ^[rYSZ]\iu[\ `p^ âdq|_`p\_kY

e% sk0hMc`bh0Y[Z@Y[r sk% sng â\YSZ]\vnb`pfqrsYS`pr=kI s|_|id]u VYS\_ng;

"!# #

High Speed CameraPosition 1

High Speed CameraPosition 2

Computer

PUL

SE

Trigger Output

Optical Rail

Artificial Mouth Transparent Mouthpiece

θ

4938 1/4" Microphone

$ `py=d]u[\ % + D \iu[`pfQ\ikY sn ^[\YSd] lGr=uvYSZ0\ Z]`py=Z â \i\_h+|- fQ\iu \ \iu[`bfq\_kY[^> ( s^^[\YcYSrI+6 lGr=uxYSZ0`b^KâY[d]h0

kr=u[h]\iu YSrI k% snpâ\ YSZ]\6np`bfqrsY[`br=k0 `pY `b^h]\i^[`pu se]np\YSrmZ s\L ^[\YSd]cZ]`b| Z|> sk^[`pf d]ngYA sk]\ir=d]ânp u[\_|ir=u[h8YSZ0\' d]h]`brC k]h `ph]\_r ^[`py=k% snp^> r+YSZ]`p^m\_k]h$ YSZ]\( 0

â^ YS\_f ( s^ |ir=k0o ysd]u[\ihYSrqu[\i|_r=uah YSZ0\']ua\_â^[d]ua\ su[`@ YS`pr=km`bkjYSZ]\fqr=d0YSZ@|- `pY $ k]h snp^[rYSr]uar `ph]\ YSu[`py=y=\iuYSr9YSZ0\@Z0`by=Z+â \i\_h|> sfq\_u Z]\mYSua`by=y=\iu d]â\_h ( s^ 6

% r=ngYc r=â`pY[`p=\v]d0nb^[\ c`gYSZ qh0d]u Y[`br=k@rsl(+ 6&6 ^[\_|ir=k]h]^ Z]\\iwd0`b]fq\_kY 7 s^ ^[\Y5

d] s^6âZ]rckO`pk o y=d]ua\ % +; Z0\@Z0`by=Z â \i\_hO|- sfq\_u" H7 ^q0n/ s|i\_h+`bk+Ir=â`pYS`pr=k r=k0\

`bk0`pYS`@ snbng D~Ir=`bkYS`pk]y& snbr=k0yqY[Z]\ `p^ rslY[Z]\G su YS`go |_`@ snMfQrsd0YSZ ^[rQYSZ% Y YSZ0\G `b^ rslYSZ0\|- fQ\iu G7 s^ \iu[I\_k]h0`b|_d0n/ suKYSrqYSZ]\vlGu[rskY rsl YSZ]\ suaY[`po |i`/ sn fQr=d YSZ Z]\|> sfq\_u G( s^ snp`by=k]\ih^[rY[Z% Yvr=k0np Z% snpl r l Y[Z]\6nb`pr=I\_k0`bk]y ( s^`bk9âZ]rsY> Z]`p^? snbnpr~\ih y=u[\> YS\iuu[\i^[r=npd0YS`pr=k `pk YSZ0\Z]\_`py=ZYxfq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^>0e]d0YKr=k0npqfQ\> s^[d0u[\_hY[Z]\? sua\- rsl rs \ik]`bk]y'rsl

r=k]\câ`bh]\crslIYSZ]\cnp`b]^ Z]\cfq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY[^ Y[Z]\_ua\ilGr=ua\ s^[âd]fQ\KY[Z% Y YSZ]\ sua\- vrsl r= \ik]`bk0y`b^ âfqfQ\YSu[`p|- sn seIr=d0Y YSZ]\ fQ`ph]h]nb\ Ir=`bkY rslMYSZ]\ nb`b0^> Z0`b^x`p^7 s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inp6YSuad]\ lGr=u

fqr=âY |_r=k0o]y=d]u VYS`brsk]^rslY[Z]\G su YS`po]|_`/ ntfqr=d0Y[Z0 e0d0Ynb\i^[^ârlGr=uâr=fQ\'Zd]f k9]n/ =\iu[^X?Y 0`b|- n `pf sys\q|> s0Y[d]u[\ih lGu[r=f Y[Z]`b^'^[\YSd] `p^'âZ]rck+`bk(o y=d]ua\ % Z]\ uaYS`go |_`@ snfqr=d0YSZ( s^'â\iY']n/ `bk0y@lGr=uvâ\i=\iu sn fq`bkd0YS\i^YSreI\D^[d]ua\QY[Z% YvYSZ]\q]n@ s\_h k]rsYS\L( s^lGd]npnpQâYA e]nb\5 sk]hmYSZ]\ik@Y[Z]\vu[\i|_r=uah]`bk]ys^3 \_ua\Y !s\ik0

yx

$ `py=d]u[\ % ]`b|> snM`bf& sy=\ YA ! \_kIc`pYSZjYSZ0\Z0`by=Zmâ \i\_h|> sfq\_u 6âZ]rc`bk]yqZ% sngl r lUYSZ0\nb`p r=I\_k]`pk]y Z]\cf su4!^r=k YSZ]\cd]0 \iunb`b ~\iu[\ch]u -ckqr=kGc`pY[ZL o]k]\KYS`b0 \ih6f su4!s\iuI\_kjYSrD]u[r `bh0\âr=fq\YS\BY[d]u[\vYSr6YSZ0\r YSZ]\iu4c`bâ\v^[fqr rsY[Zjnb`bmâd]ual. |_\

Z]\ 0 ^ ^ YS\if ( s^ h]\i^[`bysk]\_h6YSrvâ\_k]hDYSZ]\KY[u[`bysy=\_u k]hD^[`bfd]npY sk]\_rsd]^[ng^ YA su Yu[\i|_r=uah]`bk0yYSZ]\ sd]h]`prâ`by=k% n$ Y7 ^ fQ]np`bk]yu VYS\ r l 6&6 )F* Z]\|- fQ\iu ( s^xâ\iYxY[râY suaYu[\_|ir=u[h0`bk]y cZ]\ik`pYua\_|_\i`ps\_h9YSZ]\ Y[u[`py=y=\_u lGu[r=f YSZ0\D 0 ^ ^ YS\if Z]\6h% Y

5 ,

( s^~YSZ0\_kj\B Ir=uaY[\_hI s^1 '^[\_ua`b\i^xrsltd]k]|ir=fQ0u[\_â^[\ih aI\_y'lGr=u[f& Y `bf& sy=\_^ lGr=u~0u[r|_\_â^[`pk]y`bk K VYSn/ e0

k rsu[h]\iuDY[r fq\- ^[d]ua\jY[Z]\jfQr YS`brsk+`bk+YSZ]\ 8h]`bua\_|iY[`br=k$ Y[Z]\j|- sfq\_u" ( s^DfQr s\_h

YSr9Ir=â`pYS`pr=k cZ]`pnb\ Y[Z]\jnb`b0^ \_u[\@âY[`bnpn ]n@ `pk]yYSZ0\mu[\_|ir=u[h0\_hOk]rsYS\( k]h â\_|ir=k]h

fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY 7 s^ YA ! \_k0 Z]\ ^ âYS\if ( s^^[\Y]n/ `bk0yQlGr=u ^[\is\_u" snfQ`pkd0YS\i^ eI\ilGr=ua\

YA !`pk]y skDfQ\> s^[d0u[\_fq\_kY[^ Y[r\ik]^[d0u[\ Y[Z% Y YSZ0\ k0rsYS\1 r=d]nbhqeI\ ^ YA se]np\cr s\_u YSZ]\cI\_ua`brheI\iY= \_\_k Y !`bk]y@fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikY[^`pk YSZ0\qY= r|- fQ\iu Ir=â`pYS`pr=k]^ Z]`b^\ # \_|YS`g=\_ng' sn Dnbr \_hY[Z]\~fqrsY[`br=krsl5 â`bk]ysnb\ rs`bkYUrskYSZ]\ nb`p]^tY[r eI\ Y[u s|A! \_h6`bkY=~rh0`bfq\_k]â`br=k]^ $ r=uYSZ0`b^ ]d]u[Ir=â\ 0âf nbn f u"!^ \_ua\h]u" ckmrskQYSZ0\ d]]I\_u~nb`bLc`pY[Z vo k]\ Y[`b]I\_hQf su4!s\iuI\_k0 8`gYSZ]r=d Y~YSZ0\_^[\ f su4!^> Y[Z]\_ua\ r=d]nbhmeI\ k0r6\- sâ`bnpDh0`bâY[`bk]ysd]`bâZ% se]np\ Ir=`bkY r=kYSZ0\

nb`p]^ YSr9Y[u s|A!5 kOY[Z]\_â\ ua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y=^> YSZ]\mlGuar=kY k]h â`bh]\m`b\Bc^ \_ua\ 0Z% s^[\@nbr|A!s\ihd]â`bk]y Y[Z]\r=^[|i`bnpn/ Y[`bk]y]u[\i^[âd]u[\v^[`py=k% sn u[\i|_r=uah]\_hj`bkY[Z]\fqr=d0YSZ |- `pY; X&Y]`p|- sn % s`bursl âk]| Z]uar=k]`p^[\_h`bf& sy=\_^~`b^K^[Z0r ck `bkmo y=d0u[\ %

"

kr=u[h0\_u Y[r k% snpâ\YSZ]\6`pf y=\_^rse0YA s`pk]\_h$ \- s| Zâ\_u[`p\_^?( s^`bfq rsuaYS\ih`bkY[r K YSn@ se0$ r=uxYSZ0\ua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]y=^KYA !s\_k@lGu[r=f rs^[`pY[`br=kE+ ]YSZ]\

sk0h u sk]ys\_^ r s\_u3cZ]`b| ZjYSZ0\np`b]^

\_u[\Qr=I\_k~\iu[\ h0\_u[`g=\ih e `p^[d% n`bk]â \i|iYS`pr=k0QX4â|_ua`b0Y6( s^ cua`pY[Y[\_kYSr@|- snp|_d]n@ YS\YSZ0\ nb`pDr= \ik]`bk0y sua\- 'e& sâ^[`bysk]`bk]y Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh `pkYS\_k0^[`pYD snpd]\ eI\_nbr<cZ0`b| Z ]` \_n r=d]nbhe \|in/ sâ^[\ih s^Car=I\_kM se r s\HcZ]`b| Z#`gY r=d]nphe \ a|_npr=^[\ih Z]\9kd]fe \iu

rslar=I\_kj]` \_nb^`pk9YSZ]\Dy=`g=\_k' sua\- ~\iu[\q|_r=d0kY[\_h sk]hu[\i|_r=uah]\_h0 k' sh]h]`gYS`brsk0 YSZ0\

zxy y

$ `py=d]u[\ % X kq\BM sfq]nb\Kr l % s`pursl `pf sys\_^|> s0YSd0u[\_hQd]^[`pk]yvYSZ]\cZ]`py=ZD^[I\_\_h |- sfq\_u" lGu[rsf Y= rh]` # \_ua\_kYL sk]ysnb\_^ Z0\_^[\jua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y=^ \_ua\@^ k]| Z]u[rsk]`bâ\_hOd]^[`pk]yYSZ]\mrs^[|_`pn Dn/ VYS`bk0y ]ua\_^[âd]u[\Dâ`by=k% n `pkYSZ]\ fqr=d0Y[Z9|- `pY Z0\6`bf& sy=\_^ Z% =\6eI\_\ik(fq`buau[r=ua\_hE k]hu[r YA Y[\_h Y[rL s|_|ir=d]kYxlGr=u~Y[Z]\| Z% k]y=\_^K`pfQIr=â\_heqYSZ]\|> sfq\_u â\iY[d]&8qYSZ]\ nb\il Y~`bf& sy=\`b^~fQ`pu[u[rsu[\_h se rsd0YxYSZ0\ D= `b^~Y[r6|_r=fqI\_k]^" YS\lGr=u YSr YSZ0\|- sfq\_u" nb\_k0^K`bk=\iu[^[`pr=k0% k]hYSZ0\@ua`by=ZYD`pf sys\ `b^6`pk=\_u YS\ih< seIr=d0Y6Y[Z]\I*BD 0`p^6e \i|- sd0^[\jYSZ]\j|- fQ\iu 7 ^Qfqr=d]kYS\ihd]]â`bh]\ h]rckr=kDYSZ0\ Y[u[`bIrh0 Z]\ ^[wd% sua\_^ rsl ua\ \i|iYS`g=\ YA sI\ â\_\ikZ]\_ua\F \_ua\ d]â\_h lGr=uYSZ0\v`pe]u[r=fq\iY[\_uK\0I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^c]ua\_â\_kYS\ih`bkj^[\i|iY[`br=k %

r=I\_k]`pk]yZ]\_`py=ZY ( s^7 nb^[ru[\i|_r=uah]\_h$ Z]`b^ 7 ^~h]\o k]\_hI ^ Y[Z]\ f& `bfd]f%r=I\_kQZ]\_`py=ZY

c`pY[Z]`bkI D|_\iuaY s`bkje% sk0h0 Z]`b^ce% sk0h ( s^c| Z]r=â\_k Y[rQeI\`bkmY[Z]\v|_\_kY[u[\rsl Y[Z]\vnb`p]^>% k]h( s^G sy2 `bk(| Z]r=^[\ik e(`bâd% sn `bk]â \i|iYS`pr=k0 k]|_\ Y[Z]\ua\_nb\ skY eIr=d]k]h% ua(|_r=k0h]`pY[`br=k]^

Z% sh@eI\_\_k@^[\Y-]Y[Z]\lGd]nbn h YA 6^[\Y37 s^F sk% np^[\ih `pkjY[Z]`b^xl. ^[Z]`pr=k0

$ r=uYSZ]\6ua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]y=^YA !s\_klGu[rsf Ir=^[`gYS`brsk YSZ0\q`pf y=\_^Z sh9YSrje \ sk snp^[\ihe

Z% sk0h0 Z]\iu[\E( s^mk]r ^[`pfQ]np\( #rsl sd0Y[r=f VYS`b|> snbngC sk% np^[`pk]y YSZ0\9`bf& sy=\_^ $ r=uYSZ0`b^K\B I\_ua`bfq\_kY-]h0rsYS^1 \_u[\h]u" ck@r=kmYSZ0\d0] \iuKnb`p c`pYSZ o k]\Y[`b]I\_hjI\_u[f& sk]\ikYf& su"! \_u> Z0`b^3 snpnbr~\ihm`bk]h0`p`bh]d sn Ir=`pkY[^xr=kY[Z]\nb`p YSr6eI\YSu" s|A!s\ih0 Y(7 s^ snp^[r s\_ua

h]` Q|id]npYDY[r y=\Y `b\c`pk]y' sk]y=np\jY[Z% Y snbnpr~\ihOY[Z]\@lGd0nbnxYSu" s|A!`bk]y rsl? k`bk0h]`p`bh0d% sn

M+

Ir=`bkYcr =\iuF Dnb`p|i|inb\

Z]\v`bf& sy=\i^ \_u[\â|- snp\_hje]n@ s|_`pk]yG \ `be]np\u[d]np\_u~r s\_uKYSZ]\np`b]^( sk]hmua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y

lG\ `pf y=\_^ r l YSZ0\@uad]nb\iu> Z]\i^[\@`bf& sy=\_^ \_ua\@Y[Z]\_kOnbr; sh]\_h `pkY[r K YSn@ se sk]h ]` 0\inb^ fQf4^[|> snb\?( s^ h]\_ua`p=\ih@lGrsuK\- s| Z |- sfq\_u" DIr=â`pYS`pr=k0

X â\_ua`b\_^trsl0fQ\> s^[d]ua\_fq\_kYS^ 7 ^tY !s\ikc`pY[Z ^[\_np\_|YS`brsk'rsl sfq]nb`gYSd]h]\i^ sk]h']`pY[| Z]\_^ Z]\ sfq]nb`gYSd]h0\_^( \_ua\'| Z]rs^[\_k@YSrDeI\\_`pY[Z]\_u ad0âYF seIr s\YSZ]ua\_^[Z0r=nbh h% VYA 6^[\YS^ + + sk]h'+ VY Y[Z]\f& `bf d0f ^[d]0]np@]ua\_^[âd]u[\ h% Y Qâ\iYS^ 6 , sk]h+ r=uF s]0u[r- D`bf& Y[\_np Z% sngl 7 +eI\iY= \_\ikYSZ]\jY=~r GlGr=uDh% Y (â\iY % Z]\ lGua\_wd]\_k0|_`b\i^ d]â\_h \_ua\ suar=d]k]h+5 )F* r=u 5 )F* D cZ]`p| Z ~\iu[\ Y= r6k]rsY[\_^~Y[Z% Y7 \_ua\\- sâ`bng k]hu[\i \> YA e]np s| Z]`p\i se]np\ c`gYSZrsk]np@^[f& snpn h ad]âY[fQ\ikYS^ Y[rQYSZ0\ \_f eIr=d]| Zd]ua\ Z0\ % su" sfQ\YS\iu[^ lGr=u

\- | Z ua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y u[\y=`g=\_k@`bkmY se]nb\ % :+

#

'%(0 % '$ %(/ 02% 3

z? Y ^[\YS^ D ~\iu[\1 k% snpâ\_h d]â`bk]y YSZ]\ ]` \_n|_rsd]kYS`bk0y fq\iYSZ0r h'h]\_â|_u[`pe \ih6`bk'^[\_|YS`pr=k

% Z]`p^( sk snp^[`p^ 0u[rh]d]|_\ihYSZ]\ nb`p u[\- ^7 sk]h nb`bDr=I\_k0`bk]y'Z]\_`py=ZYS^ lGrsu Y[Z]\_â\ h% Y ^[\YS^ z? VYA 'â\iY ( s^1 k% snpâ\_hYSr'o k]hYSZ0\^[|> snb\ lGr=u Y[Z]\_â\h% YA '^[\iY[^> Z]rsuaYxâ\_|YS`brsk]^rsltYSZ]\?( =\ilGrsu[fq^ rsltYSZ0\np`bmr=I\_k0`bk]y sua\- sk]h@nb`bmrs \ik]`bk]yDZ]\i`by=ZY sua\v]u[\i^[\_kY[\_h`pk

z? YA \Y X fQ]np`pY[d]h]\ $ u[\_wd]\ik]|i $ u sfq\! YS\ X k]y=np\.)F* lGu fQ\i^ â\_|

+ 7 snp`be]u" YS`pr=k 8 5 + = lGu[r=kY Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh +5&5 5 + = lGu[r=kY Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh 5 + = lGu[r=kY% K \_h0`bd]f 6&5 5 + = lGu[r=kY6 K `pf d]f 5 + = lGu[r=kY K `pf d]f +5 5 + = lGu[r=kY5 7 snp`be]u" YS`pr=k 8 5 = lGu[r=kY 7 snp`be]u" YS`pr=k 8 5 = â`bh]\, K `pf d]f + 5 5 = lGu[r=kY+ K `pf d]f + 5 5 = â`bh]\+;+ Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh + 5 = lGu[r=kY+ Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh + 5 = â`bh]\

se]nb\ % :+ se]np\xrsl Z]`py=Z6^[I\_\ihqua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]y=^z? YA ^[\iY[^1+(D \_u[\xl. |_\Kr=k6ua\_|_rsu[h]`pk]y=^>z? Y â\iY + ]u[r `bh0\_h Y[Z]\ |> snb`pe]u Y[`br=k lGrsu Y[Z]\_â\ h% Y 'â\iYS^ z? YA v^[\YS^ 5 D(+ \_u[\ ^[\iY[^rslMlGuar=kY3 sk]hmâ`bh]\ua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]y=^ z? YA â\iY[^"5 sk]h ]uar `ph]\_hY[Z]\|> snb`pe]u Y[`br=kDlGr=u~Y[Z]\_â\h% Y 6^[\iY[^> Z]\ rsl\> s| Z h YA D^[\YF( s^ \_`pY[Z]\_u ad0âY se r s\vY[Z]u[\i^[Z]rsnbh h% Y ^[\YS^ +;+? sk0h+ r=u( VY~YSZ0\f 0`pf d]f%e0nbr~\iux]ua\_^[âd]u[\F8 s]]uar `pf Y[\_ngI+; 6 ! h YA â\iYS^ 6 , sk0h + z? YA ^[\iY % d]â\_h e]nbrc`pk]y9]u[\i^[âd]u[\ s]0u[r- `bf& YS\inpZ% sngl 7 meI\iY= \_\ik Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nphH k]h f& `bfd]f

o y=d0u[\ % %

Yv`b^ r=u YSZk]rsY[`bk]yY[Z]\6e \iZ% `br=d]u \i`bh]\ikY'`pkh% Y m^[\iY Gn/ suay=\G sfq]np`pYSd0h]\ InbrlGu[\iwd]\_k]| cZ]`b| Z|inb\> su[ngjh]\_fqr=k]^ YSu VYS\_^ ae]d0fQQk]\- u YSZ0\I\- !jrslY[Z]\G sua\- q]nbrsY

`pk]h]`p|- Y[\_h e(YSZ]\ u[u[r Z]`bê \iZ% `pr=d]u `p^ snp^[r \i`bh]\ikYD`bk h YA â\iYS^ sk]h 6 sngYSZ]r=d0y=Zm`pYc`p^Kf d]| Z@nb\_â^cr=e `pr=d]^

$ u[r=f&Y[Z]\_â\~u[\i^[d]ngYS^ \~|- k^[\i\ Y[Z% YtYSZ]\ u[\_n@ YS`pr=k]âZ]`bveI\iY= \_\_k6np`bvr=I\_k]`pk]y Z]\_`py=ZY

sk]h@nb`pr=I\_k]`pk]y su[\> q`p^Kk]rsY 6nb`pk]\- u~lGd]k]|YS`brsk0 l \Y[ua qâr=nbd0Y[`br=kmr l Y[Z]\lGr=u[f

%

0 5 10 150

1

2

3

4Data Set 2

0 5 100

1

2

3

4Data Set 3

0 5 100

2

4

6

8Data Set 4

0 5 10 150

5

10

15Data Set 6

0 5 100

5

10

15Data Set 5

Time (ms)

Are

a (

mm

2)

Opening AreaOpening Height

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

2

1.5

1

1

2

1

2

0

0 0

Thresh. Thresh. 177Hz 268Hz 177Hz

Med.

He

igh

t (mm

)

Max. Max. 262Hz 173Hz

0.5

$ `py=d]u[\ % % Z]\ 7 =\lGr=u[fq^ rslYSZ]\ nb`pr=I\_k]`pk]ycZ]\_`py=ZY sk]hvnb`pr=I\_k]`pk]y3 su[\> xlGd]k]|iY[`br=k0^lGr=uc\- | Zh% Y qâ\iY u[\_|ir=u[h0\_hc`gYSZjYSZ]\Z]`py=Z â \i\_h|> sfq\_u Z]\ su[uarc^ Ir=`bkYKY[rQYSZ0\k]r=k9Dnb`pk]\- ux]Z]\ik]r=fq\_k% M

cZ]\iu[\ `p^'YSZ0\ YSrsY sn r= \ikC su[\> e \Y=~\i\_k+YSZ0\nb`p]^> `b^'Y[Z]\mf& `bf d]fZ0\_`bysZYrsl

YSZ0\r= \ik]`bk0y sk0h `b^1 6|_rsk]âY skY1c`pYSZmh0`bfq\_k]â`br=k]^~fQf Z]`b^Kâr=nbd0Y[`br=k |- skjeI\

|_rsk]^[`ph]\_ua\_h9e0nbrsYaYS`bk0yqY[Z]\ X ua\- Qs\_ua^[d]^ ) \i`by=ZYFc`pYSZnbr=y2 u[`pY[Z]fq`b|? \i^ D1 s^ ^[Z]rck`bkmo ysd]u[\ % 76 ltYSZ]\v^[rsnbd0Y[`br=km`p^x nb`bh$ YSZ0\h YA 6^[Z0r=d]nbhjlGr=uaf DâYSu" s`bysZYxnb`bk0\

Z]`bô ysd]u[\D^[Z0r c^vYSZ YvlGr=u6 snbn h% Y @â\iYS^v\0|i\_0Yh% Y jâ\iY MYSZ0\qâr=nbd YS`brsklGr=u[f

y=`g=\_kq`bkD\iwd YS`pr=k % `p^ nb`bh lGrsuYSZ]\cf& ar=u[`gY rslIYSZ0\ ||_nb\ Z]\c snbd]\Kr l j`b^ys`p=\ik

%

10−0.9

100.1

100

100

100

Height (mm)

Are

a (m

m2 )

100

100

10−0.3

100

100.1

100.3

100.5

10−0.6

100.1

100

Data Set 2 Data Set 3 Data Set 4

Data Set 5 Data Set 6

Thresh. Thresh. Med.

Max. Max.

177Hz 177Hz 268Hz

262Hz 173Hz

$ `py=d]u[\ % 76 Mr=y Mr=yQ0nbrsY rslX u[\> Gs\_u YS`b|> sn `b^ =\iu[âd]^6) \i`by=ZY Z]r=ua`@*ir=kYA sn `p^ c`pY[ZjâYSu" s`bysZYcnp`bk]\ o]YS^1cZ]\iu[\ s]]uar=]u[`@ YS\

eYSZ0\ysu sh]`p\_kYcrsl YSZ]\vnb`pk]\rsl eI\_âYco]YclGr=uxY[Z]\vy=u ]Zjrsl

!

! % %

cZ]\iu[\ `b^Y[Z]\ d]k0`pY su[\> |ir=k]âY skY + fQf sk]h `b^YSZ0\ d]k]`gYZ]\_`py=ZY|ir=k]âY skY +_fQf Z0\v snpd]\rsl `b^Ky=`g=\ik e

% 6

cZ]\iu[\ `b^QY[Z]\`pkY[\_ua|_\_ YmrslYSZ0\e \iâYo0Ynb`pk]\ k]h `b^QY[Z]\â|- snp\d]k]`gY|ir=k]âY skY +_fQf Z0\_^[\ nbd]\i^( sua\ âZ]rck`bkqYA se0nb\ % lGr=u \- | Zh% Y â\iY- Zd]^ YSZ]\F su[\> rslMrs \ik]`bk]y`b^ y=`g=\_k s^7 lGd]k]|YS`pr=k rsl YSZ]\ Z]\_`py=ZY~eI\iY= \_\ikYSZ]\ nb`p]^lGr=u \> s| Zk]r YS\ $ r=u

6

z? Y \iY vu" sh]`b\ikY kYS\_ua|_\i0Y k k k + % +; = ,% + 6 +; % 5 % 66 + % 5 +; % % + 5 +; % 6 %

se]nb\ % se0nb\mrsl YSZ]\j|> snb|id]n/ Y[\_h snpd]\_^6rsl sk]h .lGr=u Y[Z]\j^[r=npd0YS`pr=k y=`g=\ik `pk\_wd% VYS`brsk % lGr=uxY[Z]\vh]` # \_ua\_kY u[\_|ir=u[h0`bk]y=^crsl nb`pmfQr YS`brsk0

h% Y 6^[\iY ua\_]ua\_â\_kYS`pk]y Dnbrsd]hmk]rsY[\ VY6+5 ) * ]YSZ0\ u[\- 6`p^Ky=`ps\_k@e

%

cZ]\iu[\ % fqf

Z]`b^ u[\_n@ YS`pr=k]âZ]`b `b^ â`bfq`bn@ su YSr Y[Z% Ymd0^[\_h8e K ^ snpn/ sf \YI sn % 5 1cZ]\iu[\YSZ0\

sd0Y[Z]r=ua^d]^[\ih lGr=u â`bfq]nb`p|_`pY kY[Z]\ |- ^[\cZ]\iu[\ YSZ0\c`bh0Y[Z9rslYSZ0\6nb`b

r=I\_k]`pk]y`pk]|_ua\- sâ\_^ h]`bua\_|iY[np& s^ YSZ]\ Z]\_`py=ZY~`pk]|_ua\- sâ\_^>8Z]\iu[\ +;Y[Z]\Fc`ph0YSZQrslMYSZ0\

nb`p9r=I\_k]`pk]ymu[\if s`pk]^|_rsk]âY skYY[Z]u[rsd]y=Z]r=d YYSZ]\D|i|inb\Drsl nb`b9fqrsY[`br=k0 Z]\i^[\ ua\_âd]npY[^

nb`p\K^[r=fq\cZ0\_u[\ e \Y=~\i\_kYSZ0\_^[\ Y=~r|- sâ\_^ D |_np\- suanp Y[Z]\Fc`ph0YSZQrsl Y[Z]\ np`bDr=I\_k]`pk]yh0r \i^

k]rsY'u[\if `bk(|_r=k]^ YA skY>e]d0Y \iwd% snbng`pY`b^k]rsYh]`bua\_|YSnp0u[r=Ir=uaY[`br=k snYSr@YSZ]\Qr= \ik]`bk0y

Z]\i`by=ZY-

'%(0 % '$ %(/ 02% 3,

z? Y ^[\iY[^ 5 Y[r ,MFcZ]`p| Z \_ua\u[\_|ir=u[h0\_h.d0^[`bk0y Y[Z]\Y= r h]`$# \iu[\ikY@|> sfQ\iu sk0y=nb\i^^[Z0r ck8`pko y=d]ua\ % +;7 \_u[\ k% snpâ\_h s^h0\_^[|iu[`pe \ih `pk^[\i|iY[`br=k % Z]\`bf& sy=\_^

u[\i|_r=uah]\_hlGuar=f YSZ]\@lGu[r=kY&~\iu[\E sk snp^[\ih`bkOYSZ]\^ sfq\( < s^Qh% Y ^[\YS^ D xe]d YYSZ0\6`bf& sy=\_^ u[\_|ir=u[h0\_h9lGu[r=fYSZ]\6â`bh]\ `p\ ~\iu[\ sk% sng^[\_hf& skd% snpnp@e`b\Bc`bk]ymYSZ0\

`bf& sy=\jâ\_u[`p\_^ sk]hua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]y Y[Z]\|irDr=uah]`bk YS\i^qr l6 ^[`pk]y=np\@Ir=`pkYQr=kOYSZ]\ nb`b$ Z]\fqrsYS`pr=krsl~Y[Z]\ np`bfQ\> s^[d0u[\_h `bkYSZ]`p^l. ^[Z]`pr=k `p^'âZ]rck `bko y=d0u[\ % Z0`b^vo y=d]ua\

0 0.5 10

0.5

1

z (mm)

y (m

m)

Data Sets 9 & 10

0 0.5 10

0.5

1

z (mm)

Data Sets 11 & 12

Amp. = Max

Freq = 167Hz

Amp. = Threshold

Freq. = 166Hz

$ `py=d]u[\ % d0Y=( suah k]h 27 u[h fqrsY[`br=kr lUYSZ0\np`b]^ `p^Kh]\io k0\_hlGr=u\- | Z h% VYA D^[\iYF s^KY[Z]\vfQ`pk]`bf d0f4rs \ik]`bk]yDZ]\i`by=ZY>

u[\i]u[\i^[\ikY[^QY[Z]\ fqrsY[`br=k+rsl skO`bk]h]`g`bh]d% n~Ir=`bkYqr=k YSZ]\jnb`p0 k |ir=kYSu" sâY>1 (ua\_|i\_kY

âY[d]h09e r=^[Z]`:! ( I sk]h K d0Y[r YSu" s|A!s\ih Y[Z]\6fQr YS`brskrsl ^[I\_|i`po |GslG\> YSd0u[\_^4jr=k

YSZ0\ nb`p âd]ual. |_\ 8YSZ]\&=nb`p(Y[`b sk]h Y[Z]\7 =\m|iu[\iâYMH) r \is\_u cZ Y `p^'|inb\- u`b^YSZ YDYSZ]\iu[\j`b^DfqrsYS`pr=k+`bk eIrsYSZ+YSZ0\ k]h h]`pu[\_|YS`pr=k]^ s^Dh]\o k]\ih`bk+o ysd]u[\ % sk]hQYSZ% Y~YSZ]\i^[\fqrsYS`pr=k]^ su[\ r=d0Yxr l ]Z% sâ\ c`pYSZ r=k]\ k]rsYSZ0\_u>9cZ]`b| ZI y=u[\i\_^7c`pY[Z YSZ0\

o k]h0`bk]y=^Kr lU]ua\i`brsd]^cu[\_â\- sua| Z + ~r=]np\iI k]h YSu[rsk]y + ^[Z]r \_h@YSZ% YKY[Z]\_ua\( s^x^[`py=k]`go |- skY su[`@ YS`pr=kQ`pk YSZ0\ ]Z% ^[\h]`$# \iu[\ik]|_\eI\iY= \_\ikmYSZ]\npr=k]y=`gYSd]h0`bk% sn k]hYSu" sk]^ =\_ua^[\ h]`bâ]n/ |_\_fq\_kY[^> Z]\ fqrsYS`pr=k6r=e]â\_uas\_h`pk6YSZ]`p^âYSd0h0Dh]r\_^ k]rsY \B Z]`pe]`pY^[d0| Z+n/ suay=\q sua`/ Y[`br=k$te0d0YY[Z]\ u" sk]y=\Qrsl3 sfq]nb`gYSd]h0\_^ sk]h 0`pYS| Z0\_^0u[rh]d]|_\ih+Z]\_ua\`b^

5

0 5 10 15−1

−0.5

0

0.5

1

Time (ms)

Data Set 9

0 5 10 15−1

−0.5

0

0.5

1Data Set 8

Opening Areaz displacementy displacement

$ `py=d]u[\ % 75 =\ilGrsu[fq^ rslxY[Z]\ fqrsYS`pr=k(`bk Y[Z]\ sk0h h]`bua\_|YS`brsk]^> sk]h Y[Z]\ r=I\_k9D`bk0yE su[\> M Z]\i^[\mh% Y Z% =\meI\_\ik+k]r=u[f& snp`b^[\ih lGr=u|_n/ u[`pY 9z? Y ^[\Y H7 ^G Z]`bysZ sfq]nb`gYSd]h0\DY[r=k]\Lc`pY[Z @lGd]k0h% sfq\_kYA sn lGu[\iwd]\_k]| rsl + 5 ) * @z? YA @^[\YG,( s^ @nbr sfq]nb`gYSd]h0\ YSr=k0\ c`pYSZ lGd]k]h% fQ\ikY sn lGua\_wd]\_k0|i@rsl + ) *

f d]| Z ^[f& snbnp\_u Y[Z% sk Y[Z]r=â\ `pks\_^ YS`by; YS\ihe~r=]np\i sk]h YSuar=k]y Z]\@lGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^

d]â\_hjZ]\_ua\ + )F* sk]hE+ 5)F* su[\|inbr=â\_^ YxYSr Y[Z]\ $ ]`gYS| Z]\ihmk]rsY[\_^Kd]â\_hje"~r=]np\i sk]h YSuar=k]y Z]\ fQ]np`pY[d]h]\DrslKYSZ0\ h]`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikY[^rsl~YSZ]\Qd]]I\_unp`b s^'fq\- ^[d]ua\_he ~rs]nb\ k]hY[u[r=k]y lGr=uY[Z]`b^'k]rsY[\& \_u[\I ]]u[r- `bf& Y[\_np :+_fQf sk0h fQflGr=u

YSZ0\ aârsl Y sk]h anpr=d]hOk]rsY[\_^@u[\_â \i|iY[`p=\inp 6c`gYSZ f 0`pf d]f su[\> s^ r l r=I\_k]`pk]y rsl

= 76 fqf sk0h % +_fQf Z]\ sfq]np`pYSd0h]\rsl h]`bâ]n/ s|i\_fq\_kYqrslY[Z]\ suaY[`po |i`/ snxnp`b( s^+; 6 fqf k]h+; fQf?lGr=uxYSZ0\?sYSZ]ua\_âZ]r=nbhM& k]hI=f 0`pf d]f k]r YS\_^5 sk]hmYSZ0\6 su[\> s^Krsl

r=I\_k]`pk]y r= \ik]`bk0yF \_u[\ fQf k]h+;+_fQf tX ^ |- sk eI\ ^[\_\ik0=YSZ0\_u[\ 7 Û^[`py=k]`go |- skY[npfqr=u[\fqrsYS`pr=kfq\- sâd]u[\ih e ~r=0nb\i sk]h YSuar=k]yDlGr=uxYSZ0\fqrsY[`br=kr lUYSZ0\Zd]f& skjnb`p]^>

$ `bysd]u[\ % 5(^[Z]rc^YSZ0\k]r=uaf snp`bâ\_h ( =\lGr=u[fq^ lGr=uQh]`bâ]n/ s|i\_fq\_kYm`pk YSZ0\ k]h h]`pu[\_|YS`pr=k]^>3 ^~\inbnF s^ Y[Z]\nb`pr=I\_k0`bk]y su[\> M r YS\Y[Z% Y Y[Z]\np`brs \ik]`bk]y su[\> ]ua\_^[\ikYS\_hZ]\iu[\'`b^cYSZ]\lGd]nbn nb`p rs \ik]`bk]y su[\> MIu Y[Z]\_ucYSZ% kZ% snglUYSZ0\nb`p rs \ik]`bk]y su[\> s^d0^[\_h#lGr=u h% YA ^[\iY[^ D .X ^m|- k#e \â\_\ik0 Y[Z]\9nb`pr=I\_k]`pk]y sua\- `p^ snpfQr=^ Y`pk

]Z% ^[\&c`gYSZYSZ]\ Dh]`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikY> e]d0Y s]]uar `pf Y[\_ng u" sh]`@ sk]^vr=d0YrslK0Z% s^[\Lc`pY[ZYSZ0\ Dh]`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikY>

% % $ %& % % %& % )%

% ( " " %& %& ")$

%

# #

Z]\D\B I\_ua`bfq\_kYS^vh]\i^[|_ua`beI\_h(`bkY[Z]\D]u[\ `pr=d]^v^[\i|iY[`br=kE \_u[\ s0]u[r=0u[`/ VYS\ lGr=u`pk=\_^ YS` Dy2 Y[`bk]y YSZ]\~n/ suay=\BD= sfQ0nb`pY[d]h]\fqrsYS`pr=krsl YSZ]\~nb`b0Ûh]d]ua`bk]y r=^[|i`bnbn@ YS`pr=k0 e]d YYSrnpr r !6 YYSZ0\lGu[\iwd]\_k]|@u[\_â rsk]^[\'rslUY[Z]\'np`b]^Kua\_wd]`pu[\_^F Df d]| Zfqr=ua\â\_k]â`pY[`p=\â^ YS\_f k ^[\_|YS`pr=k

% +F ]Z0rsYSrh]`brh]\x`p^d]â\_hQY[rvu[\_|ir=u[hDYSZ0\Knb`bysZYUlGu[r=f vn@ s^[\iu s^`pY% s^[â\_^ YSZ]uar=d]y=ZDYSZ0\

sua\- eI\iY= \_\_kjYSZ0\nb`b0^> Z]`p^KââY[\_f 0u[r `bh]\i^xYSZ]\â\_k]â`pYS`g`pYQk]\_|i\_^[^" suamY[r6\BM sfq`bk]\

;,

YSZ0\~fq\_| Z% sk0`b|- nua\_â r=k0^[\xrsl0YSZ]\ nb`b0^>Ve]d0Y|> sk r=k0npv]uar h]d0|_\~rsk]\BD h]`bfq\_k]â`br=k snu[\i^[d]ngYS^> kr=u[h0\_uYSrj`pks\_^ YS`by; YS\ Y[Z]\Dnb`bu[\_â rsk]^[\qfQrsu[\lGd]npnp ^[\_uvzrs]]nb\iu %`pe]u[rsfQ\YS\_u

|- kOeI\d]â\_h YSr9ua\_|_rsu[h+YSZ]\mfqrsY[`br=k rslF y=`ps\_k su[\> rslcYSZ]\mnp`b âd]ual. |_\m`bkC ys`p=\ik

h]`pu[\_|YS`pr=k0 Z]\e% |A!ysu[r=d]k0h]Z^[`b|i^ sk0h YS\i| Z]k]`pwd0\_^ r l s^[\iu zrs]]nb\iu%`be0u[r=fq\iY[ua

z% sua\?~\inbnM\_^ YA se0nb`bâZ]\_h lGr=u3 6|_r=k]|i`bâ\'âd]fQf& su ;]â\_\ 69+

"!# #

Z]\H su[\> s^Qr l`bkY[\_u[\iâY su[\jYSZ]\jlGu[rskY sk]h e% s|A! rslY[Z]\@d]]I\_uqnb`b$~`bk YSZ0\ sk0h

h]`pu[\_|YS`pr=k]^> $ `bysd]u[\ % ^[Z0r c^Y[Z]\c\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY sn]â\iYSd0Qd]â\_h0 c`pY[Z YSZ]\KY[Z]u[\i\ h0` # \_u[\ikY`be]uar=fq\iYS\iuK rs^[`pY[`br=k0^x^[Z]rck0

PhotodiodeArtificial Mouth

Transparent Mouthpiece

Optical Rail

PUL

SE

4938 1/4" Microphone4192 Probe Microphone

Polarising Filter

OFV−3001 Controller

Computer

Vibrometer Position 3



Laser

$ `py=d]u[\ % j I\_ua`bfq\_kYA sn~^[\iY[d]Od]^[\ih lGr=uY[Z]\m`be]uar=fQ\YS\iu6\B \iu[`pfQ\ikY[^> Z]\m` De]uar=fQ\YS\iu77 s^ ]n@ s|_\ih@`pkmYSZ]ua\_\vh]` # \_ua\_kY rs^[`pY[`br=k0^>

kYSZ0`b^ ^ YSd]h Q r=ngY[\_| $ %FD s= `pe]u[r=fq\iY[\_u Z]\- shc`pYSZH tr=npYS\i| $ %FD == +|_rskY[u[r=npnb\iu`b^ d]^[\ih0 Z]`p^ `be0u[r=fq\iY[\_u]uar h]d0|_\_h Ir=â`pYS`g=\cy=r=`pk]y=r=ngYA sys\clGrsu 'u[\ih]d]|D

,

YS`pr=k `pkYSZ]\Kh0`bâY sk]|i\~YSrY[Z]\xYA suay=\iY> k6r=uah]\_uY[rr=e0Y s`bk âdq|_`p\_kY u[\B \_|YS`brsk]^lGu[r=fYSZ0\

nb`p âd]ual. s|i\ ]â\is\_u nM^[f& snbnI]`b\i|_\i^Krsl u[\B \_|YS`ps\YA sI\ \_ua\ h]Z]\_ua\_hY[r YSZ]\np`b]^ Z]\i^[\]`p\_|_\i^6rslcYA sI\ \_ua\@Ir=â`pYS`pr=k]\ih ^[r s^ Y[r snbnpr YSZ]\ `pe]u[r=fq\iY[\_u eI\- f YSr9fq\- ^[d]ua\YSZ0\qh0`b^[0n/ s|i\_fq\_kY YYSZ0\DlGuar=kY sk]h(e% s|A!r l Y[Z]\Dnb`b0^>M`bkeIrsYSZ9Y[Z]\ 8h0`bu[\i|iY[`br=kE k]h 8h0`bu[\i|iY[`br=k â\_\jo y=d]ua\ % Z0\@`be0u[r=fq\iY[\_uG7 ^Qâ\iYQ`bkOr=k]\jrsl Y[Z]\mYSZ]ua\_\@ rs^[` DYS`pr=k]^xâZ]rck `pko y=d]ua\ % M r=â`pY[`br=kE+6 snpnbr \_hYSZ0\h]`bâ]n/ s|i\_fq\_kYKrsltYSZ0\lGu[r=kYKrsltYSZ0\

nb`p `pk YSZ0\ rs^[`pY[`ps\ 8h0`bu[\i|iY[`br=k Y[reI\ fq\- sâd]u[\ih0 r=â`pY[`br=k snbnpr~\ih YSZ]\ r=â`pY[`p=\

8h]`bâ]n/ |_\_fq\_kYUrsl Y[Z]\KlGu[r=kY rsl Y[Z]\cnb`b'YSrve \Kfq\- ^[d]ua\_h0tr=^[`gYS`pr=k snbnpr \_h6Y[Z]\Kk]\_y D Y[`p=\ 8h0`b^[0n/ s|i\_fq\_kY~r l YSZ]\ u[\> su rsl YSZ0\ np`bDYSreI\ fQ\> s^[d]ua\_h0X8lGr=d]u YSZQ r=â`pY[`br=kG( s^ snp^[r d0^[\_h$0cZ]\_ua\YSZ]\' `pe]u[rsfQ\YS\_u 7 ^ rs`bkYS\ihlGu[r=f eI\_npr AY[Z]\ fqr=d0Y[Zd]Y[Z]u[r=d0y=Z

YSZ0\K^[`bh0\7c`bk]h]r6lGr|_d]â`bk]yr=k6Y[Z]\Ku[\> sursl YSZ]\Knp`b0 Z]`p^ `p\ 7 s^`pkYS\_k0h]\_hDYSrvu[\i|_r=uah

YSZ0\ fQr YS`brsk rslY[Z]\ ua\- su rslYSZ]\nb`b `bk@YSZ]\s\_u YS`b|> sn h]`pfQ\ik]^[`pr=k0 ) r~\=\_uMh]d]\Y[rYSZ0\âZ% sI\vrsl Y[Z]\vfQrsd0YSZjeIr ]Y[Z]`b^KIr=^[`gYS`pr=km]u[r s\_h Y[rDe \v`bfqIr=^[â`be]np\ YSr s| Z]`p\is\

Z]\_â\ Ir=â`pYS`pr=k]^ ~\iu[\| Z]r=â\_k.`pk#r=u[h0\_uYSr+`pk=\_^ YS`py2 YS\Y[Z]\9u[\in/ Y[`ps\9]Z% sâ\9e \DZ% `br=d0u e \Y=~\i\_kYSZ]\fqrsYS`pr=krsl`pk]h]`p`ph]d% snV rs`bkYS^Mr=kY[Z]\ nb`p0 K skY= r 8h]`pfQ\ik]^[`pr=k% snnb`p6fQrh]\inb^ `bk]|inbd]h0\KfQrsY[`br=k6`pkDe rsY[Z6YSZ]\ sk]h vh]`bua\_|iY[`br=k0^> ) r~\=\_u% fQrh]\in]rsl

YSZ0\csr |> sn lGr=nbh0^ 0u[\_â\_kYS\ihe Mr=d]^ \iY( sn % d]â\_hQY= r's\_u YS`b|> sn h]\iy=u[\i\_^~r l lGua\_\_h0r=f 8r=k]\6 VYxYSZ]\lGuar=kYcrsl YSZ]\np`b]^7 sk]hjr=k]\6 Y~YSZ]\ua\- suKrsl Y[Z]\nb`p]^> Z0`b^x=r|- n lGr=nbhmfqrh]\_n

`b^ sh% s YS\_hY[rmu[\i]u[\i^[\_kYvYSZ0\ nb`pu[\i\_h# sk]h9`pk=\_^ YS`py2 YS\ih9`bkâ\_|YS`brsk 6 % Z]\ | Z]r=â\_k

|- fQ\iu D r=â`pY[`br=k]^Krsd]y=ZY Y[rQ0u[r `bh]\h% Y DY[rQZ]\inb h]\iY[\_u[fq`bk0\6cZ0`b| Zh0\_y=ua\_\_^ rslUlGua\_\Dh]r=f u[\`bfq r=u YA skYK`pk h0\_^[|iu[`pe]`bk]yqYSZ]\fqrsYS`pr=kjrslUY[Z]\'np`bju[\i\_h0 Z0\u[\in/ Y[`ps\0Z% s^[\i^rslY[Z]\fqrsYS`pr=k@`bkY[Z]\_â\ h]\_ysu[\_\i^rsllGua\_\_h0r=f c`pnbn snp^[r Z0\_nb`bk Y[Z]\ d]k0h]\_uaâYA k]h]`bk0yrsl

,M+

YSZ0\r s\_u nbnMeI\_Z% `br=d0uKrsl Y[Z]\vââY[\_f

Z]\@h]`bâ]n/ s|i\_fq\_kYq^[`py=k% snxlGuar=f YSZ0\@`be0u[r=fq\iY[\_u6|_rskY[u[r=npnb\iu7 s^q`bk0]d0Yq`bkYSrYSZ0\

0 ^ âYS\if snpr=k]yc`pY[Z+YSZ]\mâ`by=k% nb^lGuar=f Y[Z]\m]Z]rsY[r h0`brh]\ % , fQ`p|_u[rs]Z]r=k]\

ua\_|ir=u[h]`pk]yDYSZ]\']u[\i^[^[d0u[\`pk@Y[Z]\fqr=d]ysZ |> `gY sk]h@YSZ]\ % +, fq`b|iu[r=]Z0r=k]\?c`pY[Z YSZ0\

]uar=e \ YaYA s| Z0fQ\ikY Gu[\_|ir=u[h0`bk]y6YSZ0\0u[\_â^[d]ua\`pkjY[Z]\vfQrsd0YSZ]0`b\_|i\ k r=uah]\_uKY[rq\ |_`pY[\YSZ0\qnp`b]^ YSZ]\q^[I\- !s\_ueIr(âZ]rck `pko]y=d]u[\ +5 7 ^ YaYA s| Z0\_hYSrjYSZ]\Dfqr=d0YSZ0]`b\i|_\ Z]\m )â^ YS\_f h]\_np`ps\_u[\ihC |- snp`be]u" YS\ih ^ ~\i0YD^[`pk]\( s\m^[`py=k% sn YSZ]uar=d]y=Z YSZ]`p^

^[I\- !s\_u;cZ]`b| Z( sûa\_|ir=u[h]\ihDd]^[`pk]y YSZ0\~]uar=e \~fQ`p|_u[rs]Z]r=k]\ ^[`pk]y YSZ0`bÛâ\iY[d]0`pY ( sÎr=^[â`be]np\cY[r'rse0YA s`pkD^[`bfd]npY sk]\_rsd]^ u[\_|ir=u[h0`bk]y=^ rsl e r YSZDYSZ]\ ^ YA sk0h% su[h np`bDu[\i^[Ir=k]â\ ^d]â\_hj`bk| Z s0YS\iu M sk]hme \- sn % sk0h~d]nbnp\_k + efq\- ^[d]ua`bk]yYSZ]\? fQr=d0kY~rsl

nb`py=ZY sh]fq`pY[Y[\_hqe \Y=~\i\_kY[Z]\ np`b]^ k]h YSZ0\ u[\i^[Ir=k]â\rsl Y[Z]\ sua\- rsl YSZ0\ nb`pQâd]ual. |_\ ^fq\- sâd]u[\ih eY[Z]\ `pe]u[rsfQ\YS\_u

kDr=u[h]\iuUYSrrse0YA s`pkYSZ0\xnb`p u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\ Gd]^[`pk]yeIrsYSZ Y[Z]\x`be]uar=fQ\YS\iu sk]h60Z]rsYSrh]`pr h]\

^[`py=k% snp^ Y[Z]\ fQ\YSZ]rh]^Md]â\_h'`bkv^[\i|iYS`pr=k % :+ \_ua\ d]â\_h0 Z]\ ]u[r=eI\fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\^[`py=k% sn( s^cd]^[\ih s^KYSZ0\ua\ilG\iu[\_k0|_\^[`bysk% snJ

Z]\ uaYS`go |_`@ sn]fqr=d0Y[Z&( s^~â\iYxd009c`gYSZqYSZ]\ ^[I\- ! \_uxeIr-& Y[Y s| Z]\ih YSrYSZ]\ fQrsd0YSZ D]`p\_|_\ sk0h ^[\Y ]n@ `pk]y@lGrsu npr=k]y@ \iu[`pr h(rslxY[`bfq\ . s]]uar-0`pf VYS\_ng s fQ`pkd YS\_^ Y[r\_k0^[d]ua\1 âY se]np\ \if e rsd]| Zd]u[\ Z]\~Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nph ]n@ `pk]y lGua\_wd]\ik]|i 7 s^ YSZ]\ik fQ\> s^[d0u[\_h$ Z]\6 s`pu âd]]]ng( s^xYSZ0\_km^4c`gYS| Z]\ih r # . sk]hYSZ0\^[d]0]npQ np=\ |_nbrs^[\_h e \lGr=u[\ YA !`bk0yYSZ0\Qfq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^> K \- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^ \_ua\QY !s\ikc`pY[Z(Y[Z]\q`pe]u[r=fq\iY[\_uv`bk9Y[Z]\qY[Z]u[\i\

h]`$# \iu[\_kY r=â`pY[`br=k]^ ^[Z0r ck9`pk o ysd]u[\ % Z]\\BM s|iY r=â`pY[`br=k@rslY[Z]\ |- fQ\iu Q`p^ eI\_^ Y

,

h]\i^[|_ua`beI\_h `bkj^[]Z0\_u[`p|- snM|ir 8r=uah]`bk YS\i^ \vh]\o k]\'Y[Z]\vr=u[`py=`bkI ^cY[Z]\v|_\ikY[u[\rslYSZ0\qnp`bâd]ual. |_\ sk]h 9 sk]h s^vy=`g=\_k`pko]y=d]u[\ % ,M Zd]^'Ir=â`pYS`pr=k +;0cZ0`b| Z

x

y

z

P

rθ

φ

$ `py=d]u[\ % , ]Z]\_ua`b|> sn0Ir=n/ u |ir 8r=uah]`bk% VYS\~^ âYS\if%d]â\_hDYSrf& sY[Z]\K|- sfq\_u" Ir=^[`gYS`brsk]^>8`pY[Z ua\_^[I\_|Y YSr@o y=d]ua\ % @Y[Z]\ 8 `p^'`p^'ua`b^[`pk]y@r=d0Y'rslxYSZ0\% sy=\ Y[Z]\ 89 `b^ysr \i^lGu[rsf Y[Z]\jnb`b |_\_kY[u[\mYSr( su[h]^6Y[Z]\mn/ sâ\_u6âr=d]u[|i\ sk]h+YSZ0\

8 `b^6y=r\_^6d0 Y[Z]\m% sys\

I\_u[I\_k0h]`b|id]n/ suxY[r6YSZ]\vr=0Y[`b|> sn u `bnJ

Ir=`bkYS\ih YKYSZ]\lGuar=kYcrsltYSZ]\vnb`p0Z% shj|_r 8r=u[h]`pk% Y[\_^ f , 6 ]Ir=â`pYS`pr=k Ir=`bkYS\ih

YY[Z]\ce r Y[YSrsf)rsl Y[Z]\xlGu[r=kY rsl Y[Z]\Knb`p0=Z% sh 6Vf + 6 56 sk]hDIr=^[`gYS`pr=k cZ0`b| ZIr=`bkYS\ih YKYSZ]\vua\- sucrsltYSZ]\vnp`b0 Z% sh f , + =

"!# ! #

s| Z \0I\_ua`bfq\_kY']u[rh]d]|i\_h @^[\iY'rslKh YA mYSZ% VY|ir=kYA s`pk]\_h(YSZ]\qlGr=nbnpr c`pk]ymfq\- sâd]u[\Dfq\_kYS^

X u[\- 6rslUr=I\_k]`pk]y6u[\i^[Ir=k]^[\ ^ 0u[\_â\_kYS\ih`bkjâ\_|iY[`br=k % +

,

z`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikY ua\_^[Ir=k]â\ `bk@`be]uar=fQ\YS\iu Ir=^[`gYS`pr=k+; |ir=u[ua\_â r=k0h]`bk]yqYSr Y[Z]\fQrDY[`br=kmrsl Y[Z]\lGu[r=kYcnb`p^[d0ual. s|i\`pkYSZ]\ 8h]`bua\_|YS`brsk G`b\0r=d0Y=( suah]^ lGuar=f?YSZ]\l. s|i\

z`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikY ua\_^[Ir=k]â\ `bk@`be]uar=fQ\YS\iu Ir=^[`gYS`pr=k |ir=u[ua\_â r=k0h]`bk]yqYSr Y[Z]\fQrDY[`br=kmrsltYSZ0\vlGuar=kY nb`bmâd]ual. |_\v`bkmYSZ0\ 8h]`pu[\i|iYS`pr=k G`b\ 0d]27 suah]^

z`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikY ua\_^[Ir=k]â\ `bk@`be]uar=fQ\YS\iu Ir=^[`gYS`pr=k |ir=u[ua\_â r=k0h]`bk]yqYSr Y[Z]\fQrDY[`br=kr l Y[Z]\6u[\> sunp`bâd]ual. s|i\6`bkY[Z]\ 8h0`bu[\i|iY[`br=k0 Z]`p^^[`py=k% sn 7 s^`pk=\_u YS\ihY[r

s|i|_r=d0kY lGr=uKYSZ]\vl. s|Y Y[Z% Y QIr=^[`gYS`ps\vfQrsY[`br=kj`pk@Y[Z]\ 8h]`bua\_|iY[`br=kI r=d]nbh u[\i^[d]ngY

`pk 6h]\i|_ua\- sâ`bk]yD=r=ngYA sys\^[`bysk% sn lGuar=f Y[Z]\ `pe]u[rsfQ\YS\_u

r YS\Y[Z% Y nbnKYSZ]\^[`bysk% snb^L \_u[\ nb^[r `bk=\iuaYS\ih#h]d]\Y[r YSZ]\`bk=\iu[^[`pr=krslY[Z]\fq`b|_uar=]Z]rsk]\^[`py=k% sn

$ `bysd]u[\ % :+ ^[Z]rc^cr=k]\ |_r=fq]nb\YS\ ^[\iYxrsl u[\i^[d]ngYS^> Z]`p^~o y=d0u[\âZ]rc^xYSZ]\ua\_^[Ir=k]â\|_d0ua=\i^h]\_â|_ua`beI\_h seIr =\ Z]\ ]n@ `pk]yQlGua\_wd]\ik]|i`b^ ^[Z]rcke@Y[Z]\s\_uaY[`b|> sn ua\_hnp`bk]\

Y #% )F* Z]\9=\_u YS`p|- sn e]n/ s|A! nb`pk]\_^Q^[Z]r Y[Z]\ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^@r=e]^[\iuas\_h `bkY[Z]\ su[\> u[\i^[Ir=k]â\mfQ\> s^[d]ua\_fq\_kY- Z]\i^[\j`bk0|_nbd0h]\ YSZ0\r=d0Y=( su[h ua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^ YG, )F*1+ = ) * sk]h+ % 6 ) * sk]hqYSZ]\ `bk2( su[hQu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\? Y 6 +-)F* 9 sk0h s^ |- skQe \ ^[\i\_k Y[Z]\ Y[Z]u[\i^[Z]r=nph

]n@ `pk]ylGu[\iwd]\_k]| nb`p\_êI\iY= \_\ik Y[Z]\mr=d0Y=( su[h sk0hO`pk27 suah+u[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^> Z]\iu[\ sua\ snp^[r kd]fe \iumrslvrsYSZ0\_uua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^j^[\i\_k0 lv% suaY[`b|id]n/ suq`bkY[\_u[\iâY sua\YSZ0\ \> !^ YjYSZ0\ Z]`py=Z]\iujlGua\_wd]\ik]|_`p\_^ =% ) * k]h %% % )F*lGr=uj`bk0âYA k]|_\ cZ]\iu[\ Y[Z]\_ua\ `p^jk]r

|_rsu[u[\i^[Ir=k]h]`pk]y6I\- !q`bk Y[Z]\ua\_^[Ir=k]â\v|_d]u =\_^Kfq\- ^[d]ua\_h c`pY[Z YSZ]\`pe]u[r=fq\iY[\_u Z]\_ua\`b^3 k]rsYSZ0\_ucrsltYSZ]\i^[\u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^F Y6+5 )F*

, %

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Res

pons

e A

mpl

itude

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

−pi/2

0

pi/2

Frequency (Hz)

Res

pons

e P

hase

DiodePosition 1Position 2Position 3Playing Frequency

251

92

122 145

173 334

444

240

$ `py=d]u[\ % :+ !c\_^[Ir=k]â\'r ltY[Z]\r=I\_k]`pk]yL sua\- h]`pr h0\^[`py=k% sn sk]hmYSZ0\ r=`pkYKh]`bâ]n/ |_\BDfq\_kYS^ tr=^[`gYS`brsk]^ +B8 Z0\ ua\_h's\_u YS`b|> snnb`pk]\^[Z0r c^tYSZ]\ YSZ0u[\_âZ]r=nph']n@ `pk]yKlGu[\iwd0\_k]| #% )F* YSZ]\s\_uaY[`b|> sne]n/ s|A! nb`bk0\_^ ^[Z]r Y[Z]\ u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^ `bh]\ikYS`po]\_h`bkYSZ]\ r=I\_k]`pk]y su[\> u[\i^[Ir=k]â\ Z]\1! \iu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^ u[\~Y[Z]\xr=d0Y=( suah6âYSua`@!`bk0yu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\i^ Y , )F* M+ = ) * sk]h#+ % 6)F* sk]hjYSZ]\v`bk2( su[hj^ YSu[`:!`bk]yDu[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ Y 69+)F*

Z]\ `be]uar=fq\iYS\iu h% VYA ^[Z0r c^l. u lG\ \_uua\_^[rsk% sk]|i\_^> Z]\6h% VYA QlGuar=f-Ir=â`pYS`pr=k]^ + sk]h ^[Z0r f s`pk]npcY[Z]\fQr YS`brskrslYSZ]\ nb`p`bkY[Z]\ 8h]`pu[\_|YS`pr=k0 Z]\_ua\( u[\|_np\- suanp \> !^`bkY[Z]\_â\vu[\_â rsk]^[\i^ |ir=u[ua\_â r=k0h]`bk]y6Y[r YSZ]\r=d Y=7 suahjâYSua`@!`bk0y6u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\_^c`ph]\_kYS`go \_hj`pk

YSZ0\F u[\- vu[\i^[Ir=k]â\ Z]\co u[^ Y Y= rr l YSZ0\_^[\ I\- !^ su[\c|_rsk]^[]`p|_d]rsd]^[ng se]^[\ikY lGuar=f YSZ0\

fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYY !s\ik`bk9Ir=^[`gYS`brsk 0cZ]`p| Z`bfq]nb`p\_^cYSZ% Y YSZ]\i^[\DnbrlGu[\iwd0\_k]|9 \> !^ sua\Kh]d]\K^[rsnb\_ngY[rfQrsY[`br=k`bk YSZ0\ 8h]`bua\_|YS`brsk0 Z]\K0u[\_â\_k]|i\ rslII\- !^ `bkL nbn lGrsd]uh% Y

,6

^[\YS^ Y + % 6 ) * `bfq]nb`p\_^ câY[u[r=k]ysnp|ir=d]]np\_h'u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\ Y YSZ]`p^ lGua\_wd]\ik]|i Z]\ âYSua\_k]y YSZrsltYSZ]`p^cu[\_âr=k% sk0|_\`bk snbn ^[`bysk% snb^Kâd]y=y=\iâY[^ Y[Z% Yc`pYc`p^KYSZ]\vh]r=fq`bk skYKr=d0Y=( su[h 8âY[u[`@!`pk]yu[\i^[r=k sk]|_\ `bkDYSZ]`p^ \if e rsd]| Zd]u[\ `bfq`bn/ u[np Y[Z]\ ]ua\_â\_k]|i\rsl Y[Z]\ I\- !L VY 69+)F* `bk& snbnh% Y qâ\iY[^ âZ]rc^ `pYc`p^ qâ`by=k]`go |- kYcua\_âr=k% sk]|i\ Z0`b^cu[\i^[r=k% k]|_\'Z% s^c`bk2( su[h98âYSua`@!`bk0y| Z% su" s|iY[\_ua`bâY[`b|i^> Z]\ sua`/ Y[`br=k]^ `bkY[Z]\ lGua\_wd]\_k0|ijrslMY[Z]`b^xua\_âr=k% sk]|i\YSZ]uar=d]y=Z]rsd0YxYSZ0\h% Y ^[\YS^K`pfQ]np`b\i^ Y[Z% Yx`gYx`p^~k]rsYxâYSuar=k]y=ngq|_r=d]0nb\_hm`pk YSZ0\h]`bfq\_k0^[`brsk]^~r=e0^[\_u =\ih Z]\iu[\

Z]\fQr YS`brsk#`bkYSZ0\ 8h]`pu[\i|iYS`pr=k`p^mr=d0Yjrsl']Z% ^[\Ec`pY[Z8Y[Z]\9fqrsYS`pr=k#`bkY[Z]\ 8h]`pu[\_|YS`pr=k0 cZ0`b| Z sy=u[\i\_^1c`pY[ZmYSZ]\YS`pfQ\Dh]rsf s`pkQrs^[|_`pnbn@ YS`pr=k fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^ r=e0YA `bk]\ihd]â`bk]y6YSZ0\Z0`by=Zj^[I\_\ih|> sfQ\iu â\_\o y=d0u[\ % 75

Z]\`pkY[\_ua]u[\YA Y[`br=kr lMYSZ]\i^[\u[\i^[d]ngYS^x`pk wd% skYS`gYS`g=\f& sk]k]\iux`b^ h]` q|id]npY> k]\rsl YSZ0\f& s`bkm]uar=e]np\_fq^Knb`b\i^(c`pY[ZmYSZ]\l. s|Y Y[Z% YKY[Z]\vnb`b0^3 su[\r snM^[Z s \ih05 sk]h@|_rsk]^[\iwd0\_kYSng

cZ]\ikqd0^[`bk0y 7 uaYS\i^[`@ sk6|_r 8r=u[h]`pk% Y[\xââY[\_f Y[Z]\Kh]`p^[]n@ s|_\ifQ\ikYrsl YSZ]\Kâd]ual. s|i\K`bk6r=k0\

h]`pu[\_|YS`pr=kua\_^[d0npYS^ `bkE h0`b^[0n/ s|i\_fq\_kY`pkE sk]rsY[Z]\_u h]`bua\_|YS`brsk snp^[r 8Z Y`p^ fqr=u[\ YSZ0\u[\iâY[u[`b|YS`pr=k]^cr=k Y[Z]\ r=â`pY[`br=k]`pk]y6rsl YSZ]\v`be]uar=fQ\YS\iu fq\- k@Y[Z% Y YSZ]\iu[\6c`bnbn `bk]\ `gYA se0npeI\ âr=fq\ nb\> ! sy=\ e \Y=~\i\_kY[Z]\ h]` # \_ua\_kYtfQr YS`brsk]^ DI% su YS`p|_d]n@ su[ng lGr=uMIr=â`pYS`pr=k cZ]\_ua\YSZ0\? sk]y=np\_^ ~\iu[\k]rsYx`bh]\> sn + 6 `bk]^ YS\> shmrsl + ) r~\=\_u]YSZ]\ h% YA h0r \i^

]uar `ph]\v^[r=fq\=\iuaj`bkY[\_u[\iâY[`bk]yD`bk0^[`bysZY[^K`bkYSr6Y[Z]\vfQ\i| Z% sk]`p|_^crsltYSZ]\vâ^ YS\_f

Z]\6l. s|iYY[Z% YY[Z]\_ua\& u[\D^[\=\_u" snI\- !^`bkYSZ0\& u[\- mua\_^[Ir=k]â\6lGd]k]|iY[`br=k9Y[Z% Y sua\

,

k]rsYc0u[\_â\_kY`pkYSZ]\`be0u[r=fq\iY[\_uK^[`py=k% snp^K^[d]ysy=\_^ Y rsk]\vrsl Y= rDYSZ]`pk]y=^

Z]\`be]uar=fQ\YS\iu fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^ l. `bnb\ihmYSr ua\_|ir=u[hâr=fq\'rslUYSZ]\'fQrh]\_^ rslrs^[|_`pn Dn@ YS`pr=k9rsl YSZ]\qnb`p]^> ) r \is\_u>Ue \i|- sd]â\qY[Z]\q r=`pkYS^v| Z]r=â\_k lGr=uY[Z]\D `pe]u[rsfQ\YS\_u

fq\- sâd]u[\ifQ\ikYS^~|ir =\_u( snbn h0\_y=ua\_\_^ rsl Y[Z]\ np`bDfqrsYS`pr=k0; \ |- k sâ^[d]fq\ Y[Z]`b^ `b^ k]r Y

Y[Z]\v|- sâ\

Z]\i^[\ \> !^ su[\|iu[\- VYS\_h emk]r=k98nb`bk0\- sua`pYS`p\_^ `bkmYSZ0\ u[\- lGd]k0|iYS`pr=kj`pY[^[\_ngl Z]`p^c`pnbn eI\vh]`bâ|_d]â^[\ih lGd]u YSZ]\iu `pkj| Z% s0Y[\_u 6

Z]\]ua\_^[\ik]|_\(rslvlGr=d]u u[\_âr=k% sk0|_\ \> !^j`bkYSZ0\ `pe]u[rsfQ\YS\_u h% YA +âd]y=y=\iâYS^ lGr=d0u

h]\iy=u[\i\8rsl@8lGu[\_\ih]r=f?fqr h]\in `b^ k]\_\ih]\_hY[r'lGd]npnpDu[\i]u[\i^[\ikY~YSZ]\ nb`bqfqrsYS`pr=k0 ) r~\=\_u]`pY`b^ck]r Y |inb\- u Z]r`pfQIr=uaY skYc\- s| ZrslUY[Z]\_â\ h]\_ysu[\_\i^ rslUlGu[\_\ih]r=f `p^ Y[rQYSZ0\'r =\iu snpn e \DZ% `br=d0u rsl YSZ]\ u[\i\_h0 Z]\ Y=~rnbrlGua\_wd]\_k0|iQfQrh]\_^ `bkqYSZ]\ 8h0`bu[\i|iY[`br=k Ir=^[`gYS`brsk]^1+ sk]h slGrsu `pk]âY sk]|_\=h]rk0rsY s0 \> su Y[re \ |_r=d0]nb\ih YSr Y[Z]\xfqrsYS`pr=k`bkY[Z]\ 8h]`pu[\_|YS`pr=k0 Z]`p^ `pfQ]np`b\i^xYSZ% Y YSZ0`b^cfQr YS`brsk@`p^ k0rsY |iu[`gYS`b|> snM`bk@h]\YS\_uafQ`pk]`bk0yDY[Z]\eI\_Z `pr=d]u rslYSZ0\ s`pu6]r Y[Z]u[rsd]y=Z Y[Z]\ np`b| Z% sk]k0\_nJ cZ]`b| Z `p^'|ir=kYSuar=nbnp\_h eYSZ0\ r=I\_k u[\- @e \Y=~\i\_kYSZ0\np`b]^

,5

"!# $%&'!#(" )#*( +-," .&A /% .0 "$*1,(!#- 2$I 3 4@ 25.&6&7#849:(#$2 /4 #;(,<=!(": ,(>!0&% !" "!?@A87(% B:!CDE*#" C,> > 3F*. @$!> 2"!E "!# $.G' *% .,"E-#*( D8F,> ##=H%,(!#- 2 I- #*4,(!#@ 8E J#*"E ":," .# * > .= 4 4@ 2 !E#( H'>:($; 2AE8;"% B:!K > )8;"!= (> .&@ .0 (=.& !." 0 LM##).!'==5 ($!#((N!"( %,- 6 E% B::"!#*9# ./ 2!=,O% !" ,"(!##,"L.&(D8;2P3"! .;"!C&*$,- 2,O% !" ,"(!#,( .(! .Q1D .(,O% 2,":M:( $%,- = R!"> !,OSL 1 4,OT .!I 2 : ,(" SU( V% T&R!"( S!(#- !#,O07 2

,

,((M* M':"!#* 8;""U,(/ 2 I ." ":(&;" !':,(H .0 "$5 % % % 6 6 " &&, 8)"*5, 8;@P&1!#(( .0 "$

%

":(! 0& .0 ": !#*$L," &0M *'0 .G," . .0 "

&# #&!$N *&7 .0 ( &% % 5 ,O3 (7&!#("( IH"," % EMC &," *2C .0 "&!# :(8;E:(!#*H"!H *>(# =:(!L .&;! &7(,"I%P&T8;" :0! !92

!"&! ,"8 #$4= ( -& !," ! &7!# ,"%=% ,"A . (

-L ! , PF& *J8; 8; : 87( #!# .(F!(# ,( "

","! #" %$ @ ($!#(H!"( "K '* @ .0 4,"

& "(!' !# 1!0( !# #!#*)>$Q "&;" $35@& ! (!#C@ "+

4,OS, R* ((!@"F# " R," ((!)8;" ! 87 :J

#!# .(L!" ,( !"&7(,":(* "N#(, , -

(!# !#C(=% " ) ,O &"!GF:(#$ C87( :!G2#": &(! &) . ( . AUD!/ ! 8M * $ M*0# 0/ $ " 5 # 6 1

",O2,( .& ! 8)3.-0&;"! .( ?!#(# . #!" " (#,(!#87(

(,3 4" R4&!(#(" R"," 6 556 3",( S ."0 V( S

F I#*(7D&!#(#(" J"," 6 58 3 " 3480

P &#3!(#&; !4P: !#@ (7 ! 1P0&7(!# .(

. #!" ">L&!"(( 5P#(,9 4"2% "

)$ ) % ' % ""

"

.9 S .0 "$5&7(!# &. #.M:P S' 4 $

* .,)#*#( H&!,("::"' (!#:$JH7> ' 2 !

#*( &!# :0 $R0&!"#P!J ,(,"("! 1 #,(! ,( .&7(

(!>:($ 5(1, ,( $.4 . :" ">C"@," &7"

$" J .#& ,( $("! 2K .J#(

6 2

)7> V "R #,(!( C 8;",( .( .L(! NI &$

&7(!0 87(," .( ,L"! % .&%> 487(! )F # & &

T . ,",("(! S &&!#0 (M*R,(# >I :(!.P &$ &7(!#

8 VP> R!4 ,(,(""! % J:(0," * T

& ,(" "> % 6

% 6

% 6 4"

A 3&!# : ( ,(,(! ' (#,(!&J'#*#( * &$

! -K$)"$ . ,(,"! ,*4 $:(@# 4 !(,*@ (&7( !# (!38 ,",(! H!#( .&$! @ %2 6 )

,O#( L&! : (F$0 ,(,"! ,* L9!>(,*P! $NK"!"# & &&!#0 (M* 6 ( 8;"$ # ! 3 &$ ! ( 3I $

&&,

I!# (! 8 @F!#7>","*!"&7%QF $M( @ . ( I &M:

&!#(#!P $#Q"!(,(3 &&( ,"!#4 :!# =& 4 )(@3!

S&! . &!#(#! L,OS UDM3: J!H3UD!I .&3

.# 4 (!# ?(!' " &! : "N"(!#$*19H*0"

7> * 0!#7>",((&@*F*,>C!(,* MDE .&=!#7>","* L "!4& L,O3 = =A",(" !#*I4 ",(::!#(&7#

$ -! @&0$ @!#(#$J .) 5 25 D!#(!

! ! .( 4'$:=E,( .&-4 &#=!"&7#F)A!7>","*4

H( &( P $ & !#(#&;L ,( .& ! 8

!# =@-&7(!# .( &!#(#(" 59,O &0(!# "

(!# ! (=3 ." #( 5J8 P)!" 5& *0$!#7>","*

UD!##J# .&* &&* # ,P&!# &!"#!5 !$ "$ &! ,(

# " 3," 8A# <($I AM= # 87 : !" 2"! ."0 9L !A# 8 * M*L,O A: M*3 !(," ., ,( .& &

* N"!"!A!#7>!#(K !G(K,( .& . "(!# =!"

&7 A",O2NE #,(#( 3"," 6 5 ,

81 $ $ '#( 5%# *53,"0 1&7(!#! @# 4 & F& , ) $ ,O( 8;", #4KF($! L !$ > )8;"!

C#$ &!,("#$I0 $! & &$.& , ) $"7 9 ( F)87(U%

:$ #!" C !,"(C4 ! )>& ,( 8@C2 :(!*H .,((

&!#$! .$ $ $L ":"!7 #)M &! ( .(?N# ,"0 F!

4 %& !#," !#* : $( L"5$ &7L,O

!# ',(!#' *I . & . ) . "&M' !#$ #&;"( : $

$ .,( L!#(H 8@8;", #%2;D08 * ,(,"(#8 &

* ,( " LJ J! "! N!#(! .&! :F% $ 8 *)6,(

!$F&!$! . (!# L!M" ,"(,- .0 " 1 ( I,(

87 *I,O $" .!#(&!#(#( #;(!#(F "+ F0&7(#)G .,( .& & > . 1=" C )>$'C ),OH .&(!G )2A, . UD,

@,(

# #

$ .4 1 4 H&':(!* ,( .& *9 " $

,O ) 3, 9 )2 * L(!#N!# 87"( (( 0 P *< &

&7( $.P ,( .&-0 *3G .0 " P > 487(!L? .&"%#( $ !

>, )2(!H ."0 TN / ! 8M * $ M*0# 5 6 M*

LJ# 8 * E3#*#( 8;0 R7>8! &;44& !," !* "

!% .$I )#*#( L ( 8 ""+ ::(' !#$H

.0 "?P!" ,( !#( M:(M*1 &@)2A7> "7> !#

(P!(&!(#(" 19 !#8! 9 "$": "F2GL !#8I (#,(!8;

.&7!# &7(,L-&3 .

! 3F!#(, ," ( 9! > )8;"!%G Q"!(% P&!"#!"7 #

, "! .3M $:(T .0 " L= "# 8 8 V9!(# &!#( &

! J!" 3& *$)!>(,* =!# =($3@, "$!#

$M:( ,(U$! C) .0 ( "(!%' ! 5!%( ! 1!#*)>$ #

&% )@&7(!#! 0&;"! "> HJ' "Q8*J: !#*$@A& ! "!

'," &"!A . !#7>!( 3!= ,O9!PA . ;," .& !" J %

4 =) !>!#( .( !#4 ," ( 8>* ) 48;"!&!#(#!#."&

V3,( &0 * LJ .0 " $ 6 &;4# 4 6L )#

",( L *0&, 6,( .&(!L,O L !$% 48;"!E #0&7(!# .( H

87 , !!#" PL ! 8' .

P&!,("H% !#$ 9 "A::"H #, !# $ *V(!# L,OS

!," M"! $J: !# 8 ,O ,( $I: ! 84 &

" )87=#(& ! 8=> # * ., ,( .&7(G," $ !# # ,

,( &7">7D@: ! 8 8;",( .(

6 6

L"! 6C# ,?,( .&7(>?: ! 8 Q," $,( .&;(

C 4? !' . !#$!" @," -4E 8 "L(,

#" , #( L(!#!" &; (> UD" !0,(M$E& L

,"#,E&!#(#!#( "L(, 4"8 !#(#$'.# #& ,"( .( 8;0

7>8! % H# ,@,( .&7( ', ," ( 18*1: $JH7> '

.H # 0* >U $N%8! &7# -. %7> !#

(1 !#( !# 54, ,( ( 58! &7M ,5

#,( $'," .&;(6%&. #& ,(( .( !C&!#(#!#.F!# "

.&",(0!"M$) ! .7> LI .(# QN> )8;"!

"$!"(E!#(" I &I . (0& "$!"!#(( 2 ,(,

!" ! !#(# != !#(&!#("( 98* $% .0 F,( ! & #$MUD, >

&U, LJ!3*#" L,OT #MUD( T8*V>:($ $5M* ! &!(# 87( :! # + > A .5!'!#( ! $:( 8>*

7> , 6 P!(&7 ( P"!!E,(:((,"

6

L"! ;C%#! .( !(# ,(%!#7>","*6(!#( ;C .&M A

N &7( ,( LE!>(,* -E > * ,"!LKL!#( ,"

&!(#!#NJ#! .(L .&",( A'," $)," .&;(L

: . DS #(,"( 4%A#! .(K!$)=!#(( . A7>

= 1!'I,"&( .(,O , ,(#, ,( !#

"

5 , P8; !#( L!#(99 !#8!

L"! A ! JG,( .,"(

L"! % & .(# (!#@ ! @ & .( < " *H !8

!#P Q",":P .&$ Q",": &!#$ ,( .,"( ! ,(" , @9:","!I,(> $1 & ,(" "

9:",(M *J,( &7">E!E ,O ($!(-!"(

E2GE P )''!

8

L"!J ," .&-.($(: F6 !8 ,(# > LMIG"$ > 8 , P8; L!#(

8

"!"!=!# & !?A"$": , (K= :(! & 87( :!

? #*#( KN! -& !#%5F"$ M: < & L0&7( *

", * ":(!7DMQ !# 7& !A&7M:F .& LD-0&;( M*H$!

HC F!" .&;C ",( ( L!(# & *0$'!(,*

E$:" 8*J $ !#*.& !#LG($(:

%

8 #, "&!"(( 19#(," #" &!# :0 (L UD!##%8 #(,"%!L:"#$ &

*&;% .0 "<&;& !I# #*" &&, C8;", 6

&," * K$!# N !#(&7 ( 3"!L.%!#(! .&UD, H !

87"( (( &A :$ !"," $ !A,"!#%#(,"

r

m

m

r

P

P0

i

y

k

k

z

K$! 2 &J&T (=&!"(( T#(," #" LM !#(, $ !,(!#L#(," ! 8;(="( &

7> 9G 2J!AE " F$:" 97> 5 "

8

9!,"P(!# P!$>H # 9%P7> UD"I . (

!"&7 L@ D 3!#,(" 9 ! )J9& . ( !,"(L,( '9'!

! &!#(#!#( &&( .4!# ," & . "!"!0!#,( &&( .4

& LC87I&!&7!# KP! ,( ! :"! L,O : C&!#(#!#(

&&* ,(HI .0 " ,(! " :IM* !#(," J,

*3 *9&!"! L ,F((!L.,(! !L ",(! D (&7( $I

,(UD$! HQL! ,( !# Q%& &7M:E&!"#!% ;(!#(," ,"!#

F&C!#(# &7MM:A!#,( !#,($L&C&7( % . (L08;" : .( ! #!*)>$N!#(" &;:E&!"! ;(!",( ,"!#%&C ! L

4& ,"#(! $"(!Q4 "L8;" : 1' !# 1#!*)>$J!"( $

!"M =4, 1 *P . ( L8;" : 5' ! 5! ( !# 1#!#*)>$

!"( " #(," (&7( $NHF& #% ;(!",(F87"( ((L!,"$"! 5!$J 57> 5&!#(#! Q"!",( ,(!J

!"( L )>$ * # ( .( 8;0 H &;H H&1!.#&;",(MUD,

,O ! ,"(!##,"F2G D 3!#,("F:M:(

$ # .$ DT!$4A&4,O " # !*!#,"(#

,( .&!"#8D D P:",( *P )& ,O ( %$M:"58* ="!7>

8

L"! H 0 &!"#!

?H&!"!.1H&5,O (

# .&T@ J @P,"!# & (, !# F9 .R, : *T) 4,O

!$"!A P,"!# & #(, ! P &9,O ( P':",( *92K

D 5P) 05, :M * "$$8 # .( 5 D !#

#" =M0=%&,O ( I (!#4 L!# &!"#!'!#(,( :(!#*

$ !#(#7-I&!#(#!#J .#!# .() .&(,( G, 8; # .(

87)@ . @&!"!H5@&5,O ( % @&!#(#!#( $("! ( 8*5

D D !$3'& L ,E3'#!# ,( !# -'& KMA # .(

=(!# !# (=)(& ! 8%!,(" $"(! " J&!(#!#' ;(!#(," ,"!#

& 9(!L8*3 ="!Q ;(,FK D !$P&3,O "

"5%F,( !L (#4&!"#!" L ," Q"!( ! ,( !

& !#,( ,"! " P8*. &!"!' Q"!(,( ,"!#= & L<!"M

P( !# 5#!*)>$H8;" :0! N& L687N&" 1&7( 8* :(!#&!"#!

' .3, : * A!#,( ,E :"! 3 ;(,M:! ,( ! 3 ;(,:

1@! 3"@( & ! ."(!', 8;@ .&;" 1JH& ! (!

8 "

L"! J ;(,:J 4 !:(V8* N!#,( ! (! V 8

J &," *52AI ( . N 4M)N24&7#8.57> I

& ! .""!42FJ .0 ( LMR&*, =& ! (!#4F! =& ) ;(,M: ! ,( !# :(! L,OP&!"!) ;(!",( ,"!#E& ,

E7>M: ">?& ! (!-! @' ! @#!2)$ !#,(A? UD( H8*)A#!# ,"

!# 3 &3,O ( :"!9L,O9 ="!;&!"#! ,"7 9E$:(P8>*

8

L"! F ;(,": !M:"I8*HF' ! J!#*)>$'!#,(

;(,M: ! ,( !# :(! L,OP&!"!) &&"

#$@ & ! ."(!# D> 8 8;",( .( 8

"& ! $ %>V"!# , #,( $ ,( &7"> I&;"!7> 7> 8 @87(,( "

8

$ # .$J ! 24 .1, : *5 !$N,( .& !#( LM5 !

&J,O ( P#! .(70'," $,( .&7(E2-' .I&!"!

($$8 ;@& &7( ,(42@ . , : *1 -,( & !( 5

.& &7( ,() H!# " D!"! .! # .$J '.,"!#"," !# CN& ,O (G% ," & !" L 4,(!#%(, !

E3 &(,"! CN, R8; # .( V 4J ,I," .&;(@L

.&",('&!#(#! E($$8 . >F7> 8 87(,( "

8

* &&M*$9I E,""!#: V2E: D ?NN&;8. (!#:

7> 9!A': . D !$P&3,O "+

8

L"! L 0 &&7($ ! !(, - L)UD$!# H #& ,"( .( H&5! H!#$ UD" '.,"(!#

&7-8;(="()(=&N>8!# &; $ $ &!"">( 3> @ L8;"(9" . ('' , 9#,( $),( &7">E

: !# 8(=" "!

* # $ N.(=1& :I#* . !#, *J($>)8;(="(R

&7 F$:"98>*

5

T ! (# > * (! 9J !I,

#,( $ : ! 8 E , ! " 7<7> 8 8;",( .(

5

9(!!

5

!#*> 2 H$:"

5

8#M$H , H7> 5 @$M:(

5 "

:"P

D#,( $4,( .&7(FG D , 87 "U(

,P2G'(=.: ! 8"A-#*(

5

8#M$N=) 7> J2G ..' & ,(#,!#( !

> $:(E > PK . ,"9

5

!#! $( E$M:"

5

!#( J:(!# G7> 8 5

,( &"(I197> 3 S!IJ . (L!J# %,(

!# 97>8! &7M

(#) EG 23, P8; L!#(

5

L"!

> 5 @, P8; L!#(93 .! L7>

% +&7#8.:"#$ NN 8M *3?L .0 "8>*P- $H

($(: (EG !#8

,"1 ,(!?& ! ."(! & !," ! (!"# @ 8M *

, 2C&&*P&!#(#! L,O LE !#(# & *$.!#7>(,"* ?

.0 " L $:" #"%K& ! ."(!#AH8;, ," (

$ 83&!$! L!#"J@, ,( % !#(# 9& *0$N!#7>",((

,P2K8L$H&!#(#! &!,(( ! LL

#N: (F $:N"(! !# !F( ! #!#*)>$

!#(( 9 *&;

,( 3 8! &7M@! $:( . &!#(#!# !$!# (8;" !" P&!"! -

,( % !#8 !A, ,( ( 97>8!

,( %($(: (L- !#8

,"!" ">H&&*5&!(#!# !#(&7 >KH&!"#!. ( 87 :

'!#( 9&!#(#!

" 1&!#(#! M.3! ,O" ,(!" "J !#( !3($ 8>* . EK,O $$.!" ,(!(,* 9!"&;

"Q& ! .""! (!#' )2(3! 0&7(! " ; !#( .( LM3

!U,( K . H!" ,(H!(,"( !> *P ,"!@& (!#

)(P! !"&7#N . #!" "F&;"!#!# " P#(, #"8

& ! "! (!# 8 " PJ#8 " J8* ( JUD!L ,(

"& ! (!# (! ##" N# .L E&! ,"!"M & :!#

7"

( )8;,O!7 ," & *4 :"!9LL! $L;!(# !!7>",(( "!

:(#$

9& ! "!@F ,", A!#( ! 7> (!#3 )2(T!

0&7(!# .( . !#( .(L-'! 487'( 3 -0&;"! .( :"#$ &

L (#,(!#87( P9"," 4"

37>8! &;# N, ,( " R8*V$ .I "!M: :()

"!>

"

K$! 5 L%'!#(# & *$H!#7>",(( ,9?!#( !

"$ E !) !(# 0&7(! "J ,"#( (, #" A!

' ! #!*)>$ & ! (!H,O,( LMS!" ,(P!7>","* '

( !# #!2)$ & ! "!.,O," LS!" ,(9!>(,* 2 - $

, 87N#(( 7N . ( L6*9& *J8;" )#! .( !(" !#( ,"(

' !# !2)>$ , # !*T& * 8; :P !# " !"( !#( ,"(

( ! !#*)>$ , P!!" "H!H!($("! :9(" 8 , )S# "

"," , -0& L* . , # ":(!7L !#(# 0&;"! ">

&7(!#! .( 3#$@ !#UD," 7 33(, 4" 4#=" A !#("

& * 87 87 :58;"+@#! .('!#(# ,"9," !*9@@ "$!"

-!"( (Q" "! (L > "*3 . (Q&3!("

M J4 !F# 8 * * ",O*>"7 L,O !N,( .& ! 8

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

Length (m)

Fre

quen

cy (

Hz)

Instrument Resonance Outward Lip Resonance Inward Lip Resonance Inward One−Mass Model Outward One−Mass Model

K$! 5 I!(# R& *$ !7>","* E( ;(!"@ & N ( ,(!I* 48;H ' ! #!#*)>$ .0 (+& *$ * P &#! .( 5!"( !" ,(" 4 . #* 487% 5( !# 1#!#*)>$ .0 "+0& *$@* #!# .( P!"( P!(# ,((

1J!#(# S& *$10&7(! "H&;"!#!# " RR3 8 M@ 1#"A

.F !#(&7#6F&. .0 "D )>L3 D&!#(#!#' ;(!#(,"

$M:(C," .& ! 8 !(#?E!"&7E . !#( .(&!#("( .@#(, 4"2

! "!F80 PN!#(#&; . &#:'&!(#!#4 Q"!(,( %,(!# (

,"!#-=!#(( . 2!"M$F .C .'$:(-!(,*

!"&7#

K$! P#L)!#(&7#I & # ' !# !2)>$P " $ )- &

&7(,"( (!# 9* !(# ,( P ",( !#* (P ,",(! "*

",(!#87'!"&7#N- &3!#(( L L 3UD$!% 8 . "$!" !"( .0 (C," !* 8HP!(&! ,(..0&7(! &

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4500

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Am

plitu

de

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450−180

−90

0

90

180

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se (

degr

ees)

K$! D!(,*T!(#&;9 3 "$!"9L!(" ' !# T#!#*)>$1& .0 " F!(#&;% 0&7(,"( I! !? & .0 E,( ! .,(> 2G,( .&-0 *J#(" 9-&7(!# .( 6!"&7 . #!" ">

.( M* 8(!:" V8;" :! $ .!@," & -8 #K:"!#* & .0 (C

:(#$ ( PJ'L$4#(,

"

JI," !! &!":J#(," ($!#(5'!#(" (F

.,((K -& =-&7(!# .( *8"!#:( @87( :!G&!#(#(" .N,O &"!

. !#,( !M*?9 ( ( V & * 8;2 8; : 87( P!#(# ,"

!>(,*H7E#! .( $M:(H,"UD$! @E!#(&7#%2;E!"(

E:(!*9 &,( & !( 9@0&;"! "> !"&7#N#L JU$!% 8 F0&;"! "> . #!" " , ( 4 "! (!L( N#$MUD, >!#( &

,("N&!#(#(@1& !"( N ;(,"N "# 8 "

( !#( ,"(L! .( 90( !# ' !# 9#!#*)>$@& != "(!E# '-

!(# & *0$'!(,* #( IH>"( . #(#8E " % . (

#( 1@&!":"," & $J( "$!"( !(" 2 #

FE & H H :"!#*9$"(! "!A!A !A# 8 * *

# I "!"%*4N . :FHF .( F . (

, & 8@A . :0$3 ( " # .& !#.

-&; - =#&;",(MUD,(?2D"A " KG . (!" -$("!

($J),( :(! !$F> 487(!A2 .&L( .(# ; .0 (>,O #

&!#("( 8>* $ ,O <" (!#," !

":"!7? ! "!'P&! : ,(&$98;(="( H #& ,"( .(

!"M$D M( !$C!"( # &0' K C&;"$

"$L ##L :"! $N-( . #& ,"( .(

% ( #,( ! #N,"&( J8* !8! !#*H,"&$ ,(#

)$@' . # &0 87D (& ! E" J&!#":

"," '(=. " ;7>: (LG7> 8 E$M:" 8*

L"! 'H ;(,M:.! ,( ! Q","M:. ! 3!#(: .1

' !#(," = ;(,:! ,( !# ;(,": #E! 4!#(:

.@HF !"," 1 L 26 .)!C !C!" !C#$M:(P8*37>

8 "U3- D3(! .E E!#7>!#(

#$4' . !#$ .( EI'&!:E#(, # .$) !#" 37> PG 2I!E!#( !EE$M:(P8*

#"

'7>8! # '=, ,( ( LJ7> " 8*J#"#$ <

"!: M:(A (!#

#"

#"

F,(&" I, 0 ,OI;"%7> 87(,( " : "H "

#" #""

A !" N ! $ , ,( ( )8*N!" :$ * # ,!G & !

,( &7">E! 7> 7D$M:$

#"

#"

#"

" !#" 37> F, P8; L!M(99 !#8! "N>

#"

L"!

#"

E"$">: (KD= ! , 4".87A "!M:( ,@< @&!#( &! ) ," .& NG!#(&7 ( LN: !*0$F& ! (!#72 K &7! M*

=& ! .""!G=!" ! G)#(, 8 $%=& ! .""!G#"C$:"3 8 8 !#( P& ! "! ,"P-87N($2 !80 (

.L K$!# 4" $! & # . !N!# P0&7(! " *

8 ( 9!"ME L JUD$!% 5 0& *$@87( !A," 3!#( ,"

!#= -( ,( 2," I .0*H,O $$))& *$ 87 :

!A,( .P!#(# ," L$(!A# '" ," " 2," -

,

! ."(! ! P ! P 2 H )>$ & 8 4 )>$

8 2 ! ."(!#4" R18 3 VUD$!# #"6 $ !! &>(,("J,(!!"&7 . #!" !" ,( !#7>",((J80 ( S! L UD$!# 5 ! "' . !M*): ( 2 (!3 . !#( R0&7(!# .( * 3!" $ & ! ."(!# ="!3,O(T $: 8%!(#7D80 ( J8*3M"! ! 3: "A8 " J! 0&7(!# .( . #!" ">

0 10 20 30 40 50150

200

250

Slide Extension (cm)

Fre

quen

cy (

Hz)

Threshold Playing Frequencies

flip

flip

(a)

(c)(b)

K$! 4" !#( 8;" :0! . " /( 8 !@ . I!#(,"! " R0&7(! " * V L U$! 5 / , #L) 4 " !" )& *$L!(,"( -8 " N!# !# 8 * *

I# ,"A ( V& !#( ," !(,"(="! )" ! 0&7(! &

.( & !#(&7# !#( .( 6> *S ,"! (!# "# " !

( . #!" "7 3 & ! (!# ="!8 #( P3'#( P8>* ( > *1 ,!# & ! (!#% (!#I( ##(

!# "!-M : "- ,"! :! " 487,O>! ) "# 8

LJ$:(P! $

K$! P LN.!#( V& *$9!(,*VE87 I ($!(!"( "K#( 1"," 2 4(=P "$!"!#(( .0 "?#(

"! .$ , .87F#(" LE "$!"%2;!#(( .0 ", . . (L, #(L(!#

4!#( 1& *0$J!>(,*1 !( M:"*9 ! !# @#!# .(!" ,(

8. ( V ($!( !#(" "F# *R,"!#"I! & *$ 87(

& *$ 87 : !# "L!(# ,(

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

Length (m)

Fre

quen

cy (

Hz)

Two Mass ModelInstrument Resonance Outward Lip Resonance Inward Lip Resonance Inward One−Mass Model Outward One−Mass Model

K$! / !E 8M *I!#(#L!A "$!"K!#(( 9( "$!";!(" .0 ( . L!(# I& *$'!7>","*;LF "$!"%;!"( .0 " (N4,"!#) :"!)I!" ,(!7>","* A ! ,( G80)( "$!"N2G!#(( .0 "6 .M*I,"!#" :"!

!" # $ "

H> :0, ? !H *1 !F,O ! ,"(!#,( LM1H> &

= !# F&J # . !?#!,!## J 4#,( J87 !F

1,( 8>* !,"$ !N!$R3,"!,"( ! F&;"$ $ @,OS

N&;8H ! (N( T :,(I#*"45 .0 "J& E

8! F& *(! N#,O :, - 9 (&!#("( 18* /F" " 8 #(

(!#$ *5 (,"!8;" V8* # 7 ) K $ ?N#( R"!I!"&!"">F & K$! LF .0 (

k1

r1

m1

r ckc

r2

k2

z 3z 2z sz1

z0

P0

y1

y2

y3

m2

%&%&%%&%&%%&%&%%&%&%%&%&%'&'&''&'&''&'&''&'&''&'&'

(&(&((&(&((&(&((&(&((&(&()&)&))&)&))&)&))&)&))&)&)

*&*&**&*&**&*&**&*&**&*&*+&+&++&+&++&+&++&+&++&+&+

,&,&,,&,&,,&,&,,&,&,,&,&,-&-&--&-&--&-&--&-&--&-&-

air flow

air flow

h z

y

K$! 1/C .0 (<E:, !$ &&!#&! =& ! (!C,O,"E .0 "6, 87 &( 9H!"&!"">F 8! #%& *(!##.D&

"

@N 5 )I # .& )) !M* # $ 4J .

N& 8;2 & ! #* ."!, # .& #I#( 5

&!#":? "K&!(#(" H)?,O &"! @&! ,,"(!#A L : ! N

#* . !*2 .6& 87I8;(="(9& *(! J87"( ("P ;(!"

(-& *( )8*' .& *"! . #&! )& *$% *0(-(," .& #(G

L"!& V87 & 8;" :I . ! # G8 L(!#I

87 & #.# !* ,O & !#(&!#(#(" 8* & !.',(&"

#() &!$ ,OV=.(= #"4,(#! ( . :. *

" !#(," /'L .0 ( CM*)( ($!#((7!"( Q

"I .(#' N' !# !2)>$P,O ! ,"(!#,( (!0( !#

#!2)$ 9 .0 ( L' : &;2( MUD 87( :! #(( 8;

0&7(!# .( * #(, 4" PJ' !A 8M * *#A ( "$!"

-!"( (Q&!"(( 5P#(, 5 )& ! ."(!#%K "L19UD$! ! #( P9 8

& ! .""! !#. .!#!!#( 5!'H&&7(! ="!&' H3 # .( #* &

."!* (#5& ! "!H 8;9$I2 # ;(,M:7 & ! "! &

# Q","M:' & 8;", "*3 @L(,"(# !#*I !#(,*! D(, ," 6&>*#,

. #!" "> J53 &UD, .&,( R$ "=L@ &

!7"@& ! ."(! !)!(&!(#( :@ # &7( I&*, G& ! (!# D!

# ,( (!&7 # ( 3(!%!"&!"( M:Q% !8( I #

-(!E&7!3K&

. ! ."(! (,"!& ;(,M: #LG(!E&7L ;(,M: #LG(!E&7L ;(,M: &!#$H,(# %!A(!E&!$ ;(,M: &!#$H,(# %!A(!E&!$ ;(,M: &!#$H,(# %!A,(&$@&!#$ ;(,M: .&$@," ,"">L!A(!L&!#$ ;(,M: .&$@," ,"">L!A(!L&!#$ ;(,M: .&$@," ,"">L!A,(&$H&!#$ ;(,M: L P2K &J,O " 3 !#(," / .L&;LG : 8& !FG&3$( ."!#* ,( ! 'G(!L&;E ,( ! 'G(!L&;L $ .#A&;LG : 8& !FG&3$( ."!#* > L,O9 D 2 !E"& ! (L! &3#!# ," (!#, 6 & ,(" ">L!# ,((! G

&EG(!E&7L (!#, 6 & ,(" ">L!# ,((! G

&EG(!L&;E ($FG&! L!# ,O (

8 5 (#,(!#&'2=& ! ."(!&1 .0 "CL UD$!# '&&;"! 3 (!E& !# # .( 3H . :'#* . !#, *>@'& ! ."(!# !#'7>: (L!E879&

H! "!?:(#$ AE,O ! ,""!#,(C7?&4 .0 (+2 .= 4# 4 &

="!A( N *#=87 !"&7= & !>(,*4

# * # ," 187( :! $ 8 &!#$! L!M( !

&!&7 L,O =" : !" *52 . (G& ! (!# 387@#( 1

! ,( P! # 4 * ;!"": L&7 K#&;",(MUD,N(!#( (!J, ," ( #& ,(( .(4AJ : &;) #( L,O (!#

.( 3H&!# : '!"&7#N- . (

P7> @2 . (!9 "!M:( 8* /H" " V(!# HF

#& ,(( .(A? ,OP&;L #

" L"!

"! !$# &% !(' %*) ,+.- / 01 /2 # %43534% 167#982 %42: 8!$! #; %4 '8=< >% ;? ! %52: 8 3

<@

67#98! % ! 82 %42: 8 - % %52:3 "! ! 8 %4"2 ;?/ 1!$! %5+3 2

@ @

= 2 ': 8 ; % ! ! # #/ 8! 2:35342 ! %4% % 8 3"2:% %42 ! 8 3 # 3 82 "! ! #/ /% 1 ,8 2 !$!E 34% ! 8 3 # 3 82 4 ):2:3 #;? 2 2 ; #$ ': 2 ;? - 8 "! ! #/ /% 1 & #/! %4 ' 8# 1! % 8 12>2 /%4 82 1! 8 3 # 3 82 % 2 1! 2: / 35% ! # 2 9# %4 "! !$# "! 8 3 # 3 82 L/ "! # 3 %5 ' % ! 3 8 ";? 2 2:%5 0;?8! !$1! 2 8 % ;1! 1 8/ @': 2 ;? % 1! 2 / 35% ! % 8 3 # 3 82 8 "! % 8 "2 >2 %4 8/ 1! 2 8 3 # 3 82 %42: 2 ):2:3 #; 2

$ # $ ': 2 ;" % 1!= 2 8 ! " 82 8 !$" 8/ ' % ;?"!# " 8 342>2 + 8 )J 2 8 3 # 3 82 %52: 2 =$1! !$# % " N/ ! % ; # 3 8/ %42 8! $# 2 L 1! % " %52 2 $'.8 % ! 82 8?! " !

8 / ' 89/,$1!$# 3 ! % % 8 3>%4.) 1!# % '.8/ %42 ! 2 / % ;# 3 ! $1!$ 2: ! 2 /% ! 3 8 1; %4 8

% $ %42 ! 2 ;?8!$! < 8 ;?8!$! @ 1!$ %5) 2> # $1! # 3 !! 2 8<@

98 % 2 12 # 3 ! % ; 3 @98 ; 2:% 2 ! "%4343 82 2 ! & 8;? 35- 2 1! 2: 8 , 8)7! % !% ! ! 2 %4 '# 98 ! + (98 )>%42 #/ 2 "! "! 2: 8 "! ! 2 ! 13 8 35-82/1 8 + 2 %5 8 @ 8 2 # 8 @ !# % ) %5 ' 98 8 1 % !# % !8!$! 2 1% 8/ % 9=; 2 %52: ! 2 /1! ,;?8! !$1!

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4500

2

4

6

8x 10

−7

Am

plitu

de

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

−90

0

90

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se (

degr

ees)

mass 1mass 2

% ':# % ;# 3 !$ $1! 2: !$ %4 "6>#/ - 2 ;?8 %42 % ! 3 8 ";? 2 %4/%5)>%4 #8 3 2:%5 ;?8! !$1! 2 34% ; 2 3 $ ! ! 8 2 I 0212 # 3 2:%5 ;?8! !$1!! 0 %5+% !H 02 $1! 2: 8 1! 982 8 8 3 ! 2 + ! " % !@98//1 8$ 13 18 3*- %5 8 8 2 # 8 !# % ) %4 ' 98 8 " % !# % ! $1! %5 1!$ "! 2: !$ # ) 1!

% !, "! 2: !$ #/ ) % !,!# %4343 8= 1; 2 ) 2 ; 2 !$ 2:+ ! 1 ) ! 1 % ;? 8 3535- !$1 ':#$5< ! 1 % ;? 8 3 $1! 2: !$ # ) 1! !# 2 8 8 ; 2 12 ; 3 ! !# # #$ % ##1 8)7!8 + 2) + 342 8 + " =; 8 %4 $1! 2 8 1!

2 ) " / ! " % ;? 8 3 /% 67#=#! 2 2:+ 8 %4 8/ 8 ! 2 %5 ':#$*< % % ! " 182 " 8! ':#/ 2 $ " 8! 1! % ' 2 ; 8 ! #$/ 8 8 2 2 %4 ' + " 1 / 35% ! 8 2 @ %4/%5)>%4 #8 3 % ! 3 8 ";? ! 2 2:%4 0; 8!$! "! %4 35% 2: !$167# 35- 8 % $ 12 ;98 % ! 2: + " 1 02 82 8! ! % ! 2 8 2 % 82 ! 8 % ! ! % ; # 3 82 "! 2: ! # ) "2 # 35 + "2 ;98

<@

10−4

10−3

10−2

Frequency Response of the Artificial Lips

Vo

ltag

e (

V)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450−180

−90

0

90

180

Frequency (Hz)

Ph

ase

(d

eg

ree

s)

% ':# $167# "- "! 2: !$ 2 81 - % 8 3 12: ':# 8/ %42 ) 1 % 8 3 34%5 1!! 2 "!# 8 +%435% ! %5 ' 2 # 8 8 / %4 8 ! % ) %4 ' 1! 2: 8 1! 8/ < 8 @7@ "! %5) 3*- % ! '# % ! 8 " 182 2 ':#$ 5< 2 ! 1 % ;? 8 3 ; 8!$# ";? ! 2 2:%5 /% ! 3 8 1; ! 2 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # 2 / ! 1 % ;? 8 3 ; 8 ! #$1; ! 2 =8$ 8 2 2 /%4 ' "2 # 34 + "2 ;?8 2 /167# %*) 8 3 # %42: %4 =! % ; # 3 82 %42: 82 8

2 ;98 % ! 2: 2 ! " % ;? 8 343*- 2:+ 8 %4 2:%5 % ! 3 8 ";? ! % ! 3 1! !?8 #/ 82 2 3 2 % 67#"! "2 ;# 8/ %42 8 3 ; 2> 3 % ! 8 % ' 3*- ! % ; 34% " "! 82 %52: 2 - ! % 8 3 ! - ! 1; 2 ; 8 %5 ! % ; 34% 82 %42: ! % ! 1 "! 82 %52: 2 / 34% /! % 8$ 8 % ! %4+ # ! - ! "; 8 ! 8 98 % 2 2%4 ;?8! !$1! % !,;?8 1! % $ "2 ;?8 % ! 2: ! + " 1 % ! 3 8 ";? 2 /1! ! - ; + 2:35% % % 1! % R $ 8 3 - ! % 8 3 ! - !# 1; % # 3 2 ) 1 ! " % ;? ! " 2 $;? #! %4 'I 3 8! " 2 3 1 )>%4+ 2 ;? " / 1!$ %5 ! %42: 2 )>%4 8 2 ! ! %5+3 ! 2 # 2 82 8 2 "! 12 ;?98 % ! 2: ! % ! %5343 + /% ! #! !$ 3 82 1 %5 % ! ! %42:

<

8 ; %5%4 '% "2 ;?/# 82 %42: 8 3 ; 2> 3 2 G 8 2 % 82 8 18 2 2 %5 ' # %52: % !(8 ; # ! % ; 3 " 12 ;?98 % ! 2: 2 ;?8 ,2 16 2/2 % ! 8$ 8 2 2 %4 ' # %52: 1 ! 2 + 9 2 K 2: "': " 2 1 2 ; ; 2> 3 #! ?%5 ! %52: *<,8$ 8 2 2 %5 ' 8 !8 ! ! #/;? 2 + $ 8 ':# 3 8 % 8 %4 8 8 ) 8 % 8 +3 ) % ' % 1 ! 2:3 35- 2: / % !$ 3 8 1; 2 / ; 8!$! ! 8 ;? 8!$! #; %42: ! 8 #!$ 1$ ! ".982)3 % ' 2 352: ':" 1 / ! 2:/ % ! 3 8 ";? 2 8,! %4 ' 3 ; 8!$! + # 821 2: % !$ 3 8 1; 2 + 2 ?; 8 ! ! "!%4 ; 2> 3 8 8 8 2 2 %5 ' % ! " 8 2: % ! 3 8 ";? 2 % ) 1=; 8 ! ! % ! 342 "=824 % ;? 2 ;?18! #$1; % ! 8 + 1! %5+ +7-! 8 ->%4 '

@ ; %5

" % !% %5 2 34% 2 /%4 ' 8 ; %4 % !F 3 1!$! " ; %4 % ; #; 2 / % ! 3 8 ";? ! 8 / % '# !# 2 !/ "! 2: !$ 2 % ! # %52: %4 $167# "- 2 ;?8 %5

1!$ 2 ! 13 18 3*- !# 2 ! 8 ; 2 12 ; 3 ! ! $# # .98 /$1!$ 2: ! 1! 2 / % ! 3 8 ";? ! 2 2:%5 ?;?8! !$1! $1!$ 2 02 187! 8 + 2) / "! 2: 8 $167# 1% 1! 2 ;?8!$! 1! % ! ! % ; %53 8A 2 2 ! ! " %4 ! 1 % ; 8 3 "! 2: !$ ;?18! #$1; ':#$ *< "! 87! 8 + ! 3 8 %4 +.- "2: ! %4 " %4 '/ + "98 )>%42 # 2 35% ?; 2> 3 % %5 1 8 2 # 1 2:%5 ; 8 ! ! "! 8 2 ! "%4353 82 %4 '2 # 2 8! ! %5 ')/ ! % ;? 3 8!$ 2 ! %4 #! 2%4 8 3 ; 2 %52: 8 ! 8 /8;? 3 % I/ 2:%4 ;?8!$! 1! 2 ! 1%5343 82 %5 ' 8/ / ! 8; "67# - 8 8 % 8 ! 2 #0 2 98 ! %

< <

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7x 10

−7

Inner MassOuter MassArea

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500−200

−150

−100

−50

0

50

100

150

200

% ':# 1!$ 2: ! 2 8 18 2 2 /%4 ' # %42: 2 35% ; 2> 3 ' 1 34%5 8 +3 # 35%4 "! ! 2 "! 2: !$ 2 % !$ 3 8 1; 2 4 02 2:%4 0; 8!$! "! ! " ':#/ % '" 02 187! 2 ; / 9 '1 / %4 2 /2: 34%5 8 / % '> # %52: 342 " 02 "! 2: 8 "! 2 $; 8 98 % 2 2 # 8 8 %4 8 !# % %5 ' "! 2: 8 "!2: 8 /2 " P % ' # %42: %4353 89 2 $; 2 8 % 8 ) ':#$*< % 8 # 8; 8 3 1 %52 % % !8 3 82 2 / %4%*)>%4 #98 3 ! %4 #! 2%4 8 3; 2 %52: !

98 ! 2 8 18 2 2 %4 ' # %42: !# 2 !C982KA 02 ; 8 %5 $1! 2 8 1! 2 $; 8 2 # 8 !# % %4 ' 8 %5 8 ! % %4 ' 98 % 8!,! " %4 ! 1 % ; 8 3!# # % 1! < < 7#!/ )>%4 % ! ! 2: '398/ 8$ 8 2 2 %5 ' # %42:?%4 ; 2> 3 #/! /1 + "98 ) "! %4 8 ! % ; %53 8 8! %52: 2 8 8 !

< :@

0 200 400 600 800 1000

−pi/2

0

pi/2

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se (

radi

ans)

0 200 400 600 800 100010

−10

100

1010

Frequency (Hz)

Am

plitu

de

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400−1

0

1

Sample Number

Am

plitu

de

% ':# 5< 22 # 2 98! ! %5 8 ) "! +3 #8 / $ 35%4 "! 8$0!$# 1 2 !$ /?$1! # 3 %5 ' 8 ) 2 ; +3 8 35%4 98! % H/ $167# "- 2 2 % ' %4 8 3 ! %4 8 ) 1!2 2 %5 ' ;?18! #$ ! 1 % ;? 8 3535-

2 "A 2 ! /8; %4 ' 2 343 % ! ; 2> 3& 1! %5+ "!L=; 2 %42 2 34% % % !#!$ # 3 2 352 2 82A 2 ; 2 %52:?2 %4/%5)>%4 #8 3 2%4 ! 2: / 34% ?!$# 8 "2 ;?8 "! 2 ! % ; %43 8 ; 8!$# ";? ! 1 2 ; %5 3 8 + ; 8!$# ";? ! ;?8 #! %5 '/ 3 8 ! 1 2 / 3 " )>%4+ 2 ;" 1 $1!$ %5 !$ %42 8 , " 182 1$ 2 "2:.) /% ':#$ 5<<

% !$ 8! 2: 8 +/3 2 12 ;98$ /% ! 3 8 1; ! 2 2:%5 ;?8! !$1! 8 3 # 3 82 <

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800R

espo

nse

Am

plitu

de

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

−pi/2

0

pi/2

Frequency (Hz)

Res

pons

e P

hase

DiodePosition 1Position 2Position 3Playing Frequency

251

92

122 145

173 334

444

240

% ':# 5<< 1! 2: !$ 2 2 %5 ' 8$ 8 %52 ! % ' 8 3 8 / 2:%5 % !$ 3 8 ; ! , ) "# % 8 3 34%4 ! 2 !%$1! 2:34 3 8 ->%4 ' $167# "- @ /) "# % 8 3 +3 8 35%4 "! !# 2 "! 2: 8 "! %4 % %4 2 %4 ' 8 18 1!$ 2 ! - 1! 2: 8 1! 8 5 2 # 8 !# % %5 ' 1! 2: 8 1! 82 .@ <@:@ 8 < 8 / %4 8 ! % %4 ' 1! 2: 8 82 @ < % ! '# % ! 8 $1 82 2 ':#/ *< %4 ! % ; # 3 82 %42: ! % / ;?18! #$ % ! 3 8 ";? ! 2 2:%5 ! 2: 34% !$# 8 ; 8!$# % /

98# % # 3 8 ; 8!$# ";? !I 8 %4 2 ! % %42: @

' 1 35%4 8 + ?8/ 2 % ;?82 8 ! 8 ;?18! #/ 1; 2 % !$ 3 8 1; %4 /) "# % 8 3/% %42: 2 2: 2 34% 167# %*) 8 3 2 2: 2:%5 =;?8!$! %5/ ; 2 3 $ 35%4 %5 '# ! % ; %53 8 % - + " % ! # ) 8 82 2:+ 8 %4 2 2:%4 ;?8!$! % ! 67# % !# % %4 ' 8 # % # 3 8 3*- "! 2 02 ;?8 %5 "! 2: 8 "! 82 < 8 @ >< % 2 # 8 ! % %4 ' 98! @ 8 % 8 ! %4 ! " % ;? 8 3 #/ ) ;?82 "! % H/! % ; # 3 82 82 8 8 % %52:

<

/ 3 8 2 8 .- ! % ' % 8 1!$ 2 ! 8 + 2 ) F;?8 %5 $1!$ 2: ! 1! %4 ! 1 % ; 8 3)>%4+ 2 ;" " 8/ 8 !$#':':"!# !J982J1!$ "! 2: 8 "! ! " %4 /%42> ! % ' 8 3 /+3 # 34%4 %4 ':#$ 5<< 8 %4/ 1 2 34%5 8 2 ; 8 1!$# 3 %4 ' 2 ; /8$ 8 2 2 /%4 ' # %42 2 # # 82 3*- / - ! % 8 3 "2: !# 8 %5 ! 2 02 %5 ' % 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # ;?18 82 % 8! /2 2 !$! %4+/3 2 ; 8!$# ) "# % 8 3% ! 3 8 ";? 2 %4 1 98 2 34% ! #/ 8 % 02 # 35 12 $ 1!$ 2 2; 2 %52: 2 ; 8!$! < %4 % %52:

342 "6>#/ - 34% 1! 2: 8 1! !$1 %4 ! 1 % ; 8 3535-2:+ !$1 ) 8 18 2 2 %5 ' $1! 2: !$ '# 5< 8$ 8 3 ! 2 $1!$ %4 )>%4+ 2 ;" 1 ; 8 ! #$1; ! %5 ':#/ *<:< / % / 1!$ %5 ; 8 ! #$1; ! 2 % ! 3 8 ";? %4 % $ %422 35% 8 3 2 ! % %52: !,< 8 ! 2 +.- ; 8' 8 8 - 34352 35%4 "! %5 ':#/ 5<:< !$#':':"!# ! 982 "! $1! 2: 8 1! 8$! 2:3 35- $ 3 8/ 2 ; 2 %42:2 /34% %5 % ! /% %42: % ! 02 # 35 + 167# %*) 8 3 2 % ! 3 8 ";? %4 % $ %42%4 ; 2 3 "! 8 + 2) 2 ) 1 "! $1! 2 8 1! 2 2 8 8 %4 ':#$ + 8#!$ =; 2> 3 8 !/ 2 %5+% 2 ; ; 2)>%5 ' 1 35- %4 % ! % $ %42

% '# ?!# 2 ! / % ; 2 ;?8 %4 8 ) 2 $;?! 2 8 18 2 34% 2 /%4 ' 2 8 #; + 1 2 % " 2 "! $ "2 #! %4 ' I % ' ! 1 8;1 8 1!$ 8 ) 2 $;?!J8 ) 82 # "! /1 1 ) 352"% - ! # 3*- 98 '1! % ! 8 + " 2> # / 352 2 %5 ' 82 $! % %4 ' + (98 )>%42 #/ 2 / 35% ; 2> 3 1$/ 8 ) 2 ; 2 =8 18 2 2 %4 ' 8 + !$1 2 0 %4+% % ! 12: %4 # % % "! 1$/ % !$ 3 8 1; 2 2: ; 8!$! + "2 ;?"! 342 1 98 2 " % ! % ! ! 2 %5

<

':#/ *<@

1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 14001.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4x 10

−6

Sample Number

Are

a (m

2 ) % ':# *<@ /%4 ' 8 8 8 ) 2 ; / 2> # +7-

2 #! ; 2 3 /% ! 12 %4 # % % "! 2 # " - % !$ 3 8 1; 2 2: ; 8 ! ! + 12 ;1! 3 "! !98 /2 1

% !; 2> 3 % ! 898 +3 2 2> # "%4 ' 1!$# 3 ! % 8$ 67#98 35% 8/ %5) 3*- ! % ; %53 8= 2 2 ! !$1 %4 ! 1 % ; 8 3 !# # % 1! 352 2 %5 ' 8/ / 2: 34%4 8 # %4282 1!F,8$ 8 2 2 %4 ' + " 1 35% ! 1% 8 3535- % "; 2 !# 82 1!898 % 2 2 # 8 %4 8 ! % %4 ' $1! 2 8 1! 8 ! 2 ; 2 2 34%5 8 "! 2: !$1!82E % '" "6>#/ "% 1! 2 ) " % 8 %53 ! 2 " 2> # ' 352 $167# "- "! 2: !$1!! " %4 = / 1 % ; 8 3& 82 8

2 1 2 %5.) 1! % '.82 ")"! ? 1! 2: 8 1! 1$ #/ 2 ; 2 %42 %5/ % %52: ; 2> 3 8 ! 8 80 2 8 35342 2 ,; 2 %42 %4 % ! % ;? ! %52: ,; 2 !# 127) % 8 - 2 /2:%4 '@ % ! 8!L 2 98 ':/ "2 2 %4 82 ! - ! "; 282 !# 2 %4 ':# *< % #! %4 ') "2 2 %4 82 "! 8 2 "! %4+ / ! - !# 1; % ! %4.):235) 8 % %42 2 "2: 23 98 8;" " ! 8 % " "! @ %*) !$ %5 ' 12 !# 8 ! 8 8; %4 ' 8 2 ! 2

<

/ 2 !$ %5 ':! 8!$! 2 1% 82 % ; 2 %42:?%4 8 / % ; ! %42 ! 8! 3438! $ 9%5 '' ! / %4 ':!?98/ ) %52 #! 35- 8 ?%5 8 % $ %42 !? 2 28 %4 8 % $ %42 !

z 3z 2z sz1

z0

P0

m1

cγ kcy

2

y1

y3

m2

γφ1

kφ1

kr1

γ r1

kr2

γ r2

cr

air flow

h z

y

1φ

2r

−φ

γ

k

φ2

φ2

γ c

r1

2

% ':# *< 12 2 %5 82 ! - ! "; #!$ 2 8 8 35- ! % ! 2 / 35% ; 2> 3 ! %5 '1% # 3 8 12 2 %5 82 1! %5 !# 8 2 8# 1! % 8 "2 2 %4 8/ 1! 8 34352 ! 2 ! % ; 3 ! ! %52:2 ; 2 3 %5 2 8 2 # "': " 2 1 2 ;; 2> 3 "2 2 %4 82 % ! 1'.82 %5) %4 % ! % 8': 8; + 8#!$ % ! 9 8! + %5 ' 2 ! % %5) %4 "342 % ! % %52:

6>#82 %52: ! H 2 8 8 2 8 3 # 3 82 % !$ 3 8 1; %5 "% # 3 8 "2 2 %4 8/ 1! 2 18 2:%4 ; 8!$! % #! %5 ' 8 %4 ! 8 2 8 8 ' %5) " ,167#98/ %42 2 ; 2 %52: 2 % ! ' %5) +7-

" 8 / 8 E % ;? ! %52: !8!' %5) ?%4 ':#$ *< 8 8;" 1$!<

8 $ 14 2 8; %5 ' 8 ! / %4 ' "2 > "% ! %5 ' %*) ! # + ! % % ;? ! %52: % 8 ' %5)>%4 'H "2 # 35%4 ' 8; %4 ' 8 / ! %4 ' 12 7 1% ! 8 8 8 8 8 @?"67# %435%4+ % #; 2 ! % %42: ! 2 ;?8!$!< 8 / @ "! %5) 3*- 8 8 "6># %434%5+ % #; "2 2 %4 8/ 1! 2 /12 # 34%5 ' ! / %4 '

% ! ' %5) +.-

=167#98/ %42 2 ; 2 %52: 2 % ! ' %5) +.-

< 8 / %5)>%5 ' 2 % ! ' %5) +.-

@

=167#98/ %42 2 ; 2 %52: 2 % ! ' %5) +7-

" =; 2 ;? 2 %4 "# % 8 % ! ' %*) +.- <

<

8 / %5)>%5 ' 2 % ! ' %5) +.-

=167#98/ %42 2 ; 2 %52: 2 % ! ' %5) +7-

" =; 2 ;? 2 %4 "# % 8 % ! ' %5) +.- <

8 / %5)>%5 ' 2 % ! ' %*) +.-

% 5 8 /% %42: 2 "! 98 8;" " ! 8 8 12 # %4 ' 2 % 8 '82/': 2 ;? % + (8 )>%52 # 2 ; 2 3 + "2 ;?"! ; # ; 2 12 ; 3 ! %4 !# 18 2 #! 02 ) 8 % 8 +3 "2 ;? 2: !K 2 / ': 2 ;? - 1$ 8$ 2 2 # 0; 2> 3>+ 12 ;?"!) " - # % 34/- 8 / % # 3 2 12 2:3 ) "# 3 1! ! 34% ; %5 8 - "! # 3 !! 2 %5 ':#/ 5< ! 2 98/ " %5 ' #51!$ ! 8 % ;? ! %52: ! + %5 ':! 2 # ##1 342 "67# - 1! 2: 8 1!

<

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000

2

4

6

8x 10

−5

Am

plitu

de

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

−pi/2

0

pi/2

Frequency (Hz)

y1

x1

y2

x2

Area

% ':# *< $1!$ 2: ! 2 34% ; 2> 3 %4 2 # % ;? ! %52: ! 2 ':"1 % J/ "! 2: !$ 2 2: 35%4 18 8 8 2 2 %5 ' # %52: 8# % # 3 8 %4 " 1! % !A/$1! 2 8 % %42 8 3 342 $167# "- "! 2: 8 "! #

%4 18 !# 8 +%534% - 8 8 3*- ! % !98 ! !# 2 82 8 2: "': " 2 " 2 ; ; 2> 3 8 2 " 2> # 3 / 2 ; /2: 2 34% %4 ' 8 2 + 2 8 + 2 ) 8 + 342 $1! 2: 8 2 %5 !# #; + %5 ' 3 8 - 8 35- ! % ! !# 2 !9982 8 2 "': " 2 " 2 ; ; 2 3 % + 2 8 %5 8 >!# % %5 ' 8 2 # 8 >!# % %5 ' ; 2 "! % ! 8 98 +3 2 $1 2 # 1%5 '@ % ! " % ; 8 343*- 2:+ ! 1 ) + (98 )>%42 #/

<

% ; 2 ;?8 %4 ! % ; # 3 82 %52: !& 2 ) %5 1!$# 3 !-9828$ "2 ;?8 8 +/3 % / 1 % ; 8 3 ;?18! #$1; ! 2 $1 "! 2: ! $1!$ 2: ! 2 / 2: "': " 2 " 2 ;; 2 3 + 8$! 34% 3 ,! % ; %43 8 % - % 5 ! " % ;? 8 3 $1! # 3 ! / 1!$ 2 ! 2 /% ! 3 8 ";? ! 2 I 02 1':$1 2 $1 2 ; ; 2> 3 #!$ 1$ ! 2 ! ! % ; %43 8 % % "! % 4 " % ; 8 3 "! 2: !$ 82 8 2:+ 8 %5 #! %4 ' 3 8 ! 1 2 3 1 )>%4+ 2 ;" - % 6>#/1! 98# % # 3 8 35- % J/ 82 8 !$"E82 12 "! 2: !E 2 % ! 3 8 ";? 2 35% %4 ) 1 % 8 3 % %52:

2 1. 2 "2 ;98 P ; 2> 3 $1!$ 2: ! % " % ; 8 343*- 2:+ 8 %4 ; 8!$# ";? 2 / "! 2: !$ # %42 2 8$ 8 2 2 %4 ' / % '> # %42 " !L 2 + 9 8!

; %5

12 "! 2:%5 '9 2 $! % %4 ' ; 2 %52: 82 2 #$! / 2:%5 =; 8!$! "! %5/ 35% ; 2> 3 ; 2 ) 2 # 2 8! / $1!$ 2: ! 2 % ! # %42: ! 2 ! 13 8! % ; %53 8 % % 1!- 2 "! 2: ! 82 8 2:+ 8 %4 " % ; 8 343*- 8# % # 3 8 35- 187!82E % '/1 "67# "% "!!$1 %4 / 3 8 + 1;1$': 2 ; 2: 34%5 8 # %42

2 "H 2 /% ! 3 8 - $1! 2 8 1! 8/ 342 " 167# 1% 1! ; 2 3 " !H 2 + ! 2 ; 2 %42: %5 2 # % ;? ! %52: ! % % 8 3 %4.) "!# % '.82 %42: ! 2 2 # 1':$1 2 " 2 ; ; 2 3 !# 2 342 $167# "- $1! 2: 8 1! %4 % %52: 2 # %4 2 % %52: %4 / "2 2 %4 82 "! #! "

< /<

! " $# ! &%$# '% )( & # +* %

8# % "% 8 3 ; 2 #0 #! %4 % ! !# # /- 98! 2) 2?+ ,98# % # 3 8 35- 343 ! # % 2 8 %4 ) 8 % - 2 ;?18! #/ 1; ! 2 34% 1 2 ) " # %5 '3 "2 # !$2 % !=! # /- ! ) 1 8 3 2 % 8 3 % ; 2 ) 1; ! 2 1! % ' 98 ) "2 ;?H 2 34% ' 2 #' 2 # % ! !$ %42 / 12 ; 2: 3 8 + 3435%4 ' "!# 8 +34% ! %4 !$ %42: @ %5343+ ,#/! ,.-0/1-0/ 2 354768:9<;>=9?6A@CBEDGFAHIBJ479?6

=;?8 %4 ; 2 # 8 )>% - )2:3 #; 8!8 #! 8 +3 + " ; 3 8 / <LK ; 3 ! 1 % ; ! 2: ; 2 # 8 )>% - )2:3 #;, "! %4 ! %52: !# 2 98/ /

< .@

%4 9# 2 / ; 2 # 8 )>% - 2: "!# 8 +%435% ! 8/ %42 2 34% ! % 2 $1! 2 82 2 82# 8 %5 $ 8!$ 8!@ 8 )>% - ):2:3 #; 8 ! )2:3 #;398 8 82 8 8 ) % - 2 7@ ; 3 2 !$; 8 343 " 2 1 2 %4.) 1!# % '.8/ H % !, 2 ;? 2: ; 2 2 2 #/' 35- % 02 # 35 98 ) + 1 "2:.) % E 2 98 ) =8 8 ) % - 982 8! $ # 1%4+/3 % 28 ; # 342 1 )2:3 #/;?L 2 ; 2 $ 8 # 82 35- ; 2 3 8 ' 2 )2:3 #/;?"! 8 ) 8 %43 8 +3 A 2/ 7#;?8 3 8 - 1,.-0/1- AD 9?6 B73 B

2: 3 82 2 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # 2 !# !9/ ;?8 2 % - 2 - 12 2:3 ) % "! 1!$ )>% "! 1$ 2: / 2:3 1! % ' 2 + = 8 ! %43*- %5 1 98 ':18 +3 % % " % "! / 2 )>%4 2 ! % 1! " "! % ' 2 G % !# %4 '; 2 # 2:%4 ! 8# % # 3 8 34% '# %4 "! + 8 34% " %52: +342 7! " 1! % ' 2 + 8 ! %43*- ! 98 ': / 2 #' 2 # 12 #/ ! 2 % ! !# # /- 2:35- 2 !$" 2 /1! "2 ; 2: ! 8! #!$ 8 2 2 1 "2 ; 2: ! 1$ "2: ! # %4.) 1!# % '.8/ %42 2 %5) 1!$! 2 % " 34% ':# %4 "! 8 34% %42: +342 7!02 # 34 + ; 2 ! #!$ # 3 8# % # 3 8 %4 " "!# 02 # 35 + 12: ! $# %4 ' 8 !$1 % 1! 2 34% %42: +/342 >! % 8 % 1$ ! 8 1%5 ' 2 / 2:3 1! % ! 02 # 35 8 34352 8 ': 182 "12 2:32 ) ") 167# %435%4+ % #; 2 ! % %42: 2 / 34% !98 8 + 2 1$ +.- 34% ':# %5 1! 8 352: % %42 8 343*- #!$ 2 % 1$ 35% ':# %5 1! 12 # 34 / 2 ) ?#! # 3 %52:+ 8 %4/%4 ' + 1 1; + 2 # 7#$1! " 8 ! 8 +3 2 8! 8 ! % ") 2 8 % ) 2 % 8 ':$ 82 1 /-> 8; % 8 % 8 ': "! "% 8 3535- "2: ! %5 1 %4 ' #! %4 ' 8

<

% " F - 2 %5 !# #; ; 2 #0 % 2 %4 ! 8 2 8 35342 8H $#;? "L 2 + 3 8 - 343 % ; 8 - / 2 ) #! # 3 2 98 ) 34% ':# %5 1!@82H98 ) 8 !$; 8 343 " 8 %4 #/!2 # ) 82 # 2:.) " !$ 35- 2 8 %5 %4 3 8 ->%4 ' 2 / %5 1 %4 # ; # %4 1 !8 34352 1 35% ':# %4 "!;?8 - 2 ) ,#! # 3 ,.-0/1- 2 9?F B$4 H 9 D

;" 2 2 ! # %5 '9 ; 2 #/ % 12 # 34 8 3 ! 2 + % ;? 2 ) % ! !# # /- % 8! 2 # 982 . % ' 2 ; 2 # % 12 # 34 2 + 8! %43*- " 2> # + " 1 ! 1 % ; ! 2 8 1%435% 82 % ! 8 ' 2>2) 8 ! # %4 !#98 2 2 /; 2 #/ % 2:35 1 ; % ! 8 35342 % '9 2+ +.- 342 %4 'T/ 342 %4 ' + 2:3 %4 2 ?' 2>2) 2 ) " % !=$1!# % ; 2 #0 % 2 %*) 35- 2 ) "# % 8 3 2 ! % %52: 982 % ! ; 2 8 ':# 3 8 2 ! % %52: 2 /; 2 #/ % 8 ! ! %4353 # "2: 2:343 8 +3 2 13 22 ) " 12 ;? "! 2:+ !# 8 13 1! 8 "':# 3 8 ! " % "! 2 /% ; 3 "! ! 2 # 34 + # %4 2 =!98 1!$ ! 2 # 34 + ,!$98 82 "':# 3 8 %5 1 ) 8 3 ! 8 + 82 8 8 ' 3 2 / !8 !$# 582 / / 352 %4 '+ 2:3 % ! %4 3 8 /,; 2 # % % ; % ! 98 8 343 3 % 3 8 = 3 82 ,.-0/1- 9?6 &F 2 HA356$4 @

3 2 ':# ; 98 % !$; 8 ! 1! % ' 2 ! % ; # 3 82 I/ 2 817#; 8 3 8 - "!# 8# %4 ' 8 /2 2: 8 + 8!$! %5 !# #; 2 ) 1 8 3 2 #' % "2 # 34 2 )>%4 /

<

8 %4 8 ! % 2 %4 ' 167# %5) 8 3 ' 2 8 + 8!$!, 3 8 - "#. ! 2: ':# %4 ' 2 8 2 /8 12 ;98 .->%4 ' % !$ %4 +352 %5 ' $1! !$# 8 /2 + 2 ) %5 +.- % ! ; 98 % !$;

! 8 ?/ 1!$! #$ + ( %5 34% /! % ! 35 8 % 1% 8 343*- % ' +.- #; 8 / "2: ! "67# $ 3 18! H 2 ':;? 98 % ! ; % ! 2 % ! 67# % ! 352 ! %*) 2 1 2 %4.) "!# % '.82 % ! 8 18 ##1 / ! #/ 35- $1!$! #$ 2 # 34 " 2 + 12 2:353 %4 8 8 2 % 82 ; 8 1 "98/! +.- #! 2 8 67# % 35- 2 %4 ') 8 35) 8 3 2 #'?! 352 10! 1 98 % 2: ':#/ ) 8 35) 12: 2:353 % " ;?8 #98 343*-2 +.- 12 ;# 1 !$ 1% ! 2 + (8 )>%52 # 2 ! #/ 35- "! ! #/ 12 # 34 + 8 ! %43*- %57) 1! % ':82 #/! %4 '7#;?8 3 8 - 1 !

$# # # '% $#'% $% #

?! " % ;? ! %57) 1! % ':82 %5 'PH$1! 2:34 3 8 ->%4 ' "67# - 8! 8 # %42: 2 %4 !# $#; 1! 2: 8 ) 8 % +.- 98 ' %4 'R/ ! 34%5 ! ! %52: 2 8R 2 ; + 2: 12 ; 982/ 8 % 1% 8 3934% /!#/! %5 % !!# # /- 12 # 35 34% %7#;?8 3 8 - " ! 8 $ )>%42 #/! 8# % "% 8 3 34% ! #! <!K K !$; 2>2 35- 35% 8 /2 2 ; + 352 2 8 + 2) / "! 2: 8 $167# "- 2 %4 !# $#; % 8 "2: !# 8 1; + 2 # >#/ % !+ (98 )>%42 #/ % ! 82 2> ! % 3 ; 2> 3 #! +.- 3 ;. 2:3 6 2 "! %4+ '=; 2 %52: 2 34% "

! %4 ' 35%4 18 !# 8 +%435% - 8 8 35- ! % !G 2 %4.) "!# % '.82 !# 8 +%534% -=2 8 34% ; 2 3 8 2 # 8 167# %534%5+ % #; 2:%5 % % ! "2 ;?8 8 +/3 2 " % ; 8 3 ; 8!$# ";? ! 2

<

/ 1!# 2:35 3 8 ->%4 ' % 8! ! 2 98/ 8 ; 2> 3 % 2 "': "1! 2 " 2 ;

2: 2 #0 8 >! % %4 ' 8 2: %4 8 >!# % %5 ' "2 # 34 $1 2 # % ! !$; 2>2 35% %5 ' + "98 ) %52 # %5 8 !# 8 +%435% - 8 8 35- ! % ! 2 8 ! % ;? 3 2: % ; ! %42: 8 3 ; 2> 3! 2 !@982 !$# 8 ; 2 3 8!4 8 +%435% - 2 3 8 - 2:/35- + 342 %4 8!$ 2 8 %4 8 >!# % %5 ' ; 2> 3 2 =8 + 2 ) %4 8! 2 8 2 # 8 >!# % %5 ' ; 2> 3 /%4 !# $#; "! 2: 8 + # 2 + 2

* %

+ % %57) 1! % ':82 %52: %4 2 = 2 ; 2 # 8 )>% - 2: /=8 +%435% -2 35% ! 2 ! 3 2 ! 1%4353 82 % 3 8 - 8?; 2 #0 % % ; 2:35- % 2 8 % "! 2: 8 82# 8 / 2 ! 18; ! 2 98/? 8 +%435% -=2 / 8# % "% 8 3>34% !G 2 !$ 3 2 ! 1%5343 82 % 2 #08 8 % $1! 2 8 8! %5 9# +7- ! % 2 8 % )2:3 #; %5 ; 2 # 8 )>% - !C ):2:3 #;? 2 8 % %5 ; 2 # 8 )>% - 8 ! %5 $ 8!$ %4 @ ; 3 ! "! 2 ; ; 3 / "! 2:35 / 1!$! #$ $167# % 2 (! 3 >!$#!# 8 %4 2 ! 1%5343 82 %52: 8 3 ! 2 %5 $ 8!$ # %4382 8 8 )>% - ):23 #; 2 ; 3 / 1!$! #$ ! #/ 34% +.- /#;? 8! 2 342 ':1 /2 #'9 2 "!# 8 +%435% ! 34% !

<

A# $ # * # !" !

18! #$1; ! 2 34% $1! 2: !$ %4 $ )>%42 #! !# # % "! 2 / 34% " < <!K K $ 12 / 2 /%4 ' % ' 2 8 18 2 2 /%4 ' + " 1 34% ! $1!$# 3 ! 2 /1! ; 8 ! #$1; ! $ ) 8 3 8 "2 ;? 34% 82 $1! 2: !$ !# # #$=98/12 # 34 /2 + / 3 8 %5 +.- 8 ! % ;? 3 34%5 8,; 2 3 9##1 12: ! %4 " 82 %42: 2 / 82 # 2 / 1 % ; ! %53 12 ! %5 1 %4 ' 81 - 2 35% ; 2 3 ! # 8!@98/$1! %4 ! %42: ! #'':1! !982C ;?18! #/ 1; 2 8$ 8 2 34% 2 %4 '% ! /2 8 34%4 8 # %42: 2 % ! 3 8 ";? 2 %4%*)>%4 #98 3 2:%4 ! 2 34% ! # 8 + # % ! 8 /2: 35%4 18 # %52: 2 "! % !$ 3 8 1; !

.) 1! % '.82 %52: ! 2 / 34% $1! 2: !$ %4 2 % ; ! %42: ! #! %4 ' 8 3 8 ! 1 2 / 3 ")>%4+ 2 ;" " / 2 )>%4 ; 2 $ %4 ! % ' %5 2 + (98 )>%42 # 2 = " =$ 12 %5 '2 " "! 2: ! %4 / ) 1 % 8 3 % %52: ! 2 982 % ! "! 2: ! 8 ! 8; 2 34%5 8 %5 8/ #$ 8 ; 8!$# ";? ! 2 2 %4 ' % ' 1!$ 2 ! 8 + 2 98 8 " % !# % ! 2 8 ! - ! 1; ;?8 # 2 0212 #/ 3 2 ! 1%5343 82 2 $! % 02% !# %5 ,$1! 2 8 1! % ) 1 - 35% # 3 2: 35%4 18 $1! 2: !$ 82 "67# "% "! 8 + 2) /1! $1! 2 8 1! ! #':'1!# %4 '3982 ;?18! #$1; ! 2 8 18 2 34% 2 %4 '12 "! 2: % 5 ! % %4 ' + "98 )>%42 # 1! %5+ +7- 167#982 %42: K 2 %42%4 / % %52: 2 2 % 2 # 8 ! 2 ; 8 8! 8 3 ! 2 12 % ! 82 8?!# 2 8 % %42 8 3 "! 2: 8 "! 82 1$ 2 $1! %4 # 8 ; 2 %52: ! #/':':1! %5 '@982L1!$ $1! 2 8 1!! % !! 2:3 35- %4 2 # 8 % %52:

<

# % # $ ! # #

12 %5 ':! 2 $1 ; 2 %42: # %4 ' !$ 3 >! #! 8 %5 2 ! 1%5343 82 %52: % 8 $1! 2 82 2 82# 8 #! %5 '=8' % ' ! 1 8 ;?" 8=8 ; 2 %52: 8 %4 ' /% 67#1!! 2 98/8 2%4 2: / 35% '.8':"! %4 2 82 %42: 8 3 ; 2 %52: % ; 2 )>%4 ' + 2 #/ 8 ! 8 2 # 8 ! % 8 98!$ % 1$ + " #/ 8 /% ! 3 8 1; 8 2 # 8 % ! 3 8 ";? + " 1 8

8 8 2 2 %4 ' + " 1 34% ! 8! 8 8 3*- ! # %4 ' 2 ! "%4353 82 %42: 8 2)>%5 12 ;?82 %42: 982C 2 /%4 '=8$ 8 + " 1 34% ! 8! 2 $ 8 '# 3 8 8 ! % ; 34% 82 %42: #! %5 ;?8 .- ; 2> 3 ! + # 821 234342 8 2 1 3 8

5< " % !H 8 18 2 2 /%4 ' + " 34% ! %4 # % ! 2 ;?; % !/;?8 % ; #; 2 %5 '@ % ' + " 1 35% ! %4 # % ! 2 ;?; 8 % ! 8 "2: !# 8 % % ;? ! %52: ! 2 ;?; / ) 8 3 #1! 2 2+ ! " ) " 8 ': 2 ; < 2< :@ 8 ) 8 3 #"! 2 8 ' 2 ; ;?; 2 ;; ! " 8 +3 @

" $ # $ *

"! 2: !$ 2 8 34%4 8 2: "': " 2 " 2 ; ; 2> 3 '# ! 2 98/ % ! ; 2> 3 % ! %4 8 167#982 2 1! %5+%4 '4 / 1 % ; 8 3435- 2+ ! " ) 35% ? 1!$ 2 !

< K

2 ) 1 "! 2: ! 2 / % !$ 3 8 1; 2 2%4 ;?8! !$1! %4 2 "': "2 $1 2 ; ; 2> 32 34% /! + 8! 2:

2 #!?; 2> 32 ):2 8 3 2:35 !

2 # 8P 2 7; 2> ! - ! "; % 2 # 8 >!# % %5 ' 8 / %4 8 >! % %4 ' 98 8 1 % ! % ! % ! 1!$ 2 ! 82 8 8 !# % %5 ' ! % ; %43 8 % % "!N 2 ! 1 % ;? 8 3535-; 8!$# $1! 2: !$ 2 % ! 3 8 ";? 2 2: 2 / 8 # % 1% 8 334% /! %4 /) "# % 8 3 % %52: 12 #! %4 'N 3 8!$1 /2 3 1 ) %5+ 2 ;? 1 2 ;98 % ! 2 % / ) 1# % 8 3 ; 2 %42: 2 , 8 98 # 2 / 35% ! 8! 2 2 ! ! %4+3 #N 2 / %5 8 "! ! %4+%534% -?2 98/8# 2 / 35% %5 =! 1 % ;? 8 3 !$" #/ #!$

"2: ! %5 1 %4 'P ! 1% ! 2 " % ; 8 3 ; 8 ! #$1; ! 2 34% ! 2: !$ % + 12 ;?"! 13 18=982E/ # %42: + %5 ' ; 8!$# % !==8 18 2 2 %4 '+ " 1 34% ! 8 /2 2 %5 'E % ' % ;? 3 ; 2 3 ! ;?8C8! !$#;?0 %4282= 8$ 8 2 2 %5 ' % ! % 3*- 2 2 %42 8 3 2 2 %4 ') % ' 2 ) 1 8$ 8 2 2 %4 ' + " 34% /! 2 ; 2 3 #/! %5 ! %52: 8!! /8; %4 % 8!! 1 982C 8 18 2 2 %4 ' % ! 9 ?+.- 8 2 34%5 8 # %422 % ' + " / !$198 82 ,;?8! !$1! 2 / 35% ! 7#! 8 % 12 ;98 % ! 2+ " 1 ! 1 % ; 8 3 ; 8 ! #$1; ! 2 "! 2: !$ 2 8$ 8 2 2 %4 '+ " 1 / 8# % "% 8 334% ! 8! ;?8 % ! ! 2 ##1 ! % ; %43 8 % % "! + " /, " % ; 8 3 8 12 ; 8/ %42 8 3 $1!$# 3 ! 98 % # 3 8 /2: 35%4 18 187! 1$ )>%5 %5 1!$ 2 ! # ) 82 $167# 1% "! 8 + 2 ) % # 8; 8 3 1! 2: 8 1! 2 /,! - !# "; % ;?82 ! % ; %53 8 187! ! 1 %5 =! 1 % ;? 8 3 $1! # 3 !

0 ! %42: 2 ; 2> 3 %4 2 2 # "': "1! 2 $1 2 ; ! #/':':1! 98/ 342<

"67# - $1! 2 8 1! ! " %5 / ;?18! #/ 1; ! 8 % 3 8! " 2 3 " )>% + 2 ;? " 2 ; 2 %52: %5 2 # 8 ! % $ %42:12 # 35 + ! 3 8 %4 +7- ; 2 3435%4 '$! %4 ' %5 ' ?; 2 %42: %4 34% ; 2 3 # 8 ; 2> 3 % ! 2 ) 1 ) " - % # 3 212 2:3 8 98 % # 3 8 3*- % ; 2 8 0 2%4 12: ! %4 " %5 ')/ % ; 3 ";? 82 %52: 2 - ! % 8 3 ; 2 3435%4 ' ! 2 # ! - 1! % ! 2 %5 !# 8

;? 2> ! #/! %4 % !"! % ! 2 #/! 2: 352 8; 34% # 3 8 ->%5 ' 8 / 1!# 2:35 % ! 235- 12 ;?98 ! ! "!N 352 " 2 /-> 8; % 8 ': 2 + 8!$! 3 8 - 1$! 2: !$167# 35- #/#/1 %57) 1! % ':82 %52: 2 4 % ' 8 ;? 35% # + "98 )>%42 # 2 / 35% $1 % ! % ;? 2 8 2 ! 2 # ! % ; # 3 82 %52: #$ 2 ! 1!

2 1 2 #" %57) 1! % ':82 ; 2 %42: 2 34% ! # %5 ' 2 ! 1%4353 82 %42: ; 8 ! #/ 1; ! 2 / ; 2 %42: 2 + 2 8 % 1% 8 3 8 7#;?8 34% ! #! %4 '3H % ' !$ " 8 ;?" 8 98 % # 3 8 02 # 34 + #! # 3 # 8 %4.) "!# % '.82 %42: !# 2 # 35 8 3 ! 2 %5.) 1! % '.82 % 1$ 1! + " 1 08# % "% 8 334% /!8 7#;?8 35% ! 8 ! 353 8! ) 8 % 82 %52: ! % %4 7#;?8 3 8 - 1 !

,; 8 - + 2 !$! %5+3 #/! %4 ' 83 % ' !$ " 8;1 8 2 3 8! " 2 3 1 )>%4+ 2 ;" - 2 %4.) "!# % '.82 %; 8 % 8 3 1!$ 2 ! 2 8N7#;?8 3 8 - "#. ! 1; + 2 # 7#$ # 8 %4.) 1!# % '.8/ %42 2 # 34 + # 35% 35- 2 / 2> # ; 8 ! #$1; ! % ! % ; %53 88 # 8 "- 2 ;?18! #$1; ! 2 $1! 2: !$ 2 /?8 # % 1% 8 3 35% ! + # 02 # 35 35% 35- 2

<

)>%4 #/#/1 %4 2 ;?82 %52: 8 !L 2 ! % ; %43 8 % % "! 2 2 1 % !$ + " 1 7#; 8 8 8 % 1% 8 3 34% !

1 ! 8 /%4 ' 982?; 8 1! 8 + 8 "; + 2 # 7# 2: 998/ 2 1! 2 ? 3 8 -8 !# 8 +3 2 2 J982 %53432 3 8 - 82 8 353 "2 # 34 + %4.) "!# % '.82 +.- #"; 8!$# ";? ! 2 = "! 2: ! 2 ! # 1; + 2 # 7#$1! # 8 %4.) 1!# % '.8/ %42 12 # 35 8 ! %43*- 12 ;98!$! 8 %4.) "!# % '.82 %42: 2 2 + "!# 2 "2: 2:3 98 8;? " ! 2 /1; + 2 # >#/ 98 % # 3 8 3*- 8; 35% # 67#98 34% - 8 2 ! 8 / 167# 1% 1! 2 /34% "! 2: 8 "! /% %52: 8 3 %57) 1! % ':82 %52: 2 35% ; 2> 3 ! % ! % ; %53 8 98 8 1 % ! % !I 2 2 !$

02 8 2 #/ "': " 2 $1 /2 ; ; 2> 3 !?#!$ " % 8 98# % # 3 8 2 #! 2:/ % ! 8 +/%434% - 8 12: 2:343 8 +%534% - "2 # 34 ->% 34 $1! # 3 !@982 2 235- ##1@/# 1 ! 8 /%4 ' 2 35% " + # "2 # 35 8 3 ! 2 3 18 2 ) 342 ; 2 / ! ': 1 82 %52: 2 - ! % 8 3 ; 2> 3&+ 8!$ ! 2 # ! -> /1! % ! )>% 1!

# # #

3 18 3*- 34% " % ! 8 ; 2 $ 12 ; 3 ! J98 3 ;. 2:3 . %4% % 8 3 1! % %52: ! #' ':"!# ! 2 7; 2> 2 ! 1%4353 82 2 % ! 167# % 2 3 8 %5 9! %5+%435% - %4 E "! 2:35 3 8 ->%5 ' "6>#/ - 2 34% $1

8 .- 2 = / 1 % ; 8 3435- 2:+ !$1 ) 82 # "! 2 / 8 # % 1% 8 3 35% $1 8 + ! 3 8 %4 +.- =; 2 3&2 35% ! + 8! 2: / 2 #/!; 2> 3&2 ):2 8 3 2:35

< ><

2: 35%4 18 # %42 82 "! %4+ 1!G 8 18 2 2 /%4 ' + " 0 " !# 2 ! ! % ; %43 8 98 8 1 % !# % !I 2 ! 1 % ; 8 3535- ; 8!$# ;? 98 % 8 3$1! 2: !$ 2 ,8# % "% 8 3 34% /!

; 8 % 8 3 $1! 2: !$ 2 % ! 3 8 ";? 2 %4/%5)>%4 #8 3 2:%5 ! 2: /!$# 8 2 8# % "% 8 3 34% ! %5 $# 8 % %52: 8 2 # 8 % %52: 0; 2> 3 % ! ' %*) 2 # 1':$11! 2 " 2 ; ! 2 ! ! 2 '! % ; %43 8 % % "! 2 =167# %*) 8 3 $1! 2: !$ %5 =; 2 3

< @

# 3 8 ! - ! "; % !8.98 8 8 ! 2 8$ 98 8 ':82 2 )>%4 1!L 2 ; 8 %4 ! " )>% 1!

8 !8!8 8; 34% 1 2 A ; % 2 2: "! 2 ) %5 1!8 82 88 67# % ! % %42: ! - ! ";

8 1 2 ; 8 3 8 ' #/; + " 2 8 8 35- ! % ! 8 / ! % ' 8 3 2 "! ! %4 ' # %42 ! 8 ' " 82 8 %4 8 ' 2 ! % ' 8 3 ! 82F % ' ! 8 ;? 35%4 ' $167# 1% 1! "2:.):2:3 # %52: 8! 1 2 ; #! %5 '8 8 ) 1 8 ': 2 8 12 ':# 8 +3 #; + "

2 ! 8 ;? 3 1! 8 ) " 8' %5 ' 8 ! /2: #! %4 '3/ $! 2: % 8 3 8 ) 1 8' %4 ' ;" 2> 2)>%5 +.- ! 2 8$ % ! 8 ;? 3 1! 2) 1 3 8 %4 ' +.- % !;" 2 % '> "2: %5+ # %42: 2 8 ! 8 ;? 3 5 2 8 !3 8 ) 1 8': +7- 8

<

! 2: % 8 3535- 8 - %5 ' # ) % ,8A % ;? 12: ! 8 167#98 3 2 #; + 1 2 8 ) " 8':"! 8 ; # 3 % 34% +.- 5 % ; + " 1 ! 8 ;? 3 % '':1$! @ 2 8 2 ) " 3 8

5< % ! ;?18 ?98/8 %*)>%4 '! % ' 8 3 /1 A $167# "- "2 ;? 2: ! 1 !$ 18

2 # 2 ) 1 8 342: '. % ; 02 # 35 2 + 8 2 % 82 / #! %4 ' 8 167# "- ! 1" % ! ; 8 !982I ! % ' 8 33 '2 ; #/!# + !# 2 # 2 #' 82I ! 2: % 8 3 % '> %4 ' 12 1% + 1352 ! = 2 # % - 2 G/ 2:3 3 ' 2 ! 11 2 ) 1 ! %5 5 8 ) " 8' %5 ' 8 3 ' 2 % ; % ! 8 35% 2 + 2 " ! % ' 8 3 8 / "! 2: !$ ! % ' 8 3 "67#98 343*- "! # 3 %5 ' 127)2:3 #0 %42 % !# 8 +.- % ! 8 ) 1 8' %5 ';" 2 ! 1 %5 ; 8 % "!# 8/ %42?2 $ # + 8 >' 2 # / 2:% !$ 2: " 2342>2 82E %4/%5)>%4 #8 3 2 2: 2 /1! =! % ' 8 3 ! 2 #' /=8 ) 1 8' %4 ';" 2>2 1! 1 2 + "2: ! %4 " 2 8?! 8 ;? 3 " %52 2 <,! 12:/ 8 8 ) 1 8' %4 ' 2 ) "@ ! 8 ;? 3 1! 8 @ ! 12:/ ! 1% 82 %42: ! % ' 8 3 %5343 98 ) 8 )>% 8/ %42 2 2 ; ! 8 2 9% ! < ?!$ 12 ! % ' 8 3 02 # 35 98 ) 8 < ) % 82 %52: % ! #; + " 8 + # +.- %413 # %4 ' ; 2 8 ) 1 8 ':1! %4 ! %4 8 ! %4 'P?! 8; 3 1 %42> 2 18! %5 'H=! "% 8/ %42 ! % ' 8 3& #/ 82 %42:

<

+

0 200 400 600 800 10000

10

20

30

40

50

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (M

Ω)

Trombone with 6BS Mouthpiece

0 200 400 600 800 10000

10

20

30

40

50

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (M

Ω)

Trombone with Transparent Mouthpiece

0 200 400 600 800 10000

10

20

30

40

50

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (M

Ω)

Trombone with 6BS Mouthpiece and Adapter

0 200 400 600 800 10000

10

20

30

40

50

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (M

Ω)

Trombone with Transparent Mouthpiece and Adapter

% ':# *< /# % ; 8 ; 8!$# ";? ! 2 2 ; + 2: % ) 8 %42 #!; 2 #/ % 12 ':# 82 %52: !

<

2: ':# 8/ %42 1! % %42: 2 ; + 2: % /% ! % ; 2 #0 % 2 ; + 2: % /% ! % ; 2 #0 % =8 8 8 1 % 2 ; + 2: % 3 8 !$98 ; 2 # % 2 ; + 2: % 3 8 !$98 ; 2 # % =8 / 8 8 " %

8 +3 *< "! % %42: 2 ) 8 %42 #! "2: ':#/ 82 %42: ! 2 2 ; + 2: 8 ; 2 # % "! 2: '# 82 %42: 9 167# "- ; 8 #98 35% - 8 2 2 @ << <

2 < @ 2 @ @ 2 .@

2 @ < K <@ 2 < /< < 2 @< @ K @>< 2 @ K /< .@

2 @ < K < 2 < < 2 @ @ 2 @ K

2 @ < < 2 < < < 2 @ @ 2 @ @ @

8 +3 @ ; 8 82 8 2 E ) 8 %42 #!E 2 ; + 2 "2: '# 82 %42: ! 8 343 % 8 # / ! 34%5 2 #0 % 9 "67# - ; 8 #98 34% - 8 2 8 !$98$ K.@ 8 !$98$ % 8 " < % 8 " .@ /< K.@ 8 +3 ;? 8 8/ 8 2 ?/L 02 ; 2 # % "! #! + 2 % 8 % 2 #0/ 8 8 1 %

<

0 200 400 600 800 10000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (k

Ω)

Denis Wick 6BS Mouthpiece

0 200 400 600 800 10000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (k

Ω)

Transparent Mouthpiece

0 200 400 600 800 10000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (k

Ω)

Denis Wick 6BS Mouthpiece with Adapter

0 200 400 600 800 10000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Frequency (Hz)

Impe

danc

e (k

Ω)

Transparent Mouthpiece with Adapter

% ':# @ # % ; 8 =;?18! #/ 1; ! 2 E/ ; 2 # % "!#!$ % 8 % 2 #E,8 80 1 %

<

50 100 150 200 250 300

Am

plitu

de

50 100 150 200 250 300

−pi

−pi/2

pi/2

pi

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se

% ':#/ *< 98 % 8 3 "6>#/ - $1!$ 2: ! 2 ,8# % "% 8 3 34% 1

< K

50 100 150 200 250 300

Am

plitu

de

50 100 150 200 250 300

−pi

−pi/2

pi/2

pi

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se

% ':#/ @ 98 % 8 3 "6>#/ - $1!$ 2: ! 2 ,8# % "% 8 3 34% 1

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Am

plitu

de

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

−pi

−pi/2

pi/2

pi

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se

% ':#/ 98 % 8 3 "6>#/ - $1!$ 2: ! 2 ,8# % "% 8 3 34% 1

<

100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Am

plitu

de

100 150 200 250 300 350 400

−pi

−pi/2

pi/2

pi

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se

% ':#/ 98 % 8 3 "6>#/ - $1!$ 2: ! 2 ,8# % "% 8 3 34% 1

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

10−3

10−2

Am

plitu

de

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

−pi

−pi/2

pi/2

pi

Frequency (Hz)

Pha

se

% ':#/ 98 % 8 3 "6>#/ - $1!$ 2: ! 2 ,8# % "% 8 3 34% 1 <

< "2 #! % 1!$ 8 8; @ /< @ 8 % 8 / 82 2 % ; /2 ; 8 %4 ! % ; # 3 8/ %422 ! 2 # 2> # %52: %5 /

+ 8! ! %4 ! $#;? !"#$%'&( K K/< < 8 % 8 82 2 #; ! 2 # ! % ; # 3 82 %42: #! %5 '8) 2 % ;? ! %52: 8 3

34% )>%4+ 82 %52: ; 2> 3 ' !"#$%'&( <@ <@ < ) #+*1'.8 8 / " 23434% 1 2 %5 ' 35%4 18 ! 8 +/%434% - 8 8 35- ! % ! 8 / -, .

! 1 % ; !/012435#627827:9 <; = !> <!K K < < - 1 !0? " !$ %*) "! 2: + 8! ! %4 ! #/;? ! A@ $%+1BDC-E < K GF 8 7#! "2 #!# % % ; 8 2 8 8 # 3 8 8 %4353 8 - ' H"#$%'&(

K < K < K < < GF 8 7#! #0 % ; 8 # ) 1! 2 + 8 ! ! %4 ! $#;? !

!"#$%'&( K <

< <

KGF 8 >#/! + ! 3 +27 !> G43& !! 0? 2 2: 2 ;98 .- ! 12:/ /% %52: <

0 8 627& ! G43 ! ' ! ! 2 /%5) " ! % - $1! ! ? ) 2 <

< "# ! 8 % 8 +%534% % "! %5 #; " ! 2 # ! @ .$% 1B C < <:< 8; + 353 ? 2:/34%4 8 /-> 8; % ! 2 ; #! % 8 3 $1 8 / + 8!$! %4 %5 !# #

; ! > 1&0= @ ! < /< < <@ 8; + 343 8 =$ 82 & !< <7 + ! ! < K < #$ 8 - 8 ;? + 353 8 ! ! %5 !# #; ! 8! 2 1; 2> 8 - @ .$%

B 2 > 2:3 ; #':#! @ < ) =98 ' " ! 8 +/%434% - 01243 <7 27 0 ! K < K < < =/ 8 / %5 % ?82 #/ 2 34% $1 D' H"#$%'&(

<@:@ <@:@ < < 2 3 - 8 F 2: ' !# 2:+ 2 ! "2 % ! # /- 2 34% ) %5+ 8/ %42 ! %4 8

2 ; + 2: ' H"#$%'&( < @ < < @:@ <

< :@

< # 353 %534+ 1 8 8; + 343 8! ! %5 !# #; ! %5 8 !# 8 +%435% - 8 8 3*- ! % !8 ! 1 % ;? ! % 8 8# % "% 8 3 ; 2 # ' H"#$%'&( K @ @

<!KGF # 353 7 843 = / +& ' ! B < 7 &# 2 ' & >& 27 + ! 1! % ! %*) " ! % - 2 %47+ #$' @

< GF # 353 F %435+ "# 8; + 353 8 8/ "2 #!# % 8 3 ; 8 ! #/ 1; ! %5 "! 2: 8/ 2 $! %5) +.- 8 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # 2 ! 1%5343 8/ %42 "! 2:35+ (98 )>%42 #/ @ .$% CC-E 98':"! < < <

18 ) 02 # F# < K

@GF 8 3 ; 2: F %435+ "# 8 F 1$' 2 ;?8 2 ;? 8! ! 2 # %5 ' 8 13 8 %4 2: 82 %42: %5 2>2 %4 ! 2 7 ' ! < <

@ < % " 8 ? ; % -> "! % ! 2 $#; E 2: "! +.- - ! % 8 3 ; 2> 35%4 ' @ .$% 1B C 2 # 8 9 8 <

@:@ F 3434%52 8 F 2 !/1 1' " 82 %42: %4 + 8!$! %5 %4 ! $#;? !012435#+27827 9 <; = !> K <!K < /@ < < K:@

@ % 9 " %"2 8 2 %5 % 7! 1% %5 %5 !# #; ! 89 02 % ; ! %52: 8 3 ; 2> 3 2 ! "% 8/ %42 ;? 98 % ! ; @ .$% DC " "; + "<

<

@ % 9 1 %12 8 2 %5 -> "! % ! 2 = #; "? 2: + 8 ! 2: - ! % 8 3; 2 3 ! @ .$%# C 98 ':1! < < 10 1; + ",<

@ ? 3 " "% 82 %52: ; 98 % !$;?! %402 2> %5 8 + 8!$! %4 ! $#;? !' ! @ <

@ ? 3 " #0 2:2 ; 2 #/! )>%4+ 82 %52: 2 ! % ; 3 ,$1! !$# 12 2:353 ) 8 3*) "!%4 '.8 ! 2 ! ' H#$%#'&( @>< :@ /@><!K <

@ ? 3 " 1 2343 7+ " ' F ; % 8 F 2:3*) /%4 " %4 # 8 / /):2 8 3 8 @ $% 1B 8':1! K 1 1; + 1@ <

@ K ? 3 " 1 8 2 ! ! %4 ' ! 43 & ! +& !

%4 '1 1 3 8' ! % %42 < /< @ GF %434+ 1 - ! % ! 2 1 8 + 8!$! %4 ! $#;? ! 8@ $ %12 @ :@ GF %534+ 1# 2 # ;? 98 % ! ;! 2 + 8!$! %4 ! $#;? ! 3 8!G - - 8$! "! # 3 !

@ .$% 6& ' !+& )>%5343 8 98 %4 @ .@ /< GF %435+ "# 8 F %52 8 ! ! %4 !# $#; ! ! 2 ;)/ 2 $" % 8 3 8 ! 1

% ; 8 3 "! # 3 ! @ .$% CC @ .$%1 43(' ! )2:3 #; < 98 ':1! /< %47+ #$' <

.@GF %534+ 1# 2: 7#! 8 F %42 % 1% 8 3 + # %4 ' 34% !8 + 8!$!%4 !# $#; ! 1 % ;? 8 3 $1!$# 3 ! ' ! #$%''&( < < .@ < :@ < K

<

? 8 F %434+ 1 8 8 342 ! 1%5343 82 %52: "! 2:35 2 02>2 %5 %4

!# #; ! ! ' ! ! K:@ < F 3 ; 23 % !> 43 4>4-E 8 ! 3 8/ +7- F 3434% ! " %5 +.- 2 ) 1 < % ! + 1$' F %534+ 1 ! 8 343 8; 8 F % 8 ! 2 8 ) 1! %5

2 ; + 2: "! H #$% '&( < < K < F 2:3 ;1! % # 82 %52: ! 2 %*) 1$': %4 2 %4/ # 2 ! "%4353 82 %42: ! 8 %

% ;? ! %52: 8 3 8 8 3*- ! % ! 12435#627 27 9 <; = !> < < !# % 8 8 8 / F 3 8 8'.8 -> 1! % ! 2 ):2:% ! 2 # ! 2 ; 8P 02 ;?8!$!

; 2 3&2 )2 8 3 12 ! ! < <@ <@ K < :@ K %43 % 8#!$ 3 82# 1;L 2 #!$ 8 3 % 8 3 1% # % ! % ; # 3 8/ 2 = 2?+ "# "

# 1 ! 8 / 3 82 %42: !# % + " 1 8 + 8!$! 3 8 - 1 ! %4 2: 82 %52: 8 %4 !# #; ! %5 # % ; 8 +& !+& , " "; + "@ :@

2 #' 3 8! " - ! % 8 3 ; 2> 3534%5 ' 2 ; #! % 8 3 %5 %4 ! #/;? ! >&

5 ! 012 < < .@ "2 #! % "! 8 8; !# % #0 # % 1 3 8 ':! %43

% ; 8 82 ! ;?8 ' 34% ! 8# 8# ; 8 %4 ;

<

< 8 + 2:% ! ! % 1$8 342 $! 2: 8 +%534% - 8 +% #/ 8 %42 2 02 >;?8!$!

; 2 3&2 ! 1%4353 8 %42: 8 8 35- ! % ! 2 9# %4 ; 8 % ! ! 8 / 8 "2 #! % 8 3&352 8 %5 ' @ .$% @ C 2 2:3 ; <

7@

8$ "! "2:% %52: ! 35% ; % 1!,; * 8 % 67#1! 3 8 ' 342 ? "!

3 ) 1! !$# 3 8 2 # %42: ! 2: ! ):2% !+*"! % 32 ;? # 1! 8/ 2 2:/% "! 8 12 #! % 67# %5) 1 ! % *1! % 8$! %5343 @ /<

? F 2 #! F 2 ;?8 ! ? F 34 # % ! 8 % $! + " ' ! -

; % 8 3 2 ; 8 ! ! ):2 8 3 2:35 ; 2 3 12 # 3 2,):2 8 3 8 8 8 8 % 8 34% 8 %52: 2 2 ! 1! % ! "! % ' ! K <:< <:< < K

GF # " 2 -> 8; % ! 2 02 >;?8! ! ; 2> 3>2 ):2 8 3 2:34 ! 67# %534%5+ % 8 +% # 8 %52: ! 8 / 2 ! 1%5343 8 %42 "' %42 B ' H#$% '&( /< /<:<< <

8 %5 % )>%4+ 8 %42: ! %4 8 12 ; 2 # % ' H #$% '&( < K < 7@ ! 8 343 8 ; 167# %5 8 ! ! 8 8 8 #! !+* - ! % 8 3 ; 2 3 2

2 ; + 2: %513 # %5 ' 2: 34%5 8 2 98'.8 %42 ! @ .$% 1B CC @ .$%+1 43 ' ! ):2:3 #;? < 98':"! < .@ %47+ #/ ' <

! 8 343 8 ; 167# %5 8 ! ! 8 8 8 #! !+* - ! % 8 3 ; 2 3 2 2 ; + 2: %513 # %4 ' 2: 34%5 80 2 98'.8 %42: ! 8 34% 8 %52: 2 ! 2 # ! -> 1! % ! 2 342 # 2: "!' ! K :@ @

<

K ?18 3 7 43 B 1 +& 7 & < 27 ! 8> %&(0 & + !> ! "! % ! /%5) " ! % - 2 %47+ #$' @.@

? 8 3 % 8 ! 8 ;? + 353 8 F %435+ " # /- 2 " ; 8 /% ! ; 2 + 8 ! ! %4 ! #/;? ! #/! %4 ' 8 8 % "% 8 3 ; 2 # @ $% 98 ':1! < .@ 1 1; + 1@ <

?18 3 % 8 ! 8; + 343 8 F %534+ 1 # /- 2 34% " 1! 8 +%534% ! 8 %52: #! %4 '8 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # @ .$%#$% 8 @ :@

< 235- ; + 2:35- 235- "2 ; 3 )>%4+ ) %5+ # % ; 3 :@

8 F 3434%52 8 F 2 ! 1 ;?18! #$1; 2 8 12 #! %

% ; 8 2 + 8!$! %4 ! #/;? !' ! K @ @ < % 8 ! 8; + 343 F %435+ " 8 ? 8 3 !$ 2 ! " %

; 8 3 ! # % "! %5 1$; %5%4 ' 8 02 >;?8!$! 34% ; 2> 3 6& !+& , )>%4353 8 98 %5 " "; + "@ .@

% 8 ! 8;? + 343 F %534+ 1 8 ? 8 3 2 3435%4 ' 34% 1 12 ;# 8 %52: 8 3 8 " % ; 8 3%4.) "! % '.8 %42: ! 2 02 >; 2 %4 8 2 # 8 ! % %4 ' + 8 )>%42 # 2 23 ; #/':#! @

<

2 8 / 1$': - ! % 8 3 ; 2 3 ! 2 #; 34% %5 ! #; ! 8 %43 + 8 ) %52 #8 ; 2> 3 % ; 2 ) ";? ! @ .$% C 2: ' 2: ' <

8$ ' ! + >& 3 & & 43 & ! 27 +& % "! % ! %*) " ! % - 2 /%47+ #$' <

F 2 ' 8 / F # 3 - % ; # 3 8 %42: 2 8 3 8 - " #; ! - ! 1; @ .$% 435 C 8':1! :@ :@ <

KGF F 2 ;! 9 <; !> 27 H; 7 27 + ! 8 %4343 < % , - ! % ! 2 !$; 8 343 >8;? 34% # 2 ! "%4353 8 %42: 2 )2 8 3 2:34 !

' !#$%#'&( K < < @ < K K ) 8 8 3 ! % $! & %7 43G = 27 7 $%7 27

6& B2 ! !> ( ! #+27 ! "! % ! /%5) " ! % - 2 %47+ #$' @/<

/< " ': 8 2 2> 3 2 #/;? # %42:/%4 ' 18 3 % ;?! % ; # 3 8 %52: 8 ! " % ;? ! % 8 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # @ .$% 1B C 98'1! 7@ .@ <

.@ " ': 8 2> / 1 % ; ! % 8 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # 2 #; @ .$% C-E 98':"! < < K < K

1$': 8 2> % 2 3 8 % ; 2 ) ";? ! 2 + 8! % - ! % 8 3; 2 3 ! 2 + 8! ! %4 ! $#; ! @ .$% 98'1! .@ @ < K

% ! %52: "! 8 )>% ! %4+3 1! 2:3 # %42: ! 12 ;

% 1! # 8 F 1 " " ; %4 8 %42: 2 8 8; 1$! 2 3 #;? 8 8; 1 ; 2 3 ! 2 ):2 8 3 2:34 ! #! %5 ' 8 9% > 3 ";? ; 2>8/ 2 8 / ' !#$%#'&( < .@ .@ K <

) 2 ! % 8 8 ; 2> 35%4 ' 2 !$ 3 2 ! "%4353 8 %42: %4 + 8 ! ! %4 ! $#;? !B' !#$%#'&( 2 K < /< < K K

) 2 ! % 8 8 12 #/! % 8 3>+ 8 )>%42 2 + 8! ! 3 8 - " ! 34% /! 6 !2#$%6'&( < .@ < <

K ) 2 ! % 8 8 8 / ) # 2 % 8 ) ': 1 8 %52: %4 2 3 8 - " !8 1! % ; 8 %42:2 35% % !$! # 3 8! %"% - ! ' ! ' ! K < < .@ @

<

'

?18 3 % 8 ! 8; + 353 8 F %534+ 1 # /- 2 " ; 8 /% ! ; 2 + 8!$! %5 ! #; ! #! %4 '8 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # @ .$%/1B 98'1! < .@ 1$#' % 8 1 1; + 1@/< 2?18 3 % 8 ! 8; + 343 8 F %435+ " # /- 2 34% " "! 8 +%435% ! 8 %42 #! %5 '8 8 % "% 8 3 ; 2 # @ .$% $% 8 @.@ % 8 ! 8; + 343 F %534+ 1 8 ?18 3 ! 2 ! 1 % ; 8 3! # % 1! %4 1 ; %4/%4 ' 8 02 >;?8!$! 34% ; 2> 3 B@ .$% 6& !6& )>%4343 8 " "; + "@ .@ % 8 ! 8; + 353 F %435+ " 8 ?18 3 2> 3434%5 ' 34% " 12 ;?# 8 %42: 8 3 8 ! 1 % ;? 8 3 %4.) 1! % '.8 %42 ! 2 02 >; 2> %4 8 2 # 8 ! % %5 ' + 8 )>%42 #/ @ .$% B 2 2:3 ; #':#/! @ 2 ; 8' % 8 ! 8; + 343 " 2> # "%4+%534% - 8 12 2:302 1; + 2 # #$ 2 8 8 % 1% 8 3 ; 2 # 2 3 8 ->%4 ' + 8!$! %4 ! #/;? ! @ .$%B 2 2:3 ; #':#! @ 8; + 353 8 % 8 ! %5 8 8 234%5 8 + 8 )>%42 #/ 2 #;?8 8 8 % 1% 8 3 34% 1 ! < =;?" %5 ' 12 #/! % 8 3 2 1% - 2 ;?" % 8#' !#$%'&( << @ @

<

Date post:	22-Jan-2017
Category:	Documents
Upload:	tranbao
View:	213 times
Download:	0 times

Investigation of the Lip Reed Using Computational Modelling and ...

Documents