NANOTECHNOLOGY

Introduction

• Nanotechnology is the study and use of structure between 1 nanometer (nm) to 100 nanometer (nm)

1 nanometer

Introduction• In recent years nanotechnology has become one of the

most important and exiting forefront fields in physics, chemistry, biology and engineering and technology.

• Because nanotechnology is still evolving, there doesn’t seem to be any one definition that everybody agrees on.

• The ability to see nano sized particle is opened up a world of possibilites in a variety of industries and scientific endeavors

Understanding Size

How big (small) are we talking about?

Understanding Size

1 meter

Understanding Size

10 centimeters

Understanding Size

1 centimeter

Understanding Size

100 micrometers

Understanding Size

10 micrometers

Understanding Size

100 nanometers

Understanding sizes

1 nanometer

Size matter

Origins of Nanotechnology

• 300 A.D. – Roman glassmakers were fabricating glasses containing nanosized metals

•Lycurgus cup- British Museum in London

• Colourful windows of medieval cathedrals.

• Photographic recording films is an emulsion consisting of silver nanoparticles.

Dr Richard feynman

Richard feynman 1960 :

“there is a plenty of room at the bottom”

K. Eric Drexler - 1981

Development of the ability to design protein molecules will open a path to the fabrication of devices to complex atomic specifications

what are nano materials?

structured components--size less than 100nm at least in one dimension

•one dimensional: thin films , surface coatings

•two dimensional :nanowires , nano tubes

•three dimensional: colloids ,quantum dots , precipitates

Nano materials

• NANO POWDER: Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter) for more complex nanostructures

• FULLERENCE: molecule composed of carbon-hallow sphere,ellipsoid or tubespherical-bucky bal

• NANO POWDER: Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter) for more complex nanostructures

• FULLERENCE: molecule composed of carbon-hallow sphere,ellipsoid or tube

Fullerenes – 1985 (1996)

Robert F. Curl Jr. Richard E. Smalley

Sir Harold W. Kroto

Nanotube

• Carbon Nanotube(CNT)

- Originally, discovered as by products of fullerenes and now are considered to be the building blocks of future nanoscale electronic and mechanical devices.

Structure of Nanotube

• SWNT atom structures - Basically,sheets of graphite

rolled up into a tube as shown figure.

- The hexagonal two dimensional lattice of graphite is mapped on a cylinder of radius R with various helicities characterized by the rolling vectors (n,m).

Bucky paper?

• Buckypaper -strong and lightweight- manufactured - compressed carbon nanotubes.

• When stacked and compressed -500 times stronger than steel, at one-tenth of the weight. In this arrangement, the current-carrying capacity is remarkably high.

• Bucky paper -excellent thermal conductivity and low optical reflectivity.

Applications for Buckypaper

• Computer and television displays•Materials for building cars, airplanes and machinery•Protection against lightning•Protection against electromagnetic pulses (EMP)•Electrodes for batteries, fuel cells and capacitors•Thermal heat sinks for electronic and computer equipment

Manufacturing

Phyiscal Vapour DepositionThis describes a variety of methods of deposition thin films by condensation of a vapourised form of a material onto various surfaces under high vaccum conditioner. The coating method involves purely physical process rather than any chemical reaction.

Types of PVD:

Evaporative deposition

Sputter deposition

Evaporation

APPLICATIONS

• It produces a nano-size robotic arm capable of manipulating atoms and molecules into useful products.

•Nanotechnology promises to make lives healthy and wealthy without consuming natural resources or spewing pollution into the environment.

• Nano technology will create filtration systems that will scrub the toxins from the air and water.

• Nano-machines like nano-robots and nano-tubes find immense utility in various fields of medical and technological research.

• The medical application of nanotechnology might even allow us to adapt our body for survival in space.

• Using nanotechnology we can design an intelligent polymorphic material like human body, consists of trillion of microscopic but act in accordance with information processing in utility fog.

• Carbon nanotubes are the basic material for constructing the electronic devices of nano-size. Nano tube field-effect Transistors are the basic building blocks of integrated circuits

Nano tube FET

• Nano technology supports multi disciplinary insights of chemistry, physics, biology and computers.

•Artificial inorganic and organic nanoscale materials can be introduced into cells to play roles in diagnostics.

• Nano technology supports Retinal implants are in development to restore vision by electrically stimulating functional neurons in the retina

• The nanotechnology promises many applications in the field of Materials and Manufacturing, Nano-electronics and Computer Technology, Health and Medicine, Aeronautics and Space Exploration, Environment and Energy, National Security.

•Drug delivery systems are being designed using nano-particles to deliver medicine to specific parts of the body.

advantages

• Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of electronic products

• Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector. The development of more effective

• Another industry that can benefit from nanotechnology is the manufacturing sector that will need materials like nanotubes

• Some of the nanoparticles such zinc oxide and titanium dioxide have been included in sunscreen.

disadvantages

Future developments

Information and communication technology: Nanotechnology will be critical to solving challenges faced by the ICT industry

energy

It is expected that major forthcoming benefits of nanotechnology will be reaped from its gaint potential

Healthcare Nanotechnology holds enormous potential to

revolutionise healthcare

Conclusion

Though nanomaterials were existing ,only now we have realized that they are very different and hence important .In 20 years or so all devices and computers chips will be nanodevices. Several universities have started cources on nanotechnology.