Ion Exchange Resin:

SERVICE

RESIN BEAD• Cation resin bead Cation resin bead

attract and hold attract and hold positively charged positively charged ions.ions.

• Those ions remain Those ions remain on the bead until on the bead until the bead the bead encounters other encounters other ions for which it ions for which it has a greater has a greater affinity.affinity.

• Resin bead Resin bead releases Nareleases Na++ and absorbs and absorbs CaCa+2+2 and Mg and Mg+2+2 ions for which it ions for which it has a greater has a greater attraction.attraction.

• Ions are not Ions are not destroyed or destroyed or changed changed chemically; chemically;

they are simply replaced on the resin bead.they are simply replaced on the resin bead.• This process is known as ion exchange.This process is known as ion exchange.

ION EXCHANGE

• Resin beads attract CaResin beads attract Ca+2+2 and Mg and Mg +2+2 ions and ions and release Narelease Na++

• Water has been softened because the CaWater has been softened because the Ca+2+2 and Mg and Mg +2+2 concentrations, which cause water hardness have been concentrations, which cause water hardness have been reduced.reduced.

• After a vast number After a vast number of Caof Ca+2+2 and Mg and Mg+2+2 ions ions have become have become attached to the resin attached to the resin beads, and most of beads, and most of the Nathe Na++ ions have ions have been released, the been released, the resin can no longer resin can no longer soften the water. soften the water.

• If no new chemical reaction is set, the incoming CaIf no new chemical reaction is set, the incoming Ca+2+2 and and MgMg+2+2 ions flow untouched through the unit because there is ions flow untouched through the unit because there is no room for them on the resin beads.no room for them on the resin beads.

• The reaction can be The reaction can be reversed by greatly reversed by greatly increasing the increasing the concentration of concentration of sodium in the sodium in the solution.solution.

• Reverse process Reverse process drive the Cadrive the Ca+2+2 and and MgMg+2+2 ions off the ions off the resin beads and resin beads and replace them with replace them with NaNa++ ions. ions.

• This process is This process is called called REGENERATION.REGENERATION.

Exchange Resin Selectivity

• Cation exchanger (SAC)Fe+3 > Cr+3 > Al+3 > Ra+2 > Ba+2 > Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+1 >

NH3+1 > Na+1 > Li+1 > H+1

• Anion exchanger (SBA) Type IISO4

-2 > NO3-2 > CO3

-2 > HCO3-1 > Cl-1 > OH-1

Rapid Rule of Thumb

• For quick calculations multiply the half number of occupants by your estimated hardness and round up. This will give you the result in Unit Kilograins.

• Form our previous example;– Unit Capacity 3 X 10 / 2– Unit Capacity = 15 KGr.

Salt Usage

StichometricAbsolute

5990 Grains /Pound

C800 Absolute 41,000Grains/ft3

C800 Nominal 30,000Grains/ft3

Capacity Yield vs Pounds Salt

Capacity = 10286Ln(Salt) + 1326.3

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Pounds Salt

Cap

acity

Gra

ins

/ Gal

lon

US

Capacity

Log. (Capacity)

Capacity 13100 19200 22500 24700 29800 34000

3 6 8 10 15 24

Softener Efficiency and Capacity Percent Absolutevs

Pounds NaCl / Cubic Foot

Efficiency = 1.3686*Salt-0.5357

Capacity = 0.2507Ln(Salt) + 0.0336

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Pounds Salt / Cubic Foot

Percent

Efficiency 72% 53% 47% 41% 33% 23%

Percent Capacity 32% 47% 55% 60% 73% 83%

3 6 8 10 15 24

Effects Of Salting Levels

• Lowering salt dose1. Increases Efficiency

2. Increases contaminant build-up

3. Increases hardness leakage

• Increasing salt dose1. Decreases efficiency

2. Cleans the resin deeper reducing contaminants

3. Decreases hardness leakage

Leakage vs Salt Dosage

Regenerant Capacity Harness

lbs./cu.ft. 100 percent NaCl

kgrn/cu.ft. as CaCO3 leakage, ppm as CaCO3

3 11.9 28.01

4 14.9 20.08

5 17.6 15.22

6 19.8 11.95

8 22.9 7.89

10 25.1 5.51

15 28.6 2.58

20 30.8 1.42

Note: This rating is based on the following conditions: inlet TDS of 1,000 ppm as CaCO3; inlet hardness of 500 ppm as

CaCO3 (29 grains/gallon); 0.85 engineering factor; four-foot bed depth.

Leakage vs Salt Dosage

Contact Time vs Softening Capacity

Regenerant Conc.vs Operating Capacity

Brine Level to Floor

Actual Brine Draw

BTC163516 X 35

Platform

BTC163516 X 35

No Platform

J720218 X 33

Platform

J720218 X 33

No Platform

J730218 X 40

Platform

J730218 X 40

No PlatformFresh |

Saturated Inches Inches Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds27 | 32 24 33.4 31.8 44.6 41.6 44.6 41.626 | 31 23 32.1 30.4 42.9 39.9 42.9 39.925 | 30 22 30.8 29.1 41.1 38.2 41.1 38.224 | 29 21 29.5 27.8 39.4 36.4 39.4 36.423 | 28 20 28.2 26.5 37.7 34.7 37.7 34.722 | 26 19 26.8 25.1 35.9 33.0 35.9 33.021 | 25 18 25.5 23.8 34.2 31.2 34.2 31.220 | 24 17 24.2 22.5 32.5 29.5 32.5 29.519 | 23 16 22.9 21.2 30.7 27.8 30.7 27.818 | 22 15 21.5 19.8 29.0 26.0 29.0 26.017 | 21 14 20.2 18.5 27.3 24.3 27.3 24.316 | 19 13 18.9 17.2 25.5 22.6 25.5 22.615 | 18 12 17.6 15.9 23.8 20.8 23.8 20.814 | 17 11 16.2 14.6 22.0 19.1 22.0 19.113 | 16 10 14.9 13.2 20.3 17.4 20.3 17.412 | 15 9 13.6 11.9 18.6 15.6 18.6 15.611 | 13 8 12.3 10.6 16.8 13.9 16.8 13.910 | 12 7 11.0 9.3 15.1 12.1 15.1 12.19 | 11 6 9.6 7.9 13.4 10.4 13.4 10.48 | 10 5 8.3 6.6 11.6 8.7 11.6 8.77 | 9 4 7.0 5.3 9.9 6.9 9.9 6.96 | 8 3 5.7 4.0 8.2 5.2 8.2 5.25 | 6 2 4.3 2.6 3.5 3.54 | 5 1 1.3 1.7 1.7

Brine Valve Level Control To Pounds Sodium Chloride

This table can be used to estimate the pound of salt that will be available for the next regeneration cycle. In the brine level to floor column the fresh values are used for refill purposes, the saturated values indicate the level to which you can expect

Brine Level to FloorRefill /

Saturation

Brine SettingInches

BTC163516 X 35

Platform

BTC163516 X 35

No Platform

J720218 X 33

Platform

J720218 X 33

No Platform

J730218 X 40

Platform

J730218 X 40

No PlatformInches Inches Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins27 | 32 24 37.5 36.9 40.5 39.7 40.5 39.726 | 31 23 37.1 36.5 40.1 39.3 40.1 39.325 | 30 22 36.7 36.0 39.7 38.8 39.7 38.824 | 29 21 36.2 35.6 39.2 38.3 39.2 38.323 | 28 20 35.8 35.1 38.8 37.8 38.8 37.822 | 26 19 35.3 34.5 38.3 37.3 38.3 37.321 | 25 18 34.8 34.0 37.8 36.8 37.8 36.820 | 24 17 34.2 33.4 37.2 36.2 37.2 36.219 | 23 16 33.6 32.8 36.7 35.5 36.7 35.518 | 22 15 33.0 32.1 36.1 34.9 36.1 34.917 | 21 14 32.4 31.4 35.5 34.2 35.5 34.216 | 19 13 31.7 30.6 34.8 33.4 34.8 33.415 | 18 12 31.0 29.8 34.1 32.6 34.1 32.614 | 17 11 30.2 28.9 33.3 31.7 33.3 31.713 | 16 10 29.3 27.9 32.5 30.7 32.5 30.712 | 15 9 28.4 26.8 31.6 29.6 31.6 29.611 | 13 8 27.3 25.6 30.6 28.4 30.6 28.410 | 12 7 26.2 24.3 29.5 27.0 29.5 27.09 | 11 6 24.9 22.7 28.3 25.5 28.3 25.58 | 10 5 23.4 20.8 26.9 23.6 26.9 23.67 | 9 4 21.7 18.5 25.2 21.3 25.2 21.36 | 8 3 19.6 15.6 23.3 18.3 23.3 18.35 | 6 2 17.0 11.4 14.2 14.24 | 5 1 4.3 7.1 7.1

Brine Valve Control To PDS-30 Capacity

This table provides information about the brine levels of refill and saturation and how they affect capacity. The capacity rating in the table body is in Kilograins. The brine draw information indicates brine valve settings conforming to the brine valve

0.5 USGPM Brine Flow

1.0 USGPM Brine Flow

BTC163516 X 35

Platform

BTC163516 X 35

No Platform

J720218 X 33

Platform

J720218 X 33

No Platform

J730218 X 40

Platform

J730218 X 40

No PlatformMinutes Minutes Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds Inches/Pounds

20 10 20 | 30 23 | 30 14 | 30 18 | 30 14 | 30 18 | 3019 19 | 28 22 | 28 13 | 28 17 | 28 13 | 28 17 | 2818 9 18 | 27 21 | 27 12 | 27 16 | 27 12 | 27 16 | 2717 17 | 25 20 | 25 11 | 25 15 | 25 11 | 25 15 | 2516 8 16 | 24 19 | 24 11 | 24 14 | 24 11 | 24 14 | 2415 15 | 22 18 | 22 10 | 22 13 | 22 10 | 22 13 | 2214 7 14 | 21 16 | 21 9 | 21 13 | 21 9 | 21 13 | 2113 12 | 19 15 | 19 8 | 19 12 | 19 8 | 19 12 | 1912 6 11 | 18 14 | 18 7 | 18 11 | 18 7 | 18 11 | 1811 10 | 16 13 | 16 6 | 16 10 | 16 6 | 16 10 | 1610 5 9 | 15 12 | 15 5 | 15 9 | 15 5 | 15 9 | 159 8 | 13 11 | 13 5 | 13 8 | 13 5 | 13 8 | 138 4 7 | 12 10 | 12 4 | 12 7 | 12 4 | 12 7 | 127 6 | 10 8 | 10 3 | 10 7 | 10 3 | 10 7 | 106 3 5 | 9 7 | 9 2 | 9 6 | 9 2 | 9 6 | 95 3 | 7 6 | 7 1 | 7 5 | 7 1 | 7 5 | 74 2 2 | 6 5 | 6 4 | 6 4 | 63 1 | 4 4 | 4 3 | 4 3 | 42 1 3 | 3 2 | 3 2 | 31 2 | 1 1 | 1 1 | 1

Timed Brine Level Control

This table can be used to estimate the level to which a brine tank will be filled during the brine refill cycle and the salt available for consumption during the next regeneration cycle. When the tank sits and the brine is allowed to saturate the brine w

0.5 USGPM Brine Flow

1.0 USGPM Brine Flow

BTC163516 X 35

Platform

BTC163516 X 35

No Platform

J720218 X 33

Platform

J720218 X 33

No Platform

J730218 X 40

Platform

J730218 X 40

No PlatformMinutes Minutes Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins Kilograins

20 10 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.319 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.8 35.818 9 35.3 35.3 35.3 35.3 35.3 35.317 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.716 8 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.015 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.4 33.414 7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.713 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.912 6 31.1 31.1 31.1 31.1 31.1 31.111 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.210 5 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.29 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.18 4 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.97 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.66 3 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.05 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.14 2 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.83 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.82 1 12.7 12.7 12.71 5.6 5.6 5.6

Timed Brine Control To Capacity For PDS-30

This table describes the affect of refill time on actual capacity for a one cubic foot softener. The data is also tabled against different brine tanks with and without brine grids (platform). Capacity is stated in Kilograins.

ASB2 Resin

• Used for removal of Sulphates and Alkalinity form water.

• Absolute Capacity– 1.2 eq/l x 22,000 = 26KGr. as CaCo3/ cu. ft.

• Useable Capacity – 0.6 eq/l x 22,000 = 13KGr. CaCO3/ cu. ft.

• Sample Calculation– Sulphate = 800 mg/l = 1.04 x 800 = 832 mg/l– Alkalinity = 200 mg/l = 200 mg/l

ASB2 Resin

• Sample Calculation– Sulphate = 800 mg/l = 1.04 x 800 = 832 mg/l– Alkalinity = 200 mg/l = 200 mg/l– Added together 832 + 200 = 1032 mg/l– Converting to grains 1032/17.1 = 60 Grains/Gal.

• Gallons per cycle = 13000/30 = 216 Gallons

Iron and Tannins