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Ionic Liquids and Their Use As

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  • 8/12/2019 Ionic Liquids and Their Use As

    1/10

    US 20040097755A1

    1 2 )Paten t Appl ica t ion Publ ica t ion 1 0 )P u b . N o . :US 2 0 0 4 / 0 0 9 7 7 5 5A 11 9 )United S t a t e s

    Abbot t e t a l . 4 3 )P u b . D a t e : May 0 , 2004

    ( 5 4 ) IONIC LIQUIDS AND THEIR USE ASSOLVENTS

    ( 7 6 ) I n v e n t o r s :Andrew . A b b o t t , L e i c e s t e r( G B ) ;D a v i d L . D a v i e s , L e i c e s t e r ( G B ) ;G l e nC a p p e r ,E x m o u t h( G B ) ;Raymond K .R a s h e e d ,B r a m p t o n( G B ) ;Va s u k iT a m b y r a j a h ,D e h i Wa l a( G B )

    C o r r e s p o n d e n c eA d d r e s s :J o n e s T u l l a r & CopperEads S t a t i o nPO Box 2266A r l i n g t o n , VA 2 2 0 2 ( U S )

    ( 2 1 ) A p p l .N o . : 1 0 / 3 8 1 , 0 6 0

    ( 2 2 ) PCT i l e d : S e p . 2 6 ,2 0 0 1

    ( 8 6 ) PCT o . : PCT/GB01/04300

    ( 3 0 ) F o r e i g nA p p l i c a t i o nP r i o r i t yD a t a

    Sep. 2 7 , 2 0 0 0 ( G B ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 00237065

    P u b l i c a t i o n C l a s s i? c a t i o n

    1 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 55 ;c07c 2 2 9 / 0 6 ;I c 1 7 c 0 c 2 / 2 4c 0 7 c 2 1 1 / 6 3

    ( 5 2 ) U S . C l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 5 6 2 / 5 5 3 ; 5 6 2 / 6 0 5 ;5 6 4 / 2 8 1

    ( 5 7 ) ABSTRACTI o n i c compounds W i t h a f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f up o 1 0 0 C . a r eformed by t h e r e a c t i o n o f a n o n e amine s a l to f f o r m u l a ( I )R1R2R3R4N+X_, s u c h a s c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e W i t h a n o r g a n i cc o m p o u n d( I I )c a p a b l e o ff o r m i n ga h y d r o g e nb o n dW i t h X ;such a s u r e a , Where in t h e molar a t i o n ofI t o I I i s f r o m 1 1 1 . 5t o 1 : 2 5 . R 1 , R 2 ,R 3 a n d R 4may e H , o p t i o n a l l ys u b s t i t u t e dC 1 t o C 5 a l k y l ,o p t i o n a l l ys u b s t i t u t e dC 6 t o C 1 0c y c l o a l k y l ,o p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e dC 6 t o C 1 2a r y l ,o p t i o n a l l ys u b s t i t u t e d

    C 7 t o C 1 2a l k a r y l ,o rR 1 a n d R2 t a k e n t o g e t h e r m a y e p r e s e n ta C 4 t o C 1 0 o p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e da l k y le n e g r o u p , t h e r e b yforming W i t h t h e N atom o f f o r m u l a I a 5 t o l l -memberedh e t e r o c y c l i c r i n ga n d a l l o f R 1 , R 2 , R 3 a n d R 4 a r e n o ti d e n t i c a l ,X may b e N 0 3 , F , C l ,B r ,I ,B 1 3 4 ,C 1 0 4 ,CN, 5 0 3 C 1 3 3 ,o r COOCFJ . The i o n i c compounds a r eu s e f u l a s s o l v e n t s , a n d e l e c t r o l y t e s f o re x a m p l ei n e l e c t r op l a t i n g ,e l e c t r o Wi n n i n g ,a n d e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g , a n d a s c a t al y s t s .

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    US 2 0 0 4 / 0 0 9 7 7 5 5A 1

    I O N I C L I Q U I D S AND THEIR USE AS SOLVENTS

    [ 0 0 0 1 ] T h i s i n v e n t i o n r e l a t e s t oi o n i c compounds a n d

    m e t h o d s f o r t h e i rp r e p a r a t i o n . I n p a r t i c u l a rt h e i n v e n t i o nr e l a t e st o i o n i c compounds Which a r e l i q u i d a t r e l a t i v e l y loWt e m p e r a t u r e s , i . e .g e n e r a l l y b e l o Wa b o u t 1 0 0 C . ,a n d p r e fe r a b l y beloW a b o u t 6 0 C . and more p r e f e r a b l y Wh ich a r el i q u i d a t o r n e a r t o ambient t e m p e r a t u r e .

    [ 0 0 0 2 ] T h e r e i s m u c h c u r r e n t i n t e r e s t i n t h e ? e l d o f i o n i cl i q u i d s .S u c hs y s t e m s , W h i c ha r ee x a m p l e so f m o l t e n s a l t s ,h a v e a number f i n t e r e s t i n g a n d u s e f u l c h e m i c a lp r o p e r t i e s ,a n d h a v eu t i l i t y ,f o r e x a m p l e ,a sh i g h l y p o l a r s o l v e n ts f o ru s ei n p r e p a r a t i v e c h e m i s t r y, a n d a s c a t a l y s t s .T h e y a l s oh a v ep a r t i c u l a ra p p l i c a t i o ni n e l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y ,f o r e x a m p l e i nb a t t e r i e s ,f u e lc e l l s ,p h o t o v o l t a i c d e v i c e sa n d e l e c t r o d e p os i t i o np r o c e s s e s , f o re x a m p l ei n b a t h s f o rt h e e l e c t r o p l a t i n go f m e t a l s .

    [ 0 0 0 3 ] G e n e r a l l y s p e a k in g ,i o n i cl i q u i d sh a v e v e r y l o Wvapour p r e s s u r e and t h u s , i n c o n t r a s t t o m a n y c o n v e n t i o n a ls o l v e n t s , a r ev e r y a d v a n t a g e o u si n t h a tt h e y p r o d u c ev i r t ua l l yn o h a Z a r d o u sv a p o u r s .They a r e t h e r e f o r e a d v a n t a g e o u sf r o m a h e a l t h , s a f e t y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a lp o i n t o f v i e W.

    [ 0 0 0 4 ] One s u c h s y s t e mWhich h a s b e e n knoWn f o r m a n yy e a r s i s t h a t f o r m e d f r o m1 - e t h y l - 3 - m e t h y l i m i d a Z o l i u mc h l o r i d e - a l u m i n i u mc h l o r i d e ( E M I C - A l C l 3 ) .T h i s s y s t e m i sa t h e r m a l l y s t a b l e l i q u i d betWeen 1 0 0 C . t o c a .2 0 0 C . ,d e p e n d e n t on t h e m o l a r r a t i oo f EMIC o AICl3 t i l i s e d .

    [ 0 0 0 5 ] S u c hEMIC-AlCl3 s y s t e m sh a v e b e e n u s e d e x t e ns i v e l y a s s o l v e n t s f o r v a r i o u s i o n i c r e a c t i o n s and a s e l e c t r ol y t e s ,a s d e s c r i b e d , f o r e x a m p l ei n US. a t . N o . 5 , 5 2 5 , 5 6 7 ,F R - A - 2 6 1 1 7 0 0 , F R - A - 2 6 2 6 5 7 2 ,W O 9 5 / 2 1 8 7 2 ,a n d EP-A838447 . There a r e a number o f d i f f i c u l t i e s i n u t i l i s i n g suchc o m p o u n d s .T h e s e a r i s ep r i n c i p a l l y f r o m t h e i r c o s t ,a n df r o m t h e i rW a t e r s e n s i t i v i t y .

    [ 0 0 0 6 ] I n r e c e n t y e a r s , o t h e r i o n i c compounds h a v e b e e nmade Which a r e l i q u i d a t r e l a t i v e l y loW t e m p e r a t u r e s . F o re x a m p l e ,US. a t . N o . 4 , 7 6 4 , 4 4 0d i s c l o s e s l o Wt e m p e r a t u r em o l t e n c o m p o s i t i o n s , f o r m e d b y r e a c t i n g , f o re x a m p l e ,t r i m e t h y l p h e n y l a m m o n i u mc h l o r i d e W i t h a l u m i n i u mt r i c h l o r i d e .The e s u l t i n g i o n i c compound a s a l o Wf r e e Z i n gp o i n t ( a r o u n d 7 5 C . ) ,b u t s u f f e r sf r o m t h e same W a t e rs e n s i t i v i t ya s EMIC-AlCl3, b e c a u s e o f t h e p r e s e n c e o faluminium t r i c h l o r i d e .

    [ 0 0 0 7 ] P r o p o s a l sh a v e b e e n made t o u t i l i s eo t h e r m e t a lh a l i d e s , i np l a c e o f a l u m i n i u mt r i c h l o r i d e .F o r e x a mp l e ,US.P a t . No. 5 , 7 3 1 , 1 0 1d i s c l o s e s t h e u s e o f i r o n a n d Z i n c h a l i d e sa s t h e a n i o n p o r t i o n o f a n i o n i c l i q u i d c o m p o s i t i o n .Thec a t i o n p o r t i o n i s f o r m e db y a n a m i n eh y d r o h a l i d es a l t ,o f t h ef o r m u l aR3N.HX X = h a l i d e ) .T h i s r e f e r e n c e i n d i c a t e sh o We v e r t h a t t h e a luminium compounds a r e p r e f e r r e d .

    [ 0 0 0 8 ] P C T / G B 0 0 / 0 1 0 9 0d i s c l o s e s i o n i cl i q u i d s ,f o r m e dby h e r e a c t i o n o f q u a t e r n a r ya m m o n i u mcompounds u c h a sc h o l i n e c h l o r i d e W i t h h a l i d e s o f Z i n c , t i n , o r i r o n .

    [ 0 0 0 9 ] SAITO, SHUJI ET AL: Complexes o f u r e a a n ds y m m e t r i c a lt e t r a a l k y l a m m o n i u mh a l i d e s J . A M . C HEM .SOC. ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 8 8 ( 2 2) ,5 1 0 7 - 1 2d i s c l o s e s c o m p l e x e so f u r e aa n d s y m m e t r i c a lT e t r a a l k y l a m m o n i u mh a l i d e s . The c o mp l e x e s a r e c r y s t a l l i n e , and t h e r e i s no d i s c l o s u r e o f t h e u s eo f a s y m m e t r i c a la m m o n i u m compounds, n o r o f t h e u s e o fl i q u i d s f o r m e d f r o ms u c h c o m p l e x e sa s s o l v e n t s .

    M a y 0 , 2 0 0 4

    [ 0 0 1 0 ] KOICHI TANAKA ET AL: M o l e c u l a r a g g r e g at i o n o f a l k y l t r i m e t h y l a m m o n i u mb r o m i d ea n d a l c o h o l i n t h es o l i ds t a t e M O L . CRYST. L I Q . CRYST., Vo l . 2 7 7 , 1 9 9 6 ,p a g e s 1 3 9 - 1 4 3i s c o n c e r n e dW i t h t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f p r i m a r ya l c o h o l s f r o m m i x t u r e s o fp r i m a r ya n d s e c o n d a r ya l c o h o l s ,b y c o m p l e x a t i o nW i t hq u a t e r n a r yammonium r o m i d e sW i t ha n a l k y l c h a i n l e n g t h o f a t l e a s t1 0 .

    [ 0 0 1 1 ] O .KRISTIAN SSON ET AL: I n t e r a c t i o n b e t W e e nm e t h a n o l a n dC l ,Br, I , N 0 3 , C 1 0 4 - , SO3CF3 a n dPF6 A n i o n s s t u d i e d by FTIR s p e c t r o s c o p y ACTACHEMICA SCANDINAVICA,v o l .5 1 , 1 9 9 7 , p a g e s 2 7 02 7 3 d i s c l o s e s compounds f o r m e d b e t W e e nq u a t e r n a r ya m m o n i u m c a t i o n s and m e t h a n o l

    [ 0 0 1 2 ] KEIJU SAWADA ET AL: X-Ray a n a l y s e s o fcomplexes formed betWeen s u r f a c t a n t s and a r o m a t i c c o mp o u n d s . I . A c o m m o n s t r u c t u r a l p a t t e r n o f c o m p l e x e s BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOClETY OF JAPAN ,

    Vo l .7 1 , 1 9 9 8 , p a g e s 2 1 0 9 - 2 1 1 8d i s c l o s e s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o fv a r i o u s s o l i d m a t e r i a l s f rom u a t e r n a r ya m i n e s a n da v a r i e t yo f a r o m a t i cc o m p o u n d s

    [ 0 0 1 3 ] N E G I TA E T AL: 1 4 N N u c l e a r q u a d r o p o l er e s on a n c e o f t h e m o l e c u l a rcomplexes o f u r e a BULLETIN OFTHE CHEMICAL SOClETY OF JAPAN., Vo l . 5 4 , 1 9 8 1 ,p a g e s 391-393 d i s c l o s e s s o l i d complexes o f u r e a W i t h quat e r n a r y a m i n e s .

    [ 0 0 1 4 ] MASOOD A . KAHN: H y d r o g e nb o n d i n g a n dc r y s t a lp a c k i n g t r e n d si n t e t r a a l k y l a m m o n i u mh a l i d e - c a te c h o l c o m p l e x e s :S y n t h e s i s ,s p e c t r o s c o p i ca n d c r y s t a ls t r u c

    t u r e s t u d i e s o f M e 4 N C l - c a t e c h o l ,E t 4 N C 1 - c a t e c h o l ,E t 4 N B r - c a t e c h h o l a n d P r 4 N B r - c a t e c h o l c o m p l e x es .

    [ 0 0 1 5 ] JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE,Vo l . 1 4 5 , 1 9 8 6 , p a g e s 2 0 3 - 2 1 8d i s c l o s e s c r y s t a l l i n e c o mp o u n d sp r e p a r e d f r o m s y m m e t r i c a l a m i n e s a n dc a t e c h o l

    [ 0 0 1 6 ] US. P a t .N o . 5 , 7 3 1 , 1 0 1A (LACROIX CHRISTINE P M ET AL) 2 4 M a r . 1 9 9 8 ( 1 9 9 8 - 0 3 - 0 4 ) a n dMASOOD . KAHN ET AL: n o v e l h y d r o g e n b o n d i n gi nc r y s t a l l i n et e t r a - n - b u t y l a m m o n i u ms a l t so f c a t e c h o l h a l i d e s CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Vo l . 6 3 , 1 9 8 5 ,p a g e s 2119-2122 d i s c l o s e loW t e m p e r a t u r ei o n i c l i q u i d c o mp o s i t i o n sp r e p a r e d f r o m a l u m i n i u mt r i c h l o r i d ea n d t r i e t h yl a m i n e

    [ 0 0 1 7 ] Q .L I ;T . C . W .M A K : N o v e li n c l u s i o n c o m p o u n d sc o n s o l i d a t e db y h o s t - h o s ta n d b y h o s t - g u e s th y d r o g e nb o n di n g :c o m p l e x e so f t h i o u r e aW i t h ( 2 - h y d r o x y e t h y l ) t r i m e t h yl a m m o n i u m a r b o n a t e and x a l a t e d i s c l o s e s s o l i d i n c l u s i o ncompounds p r e p a r e d f r o m t h i o u r e a a n d q u a t e r n a r y a m m on i u mc o m p o u n d s .

    [ 0 0 1 8 ] We h a v e n o W f o u n d t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o formcompounds W hi ch a r e l i q u i d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f1 0 0 C . o rb e l o Wb y r e a c t i n g a n a m i n e s a l t ,p r e f e r a b l y a q u a t e r n a r ya m i n es a l t ,W i t h a no r g a n i cm a t e r i a l , p r e f e r a b l yo n e Which sa s o l i d a t 2 0 C . ,a n d Which s c a p a b l e o ff o r m i n ga h y d r o g e nbond W i t h t h e a n i o n o f t h e a m i n e s a l t .Compounds s u i t a b l ef o r f o r m i n gs u c h h y d r o g e nb o n d s i n c l u d e a m i d e s , s u c h a su r e a , t h i o u r e a , a n d a c e t a m id e , c a r b o x y l i ca c i d s s u c h a so x a l i c a c i d ,b e n Z o i ca c i d a n d c i t r i ca c i d ,a l c o h o l s ,p h e n o l ,and s u b s t i t u t e d p h e n o l s , a s Well a s s u g a r s such a s f r u c t o s e .A l t h o u g hi t i s n o t i n t e n d e d t o b e bound by a n y p a r t i c u l a rt h e o r y o fo p e r a t i o n ,i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a th y d r o g e n b o n d i ngo ft h e o r g a n i c compound W i t h t h e a n i o n o f t h e a m m o n i u m

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    US 2 0 0 4 / 0 0 9 7 7 5 5A 1

    compound a l lo w s c h a r g ed e l o c a l i s a t i o n ,W h i c hs t a b i l i s e st h el i q u i df o r m o f t h ec o m p o u n d .

    [ 0 0 1 9 ] A c c o r d i n gt o t h e i n v e n t i o n , t h e r e i s p r o v i d e d a ni o n i c c o m p o u n d ,h a v i n g a f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f u p t o 1 0 0 C .p r e f e r a b l y u p t o 6 0 C . , f o r m e db y t h e r e a c t i o n o f a t l e a s tone amine s a l t o f t h e formula

    R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4N*X I )

    [ 0 0 2 0 ] W i t h a t l e a s to n e o r g a n i c compound ( I I )W h i c hi sp r e f e r a b l y a s o l i d a t 2 0 C . ,a n d W h i c hi s c a p a b l e o ff o r m i n ga h y d r o g e nbond W i t h X ,

    [ 0 0 2 1 ] W h e r e i nR1R2R3 a n d R 4 a r ee a c h i n d e p e n d e n t l y :

    [ 0 0 2 2 ]H ,[ 0 0 2 3 ] o p t i o n a l l ys u b s t i t u t e dC 1 t o C 5 a l k y l ,

    [ 0 0 2 4 ] o p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e dC 6 t o C 1 0c y c l o a l k y l ,[ 0 0 2 5 ] o p t i o n a l l ys u b s t i t u t e dC 6 t o C 1 2a r y l

    [ 0 0 2 6 ] o p t i o n a l l ys u b s t i t u t e dC 7 t o C 1 2 a l k a r y l ,o rW h e r e i n

    [ 0 0 2 7 ] R 1 a n d R2 t a k e n t o g e t h e r r e p r e s e n ta C 4 t oC 1 0o p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i tu t e da l k y l e n eg r o u p , t h e r e b yforming W i t h t h e N atom o f formula I a 5 t o1 1 - m e m b e r e dh e t e r o c y c l i cr i n g ,X i s N 0 3 , F ,C l ,B r ,I , B F 4 _ , C 1 0 4 ,C N , S O 3 C F 3 _ ,o rCOOCF3_, a n d W h e r e i nt h e t e r m o p t i o n a l l y s u bs t i t u t e d means t h a t t h e group i n q u e s t i o n m a y o rmay not b e s u b s t i t u t e d With a t o n e or m o r e g r o u p s

    ( p r e f e r a b l yf r o m0 t o 6 g r o u p s )s e l e c t e d f r o mOH,S H , S R 5 , C l ,B r ,F , I , N H 2 , C N , N O 2,C O O R S ,CHO, coR5 a n d C R 5 ,W h e r e i nR 5 i s a c 1 t o C 1 0a l k y l o r c y c l o a l k y l g r o u p , a n d W h e r e i nt h e m o l a rr a t i o ofI t o I I i s f r o m 1 1 1 . 5 t o 1 1 2 . 5 .

    [ 0 0 2 8 ] Compound I I i s p r e f e r a b l y a compound o f t h ef o r m u l a RCOOH, R 7 R 8 N H , R Q C Z N H Z ,o r R 1 O H ,Where in :

    [ 0 0 2 9 ] R 6 , R 7 , R 8 ,R 1 0 a r e e a c h H , a C l - C 8 a l k y lg r o u p , a n a r y l g r o u p , o r a C7-C12 a l k a r y l g r o u po p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e d W i t h f rom 0 t o 6 g r o u p ss e l e c t e df r o mO H ,S R 5 ,C l ,B r ,F ,I , N H 2 ,C N ,N O 2 ,COORS, coR5 a n d C R 5 ,W h e r e i nR 5 i s H , a c 1 t oC a l k y l o r c y c l o a l k y l g r o u p

    10

    0 0 3 0 R9 i s a r o u a s de?ned f o r R , o r NHRll,pW h e r e i nR 1 1 i s H r a Cl-C6 a l k y l g r o u p , a n d Z s Oor S .

    [ 0 0 3 1 ] P r e f e r a b l y , C o m p o u n d I I i s u r e a , a n i l i n e ,o r as u b s t i t u t e da n i l i n e ,a C l - C 6a l i p h a t i ca c i d ,a C l - C 6a l i p h a t i ca m i n e , a C l - C 6 h y d r o x ya l i p h a t i ca c i d ,o r a d i c a r b o x y l i ca c i do f t h e formula HOOC(CH2)nCOOH, Wherein n i s 0 o r 1a c e t a m i d e , a p h e n o l o r a s u b s t i t u t e d p h e n o l , a n a l k y l e n eg l y c o l , o r c i t r i ca c i d .Most p r e f e r a b l y , compound I i s u r e a ,a c e t a m i d e ,o x a l i c a c i d d i h y d r a t e ,p h e n o l , e t h y l e neg l y c o l ,o rc i t r i ca c i d .

    [ 0 0 3 2 ] The C o m p o u n d s a n d I I a r e mixed i n a molar a t i oo f f r o m 1 : 1 . 5 t o 1 1 2 . 5 ,p r e f e r a b l y a b o u t 1 : 2 .I n g e n e r a l , t h ea m i n e s a l t s( I ) u s e d in t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e i o n i c c o mp o u n d sa c c o r d i n gt o t h ei n v e n t i o n a r ep r e f e r a b l y asymmetr i c , i . e . ,t h e s u b s t i t u e n tg r o u p s ( R 1 ,R 2 ,R 3 a n d R 4 ) a r ep r e f e r a b l y n o t a l l i d e n t i c a l .

    M a y 0 , 2 0 0 4

    [ 0 0 3 3 ] The r e f e r r e d amine a l t so f Formula a r e t h e samea s t h o s e Which a r e p r e f e r r e d i n PCT/GB00/01090, namelyo n e s Where R4 i s a C1 t o C 1 0 a l k y l o r a c y c l o a l k y l g r o u p ,s u b s t i t u t e d W i t h a t l ea s t o n e g r o u ps e l e c t e d f rom OH, C l , B r ,F , I , N H 3 ,C N , N 0 2 ,0 R 5 , C O O R S ,CH0, a n d C O R S .I t i sp a r t i c u l a r l yp r e f e r r e d t h a tR4 s a n e t h y l g r o u p , s u b s t i t u t e dWith one o r m o r e o f h y d r o x y l , c h l o r i n e , o r an e s t e r ( i . e . t h a tt h e s u b s t i t u e n t R4 s d e r i v e d f r o m c h o l in e, c h l o r o c h o l i n e , o ra c h l o r o c h o l i n e e s t e r ) .S p e c i ? c e x a m p l e s o f R 4 g r o u p sWh ic h have been found t o b e s u i t a b l e a r e 2 - h y d r o x y e t h y l ,2 - b r o m o e t h y l ,2 - c h l o r o e t h y l ,2 - a c e t o e t h y l ,N - d e c y l , c y c l oh e x y l , 2 - h y d r o x y3 - c h l o r o p r o p y l ,a n d 3 - b r o m o p r o p y l .I n af u r t h e r p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t ,t h e a m i n e c a t i o n i s c h i r a l .

    [ 0 0 3 4 ] T h e c o u n t e r - i o nX o f c o m p o u n d( I ) i s p r e f e r a b l yh a l i de , f o r e x a m p l e b r o m i d eo r c h l o r i d e.

    [ 0 0 3 5 ] T h e i o n i cc o m p o u n d sa c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n v e n t i o nmay e p r e p a r e d s i m p l yb y m i x i n gt h ea m i n e s a l t I ) ,W i t ht h e h y d r o g e nb o n d d o n o r I I ) . T h e r e a c t i o ni s g e n e r a l l ye n d o t h e r m i c , a n d i s u s u a l l y c a r r i e do u t b y h e a t i n g ,f o rexample t o a temperature of 100 C . o r more .

    [ 0 0 3 6 ] T h e i o n i cc o m p o u n d sa c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n v e n t i o nm a y be t i l i s e d f o r a Wide r a n g e o f p u r p o s e s ,f o r example a se l e c t r o l y t e s i n e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l de v i c e ssuch a s b a t t e r i e s o rf u e l c e l l s ,i n p h o t o v o l t a ic o r e l e c t r o c h r o m i cd e v i c e s , a n d i ne l e c t r o c h e m i c a ld e p o s i t i o n e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g , o r e l e c t r o - r e? n i n g . T h e c o m p o u n d s ? n dp a r t i c u l a ra p p l i c a t i o nf o rc a rr y i n g o u t a p p l i c a t i o n s W h e r ea p o l a r b u t n o n - a q u e o u ss o lv e n t i s r e q u i r e d . They m a y a l s o b e e m p l o y e da s i n e r tm e d i a ,f o r d i s s o l v i n g i o n i c s p e c i e s s u c h a s t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l c o mp l e x e s , a n d , e i t h e ra l o n e , o r a f t e rc o m p l e x i n gW i t h o t h e rm e t a l i o n s , a s c a t a l y s t s , o r a s c h e m i c a l r e a g e n t s . They m a ya l s o be used f o r e x t r a c t i n g a s o l u t e f rom a n i m m i s c i b l es o l v e n t .

    [ 0 0 3 7 ] T h e i o n i cc o m p o u n d sa c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n v e n t i o na l s o may e used a s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l mixtureso f s t r o n g a c i d s a s s o l v e n t s f o r t h e e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g o f m e t a l s ,f o r e x a m p l e s t a i n l e s s s t e e la n d a l u m i n i u m .At l e a s tt h ep r e f e r r e d compounds a c c o r d i n gt o t h e i n v e n t i o n a r e moree n v i r o n m e n t a l l yf r i e n d l y t h a n t h et r a d i t i o n a la c i d m i x t u r e su s e d f o r e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ,a s We l l a s b e i n gc h e a p a n d r e u s a b l e . I n a d d i t i o n t h e y c a n r e s u l ti n l o W e rpoWer c o n s u m p t i o na n d r e d u c e d l o c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a lh a Z

    a r d s i n t h e W o r k p l a c e ,f o r e x a m p l e t h o s e c a u s e d b y g a se v o l u t i o n s u c h a s m i s t i n g o f c o n v e n t i o n a la c i d m i x t u r e s .

    [ 0 0 3 8 ] A umber o f p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t so f t h e i n v e nt i o n a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i nt h e f o l l o W i n ge x a m p l e s . The compos i t i o no f a l lo f t h e p r o d u c t sWas h a r a c t e r i s e d u s i n g 1H NMRs p e c t r o s c o p y ,a n d t h e i ri o n i c c h a r a c t e r Was c h a r a c t e r i s e d byc o n d u c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s ,u s i n g a J e n W a y4 0 7 1 c o n d u ct i v i t ym e t e r a n d t e m p e r a t u r ep r o b e . A l l o f t h ec o m p o u n d sh a d a n e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f a t l e a s t1 0 5 cm'1 a t 1 0 C . a b o v e t h e i rf r e e Z i n gp o i n t .T h e s t a r t i n gm a t e r i a l s u s e d i nt h e Examples Were l l a n h y d r o u sm a t e r i a l s , a n d Were d r i e dunder v a c u u m f o r 2 hours p r i o r t o u s e .

    EXAMPLE

    [ 0 0 3 9 ] C h o l i n ec h l o r i d e ( a q u a t e r n a r y ammonium comp o u n do f t h eg e n e r a l f o r m u l aI a b o v e , i n W h i c hR 1 , R 2 ,a n dR 3 a r em e t h y l , R 4 i s C2H4OH, a n d X i s C l ' ) 1 . 4 0 g ( 0 . 0 1m o l ) Was a d d e d t o 1 . 2 g o f u r e a ( 0 . 0 2 m o l ) i n a l a b o r a t o r yt e s t t u b e . The mixture Wa s h e a t e d t o a t e m p e r a t u r e o f7 0 C .

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    US 2 0 0 4 / 0 0 9 7 7 5 5A 1

    f o r a p e r i o d o f 20 m i n , t o p r o d u c ea c l e a r c o l o u r l e s s l i q u i d .The melt Wa s allowed t o c o o l a t a r a t e o f approximately 1 C . p e r m i n u t e , a n d t h e t e m p er a t u r e r e c o r d e da t Which n i t i a lc r y s t a l f o r m a t i o nWas o b s e r v e dand e c o r d e da s t h e f r e e z i n gp o i n t .( F o r a l le u t e c t i cm i x t u r e s ,c o m p l e t ef r e e z i n go f t h ec o m p o s i t i o nt a k e s p l a c e a t a t e m p e r a t u r em u c h l o W e r t h a nt h a to f i n i t i a lc r y s t a lf o r m a t i o n ,b u t t h e s o l i d i ? c a t i o n i s s l o W,and i n s o m e c a s e s t h e m a t e r i a l s can remain a s g e l s f o rs e v e r a ld a y s b e f o r e s o l i d i ? c a t i o n ) .T h e c o n d u c t i v i t y o ft h e2 : 1 U r e a / c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e i o n i c l i q u i d a t 1 9 C . Was 338 M Sc m _ 1 .The f r e e Z i n g p o i n t o f t h e m i x t u r e Was 1 2 C .

    EXAMPLES 2 TO 5

    [ 0 0 4 0 ] T h e p r o c e d u r e o fE x a m p l e1 W a s r e p e a t e d ,u s i n g0 . 0 2 m o l s o f t h e compounds I I i d e n t i ? e d in Ta b l e 1 , inp l a c e o f u r e a . The e s u l t s a r e s h o W n i n T a b l e 1 . I n each c a s e ,t h e h e a t i n g Wa s c a r r i e d o u t u n t i l a c l e a r m e l t Wa s formed,a n d t h e f r e e Z i n g p o i n t Was t h e n d e t e r m i n e d by t h e ? r s ta p p e a r a n c eo f c r y s t a l f o r m a t i o n ,a t a c o o l i n gr a t eo f 1 C . p e rm i n u t e .

    TABLE

    E x a m p l eNo Compound I F r P t . o f M e l t ( C . )

    Amides

    1 U r e a , NHZCONH2 1 22 A c e t a m i d e ,CH3CONH2 5 13 T h i o u r e a ,NHZCSNH2 6 94 S a l i c y l a m i d e ,oHOC6H4CONH2 9 15 B e n z a m i d e ,CSHSCONH2 9 2

    C a r b o x y l i ca c i d s

    6 G l y o x y l i ca c i d below 07 M a l o n i ca c i d ,HOOCCHZCOOH b e l o w08 O x a l i c a c i d , HOOCCOOH 4 89 B e n z o i ca c i d ,C 6 H 5 C O O H 9 5

    A l c o h o l s

    1 O B e n z y la l c o h o l ,C6H5CH2OH 6 11 1 P h e n o l C 6 H 5 O H 3012 p Methy l phenol 1 013 o Methy l pheno l 814 m M e t h y l pheno l B e l o W 3 515 p Chloro pheno l B e l o W 3 516 D-Fructose 5

    1 7 Va n i l i n p - H O r n OCH3C6H3CHO 4 218 p Amino pheno l 93

    Amines

    19 A n i l i n e 442 O H y d r o x y l a m i n eh y d r o c h l o r i d e 8 1

    [ 0 0 4 1 ] I n o r d e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a tt h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h el i q u i di o n i cc o m p o u n di s t h e r e s u l to f h y d r o g e n b o n d i n gb e t W e e nC o m p o u n d I a n d t h e c h l o r i d e a n io n , a t t e m p t s W e r emade t o p r e p a r e s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s u s i n g v a r i o u so t h e r s t a r ti n g m a t e r i a l s , u s i n g t h es a m e p r o c e d u r ea s Example 1 . Ther e s u l t s a r e shoWn i n T a b l e 2 , a s Comparative Examples 1 t o8 .

    [ 0 0 4 2 ] I n t h e s a me manne r a s d e s c r i b e d i n Example 1 ,

    compounds W e r e p r e p a r e d f r o m c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e ( 0 . 0 1m o l e s ) a n d e a c h o f t h ecompounds shoWn n Ta b l e 1 A 0 . 0 2m o l e s ) .T h e f r e e Z i n gp o i n to f t h e r e s u l t i n gc o m p o u n di sshoWn i n T a b l e 1 A

    [ 0 0 4 3 ] By o n t r a s t ,t h es u b s t a n c e si n d i c a t e d i n Ta b l e 2 A ,W h e n s u b s t i t u t e d i n t h e s ame molar q u a n t i t y f o r t h e u r e a o f

    M a y 0 , 2 0 0 4

    Example 1 d i d n o t g i v e a n i o n i c l i q u i d W i t h a f r e e Z i n g p o i n to f 1 0 0 C . o r l e s s .

    TABLE 2

    C o m p E x . No Compound I F r P t . o f M e l t C . )

    Amides

    1 D i m e t h y l u r e a ,N H C H 3 C O N H C H 3 1 4 9E s t e r s and E t h e r s

    2 A n i s o l e C6H5OCH3 no m e l t f o r m e d .

    3 4 - I o d o a n i s o l e no melt formed.

    4 D i e t h y l o x a l a t e(CZHSOOC)2 n o m e l t f o r m e d .

    5 D i e t h y l m a l o n a t e no m e l t f o r m e d .A l d e h y d e s a n d K e t o n e s

    6 B e n z y l m e t h y l k e t o n e n o m e l t f o r m e d

    O t h e r

    7 Hexachloroethane no melt formed.

    8 Cyclohexane no m e l t fo rmed

    [ 0 0 4 4 ]

    TABLE 1 A

    Compound I F r P t . o f M e l t ( C . )

    Amides

    A l l y l u r e a 9

    U r e a / H 2 O 2 c o m p l e x 1 9C a r b o x y l i ca c i d s

    T r i ? u o r o a c e t i ca c i d BeloW 4 0T r i c h l o r o a c e t i c a c i d 2 4C i t r i c a c i d 2 6Mandelic a c i d 3 3Va l e r i c a c i d 2 2Ta r t a r i c a c i d 7 4P h e n y l a c e t i ca c i d 5m - n i t r o b e n z o i ca c i d 8 5

    p - h y d r o x y b e n z o i ca c i d 9 7Glutamic a c i d 1 3m-aminobenzoic a c i d 3 9A l c o h o l s

    E t h a n e d i o l 2 0T r i e t h a n o l a m i n e 2 42 - c h l o r o e t h a n o l 6Va n i l l i n 1 7p - h y d r o x y b e n z a l d e h y d e 2 9S u g a r s

    D ( ) F r u c t o s e 5D - g l u c o s e 1 4Amines

    Diaminoethane 29

    1 , 2 - d i a m i n o p r o p a n e 6 3M i s c .

    Water 1 1p - t o l u e n e s u l p h o n i ca c i dm o n o h y d r a t e 2 7Dibenzenesulfonamide 39

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    US 2 0 0 4 / 0 0 9 7 7 5 5A 1

    [ 0 0 4 5 ]

    TABLE 2A

    Compound I F r P t . o f M e l t C . )

    C a r b o x y l i ca c i d s

    s a l i c y l i ca c i d 1 0 3t r a n s - c i n n a m i c a c i d 1 0 1

    3 , 5 - d i n i t r o b e n z o i c a c i d 1 0 4n i c o t i n i c a c i d 126s t e a r i c a c i d no melt fo rmed

    h i p p u r i c a c i d n o m e l t formedo l e i c a c i d no melt fo rmedt e r e p h t h a l i c a c i d n o m e l t formedA l c o h o l s

    9 -An th raceneme thano l no melt formed.Ethanol no melt formed.

    P r o p a n - 2 - o l n o m e l t f o r m e d .Mannitol 1088 - h y d r o x y q u i n o l i n e n o m e l t formed2 - m e t h y l s a l i c y l a t e n o m e l t f o r m e d2 - p h e n y l s a l i c y l a t e n o m e l t f o r m e dS u g a r s

    Lactose no melt fo rmedSaccharin no melt fo rmed

    A m i n e s

    P y r i d i n e n o m e l t f o r m e d .Benzyl amine n o m e l t f o r m e d .t r i e t h y l a m i n e n o m e l t formedE s t e r s and e t h e r s

    E t h y l c i n n a m a t e n om e l t formedA l d e h y d e s a n dk e t o n e s

    Benzaldehyde n o m e l t f o r m e d .A m i n o a c i d s

    G l y c i n e n o m e l t f o r m e d .Alan ine no melt formed.

    L y s i n e n o m e l tformedP h e n y l a l a n i n e n o m e l t formedM i s c .

    Ferrocene no melt formed.S a r c o s i n e N o m e l t f o r m e d .Te t r a b u t y l a m m o n i u mh y d r o g e ns u l p h a t e 1 5 91 , 2 - d i c h l o r o e t h a n e No m e l t f o r m e d .U r i c a c i d N o m e l t formedN i t r o e t h a n e N o m e l t f o r m e d .G l y c e r o l t r i a c e t a t e No m e l t f o r m e d

    [ 0 0 4 6 ] The e s u l t si n Ta b l e s 1 , 2 , 1 A n d 2 A e m o n s t r a t et h a t m a n y b u t n o t a l l compounds which a r e i n p r i n c i p l ec a p a b l e o f d o n a t i n g a hydrogen atom o a hydrogen bond a r ec a p a b l e o f f o r m i n gi o n i cl i q u i d sw i t h c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e ,b yt h em e t h o do f E x a m p l e1 . I n g e n e r a l , t h ecompounds h i c ha r e form t h e most u s e f u l i o n i c compounds i . e . , t h o s e w i t ht h e l o w e s t f r e e z i n g p o i n t s ) a r e o n e s i n which t h e C o mp o u n dI I e m p l o y e dh a s a r e l a t i v e l yl o w f r e e z i n g p o i n t , f o re x a m p l e , l e s st h a n 1 5 0 C . , p r e f e r a b l y l e s st h a n 1 0 0 C . ,more p r e f e r a b l y l e s s t h a n 5 0 C . , a n d y e t more which h a v ea f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f 2 0 C . , o r l e s s ( i . e . ,which a r e s o l i d a ta m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ) .[ 0 0 4 7 ] A n a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r which h a s a n i m p o r t a n t b e a ri n g upon w h e t h e r a p a r t i c u l a r h y d r o g e nbond d o n o r c o mp o u n d ( I I ) i s c a p a b l e o f f o r m i n g a ni o n i cl i q u i dh a v i n g af r e e z i n g p o i n t o f 1 0 0 C . o r l e s s i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e nt h ed e g r e e o f s t r u c t u r e o f t h e compound n t h e s o l i da n d l i q u i ds t a t e s .Compounds a p a b l e i n p r i n c i p l eo f f o r m i n ga h y d r o

    M a y 0 , 2 0 0 4

    g e n b o n d , b u t i n which d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e d e g r e e o fs t r u c t u r e i n t h e s o l i d a n d l i q u i d s t a t e s i s low a r e g e n e r a l l yn o t p r e f e r r e d .F o r e x a m p l el o n g c h a i n a l i p h a t i ca c i d sw h i c hh a v e a low r e e z i n g p o i n t b u t a low d e g r e e o f s t r u c t u r e i n t h es o l i d s t a t e a r e g e n e r a l l y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . L i k e w i s e , c o mp o u n d swhich a r e h i g h l y o r d e r e d i n t h e l i q u i d s t a t e( s u c h a st r i ? u o r o a c e t i c a c i d )a r eg e n e r a l l y f a v o u r e d .

    [ 0 0 4 8 ] Ye t a f u r t h e r f a c t o r w i t h i m p o r t a n t b e a r i n guponw h e t h e ra p a r t i c u l a rh y d r o g e nb o n dd o n o r compound I I ) i sc a p a b l eo f f o r m i n ga n i o n i c l i q u i dh a v i n g a f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f1 0 0 C . o r l e s s i s t h e p r e s e n c eo f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f f u n c t i o n a lg r o u p s c a p a b l e o f a c t i n g a s h y d r o g e nbond d o n o r s . I t i ss t r o n g l y p r e f e r r e d t h a to n l y o n e t y p e o f f u n c t i o n a l g r o u pc a p a b l e o fa c t i n g a s h y d r o g e nbond d o n o r i s p r e s e n t i n t h ec o m p o u n d sI I . F o r E x a m p l e ,a l t h o u g h t w o c a r b o x y l i ca c i dg r o u p s m a y b e p r e s e n t , compounds c o n t a i n i n g b o t h a

    COOH r o u p a n d a n NH2 r o u p , ( a m i n oa c i d s ) a r e g e n e r a l l yn o t p r e f e r r e d

    [ 0 0 4 9 ] One o f s k i l li n t h e a r tw i l l g e n e r a l l y b e c a p a b l e o fs e l e c t i n g a s u i t a b l e h y d r o g e nbond d o n o rf o r t h e p u r p o s e so ft h e i n v e n t i o n , b a s e d o n t h e f o r e g o i n g c r i t e r i a ,a n d t h es p e c i ? c E x a m p l e sh e r e i n .

    EXAMPLE 6

    [ 0 0 5 0 ] The e f f e c to f c h a n g i n gt h e n a tu r e o f t h e a n i o n Xw a s i n v e s t i g a t e d ,b y r e p e a t i n gt h ep r o c e d u r eo f E x a m p l e1 ,u s i n g c h o l i n e n i t r a t e ,a n d c h o l i n e t e t r a ? u o r o b o r a t e( 0 . 0 1m o l ) i n s t e a d o f c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e ,i n t h e p r o c e d u r e o fE x a m p l e1 . T h e f r e e z i n gp o i n t so f t h e r e s u l t i n gc o m p o u n d sa r e s h o w n i n Table 3 .

    TABLE

    Example No X ' F r P t . / C .

    2 1 BR, 6 72 2 N 0 3 4

    EXAMPLES 2 3 TO 4 1

    [ 0 0 5 1 ] The f f e c twas i n v e s t i g a t e d o f s u b s t i t u t i n gv a r i o u so t h e r a m i n e s a l t so f Formula , f o r t h e c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e o fExample 1 . I n e a c h c a s e , 0 . 0 1 mol o f t h e amine s a l t , a s

    s h o w n i n T a b l e 4 , was h e a t e d with 0 . 0 2 m o l o f u r e a , u n t i l ac l e a r m e l t was f o r m e d . F r e e z i n gp o i n t s w e r e m e a s u r e dbyc o o l i n g , a s b e f o r e . The f r e e z i n g p o i n t s a r e shown n T a b l e 4 .

    TABLE 4

    F r .E x . R1 R2 R 3 R4 X P t . / C .

    1 Me Me Me C2H4OH C l 122 3 Me Me B e n z y l C2H4OH C l 3 324 Me Me E t C2H4OH C l 3 82 5 Me Me Me B e n z y l C l 2 626 Me Me Me C2H4OCOMe C l 1 427 Me Me Me C2H4Cl C l 1 52 8 Me Me Me ClCH2CHOHCH2 R ) C l 6 52 9 Me Me Me ClCH2CHOHCH2 S ) C l 8 330 Me H H H Cl 3331 Me Me H H Cl 293 2 E t E t E t H Cl 953 3 E t E t E t B e n z y l C l 3 6

    3 4 M e B e n z y l C2H4OH C2H4OH C l 635 Me H H CH2COOH C l 3

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    US 2 0 0 4 / 0 0 9 7 7 5 5A 1

    TABLE - c o n t i n u e d

    F r .E x . R1 R2 R 3 R4 X P t . / C .

    3 6 Me Me Me BrC2H4 Br 8437 Me Me Me C2H4F Br 5 53 8 Me Me Me Me(CH2)11 B r 9 239 E t E t E t Me Br 94 O E t E t E t B e n z y l BF4 5 94 1 Me Me C 2 H 4 O H C 2 H 4 O H I 4 6

    COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES TO 5

    [ 0 0 5 2 ] I n t h e s ame Way, s a l t so f a s y m m e t r i c a la m i n e , a sWe l l a s o t h e r a m i n e s o f r e l a t i v e l yh i g h m o l e c u l a rWe i g h tWere i n v e s t i g a t e d , t h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o W n i n T a b l e 5 , a s

    c o m p a r a t i v ee x a m p l e s 9 t o 1 2 .T h e s e r e s u l t sd e m o n s t r a t et h a t u n s y m m e t r i c a la m i n e s a l t s(R1R2R3R4 a r e n o t a l l i d e nt i c a l )o f r e l a t i v e l yl o Wm o l e c u l a rWe i g h t , a r ep r e f e r r e d .

    TABLE

    C o m p R1 R2 R3 R4 x- c .

    9 B u 4 N B u B u B u B u C l 1121 0 Me(CH2)13(Me)3N Me Me Me Me(CH2)13 B r n o m e l t

    formed

    1 1 Me(CH2)17(Me)3N Me Me Me Me(CH2)17 B r n o m e l tformed

    1 2 H e x ( E t ) 3 N E t E t E t n - h e x y l B r 1 0 8

    EXAMPLES 4 2 TO 4 4

    [ 0 0 5 3 ] The e f f e c to f v a r y i n g t h e a n i o n X- Was i n v e s t ig a t e d ,u s i n g t e t r a e t h y l a m m o n i u ms a l t so f v a r i o u s a n i o n s ,i nc o m b i n a t i o nW i t h u r e a , i n t h e method o f Example 1 . Ther e s u l t s a r e s h o W n i n T a b l e 6 .

    TABLE

    E x a m p l e Compou nd c a t i o n X ' F t . / C .

    4 2 ( E t ) 4 N C 1 0 4 9 94 3 ( E t ) 4 N O3SCF3 5 94 4 ( E t ) 4 N CN 7 2

    C o m p .2 5 ( E t ) 4 N B R , 1 3 0

    Comp 2 6 ( E t ) 4 N MeC6H4SO3 1 0 7Comp 2 7 ( E t ) 4 N B r 1 1 3

    [ 0 0 5 4 ] C o m p a r i s o no f E x a m p l e 2 1 Wi t h C o m p a r a t i v eE x a m p l e2 5 i l l u s t r a t e sb r o a d l yt h a ta s y m m e t r i c a la m i n e sa r ep r e f e r r e d .[ 0 0 5 5 ] M i s c i b i l i t y Te s t s[ 0 0 5 6 ] T h e m i s c i b i l i t yo f t h e m a t e r i a l p r e p a r e d i nExample 1 With a n u m b e r of common s o l v e n t s Wa s i n v e st i g a t e d .I t Was f o u n d t o b e m i s c i b l e W i t h m e t h a n o l ,DMSO,a n d Wa t e r , a n d t o f o r m t W ol a y e r s W i t h a c e t o n e , a c e t o n i t r i l e ,a c e t o p h e n o n e ,b r o m o b e n Z e n e ,d i c h l o r o e t h a n e ,d i e t h y l e t h e r ,e t h y l a c e t a t e ,h e x a n e , p r o p y l e n e c a r b o n a t e ,a n d t o l u e n e .Wi th THE, a W h i t e p r e c i p i t a t e Was f o r m e d .

    EXAMPLE 45

    [ 0 0 5 7 ] U s e o f I o n i c L i q u i d s a s B a t t e r y E l e c t r o l y t e s

    [ 0 0 5 8 ] LoW f r e e z i n gp o i n ti o n i cl i q u i d sp r e p a r e d f r o mcompound I a n d amine s a l t sc a n b e u s e d a s e l e c t r o l y t e s i n

    M a y 0 , 2 0 0 4

    b a t t e r i e s . T Wo s u c h examples a r e d e s c r i b e d b e l o W.I n t h e? r s t ,7 ml o f t h em a t e r i a l o f Example 1 ( 2 : 1u r e a - c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e )W a sp r e p a r e da n d p o u r e di n t os e p a r a t e d c o m p a r tments o f a s m a l l g l a s s c e l l .The compar tments Were s e p ar a t e d b y g l a s s f r i t a n d e a c h c o n t a i n e d 3 . 5 ml o f i o n i c l i q u i d .The c e l l Wa s suspended i n a n o i l b a t h s o t h a t t h e l i q u i dt e m p e r a t u r eWa s maintained a t 45 C . I n one compar tment0 . 0 6 g o f FeCl3 Wa s d i s s o l v e d and a carbon e l e c t r o d ei n s e r t e d . A i n c e l e c t r o d e Was immersed i n t h e l i q u i d cont a i n e d i n t h e o t h e r c o m p a r t m e n t .An Ecochemie P G s t a t 1 0p o t e n t i o s t a t Wa s used t o measure t h e p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c ebetWeen t h e electrodesthe maximum e c o r d e d v a l u eWa s1 . 4 5 V. The h a l f c e l lr e a c t i o n s f o r t h i sb a t t e r y a r e ;

    Z n > Z n 2 * + 2 e ( n e g a t i v ee l e c t r o d e )

    [ 0 0 5 9 ] I n t h e s e c o n d e x a m p l e 7 ml o f 2 : 1 u r e a - c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e Wa s p r e p a r e d and d i v i d e d betWeen t h e tWo comp a r t m e n t s o f a g l a s s c e l l a s b e f o r e . To one compartment 0 . 0 5m l o f Br2 Wa s added and a carbon e l e c t r o d e Wa s i n s e r t e d . AZ i n c e l e c t r o d e Was immersed i n t h e l i q u i d c o n t a i n e d i n t h eo t h e r compartment. The m a x i m u m v a l u e Wa s 2 .14 V t 2 2 C . The h a l f r e a c t i o n s f o r t h i sb a t t e r y a r e ;

    ( p o s i t i v ee l e c t r o d e )

    Z n > Z n 2 + + 2 e ( n e g a t i v ee l e c t r o d e )

    a n d ,

    1 / 2 B r 2 + e > B r ( p o s i t i v ee l e c t r o d e )

    EXAMPLE 4 6

    D i s s o l u t i o n o f M e t a l Oxides

    [ 0 0 6 0 ] A n o n i c l i q u i dWas r e p a r e db y h e a t i n g t W om o l a re q u i v a l e n t s o f u r e a W i t h o n e molar e q u i v a l e n t o f c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e i n a s u i t a b l e r e a c t i o n v e s s e l a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y7 0 C .R u t h e n i u mo x i d e ,c o p p e r I I )o x i d e ,c h r o m i u m( V I )o x i d e ,v a n a d i u mp e n t o x i d e , l e a d( I V ) o x i d e ,m a n g a n e s e( I V ) o x i d eand Z i n c o x i d e Were a l l found t o be s o l u b l e i n t h e i o n i cl i q u i d , i nt h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e 6 0 C . t o 1 2 0 C . None o ft h e o x i d e s o f i r o n o r aluminium h a v e shoWn s i g n i ? c a n ts o l u b i l i t yi n t h ei o n i cl i q u i d sa n d h e n c e t h e s e i o n i c l i q u i d sc a n b e used t o p r e f e r e n t i al l y e x t r a c t m e t a l o x i d e s f rom t h e i ro r e s . The m e t a l s can be e x t r a c t e d f rom t h e i o n i c l i q u i d su s i n ge l e c t r o W i n n i n g .[ 0 0 6 1 ] The 2 : 1 u r e a - c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e io n i c l i q u i d c a n a l s ob e u s e d t o p r o c e s s complex m i x t u r e s o f m e t a l o x i d e s a n da l l o W e l e c t r o W i n n i n gt o be used t o r e c o v e r t h e m e t a l s . T h i sp r o p e r t y o f t h e i o n i c l i q u i d a n d i t s r e l a t i v e l yloW b u l k c o s tg i v e s i t t h e p o t e n t i a l t o be used t o t r e a t a r c f u r n a c e d u s t ona n i n d u s t r i a l s c a l e . E l ec t r i c a r c f u r n a c e d u s t c o n t a i n i n g i r o n( I I I )o x i d e ( > 3 0 ) , Z i n co x i d e ( > 3 0 ) , a l u m i n i u mo x i d e( ~ 1 0 ) , s i l i c a( ~ 5 ) , c a l c i u m o x i d e ( ~ 5 ) a n d l e a d comp o u n d s( ~ 5 ) Was u s e d i n t h i se x p e r i m e n t .N o r m a l l yi t i st r e a t e d a s a Waste p r o d u c t and b u r i e d i n l a n d ? l l s i t e s .HoWever t h i si s a n e x p e n s i v e p r o c e s s and t h e l e a d c o n t e n tc a u s e s c o m p l i c a t i o n sd u e t o i t s h i g h t o x i c i t y .

    [ 0 0 6 2 ] Z i n c o x i d e a n d l e a d compounds a n b e d i s s o l v e d i n2 : 1 u r e a - c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e a n d t h e r e s p e c t i v e m e t a l s s u b s eq u e n t l y e l e c t r o d e p o s i t e d o n t o a s u i t a b l e c a t h o d e . O x i d e s o fF e , A l , S i a n d Ca Were f o u n d t o b e a l m o s t t o t a l l yi n s o l u b l ei n t h e a b o v e i o n i c l i q u i d .U r e a - c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e i o n i c l i q u i d

    Was p r e p a r e db y c o m b i n i n gu r e a ( 0 . 0 2 m o l e s ) W i t hc h o l i n ec h l o r i d e ( 0 . 0 1 m o l e s ) i n a b e a k e r a n d h e a t i n g a t 8 0 C . Arcf u r n a c e d u s t ( 0 . 5 g ) Was a d d e d t o t h e r e s u l t i n g c l e a r c o l o u rl e s s l i q u i d and t h e m i x t u r e Was h e a t e d a t 8 0 C . f o r 1 h o u r .A f t e r 1 hour a b r o W n suspension Wa s o b t a i n e d W h i c h Wa st r a n s f e r r e d t o a n e l e c t r o c h e m i c a lc e l l .Metal e l e c t r o d e p o s it i o n Wa s achieved u s i n g a n i c k e l cathode and a t i t a n i u m

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    7/10

    US 2 0 0 4 / 0 0 9 7 7 5 5A 1

    anode ( b o t h e l e c t r o d e s We r e 5 0 mm y 10 mm nd 1 mmt h i c k ) a n d a p p l y i n g a p o t e n t i a l di f f e r e n c e o f 3 . 5 V o r 1 h o u r .P r i o r t o e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n t h e e l e c t r o d e s Were g e n t l y a b r a d e dW i t h g l a s s p a p e r a n d c l e a n e d W i t h a c e t o n e . A f t e r 1 h o u r o fe l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n t h e n i c k e l c a t h o d e Was removed f rom t h ebroWn s u s p e n s i o n , Washed W i t h a c e t o n e a n d d r i e d . A h i c kc h a r c o a l c o l o u r e d d e p o s i t Was o b t a i n e d . The e l e c t r o d e p o si t e dm a t e r i a lW a sa n a ly s e d u s i n gE n e r g yD i s p e r s i v eA n a l y s i sb y X - r a y s . T h e r e s u l t so f t h ea n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d t h ep r e s e n c eo f l e a d ( 7 7 ) , Z i n c (16%) a n d c o p p e r( 7 ) . T h e r e Was n ot r a c e o f i r o n in t h e d e p o s i t t h u s s h o W i n gt h a tZ i n c o x i d e a n di r o n ( I I I ) o x i d e c a n b e s e p a r a t e d a n d h a r m f u l l e a d c o mpounds removed f rom a r c f u r n a c e d u s t .

    [ 0 0 6 3 ] D i s s o l u t i o n o f P r e c i o u s M e t a l O x i d e s

    [ 0 0 6 4 ] O t h e r c o m m e r c i a l l yi m p o r t a n t o x i d e s f o r r e p r oc e s s i n g i n c l u d e p r o c e s s e s f o r t h e r e c o v e r y o f p r e c i o u sm e t a l s ,i n p a r t i c u l a rp l a t i n u m a n d p a l l a d i u m ,f r o mm a t e r i a l si n W h ich t h e y a r e p r e s e n t a s o x i d e s . Such m i x t u r e so c c u r , f o re x a m p l e ,i n s p e n t c a t a l y s tr e c o v e r e df r o m a u t o m o b i l ec a t al y t i cc o n v e r t e r s . I t Would b e h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e t o b e a b l e t or e c o v e r such m a t e r i a l s i n a p r o c e s s W h i c h i s economicallyv i a b l e . G e n e r a l l y t h e r e c o v e r y o f s u c h m e t a l s f r o m o x i d em i x t u r e s i n v o l v e s d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e o x i d e i n s t r o n g a c i d s ,s u c h a s aqua r e g i a .

    [ 0 0 6 5 ] W e a v e d i s c o v e r e dt h a tt h ei o n i cl i q u i d sa c c o r d i n gt o t h e i n v e n t i o n , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r t h o s e W h e r ecompound Ii s a c a r b o x y l i c a c i d ( p r e f e r a b l y o x a l i c a c i d ) a r e e f f e c t i v es o l v e n t s f o r t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f p l a t i n u m a n d p a l l a d i u mo x i d e s . The d i s s o l v e d m e t a l s m a y b e r e c o v e r e df rom s u c hs o l u t i o n sb y e l e c t r o W i n n i n g .F o r e x a m p l e ,p a l l a d i u mo x i d e( i n t h e f o r m o f s p e n t c a t a l y s ts u p p o r t e d o n v a r i o u s s u bs t r a t e s )c a n b e d i s s o l v e d i n t h e 2 : 1 o x a l i c a c i d - c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e i o n i c l i q u i d .I n o r d e r t o e f f e c tt h e d i s s o l u t i o n , t h et e m p e r a t u r e i s p r e f e r a b l y m a i n t a i n e d beloW 6 0 C . P a l l adium m e t a l c a n s u b s e q u e n t l yb e r e c o v e r e d b y d e p o s i t i o no n t o a v a r i e t y o f s u b s t r a t e s .

    EXAMPLE 4 7

    [ 0 0 6 6 ] A n i o n i c l i q u i dWas f o r m e db y m i x i n g o x a l i c a c i d( 1 7 . 7 g ) a n d c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e ( 9 . 8g ) a t 6 0 C . T o t h i s as a m p l eo f a u t o m o b i l ec a t a l y s tWas a d d e d ( 3 . 1 6 g )W h i c hWasp r i n c i p a l l y P d O on a n a l u m i n a s u p p o r t . A r e y s u s p e n s i o nWa s n i t i a l l yformed W h i c h t u r n e d i n t o a g r e e n s o l u t i o n W h e nt h e Pd d i s s o l v e d a n d t h e s o l i d p r e c i p i t a t e d t o t h e b a s e o f t h ec e l l .The s o l u t i o n Wa s e l e c t r o l y s e d u s i n g a Ni c a t h o d e and at i t a n i u m a n o d e a n d a n a p p l i e d v o l t a g e o f 5 V o r 30 min i t ha n ap p r o x i m a t ec u r r e n t d e n s i t y o f 1 mA m _ 2 .At t h e end o ft h i s t i m e a black d e p o s i t Wa s o b t a i n e d on t h e c a t h o d e . ThisW a sa n a l y s e d u s i n ge n e r g yd i s p e r s i v ea n a l y s i sb y x - r a y s a n df o u n d t o b e p r i m a r i l y Pd m e t a l .

    EXAMPLE 4 8

    M e t a l E l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n

    [ 0 0 6 7 ] T h e i o n i c l i q u i d sa l s o? n d a p p l i c a t i o n i n m e t a le l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n . U s i n g , f o r e x a m p l e a 2 : 1 u r e a - c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e m i x t u r e c o p p e r , n i c k e l , l e a d a n d Z i n c c a n b e e l e ct r o d e p o s i t e d f r o m t h e i rc h l o r i d e s a l t sa n d t h i s? n d s a p p l ic a t i o n i n r e p r o c e s s i n gt h e s a i d m e t a l s f r o m i n d u s t r i a l Wa s t ep r o d u c t s .[ 0 0 6 8 ] F o u rp o r t i o n s o f 2 : 1 u r e a - c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e m i x t u r e( 0 . 2 mol u r e a a n d 0 . 1 mol c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e ) W e r ep r e p a r e da n d h e a t e d a t 8 0 C . The p r e p a r a t i o n s Were p e r f o r m e di ns a m p l e t u b e s .A m a l l q u a n t i t y ( 0 . 0 0 1 m o l ) o f a m e t a lc o n t a i n i n gc o m p o u n d( e i t h e rC u S O 4 . 5 H 2 O ,N i S O 4 . 6 H 2 O ,P b C l 2a n d ZnO) Was a d d e d t o o n e s a m p l eo f i o n i c l i q u i d a n d

    M a y 0 , 2 0 0 4

    l e f t t o d i s s o l v e . E l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n Was t h e n p e r f o r m e di ne a c h i o n i c l i q u i d i n t u r n u s i n g P t e l e c t r o d e s 3 mm i nd i a m e t e r p o l i s h e d W i t h 1 pm 1 2 0 3 p a s t e .I n e a c h e x p e r iment a p o t e n t i a l d if f e r e n c e o f 3V as a p p l i e d f o r 10 min andt h e t e m p e r a t u r eWa s m a i n t a i n e d a t 8 0 C . For each o f t h em e t a l s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d e p o s i t s Were o b t a i n e d on h e n e g a t i v eP t e l e c t r o d e .

    [ 0 0 6 9 ] 2 : 1u r e a - c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e i o n i cl i q u i d( 1 6 m l ) Wasp r e p a r e db y c o m b i n i n gt h e r e a c t a n t s i n ab e a k e ra n d h e a t i n ga t 8 0 C . C o b a l t ( I I ) c h l o r i d e h e x a h y d r a t e ( 1 . 5 W t ) Wasadded t o t h e c l e a r c o l o u r l e s s i o ni c l i q u i d and d i s s o l v e d t og i v e a b l u e l i q u i d .The b l u e l i q u i d Was t h e n p o u r e d i n t o aPTFE e l e c t r o c h e m i c a lc e l l o f i n t e r n a l dimensions 41 mml o n g , 1 6 mm ide a n d 32 mm e e p . A i l d s t e e lp l a t e a n da s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p l a t e , both 55 mm y 4 0 mm nd 1 mmt h i c k ,W e r e g e n t l y a b r a d e d W i t h g l a s s p a p e r , c l e a n e d W i t ha c e t o n e and ? a m e a n n e a l e d . The s t e e l p l a t e s Were t h e np l a c e d p a r a l l e lt o e a c h o t h e r a l o n g t h ei n n e r l e n g t h s o f t h ePTFE e l e c t r o c h e m i c a lc e l l .C o b a l t d e p o s i t i o n Was a c h i e v e db y c o n n e c t i n gt h e m i l d s t e e la n d s t a i n l e s ss t e e lp l a t e s t o t h en e g a t i v e a n d p o s i t i v et e r m i n a l s r e s p e c t i v e l y o f a T h u r l b yT h a n d e rp o W e rp a c k . A o t e n t i a lWas a p p l i e d a n d a d j u s t e ds o a s t o maintain a c u r r e n t de n s i t y of 2 mAcm'2 f o r 3 0m i n u t e s . An ISO-TECH IDM 6 6 D i g i t a l Vo l t m e t e r conn e c t e d i n s e r i e s Wa s used t o monitor t h e c u r r e n t . Thee x p e r i m e n tWa s c a r r i e d o u t a t 6 0 C . A f t e r 3 0 m i n u t e s t h em i l d s t e e lp l a t e Was removed f r o m t h e c e l l , r i n s e d W i t ha c e t o n e and d r i e d . Wi t h a c u r r e n t d e ns i t y o f 2 mAcm'2 as e m i - b r i g h tp a l e g r e y / b r o W nh o m o g e n o u sd e p o s i tW a so b t a i n e d .

    [ 0 0 7 0 ] A e p a r a t e p o r t i o n o f 2 : 1 u r e a - c h o l i n e c h l o r i d ei o n i cl i q u i d( ~ 5 m l )c o n t a i n i n gc o b a l tI I )c h l o r i d eh e x a h yd r a t e ( 1 . 5 W t ) Was p r e p a r e d a n d p o u r e di n t oa n e l e c t r oc h e m i c a lc e l la t 6 0 C . Voltammetry Was p e r f o r m e du s i n g ap l a t i n u m m i c r o e l e c t r o d e ( 1 0 p m d i a m e t e r ) ,a p l a t i n u mc o u n t e re l e c t r o d e and a c o b a l t r e f e r e n c e e l e c t r o d e . An utol a b P G S TAT 1 2 P o t e n t i o s t a t c o n t r o l l e d by G P E S s o f t Wa r eWas u s e d t o c a r r y o u t t h e c y c l i c v o l t a m m e t r y .

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    gave 4 - I o d o a n i s o l e W i t h a 6 0 % c o n v e r s i o n t o t h e p r o d u c t .U s i n g4 - B r o m o a n i s o l e g a v e5 0 % c o n v e r s i o nt o t h e p r o d u c ta f t e r2 d a y s u n d e r t h e same r e a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s . 4 - C h l o r oa n i s o l e d i d n o t r e a c t W i t h s t y r e n e u n d e r s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s .

    [ 0 0 7 4 ] U s i n g P d C l 2a s t h ec a t a l y s tt h e r e a c t i o n i s f a s t e rg i v i n g a 9 0 % y i e l d o f t h e same p r o d u c t i n 1 . 5d a y s .

    [ 0 0 7 5 ] W h e n NaZCO3 i s u s e d a s t h e b a s e i n s t e a d o fN a O A c W i t h P d C l 2 a s t h e c a t a l y s t ,t h e r e a c t i o n t i m ed e c r e a s e d a n d y i e l di m p r o v e dW i t h 4 - i o d o a n i s o l e g i v i n gp r o d u c tW i t h9 6 % y i e l d i n 1 6 h .A f t e r r e m o v a lo f t h ep r o d u c tb y d i s t i l l a t i o n ,t h es a m e m e l t a n d P d C l 2c a t a l y s t( W i t h t h ea d d i t i o n o f mor e Na2CO3) Wa s e u s e d f o r t h e s ame e a c t i o n ,g i v i n gp r o d u c ti n 90% i e l d .

    [ 0 0 7 6 ] P o l y m e r i s a t io n R e a c t i o n si n I o n i cL i q u i d s

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    [ 0 0 7 8 ] T h i s r e a c t i o n y i e l d e d a p o l y m e rW i t h a numbera v e r a g e m o l e c u l a rW e i g h to f 1 2 , 8 0 0 W i t ha p o l y d i s p e r s i t yi n d e X o f 3 . 2

    [ 0 0 7 9 ] S t a i n l e s s S t e e lE l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g U s i n g 2 : 1U r e aC h o l i n e C h l o r i d e I o n i c L i q u i d

    [ 0 0 8 0 ] Urea and c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e i n a m o l a r r a t i oo f 2 : 1( 1 6 0 m l i n t o t a l )Were combined i n a b e a k e r a n d h e a t e d a t8 0 C . u n t i l a c l e a r c o l o u r l e s s l i q u i d Was o b t a i n e d . The i o n i cl i q u i d Was t h e n p o u r e d i n t o a c y l i n d r i c a l e l e c t r o c h e m i c a lc e l l( i n t e r n a ld i a m e t e r o f 8 0 m m ) s u s p e n d e di n a n o i l b a t ha t 6 0 C . A i n c s h e e t Was e n t l y a b r a d e d u s i n gg l a s s p a p e r ,d e g r e a s e d W i t h a c e t o n e , s h a p e d i n t o a c y l i n d e r W i t h ad i a m e t e r o f a b o u t 7 8 mm nd s l i d i n t o t h e e l e c t r o c h e m i c a lc e l l .The Z i n c e l e c t r o d e Was t h e n c o n n e c t e dt o t h e n e g a t i v et e r m i n a l o f a T h u r l b yT h a n d e rpoWer a c k . A t a i n l e s s s t e e lc o l l a r ,a p p r o x i m a t e l y40 mm n d i a m e t e r , Was s u s p e n d e dint h e c e n t r e o f t h e 2 : 1 u r e a - c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e i o n i c l i q u i d W i t ht h e a i d o f a l e a d c o n n e c t e d t o t h e p o s i t i v e t e r m i n a l o f t h eT h u r l b y T h a n d e rp o W e rp a c k . A p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e o f 1 2 VWas a p p l i e d f o r 6 m i n u t e sa f t e rWhich t i m e t h e s t a i n l e s s s t e e lc o l l a r Was removed f rom t h e i o n i c l i q u i d , r i n s e d W i t ha c e t o n e and d r i e d . The s t a i n l e s s s t e e l c o l l a r Was found t o be

    M a y 0 , 2 0 0 4

    b r i g h t a n d r e ? e c t i v e a l l o v e r i t s s u r f a c e . The p r o c e d u r eWasr e p e a t e d u s i n g o t h e r s t a i n l e s ss t e e lc o l l a r sa n d s t a i n l e s ss t e e lf a s t e n e r s o f s i m i l a r d i m e n s i o n a n de a c h t i m e b r i g h t r e ? e ct i v e ?nishes We r e o b t a i n e d .

    [ 0 0 8 1 ] S t a i n l e s sS t e e l E l e c t r o p o l i s h i n gU s i n g 2 : 1E t h a n e d i o l - C h o l i n eC h l o r i d e

    [ 0 0 8 2 ] E t h a n e di o la n d c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e i n a m o l a r r a t i oo f2 : 1 ( 2 0 m l ) Were combined i n a b e a k e r a n d h e a t e d a t 8 0 C .u n t i l a c l e a r c o l o u r l e s s l i q u i d Was o b t a i n e d . The i o n i c l i q u i dWa s t h e n poured i n t o an a luminium e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l c e l l( i n t e r n a l l e n g t h o f 6 0 m m , i n t e r n a l W i d t h o f 1 0 mm a n di n t e r n a l d e p t h o f 40 m m ) s u s p e n d e din a n o i lb a t h a t 2 5 C .The o u t e r W a l l o f t h e a luminium c e l l Wa s connected t o t h en e g a t i v e t e r m i n a l o f a T h u r l b y T h a n d e r poWer p a c k . As t a i n l e s s s t e e l p l a t e , 5 0 mm y 1 0 mm nd 1 mm h i c k , Wa sd e g r e a s e da n d s u s p e n d e di n t h e c e n t r e o f t h e a l u m i n i u mc e l lW i t h t h e a i d o f a l e a d c o n n e c t e dt o t h e p o s i t i ve t e r m i n a l o ft h e T h u r l b yT h a n d e rpoWer a c k . A p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e Wasa p p l i e d and a d j u s t e d s o a s t o m a i n t a i n a c u r r e n t d e ns i t ybetWeen 6 0 a n d 70 m A c m ' 2 t t h e s t a i n l e s s s t e e lp l a t e f o r 6m i n u t e s . A f t e r 6 m i n u t e s t h e s t a i n l e s s s t ee l p l a t e Wasremoved f rom t h e 2 : 1 e t h a n e d i o l - c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e i o n i cl i q u i d ,r i n s e d W i t h a c e t o n e a n d d r i e d . The s t a i n l e s s s t e e lp l a t e Wa s found t o b e b r i g h t and r e ? e c t i v e a l l o v e r i t ss u r f a c e . The 2 : 1 e t h a n e d i o l - c h o l i n ec h l o r i d e i o n i c l i q u i d c a nb e m o d i ? e d b yt h ea d d i t i o n o f l i t h i u m c h l o r i d e (5% t ) . T h ei n c r e a s e d c h l o r i d e c o n t e n to f t h e i o n i c l i q u i d i n c r e a s e s t h ec o n d u c t i v i t ya n d t h u s l o We r st h ep o W e rc o n s u m p t i o nd u r i n ge l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g . S t a i n le s s s t e e lp o l i s h e d i n 2 : 1 e t h a n e d i o lc h o l i n e c h l o r i d e c o n t a i n i n g l i t h i u m c h l o r i d e i s a l s ov e r yb r i g h t a n d r e ? e c t i v e .

    1 . A n i o n i c c o m p o u n d ,h a v i n g a f r e e Z i n g p o i n t o f u p t o1 0 0 C . formed by t h e r e a c t i o n o f a t l e a s t one amine s a l to ft h e f o r m u l a

    R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4N*X I )

    W i t h a t l e a s to n e o r g a n i c compound I I ) W h i c hi s c a p a b l eo f f o r m i n ga h y d r o g e nb o n dW i t h X ,W h e r e i nR 1 , R 2 ,R3 a n d R4 r e e a c h i n d e p e n d e n t l y :

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    R 1 a n d R 2 t a k e n t o g e t h e r r e p r e s e n t a C 4 t o C 1 0o p t i o na l l ys u b s t i t u t e da l k y l e n eg r o u p , t h er e b yf o r m i n gW i t ht h e N a t o m o f fo rmula I a 5 t o 11 - m e m b e r e d h e t

    e r o c y c l i cr i n g ,X i s N 0 3 , F , C l , B r ,I ,B 1 3 4 ,C 1 0 4 , C N , S O 3 C F 3 _ ,o r COOCFJ, a n d W h e r e i nt h e t e r m o p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e d me a n s t h a t t h egroup i n q u e s t i o n m a y r m a y n o t be s u b s t i t u t e d W i t ha t one o r mo r e groups s e l e c t e d f rom OH, SH, SR5,

    C l , B r ,F , I , N H 2 ,C N ,N 0 2 , C O O R S , C H O ,coR5a n d O R S , W h e r e i n R5 i s a C 1 t o C 1 0 a l k y l o rc y c l o a l k y l g r o u p ,

    Wherein t h e molar a t i o ofI t o I I i sf rom 1 : 1 . 5 t o 1 : 2 . 5 .2 . A n i o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 , W h e r e i na l l

    o f R 1 , R 2 , R 3 a n d R4 r e n o t i d e n t i c a l .

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    3 . An o n i c c o m p o u n d a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 o r c l a i m 2 ,w h e r e i ncompound I i sa n o r g a n i c compound h i c h i s s o l i da t 2 0 C .

    4 . An i o n i c c o m p o u n d a s claimed i n any one o f t h ep r e c e d i n gc l a i m s , W h e r e i ncompound I I i s a compound o ft h e f o r m u l a RCOOH, R 7 R 8 N H ,R Q C Z N H Z ,o r R 1 O H ,Where in :

    R , R 7 , R 8 ,R 1 0a r ee a c h H , a C l - C 8a l k y lg r o u p , a n a r y lg r o u p ,o r a C 7 - C 1 2a l k a r y l g r o u p o p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e dW i t hf r o m0 t o 6 g r o u p ss e l e c t e d f r o mOH, S R 5 ,C l ,B r ,F ,I , N H 2 , C N , N 0 2,C O O R S ,coR5 a n d C R 5 ,W h e r e i nR5 i s H , a C 1 t o C 1 0 a l k y l o r c y c l o a l k y lg r o u p

    R9 i s a Cl-C8 a l k y l g r o u p , Cl-C12 a n a r y l g r o u p , o r aC 7 - C 1 2a l k a r y lg r o u po p t i o n a l l ys u b s t i t u t e dW i t hf r o m0

    t o 6 g r o u p ss e l e c t e df r o m OH, S R 5 , C l ,B r ,F , I , N H 2 ,C N ,N 0 2 , COORS, coR5 a n d C R 5 ,W h e r e i nR 5 i s H , aC 1 t o C 1 0a l k y l o r c y c l o a l k y l g r o u p ,o r NHRll, h e r e i nR 1 1 i s H r a Cl-C6 a l k y l g r o u p , and Z s O r S .

    5 . An i o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 4 , W h e r e i nc o m p o u n dI I i s u r e a ,a c e t a m i d e , t h i o u r e a ,g l y o X y l i c a c i d ,m a l o n i c a c i d ,o x a l i c a c i d d i h y d r a t e ,t r i ? u o r o a c e t i c a c i d ,b e n z o i ca c i d ,b e n z y la l c o h o l ,p h e n o l p - m e t h y lp h e n o l , o - m et h y lp h e n o l ,m - m e t h y lp h e n o l ,p - c h l o r op h e n o l ,D - f r u c t o s e ,or v a n i l l i n .

    6 . A n i o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 4 , W h e r e i nc o m p o u n d I i s u r e a , a n i l i n e o r a s u b s t i t u t e d a n i l i n e , a Cl-C6a l i p h a t i c a c i d ,a C l - C 6h y d r o X y a l i p h a t i ca c i d o r a d i c a r b o X y

    l i c a c i d o f t h e f o r m u l aH O O C ( C H 2 ) n C O O H , h e r e i n n i s 0o r 1 , a c e t a m i d e ,a phenol r a s u b s t i t u t e d p h e n o l , a n a l k y l e n eg l y c o l , o r c i t r i ca c i d .

    7 . An i o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 4 , W h e r e i ncompound I I i s u r e a ,a c e t a m i d e , o X a l i c a c i d d i h y d r a t e ,p h e n o l , e t h y l e ne g l y c o l ,o r c i t r i ca c i d .

    8 . A n i o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 , W h e r e i nCompound I h a s f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f l e s st h a n 1 6 0 C .

    9 . A n i o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 7 , W h e r e i nC o m p o u n d I h a s a f r e e z i n g p o i n t o f 2 0 C . o r l e s s .

    1 0 . A n i o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 , W h e r e i nC o m p o u n d I I c o n t a i n s o n l y o n e t y p e o f f u n c t i o n a l g r o u pc a p a b l e o f a c t i n g a s h y d r o g e nb o n d d o n o r .

    1 1 .A n o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 , W h e r e i nt h emolar r a t i o o f I t o I I i s a b o u t 1 : 2 .

    1 2 . An i o n i c c o m p o u n d a s claimed i n any one o f t h ep r e c e d i n g c l a i m s , W h e r e i n R4 i s a C 1 t o C 1 0 a l k y l o r ac y c l o a lk y l g r o u p , s u b s t i t u t e d W i t h a t l e a s t one groups e l e c t e df r o m O H , C l ,B r ,F , I , N H 2 , C N ,N O 2 ,COORS,CORS, CH0 n d O R S ,W h e r e i nR5 s a s d e ? n e d i n c l a i m 1 .

    1 3 . An i o n i c c o m p o u n d a s claimed i n any one o f t h ep r e c e d i n gc l a i m s ,W h e r e i ne a c ho fR 1 , R 2 , R 3 ,i n d e p e n d e n t l yi s a C 1 t o C5 a l k y l o r a c y c l o a l k y lg r o u p ,a n d R4 s h y d r o X ya l k y l .

    1 4 . A n i o n i c compound a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 9 , W h e r e i n

    e a c h o f R 1 , R 2 , R 3 ,i s m e t h y l , a n d R 4 i s h y d r o X y e t h y l .1 5 . An i o n i c c o m p o u n d a s claimed i n any one o f t h e

    p r e c e d i n gc l a i m s , W h e r e i nX i s c h l o r i d e .1 6 . An i o n i c c o m p o u n d a s claimed i n any one o f t h e

    p r e c e d i n g c l a i m s ,W h e r e i nR 1 ,R 2 , R 3 ,a n d R 4 h a v e t h ef o l l o W i n gm e a n i n g

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    1 7 . An i o n i c compound a c c o r d i n g t o a n y o n e o f t h ep r e v i o u s c l a i m sin Which t h e a m i n e c a t i o n i s c h i r a l .

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    o r more g r o u p ss e l e c t e d f r o m OH, SH, S R 5 , C l ,B r ,F ,I , N H 2 ,C N ,N O 2 ,C O O R S ,C H O ,COR5a n d O R S ,W h e r e i nR5 s a C 1 t o C 1 0a l k y l o r c y c l o a l k y l g r o u p ,Wherein t h e molar r a t i o o f I t o I I i s f rom 1 1 1 . 5 t o112.5

    1 9 . A ethod a s c l a i m e d i n c l a i m 1 8 , W h e r e i nt h e r e a c t i o ni s c a r r i e d o u t b y h e a t i n g t h e compound o f f o r m u l aI W i t h t h ecompound o f f o r m u l aI I

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    a v o l t a g e t o t h e a r t i c l et o e l e c t r o p o l i s h t h e m e t a l . R 1 a n d R2 t a k e n t 0 g e t h e r r e p r e s e n ta C4 o C 1 0O p t i o n2 4 . A ethod o f f o r m i n g a s o l u t i o n o f a s o l u t e ,W h i c h a l l yS u b s t i t u t e d a l k y l e n e g r o u p , t h er e b yf o r m i n g W i t h

    m e thod comprises d i s s o l v i n g t h e s o l u t e i n a n i o n i c com - t h e N t O I I l0 f f O r I I l l l l aI a 5 t 0 l l - m e m b e r e d h e tp o u n d ,h a v i n g a f r e e Z i n g p o i n to f u p t o 1 0 0 C . f o r m e db y e r o c y c l i cr i n g ,X_ i S N 0 3 1 F , C l _ ,BF, I _ ,B F 4 T ,t h e r e a c t i o n o f a t l e a s t o n e a m i n es a l to f t h e f o r m u l a C 1 O 4 _ ,CN_, SO3CF3_, 0 r COOCFJ, a n d W h e f e l n

    1 2 3 4 i the term o p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e d means t ha t t h eR R R R N X ( I ) . . . .

    group i n q u e s t i o n may r may o t be s u b s t i t u t e d WithW i t h a t l e a s to n e o r g a n i c compound I I ) Which s c a p a b l e a t o n e o r more g r o u p s S e l e c t e d f rom OH, SH, S R 5 ,

    o f f o r m i n ga h y d r o g e nb o n dWi t h X , W h e r e i nR 1 , R 2 , C l ,B r ,1 : I , N H Z ,C N , N 0 2 , COORS, CH0, COR5R3 a n d R4 r e e a c h i n d e p e n de n t 1 y 3 a n d0 R 5 , W h e r e i n R5 i s a C 1 t o C 1 0 a l k y l o r

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    O p t i o n a l l y S u b s t i t u t e d C1 t o C5 a l k y l , Wherein t h e molar a t i oo f I t o I I i sf rom 1:15 t o 1 1 2 . 5

    o p t i o n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e d C6 t o C10 c y c l o a l k y l , * * * * *


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