Ionizing RadiationOren Zack, M.D. M.Occ.H.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Atomโข All matter is made up of atoms
โข All atoms of the same chemical element have an identical number of positively charged protons in the nucleus and negatively charged electrons on the orbits (electrically neutral)
โข The number of protons defines the atomic number of the element
โข The mass of the atom is determined by the number of protons and neutrons and the total number is called the mass number
Isotopesโข The same element can have different numbers of neutrons and
consequently different mass numbers = isotope.
โข Some are unstable and eventually transform into atoms of another element with the simultaneous emission of alpha (ฮฑ)- or beta (ฮฒ)-particles and accompanied usually by gamma (ฮณ)-rays.
โข This property of the unstable atom is called radioactivity (radioactive decay).
Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation
โข Somatic Relate to the individual who is exposed, may be early or late, and in the embryo or fetus may be teratogenic
โ Deterministicโข Severity increases with doseโข Threshold exists
โ Stochasticโข Probability of occurrence increases with the dose โข Severity is independent of the dose โข No threshold
โข HereditaryEffects would occur in the offspring, through genetic damage to germ cells of the exposed individual
Measuring Radioactivity
โข The time for the activity to decay by one-half is termed the half-life (tยฝ).
โข 24Na (a radioactive isotope of 23Na) 24Mg (t1/2=15h).
โข This activity is measured by the numbers of disintegrations per unit time - 1 Bq (Becquerel) = one atomic disintegration per second.
โข 60 Bq is the average amount of natural potassium-40 (40K) in every kilogram of the average person. This means that about 15 million-40K atoms disintegrate inside a person each hour.
Ionizing Radiationโข Higher energy electromagnetic radiations (x-rays and ฮณ-rays) or
energetic subatomic particles such as ฮฑ- and ฮฒ-particles and neutrons
โข According to their energy, x-rays and ฮณ-rays interact with matter and tissue and although the mechanisms may be different, they all produce positively and/or negatively charged ions, which then interact with the absorbing matter to produce physicochemical changes by adding or subtracting electrons
โข Higher energy photons penetrate further than low energy ones.
โข When they interact with tissues and cells, energy is deposited within the tissue.
Penetration
Properties of Ionizing Radiations
Type Range in air Range in tissue Hazard Examples
Alpha (ฮฑ) Few cm 10s of ฮผm Internal Plutonium
Beta (ฮฒ) Up to several meters
Few mm External and Internal
Cesium
Gamma (ฮณ) Many meters Many cm External and Internal
Cobalt source
x-Rays Many meters Many cm External Hospitals
Neutrons Many meters Many cm External Reactors
Dose Quantitiesโข The absorbed dose is a measure of the mean energy absorbed by
unit mass of tissue, and the absorbed dose in grays (Gy) is equal to the deposition of one joule (J) of energy in 1 kilogram (kg) of tissue
โข The average deposition of energy per unit length is called the linear energy transfer (LET)โ Charged particles tend to have higher LET values than x- or ฮณ-raysโ ICRP weight factors (WR)
โข Photons (x, ฮณ) = 1โข ฮฒ particles = 1โข ฮฑ particles = 20โข Neutrons = 2.3 (fast neutrons = 20)
โ Tissue weight factors (WT) โ WR + WT calculate effective dose in Sieverts (Sv)
Dose Definitionsื ืืืขืช )โข absorbed dose )Dืื ื ,T R . ืืื ืจืืื- ืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืกื ืืืืื
. ืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืกื ืืืชืืืงืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืกื ืื ืืกืจืช ืื ื SIืืืืืฆืขืช ืฉืืืืจืื ) ืืื .grayื ืืืขืช " / ' ื( ืง ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจ
ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืกื ืฉื ืืืขื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืช ืืช ืืืืืช
ืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช )โข / HTืืืืืโ equivalent dose )HTืื ื ืจืงืื ืืืงืจืื ื Tืืืืจ: Rืืกืื " ืื ืืกืื, ื ืข ืืกืืืืจื) ) HT = DT,R ยท WRืื ืืชื ((Svื ืืื
ืืงืจืื ื DT,Rืืืฉืจโ ืื ืืืขืช ืืื ื ( Rืืื , , , ื ืืืืจืื ืื ) ืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืงืจืื ืช ืืืืืจืงืื/ ืืงืจืื ื WRื โTืืืืจ ืืกืื ืืฉืงืืื ืืงืื Rืืื
โ / ืฉืื ืื ืขืจืืื ืืขืื ืงืจืื ื ืกืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืจืงืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืฃ ืื ืืงืจืื ื ืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื, WRืฉื ืืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืื ื HT = ฮฃR (WR ยท DT,R)ืืื
ืกืื ืฉื ืืคืื ืงืฆืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืฉืืคื ืืื ืขื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืง ืืช ืืืืืชืืงืจืื ื
ืืคืงืืืืืช )โข ืืื ืืช โ effective dose )Eืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืื , , / ืืฉืงืืื ืืืงืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืคืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืงืืืืืืื ืืืืช
/ ืจืงืื ืืืืจ ืืืืชื E = ฮฃTWT ยท HTืืจืืืื ืื
ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืจืช ืืจืืืฉืืช ืืชืืฉืืืช ืชืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืง ืืช ืืืืืชืฉืื ืื
Dose Definitionsืืืืืืช )โข ืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช committed equivalent dose - )HT(ฯ)ืื ื
, ืืชืืฆืื ืืงืืืืช ฯ ืืืฉื ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืฉืืืจืื Tืืื ื ืืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืจ/ืจืงืื โ ืฉื ื 50 ืืืืงื ื-ฯืืืืจ ืจืืืืืงืืืื ืข"ื ืืืืฃ. ืืืืขืืจ ืฆืืื ืืืจ, ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืชืงืืคื
ืฉื ื ืืืืืื.70ืืืืืืจืื ืืขื ืืื
E(ฯ)( - committed effective doseืื ื ืืคืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืช )โข ฯืืืืืจ ืืืคืืืช ืืื ื ืืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืจ/ืจืงืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืฉืืืจืืโ
)E)ฯ( = ฮฃT WT ยท HT)ฯ( : WTืืืงืื ืืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืืจ/ืจืงืื )
(total effective dose equivalentืื ื ืืคืงืืืืืช ืืืืืช )โขืืื ื, ืืชืงืืคื ืืกืืืืช, ืืืชืงืืืช ืข"ื ืืืืืจ:โ
ืืื ื ืืืคืงืืืืืช ืืืฉืืคื ืืืฆืื ืืชโข+
ืืื ื ืืืคืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืคื ืคื ืืืืช โข
Exposure Limits
Organ Limits
For occupational exposure in planned exposure situations the equivalent dose limit for the lens of the eye is 20 mSv in a year, averaged over defined periods of
5 years, with no single year exceeding 50 mSv
ICRP April 21, 2011
External Contaminationโข External contamination results when
radioactive material is deposited on skin, hair, eyes, or other external structures, much like mud or dust.
โข External contamination stops when the material is removed by shedding contaminated clothes and/or completely washing off the contamination.
โข Full body: entire person is covered with radioactive material, not necessarily homogeneously
โข Partial body: shielding blocks radioactive material from covering the entire person
Full body
Partial body
Internal Contaminationโข Radioactive material is taken into the body via inhalation or
ingestion or open wounds. โข Internal deposition of radioisotopes in organs results in local
exposure at that location. โข Internal contamination continues until the radioactive material
decays, is flushed from the body by natural processes, or is removed by medical countermeasures.
โข Types of internal contamination โ Via respiratory tract: When aerosol particles are inhaled, those
measuring <5 micrometers can reach the alveoli, whereas larger particles will remain in proximal airways. Tiny particles can be absorbed by the lymphatic system or the blood stream, or continue to irradiate locally until exhaled, removed, or depleted of their radioactivity.
โ Via digestive tract: If swallowed, soluble radionuclides may be absorbed in the upper tract, whereas insoluble radioactive particles may affect the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Depending on the specific radioisotope, particles in the GI tract may be lavaged, expelled, and/or removed using drugs.
โ Via radioactive dust in open wounds: Small radioactive particles in open wounds may be absorbed into the body via blood or lymphatic channels.
Detection of Radiation
โข Ionizing radiations cannot be directly detected by the human senses
โข Can be measured by photographic films, Geiger tubes and scintillation counters
โข No single device can detect all kinds of radiation
โข No one device is useful in all situations
โข Real-time (e.g. Geiger Mueller (GM) detectors)โ Detect only a percent of the total energy with
varying efficiency โ Efficiency conversion factors โ determine actual
DPS/DPM
Personal Dosimetersโข Types of personal dosimeters
โ Non-self reading dosimetersโข Real time dose information not availableโข Film badges โข Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) โข Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter
โ Self-reading dosimeters โข Provide real time dose information โข (aka. direct-reading dosimeters, self-reading pocket dosimeters, pocket
electroscopes)
Film Badgesโข Film badges
โ Photographic filmโ Metallic and plastic filtersโ Coated with two different emulsions:
large grain, fast emulsion (sensitive to low levels of exposure), fine grain, slow emulsion (less sensitive)
โ Least accurate personal dosimeter for recording very low exposure
โ Sensitive to temperature and humidity, which may limit use by emergency responders
โ Available for use on torso and finger
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs)
โข Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) โ Radiation-sensitive lithium
/calcium fluoride crystal exposure to radiation electron trapping in an excited state
โ Crystal is heated to a very high temperature release of energy (visible light) determine dose
โ More sensitive than film badges โ Some can measure readings
lower than film badges โ Not sensitive to heat and
humidity โ Available for use on torso and
finger
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)
dosimeterโข Radiation-sensitive aluminum oxide exposure to radiation electron
trapping in an excited stateโข Irradiation with laser (specific ฮป) emission of light determine radiation
doseโข More recent device of choice for occupational exposure monitoring โข More sensitive than film badge or TLD โข Results can be read up to a year following exposure โข Available for use on torso and finger
Self-reading Dosimeters
โข Older typeโ Often used in hospital settings โ Dose is determined by looking through the eyepiece on one end of the dosimeter, pointing the other end
towards a light source, and noting the position of the fiber on a scaleโข Newer type
โ Electronic โ Can measure and display dose rate and total dose โ Some can alert wearer that pre-set dose rate and/or total dose limits have been exceeded by both visual and
vibrating alarms โ Dose rate and total dose readings can be downloaded in real time to a computer โ Some are designed for use in extreme environments by emergency responders wearing bunker gear or higher
level PPE
Radiotoxicologyโข Measurement of radioactivity within the
human bodyโข Internal exposure dose estimation
โข Direct: Whole body counterโข A whole-body counter is a shielded scintillation
detector system used to evaluate the quantity of radioactive material in the body when radiation from that material can be detected outside the body
โข Primarily applicable to radioactive material that emits gamma rays
โข Can misinterpret external contamination as an internal contamination
โข Results converted into annual effective dose
โข Indirect: Urine / feces
Sources of Human Exposure
โข Natural background radiationโ Cosmic radiationโ Gamma rays from the earthโ Radonโ Activity in diet
โข Artificial radiationโ Occupational exposureโ Medical exposures
โข The worldwide average natural dose to humans is about 2.4mSv per year
โข The worldwide average artificial radiation exposure, is about 0.6mSv per year
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008 (published 2010))
Radiation sourceAverage Annual Effective Dose
RemarkWorld USA Japan
Inhalation of air 1.26 2.28 0.40 mainly from radon;depends on indoor accumulation
Ingestion of food & water 0.29 0.28 0.40 (K-40, C-14, etc.)
Terrestrial radiation from ground 0.48 0.21 0.40 depends on soil and building material
Cosmic radiation from space 0.39 0.33 0.30 depends on altitude
sub total (natural) (mSv/year) 2.40 3.10 1.50
Medical 0.60 3.00 2.30world-wide figure excludes radiotherapy;US figure is mostly CT scans and nuclear
medicine.
Consumer items - 0.13 cigarettes, air travel, building materials, etc.
Atmospheric nuclear testing 0.005 - 0.01 peak of 0.11 mSv in 1963 and declining since; higher near sites
Occupational exposure 0.005 0.005 0.01world-wide average to all workers is
0.7 mSv, mostly due to radon in mines;US is mostly due to medical and aviation
workers.
Chernobyl accident 0.002 - 0.01 peak of 0.04 mSv in 1986 and declining since; higher near site
Nuclear fuel cycle 0.0002 0.001 up to 0.02 mSv near sites; excludes occupational exposure
Other - 0.003 Industrial, security, medical, educational, and research
sub total (artificial) (mSv/year) 0.61 3.14 2.33
Total (mSv/year) 3.01 6.24 3.83
Occupational Exposure
Occupational Exposures
Occupational Natural Sources of Radiation
โข Aircrewโ Occupationally exposed group according to ICRP
Occupational Natural Sources of Radiation
โข Extractive and processing industriesโ Main source of exposure โ radon
โ Average annual effective doseโข 60% of worldwide workforce โ 2.4mSvโข 40% of worldwide workforce โ 3mSv
Occupational Man-made Sources of
Radiationโข Operation of nuclear reactors for generation of electricity
Occupational Man-made Sources of
Radiationโข Medical uses of radiation
โ Diagnostic radiologyโข Conventional diagnostic radiologyโข Interventional procedures
โ Dental practiceโ Nuclear medicineโ Radiotherapyโ Other
Occupational Man-made Sources of
Radiationโข Industrial uses of radiation
โ Industrial irradiation (sterilization, preservation of foodstuffs, polymer synthesis, eradication of insectsโฆ)
โ Non-destructive testing (ฮณ-rays from 137Cs, 60Co, x-raysโฆ)โ Well logging (measure geological characteristics in mineral, oil and gas
explorations)โ Luminizing (gunsights, low-level light sourcesโฆ)โ Radioisotope productionโ Thickness, moisture, density and level gaugingโ Tracer techniquesโ Fluoroscopic and crystallographic analysis of materials
Occupational Man-made Sources of
Radiationโข Industrial uses of radiation
โ Industrial irradiation ~0.56mSv/aโ Industrial radiography ~1.48mSv/aโ Luminizing ~0.72mSv/aโ Radioisotope production ~1.8mSv/aโ Well logging ~0.94mSv/aโ Accelerator operation ~0.73mSv/aโ All other industrial uses ~0.33mSv/a
Exposures to workers from all industrial uses of radiationCountry Period Monitored
workers (103)Measurably
exposed workers (103)
Annual collective
effective dose (man Sv)
Average annual effective dose (mSv) NR15b SR15
Monitored workers
Measurably exposed workers
World estimate 1975โ1979 530 290 870 1.64 3.00 0.01 0.351980โ1984 690 300 940 1.36 3.20 0.01 0.281989โ1989 560 250 510 0.90 2.00 0.01 0.311990โ1994 700 160 360 0.51 2.24 0.00 0.25
[390] [100] [240] [0.62] [2.34] [0.01] [0.26]1995-1999 790 315 0.4 2000-2002 869 348 0.40
Occupational Man-made Sources of
Radiationโข Other miscellaneous uses
โ Educational establishments ~0.09mSv/aโ Radiology in veterinary medicine ~0.15mSv/aโ Transport of radioactive material ~1mSv/aโ Others ~0.1mSv/a
Occupational Man-made Sources of
Radiationโข Sources for military purposes
โ Production and testing of nuclear weapons and associated activitiesโ Use of nuclear energy as a source of propulsion for naval vesselsโ Ionizing radiation for same purposes used in civilian spheres
Average Annual Effective Dose
The highest level of occupational exposure comes from exposure to natural sources of radiation.
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008 (published 2010))
ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืคืืโข UNSCEAR - Its mandate in the United Nations system is to assess and report levels
and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation upon humans and environment.โข ICRP - Provides recommendations and guidance on all aspects of protection against
ionizing radiation.IAEA - Serves as the world's central intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the nuclear field and develops nuclear safety standards.
โข BEIR โ US National Research Council, analysis of biological effects and development of dose-response risk models
International safety
standards (BSS)IAEA
UNSCEAR, BEIR
Radiation effects
ICRPPrinciples and
recommendations
ืจืืืื ืืืช ืชืืืงืืืืจืืืืช ) ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช
" ,) ื ืืชืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื 1992-ืืขืืกืงืื
ืฉื ) ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืกืืืืชื ื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช- " ,) ื ืืชืฉืข ืืืืงืื ืืืืจืืื 2011ืขืืืืื
) ืื ืืืืจ) ืชืงื ืืช ืืืื
,) ืืืืืืืช ) ืืขืืืืืช ืืกืืจืืช ืขืืืืืช ืื ืืขืจ ืขืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช- ื" 1995ืืชืฉื
,) ืืืื ื ืช ) ืืงืจืื ื ืขืืืืืช ื ืฉืื ืขืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช- ื" 1979ืืชืฉื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืืืืจืืช - 1ืกืขืืฃ
โข" ืงืจืื ื" ืขืืืืืชืขืกืืงืชืืช โ ืฉืืฉืืคืชื ืืงืจืื ื ืืขืืกืง ืืช ืขืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืขืืืจ
ืืืืืืืช 1/10 , ืืื ื ืื
โ , ื ืืืคืืจืืืช ืืืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืขืืื ืฉื ืชืืกืคืช ืืืืงืฃ.ืฉืขืืช 200 ืืคืืืช ืืฉื ื
โข" ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช" ืืฉืืคืืขืงื โ ืจืืืืืงืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืืคื , ืชืขืกืืงืืืฉืืคืช
ืืืขื ืืืขื, ืืืงืจืื ืืืืืืื, ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืฉืจื ืจืงืข ืืงืจืื ืช ืืฉืืคืชืืขืฆืื ืื ืจืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืงืจืื ื
โข" ืืืืืืืช" ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ โ ืืชืงื ืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืืคืืจื ืืงืจืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืฉืืืฉืืช ืชืืกืคืช
ืจืคืืืืื, 1. ืืืืื ืื ืืขืืืืช ืขืืกืงืื ืืจืคืืืช ืืื: ืืืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช
.1 , ืคื ืฆืืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืจืคืืืช ืืจืืืช ืฆืืจืืชืื ืื ืขื ืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืืืืืฉื, ) ืกืืจืง ืืคืขืืช (.CTืคื ืืจืืืื
ืืืฆืื ืืื 2. ืืงืจื ื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืจืคืืื ืื ืืื ืงืืืืืืื ืืืคืืืื ,) , , ืคื ืืืืื) ืืงืจื ื ืืืคืืื ืืชืืืื ืืงืืจืืช ืืืืฆืื ืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืช
, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืจื ื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืงืืจืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช. ืคืชืืืื ืจืืืืืงืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืชืจืืคืืช
(.RIAืจืืืืืืืื ืืืกืื )3.
ืืืืื 2. ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืกืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืืืช: ืืืืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืื ืืคืขืืืื
.1 , , ืืงืืจืืช ) ืืืืฆืื ืจื ืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืงืื ืืงืืจืืชืืื ืจืืื ืืืงืืจ ืฉื ืืืงืืืืืืช ืืืคืืช ืืื ืืื ืคืืืื ืืชืืืื
~( , ืืขื ืืื ืคืืืื ืฉื 1mCi MeV )4ืืืืืฆืขืช 10x 7 Bq MeV ืืขื ฮฒืืงืืจืืช ืืืืฆืขืช ืฉื Mev 0.3 ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืงืืืืืืช
~(100ฮผCi )4 10x 6 Bq , ืืงืืจืืช ืืชืืช ฮฒืืืขืื ืืืืฆืขืช ืืื ืจืืืืฉื 0.3MeVื- ืืืขืื( ( 4x109 Bq ~100mCiืืืืงืืืืืืช
.2. ืคืชืืืื ืจืืืืืงืืืืืื ืืืืจืื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืฉืืืฉืืช ืชืืกืคืช
ืืืงืืืืช 3. ืชืขืฉืืื , ืืคืขืื ืื ืืืืฆืจืื ืืคืขืืืื ืืื: ืืืืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืชืืฉืื
.1. ืจืืืืืจืคืื ืืงืืจืืช
.2 , - , - ืฆืคืืคืืช ) ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืช ืงืจืื ื ืคืืืื ืืจืขืื ืืื ืืืืืื.)' , ืืื- ืกืืื ืืืขื ืืกืืงื ืืืืช ืื
.3. - ืคืืืืืจืื ืืชืืจืืื ืขืืฉืืช ืฆืืคืื
.4. ืคืชืืืื ืจืืืืืงืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืจืืืืช
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืฉืืืฉืืช ืชืืกืคืช
.4: ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืกืืจ
ืืื 1. ืงืจืื ืช ืคืืืื ืจืืืืืงืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื ืกืคืงืื ) , ืืืืืช) ืคืขืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืชืขืฉืืืชืืื ืจืคืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉืื
ืขื .100ืืขืืื
.2. ืขืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืชื ื ืกืคืงืื
.3. ืืืืื ืืฆืจืื ืฉืืงืืฃ ืืืื ืืช ืืคืขืืื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืฉืืืฉืืช ืชืืกืคืช
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืืืฉืืคื โ 2ืกืขืืฃ ืืืืืช
: ืืื. ืขื ืชืขืื ืื ืงืจืื ื ืืขืืื ืืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืฉืืคื ืืฉื ื. 1 ืฉื ืชืงืืคื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืช ; (50mSV)ืืื ื2 . ืื ืืืืจ. ืืชืงื ืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืืคืืจืืช ื ืืกืคืช ืืืืื ืื
-100mSvืขื) (5ื ืขืืงืืืช ืฉื ืื
, ืืขืฉืืช. ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืชืืื ื ืช ืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืงืจืื ื , ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืงืจืื ื ืืื ืช ืงืจืื ื ืขืืื ืืืฉืืฃ ืืื ืืืฆืขื
, ืขื, ืฉื ืคืขืืืช ืื ืืฉืืคื ืืืฉืจ ืงืจืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฉื ืืขืฅ ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืคืืืขืืืืืื, (100mSv)ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืจืืืืช ืืฉืืคืืช ืฆืืืจืช ืืงืจืื ื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืืืืืืืช ืคืขืืื , (250mSv)ืืื ื , ืืขืืื; ืืืขืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืฆืืข ืืคื ื
, ืืช, ืืืงืืื ืืื ืื ื ืงืืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืคืจื ืื ืืืจืืืื ืืกืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืืฉืืคืชื.
ืชืืื. ืจืืชื ืืกืื ืืื ืืขืช ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืืช )*. *ืืืืืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ื ืขืืืื, ืชืงื
(2011ืืืจืื:
,) ( ) ืื. ) ืืคืืจืืืช ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืฉืืคืช ืชืขืื ืื ื ื ื ืืฉื ื ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฃ ืขื ื- " ,) ื ) ืชืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืขืืืืืช ื ืฉืื ืขืืืืช ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืืื .1979ื ืฉืื
โ , ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ื ืชืงื2011
ืชืขืกืืงืชืืืช โ 3ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฉืืคืืช ืื ืืช ืืืืืช
ืืืืืืืืืืืืช 3.1 ืชืืจืืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืชืืืงืจื ื ืงืจืื ื ืขืืืื ืฉื ืชืขืกืืงืชืืืช ืืฉืืคืืช
ืืืืื: ) ืฉื) ืืืืฆืขืช ืืคืงืืืืืช ืื ื , 20mSvื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืจ ืืฉื ื
.5ืคื ื ืขืืงืืืช ืฉื ืื ) ืฉื) ืืคืงืืืืืช ืื ื .50mSvื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืฉื ื
) ืฉื) ืืขืื ืืขืืฉืช ืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืื ื .150mSvื ืืฉื ื ) ืฉื) ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืื ื .500mSvื ืืฉื ื
ืฆืขืืจืื ืขืืืืืืืืื ) 3.2 ื ืืขืจ ืื(, 16-18ืืฉืืคืืช ืชืืืงืจื ื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืฉืจื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืช
: ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืชืืจืืื ื ืฉืื ) ืฉื) ืืคืงืืืืืช ืื ื .6mSvื ืืฉื ื
) ืฉื) ืืขืื ืืขืืฉืช ืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืื ื .50mSvื ืืฉื ื ) ืฉื) ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืื ื .150mSvื ืืฉื ื
โ , ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ื ืชืงื2011
ืชืขืกืืงืชืืืช โ 3ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฉืืคืืช ืื ืืช ืืืืืช
ืื ืืงืืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืื3.3 , ืืืืช ืชืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืื ื ืืฉืืคืช ืขื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืืจืืข ืืืืคื, ืืื
ืื ) ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืช ืืคืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืฉืฃ ืฉืืขืืืจ ืกืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืืืืืขื( ืืขืืื ืื ืืชืจืช 1mSvืืื ืืืืจืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉื
3.4: ืืขืืืจ ืืืฉืืคื ืืืืฉืื ) ืฉื) ืื ื ืชืืืฉื ืืืฆืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืช ืฉื 1mSvื ืืื ื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืคื
0.5mSv , ืืืืจืช ืงืจืื ื ืขืืืจ 1mSv ืฉื ืืืื ื 100KeV, ืืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืขื ฮณืื xืืขืืืจืืขืืืจ ืขืืืจ ืงืจืื ื ืืืืจืช ืืืจืช.
ืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืฃ ืืืืฉื 1mSv)ื( ืืืฉืืคืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืชืืืฉื ืื ื ืืคืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื 1mSv.ืืขืืืจ
ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืงืืช ืื ืชืืขืกืงื ื ืืขืืืื ืื ืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืืงืืืื ืืืฆืื ื ืื 3.5ืคื ืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืฉื
โ , ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ื ืชืงื2011
ืชืขืกืืงืชืืืช โ 3ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฉืืคืืช ืื ืืช ืืืืืช
ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืขืืกืงืื ืขืืืืื3.6 , ืืขืืืื \ ืื ืชืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืืจ ืืชืขืจืืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืขืงื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืฉืืคืืช
, ืืจืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืกืืืข ืื ืืืฆืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืื ืืชืืื ื ืืจืขื ืื ืืืืืื- ื, ืชืืืืื ื . 50mSvืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืจืง ืชืืชืจ ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืืจืืข
: ืืืืื ืืืงืจืื. ) ืืืืจื) ืืจืืืืชืืช ืคืืืขื ืืื ืืขืช ืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืช ื
. ) ืืืืืื) ืืืืืืช ืงืืืงืืืืืืช ืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืช ื , ( ) ืื) ืื ืืืชืจืืฉ ืฉืขืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืงื ื ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืชื ืืกืื ืืื ืืขืช ื
. ,) ืชืืื ื ืชืืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืงืื ื ืื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืคืขืืืช ืชืืืฆืข
, , ืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืคืงืืืืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืฅ ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืฆืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืขื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืจืืืืืืืช ) ืืฉื ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืคืขืืืื (. 100mSvืืชืืช
ืืฉื ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืคืขืืื ืืขืฉืจ ืืชืืช ืื ืืขืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืฅ ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืฆืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช. 500mSvืืืืืช ) ืืืจืืื ืืกืืืื( ืืคืงืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืจื
- , ) (-) ื ) ืืืชืงืจื ืขืืืื ืื ืชื ืื ืืขืื ื ื ืืืืจืืช ืืชืขืจืืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืื ืืขืืืจ 500mSvืขืืืืื ืื. , , ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืง ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืขืืช ืืืฉืจ ืจืง ืืืช ืืขืฉื ืื ืขืจื
โ , ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ื ืชืงื2011
ืชืขืกืืงืชืืืช โ 3ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฉืืคืืช ืื ืืช ืืืืืช
ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืขืืกืงืื ืขืืืืื3.7 , ืขื ืืขืืืืช ืงืจืื ื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฉืฃ ืืฆืคืืืื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืขืืกืงืื ืื ืฉืื
50mSv,, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืจืืื ืืคืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืกืืืื ืขื ืืืืข ืงืืืื ืืืชืื ืฉืชืืืจืื ืืืื
ืืืืืช , , . ืืืขืืืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืช ืขื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืขืืืจ ืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืฆืืข ืืืคืฉืจ
ืืชืื ื . ืืจืืืช ืชืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืคืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืื
. , ืืืืคื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืื ืขื ืฉืชืงืืขื ื
3.8 , , ืืช ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืจืื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืขืงื ืขืืื ืืฉืืคืืชืืฉืืจื ืืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืฉืืคืชื ืคืขืืื. ืืืฉื ืืขืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืคืชื ืืืฉืจ
, , ืืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืฉืืคื ืืืฉื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืงืฉืชื ืคื ืขื ืื ืืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืื ื ืืืื. ืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืจืืคื ืขื ืืชืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืจ ืจืง ืืืืฉืจ
3.9 , ืืคืืขื ืืชืคืืงืื ื ืืฆืคืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืช ืชืืืฉืจื ื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืงืจื ืืื. , ืื" ืื ืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืื ื ืข
ืชืจืืื - ืืืืืืช ืื ื
- ื ื ืืฉืฃ ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืฉืืคื ืืขืืืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืืืจื 50mSvืืื , ืืืืชืจืช ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืฉื ืืืงืกืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืืืืจ ืืืืฃ ืืื
ืืฉื ื.
? ืืืืฉืืคื ืืืชื ืืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืื ืืืื
- ื ืฉืื ื ืืฉืฃ ื ืืกืคืช ืขืืืื ืฉื ืช ืืชืื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืชื ืื 50mSvืืืืจืืืคื.
? ืขืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืื ืืืื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืืืฉืืช โ 6ืกืขืืฃ ืืงืจื
ืขื ืืขืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืืืฉืฃ ืขืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืืช 3/10ืขืืื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืื " ืืฉื ื ืืชืืกืคืช ืค ืข ืืคื ืืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืฉืืคื ืืืืงืจ, ืกืืืื
: ืืืฉื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืช โ ืืืฉืืคื ืืขื- ืกืืืื ืงืจืื ื ืื ืช ืงืฆื ืขื ืืกืืืื ืื ืงืจืื ื ืืงืืจ ืขื ืขืืืื
2.5ฮผSv/hืคื ืืืืช โ ืืืฉืืคื :ืกืืืื ืืชืื- ืืืงืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืจืืืืืงืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืขืืืื
ืืขื โ โข ืืืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืงื ืื 10ืืืืขื โ โข ืืืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืื ื ืืืฃ ืืื ืืคืืืช 3ืืืขื โ โข ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืื ืืคืืืช 1ืื
ืืื โ ) *** ืคื ืืืืช ืืืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืขื ืืืงืืจืืช ืงืจืื ื ืืคืืืืช ืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช(
ืืืฆืื ืืช .ืืืฉืืคื , ืืืืืฉ โ ืืืช ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืืืืืจ
ืคื ืืืืช , ืืืฉืืคื ืขืโ ืืขืืืื ืืืืขื ืืกืืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืจืืืืืืงืกืืงืืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืช- ื ืืืช ืืืืืฆืขื ืืคืืืช 3ืืืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืืืืจืืช - 1ืกืขืืฃ
โข" ืืืืงื" ืจืืชืืคื โ ืืืืืฉืืช ืงืจืื ื ืืืืืงืืช 3ืื ืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืงื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืขืฉืืจืืืช
ืืฉื ื.โ - " ืืงืจืื ื" ืื ืช ืืื ืงืจืื ื ืขืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืคื ืืืงืืจื ืจืืช ื ืืื ืชืงื ืค ืข
) ( , ืคื ืืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืคื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืคืงืืืืืช / , ืืืฆืืฆื ืืงืืื ืืืคืืง ืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืงื ืืืืืืช ืขืืื ืฉื
. / , ืื ืืืงืื, ืืืงืืจ ืืืขืืกืืง ืืืฉืืคืืช ืืช ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืขืชืื
ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื โ ืขืืื - ืืืฉืืคื ืฉื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืชื ืื , ืืืืืฉ ืคืขื ืืืงืืจื ื ืงืจื ืจืืช ืืืืืฉ ) 1.25mSvืชืืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืื ื
- ื ืืืืง ืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ื, 50mSvืฉื 12ืืืืืืืืช. 4.2mSvื- ืื ืืขืจื ืขืฉืืจืืืช (.1.25mSvืฉืืืฉ
ืคื ืืืืช ืืืืื โ , ืืืฉืืคื ืคื ืืื - ืืืืืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืฉืืคืื ืขืืืืื ืขืืืจ ) " ืคืขื ) ืืฉืชื ืจืืืืืืงืกืืงืืืืืื ื ืข ืืืฉื ืืฉืืคื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืฆืขืช ืืื
, 3ื- ืืืงืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืจืืช -ืชืืื ื ืขืฉืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื, 12.5mSvืฉืืืฉ3.75mSv
ืืืชืืื โข ืืกืืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืืงืชืืฉื ื โข ืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืืืงืชืืขื โข ื ืืกืคืช โ 60ืืืืขืืจืืช ืืืืงื ืจืฆืืคืื ืืืืื ืืกืคืช โ โข ืืืืงื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืขื ืืืฉืืคืืืืจืืื ื โ โข ืจืืืขื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืกืคืช ืืืืงื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืชืื โข ืงืจืื ื ืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืงืืช ืขื ืืืืจืืช ื ืืชื
, ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืืืฉืฃ ืขืืื ืื ื ืืฉืฃ ืืขืืื ืืจืืคื ืืืขืชืืืืืงื ืืจืืช ืคืืืชื
โข " " ืค ืข ืืืชืจ ืืืืืงื ืืชืืืจืืช ืื ื ืื ืืืืืงืืช ืืืฆืืข ืขื ืืืืจืืช ื ืืชืืืขืช ืฉืืงืื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืจืคืืืืืช โ 10ืกืขืืฃ ืืืืงืืช ืืืืช
ืจืืืืืงืืืืืื โข ืืืืจืื ืขื ืื ืจื ืืื ืืืืืงืืช ืืืคืื ืขื ืืืฉ ืขื ืื ืื ืืโข , ืื ืฉืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืขืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืขื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืืคื ืืช ืืืืงืืืืืืช โข ืฉืชื ืืืืงืชืื โ โข complete blood count (CBC)ืืืืงืชืืืื โ โข ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืชืคืงืืืืืขืืฉืืช โข ืขืื ืืื
ืื, โ ืืื ืคืจืืฉื ืื ) 5ืืื ืืกื ืจื ืืื ืืขืืืื (3ืฉื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืคืฉ โ ืืฉ ืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืฉืืคื ืฉื crystalline lensesืืืงืจื
โข - โ . ืืงืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืงืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืืคื ืืจืง ืืื ืืกื ืจืืืืช ืืช ืืื ืฆืืืื) ืืืจืืื) ืื
โข) ืคื ืืื ) ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืจืืืืืืงืกืืงืืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืชโข " , - ืืขืช ืฉืืงืื ืค ืข ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืโข " ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืช ืฉืืงืื ืค ืข ื ืืกืคืช ืืืืงื ืื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืืจืคืืืืืช โ 11ืกืขืืฃ ืืืืืงืืช ืืืงืฃ
ืืจืืคื . 1 ืงืจืื ื ;ืืืืชืืืืืืืช . 2 ืืื ื ืขื ืืขืืื ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืื ืืฉืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืงืืจื
; ืืกืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืื- ืืืจืืื. 3 ืขืืืืช ืืชืงื ืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืงืจืื ื ืจืืช ื ืืืื ืื
" ,) ื) ืชืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื 1979ืขืืืืืชืืฆืื. 4 ื ืืฆืื ืืืจืช- ืื ืืชืืื .ืื ืืืืืง, ืืืืจืฉื ืืจืืคื ืืืขืช
ืืขืืืื โข ืืื ืืืืฉืจืืืช ืขืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืคื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืืืชืืกืจืื โข ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืจืงื โข ืขื ืืขืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืคืืจืื ืืื
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืืงืจืื ื โ 15ืกืขืืฃ ืืขืืื ืืชืืื ืื
โ , ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ื ืชืงื2011
ืืืืืืืกืืื โ 4ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฉืืคืืช ืื ืืช ืืืืืช
) / ืืงืืจืืช ) ืืขืืกืืงืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืืืืช4.1 ( / , ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืขืืกืืงืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืคืืช
,) ืืืืืืืช ืืช ืชืขืืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ื ืืชืงื ืืืืืืื :
) ืฉื) ืืคืงืืืืืช ืื ื .1mSvื ืืฉื ื , ) ืขื) ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืื ื ืืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืืชืืจ ืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื
-5mSvืืื ื ืืืืืฆืขืช ืฉืืื ื ืขื 5ืืืืื ืชืขืื ืื ืขืืงืืืช ืฉื ืื 1mSv. ืืฉื ื
) ืฉื) ืืขืื ืืขืืฉืช ืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืื ื .15mSvื ืืฉื ื ) ืฉื) ืืขืืจ ืืงืืืืืืื ืืืช ืื ื .50mSvื ืืฉื ื
ืืืื 4.2 ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืงืืืงืืืืืช ืืื ืืขืืงืจืื/ ) ืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืื ืชืฉืืจ ืืืงืืจืืช ( ALARAืืขืืกืืงืื
ืืืืจืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื .ืืืชืืฉื
โ , ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืช ืืงืจืื ื ืืืื ื ืชืงื2011
ืืืืืืืกืืื โ 4ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฉืืคืืช ืื ืืช ืืืืืช
/ ืืืื ืืงืืจ ืืขืืกืืง ืืฆืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ื4.3 / ืชืืื ืืืื ืืงืืจ ืืขืืกืืง ืืฆืืืืจ ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืช ืืฉื ื 0.3mSvืืื ื
" " ืืืืฆืืช" ืค ืข ืืืืชืจ ืื ืืฉืฃ ืืื .ICRPื ืืืื ืืขืืกืืง ืื ื ืืืกื
ืืชืงื 4.4 ืฉื ืื ืืจืขืื ื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช ืชืืฉื ืื ืืจืืืช ืื ื ืฉื ืืืงืฉืจ , ืืื ื ืืืกื ืืืคืืฃ ืืืื ืืขืืกืืง ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ื
- " ื ื ืข .ICRPืืืืืืฅ ืืขืื ืืืืืืจ
4.5 , ืืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืื ืช ืืืจืืืช ืืชืืฆืื, 4.3ืืื ื ืืืชืงืืืช ืืืื ื ื ืืืื , . ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืจืงืข ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืฉืืคื
. " , ืืืฉืืืื, ื ืข ืืจืืืชื ืื ืืืงื ืืืืขืฉืืช
) ืืืืืืืกืืื ) ืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืขื ืืงืจืื ื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืื ื ืืืืฃ . ืืกืขืืฃ ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืคื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื , 4.3ืืืืื ืช ืคืขืืืืช, ืขืืืจ ืืขืื
, " ืืกืขืืฃ ืืืคืืจืืช ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืช ืชืืืืช ื ืืื .4.1ืืชืงื ื ืืขืื
- " , ื ืชืฉื ื ืืขืจ ืขืืืืช 1953ืืืงืืขืืืืืช ) ืืกืืจืืช ืขืืืืืช ืื ืืขืจ ืขืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช
ืืืืืืืช(, - " ื 1995ืืชืฉื
ืืื" ) โข ื ืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืื , 16-18ืื ืืืงืืืืช( ืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืืชืืืืื ืืขืืืืืช ( , ืื ืืืจืื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืืคืืจื ืืืง ืืืขืืืื ืืคื ื ืขืจ ืืขืืืช ืขื ืชืืื
:")... ืื ืขืจืื... ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืืช
โ: ืคืืกืืงืืืื - ืืืจืืื ืืชืืกืคืช ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืืง- 2ืกืขืืฃ ืื: " ืืงืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืช ืงืจืื ื ืืืืฉืืจื ืขืืืื
". ืืืื ื ืช ืงืจืื ื ืืืฉืคืขืช ื ืชืื ืืืืืช ืื ืขืจ ืขืืื ืฉืื ืขืืืื
, , ืืืืื ื. ืืืื ืืืืืืง ืขืืืื ืืงืื ืืคืืืจ ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืืืขื ืจืฉืื ืืฉืจ ื . , ืืงืฆืชื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืืชืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืฆืข ืื
,) ืืืืชื ืืืืช. ) ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ื ืืชืงื ืช ืืืืืจ ืืฃ ืขื ืืืชืงื ืืช ()7, 1-6ืืืืืจืื (, 3ื) (- ื( (, 10ื (- ) ( ,) ( ,) ื) ื ื ื (, 13, 12, 11ื , 14ื)
20- ืขืืืืื, 22ื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืขื , ืคืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืฉืจ ืขืืืื ืืงืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืชื
. , ืืงืฆืชื ืื ืืืื ืืชืงื ืืช ืืชืืืืช
ืืงืจืื ื ) ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืจืืืืช ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืงื ืืช โ " ื(, ืืชืฉื 1992ืืืื ื ืช
ืชืืืื โ 21ืกืขืืฃ
Thank you for your attention