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Ionizing Radiation

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Ionizing Radiation Oren Zack, M.D. M.Occ.H.
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Page 1: Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing RadiationOren Zack, M.D. M.Occ.H.

Page 2: Ionizing Radiation

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Page 3: Ionizing Radiation

The Atomโ€ข All matter is made up of atoms

โ€ข All atoms of the same chemical element have an identical number of positively charged protons in the nucleus and negatively charged electrons on the orbits (electrically neutral)

โ€ข The number of protons defines the atomic number of the element

โ€ข The mass of the atom is determined by the number of protons and neutrons and the total number is called the mass number

Page 4: Ionizing Radiation

Isotopesโ€ข The same element can have different numbers of neutrons and

consequently different mass numbers = isotope.

โ€ข Some are unstable and eventually transform into atoms of another element with the simultaneous emission of alpha (ฮฑ)- or beta (ฮฒ)-particles and accompanied usually by gamma (ฮณ)-rays.

โ€ข This property of the unstable atom is called radioactivity (radioactive decay).

Page 5: Ionizing Radiation

Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation

โ€ข Somatic Relate to the individual who is exposed, may be early or late, and in the embryo or fetus may be teratogenic

โ€“ Deterministicโ€ข Severity increases with doseโ€ข Threshold exists

โ€“ Stochasticโ€ข Probability of occurrence increases with the dose โ€ข Severity is independent of the dose โ€ข No threshold

โ€ข HereditaryEffects would occur in the offspring, through genetic damage to germ cells of the exposed individual

Page 6: Ionizing Radiation

Measuring Radioactivity

โ€ข The time for the activity to decay by one-half is termed the half-life (tยฝ).

โ€ข 24Na (a radioactive isotope of 23Na) 24Mg (t1/2=15h).

โ€ข This activity is measured by the numbers of disintegrations per unit time - 1 Bq (Becquerel) = one atomic disintegration per second.

โ€ข 60 Bq is the average amount of natural potassium-40 (40K) in every kilogram of the average person. This means that about 15 million-40K atoms disintegrate inside a person each hour.

Page 7: Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing Radiationโ€ข Higher energy electromagnetic radiations (x-rays and ฮณ-rays) or

energetic subatomic particles such as ฮฑ- and ฮฒ-particles and neutrons

โ€ข According to their energy, x-rays and ฮณ-rays interact with matter and tissue and although the mechanisms may be different, they all produce positively and/or negatively charged ions, which then interact with the absorbing matter to produce physicochemical changes by adding or subtracting electrons

โ€ข Higher energy photons penetrate further than low energy ones.

โ€ข When they interact with tissues and cells, energy is deposited within the tissue.

Page 8: Ionizing Radiation

Penetration

Page 9: Ionizing Radiation

Properties of Ionizing Radiations

Type Range in air Range in tissue Hazard Examples

Alpha (ฮฑ) Few cm 10s of ฮผm Internal Plutonium

Beta (ฮฒ) Up to several meters

Few mm External and Internal

Cesium

Gamma (ฮณ) Many meters Many cm External and Internal

Cobalt source

x-Rays Many meters Many cm External Hospitals

Neutrons Many meters Many cm External Reactors

Page 10: Ionizing Radiation

Dose Quantitiesโ€ข The absorbed dose is a measure of the mean energy absorbed by

unit mass of tissue, and the absorbed dose in grays (Gy) is equal to the deposition of one joule (J) of energy in 1 kilogram (kg) of tissue

โ€ข The average deposition of energy per unit length is called the linear energy transfer (LET)โ€“ Charged particles tend to have higher LET values than x- or ฮณ-raysโ€“ ICRP weight factors (WR)

โ€ข Photons (x, ฮณ) = 1โ€ข ฮฒ particles = 1โ€ข ฮฑ particles = 20โ€ข Neutrons = 2.3 (fast neutrons = 20)

โ€“ Tissue weight factors (WT) โ€“ WR + WT calculate effective dose in Sieverts (Sv)

Page 11: Ionizing Radiation

Dose Definitionsื ื‘ืœืขืช )โ€ข absorbed dose )Dืžื ื” ,T R . ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”- ืžื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ

. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืกื” ื”ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืœืžืกื” ื”ื ืžืกืจืช ืžื ื” SIื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœื”ื’ืจื™ื™ ) ื”ื™ื .grayื ื‘ืœืขืช " / ' ื’( ืง ืื•ืœ ื›ื’ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ

ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืกื” ืฉื ื‘ืœืขื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ืืช

ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช )โ€ข / HTื”ื’ื•ื“ืœโ€“ equivalent dose )HTืžื ื” ืจืงืžื” ื•ืœืงืจื™ื ื” Tืœืื‘ืจ: Rืžืกื•ื’ " ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”, ื™ ืข ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืจื˜) ) HT = DT,R ยท WRื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ((Svื ืžื“ื“

ืžืงืจื™ื ื” DT,Rื›ืืฉืจโ€“ ื”ื ื‘ืœืขืช ื”ืžื ื” ( Rื”ื•ื , , , ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ) ื’ืžื ื‘ื™ืชื ืืœืคื ืงืจื™ื ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸืจืงืžื”/ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” WRื• โ€“Tื‘ืื‘ืจ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ืžืงื“ื Rื”ื•ื

โ€“ / ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื›ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืจืงืžื” ื”ืื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื• ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉื“ื” ื›ืืฉืจื”ื™ื, WRืฉืœ ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื” HT = ฮฃR (WR ยท DT,R)ืื–ื™

ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื’ืจื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื–ืง ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ืืชื”ืงืจื™ื ื”

ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช )โ€ข ื”ืžื ื•ืช โ€“ effective dose )Eืžื ื” ื›ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ , , / ื”ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื“ื ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืคืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจืงืžื•ืช ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช

/ ืจืงืžื” ืื™ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• E = ฮฃTWT ยท HTื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™

ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื–ืง ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ืืชืฉื•ื ื™ื

Page 12: Ionizing Radiation

Dose Definitionsืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช )โ€ข ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช committed equivalent dose - )HT(ฯ„)ืžื ื”

, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงืœื™ื˜ืช ฯ„ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” Tื”ืžื ื” ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืื™ื‘ืจ/ืจืงืžื” โ€“ ืฉื ื” 50 ื™ื™ืœืงื— ื›-ฯ„ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”

ืฉื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.70ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ

E(ฯ„)( - committed effective doseืžื ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช )โ€ข ฯ„ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ืคืœื•ืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ/ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื”โ€“

)E)ฯ„( = ฮฃT WT ยท HT)ฯ„( : WTื‘ืžืงื“ื ื”ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ/ืจืงืžื” )

(total effective dose equivalentืžื ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช )โ€ขื”ืžื ื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ:โ€“

ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืชโ€ข+

ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช โ€ข

Page 13: Ionizing Radiation

Exposure Limits

Page 14: Ionizing Radiation

Organ Limits

For occupational exposure in planned exposure situations the equivalent dose limit for the lens of the eye is 20 mSv in a year, averaged over defined periods of

5 years, with no single year exceeding 50 mSv

ICRP April 21, 2011

Page 15: Ionizing Radiation

External Contaminationโ€ข External contamination results when

radioactive material is deposited on skin, hair, eyes, or other external structures, much like mud or dust.

โ€ข External contamination stops when the material is removed by shedding contaminated clothes and/or completely washing off the contamination.

โ€ข Full body: entire person is covered with radioactive material, not necessarily homogeneously

โ€ข Partial body: shielding blocks radioactive material from covering the entire person

Full body

Partial body

Page 16: Ionizing Radiation

Internal Contaminationโ€ข Radioactive material is taken into the body via inhalation or

ingestion or open wounds. โ€ข Internal deposition of radioisotopes in organs results in local

exposure at that location. โ€ข Internal contamination continues until the radioactive material

decays, is flushed from the body by natural processes, or is removed by medical countermeasures.

โ€ข Types of internal contamination โ€“ Via respiratory tract: When aerosol particles are inhaled, those

measuring <5 micrometers can reach the alveoli, whereas larger particles will remain in proximal airways. Tiny particles can be absorbed by the lymphatic system or the blood stream, or continue to irradiate locally until exhaled, removed, or depleted of their radioactivity.

โ€“ Via digestive tract: If swallowed, soluble radionuclides may be absorbed in the upper tract, whereas insoluble radioactive particles may affect the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Depending on the specific radioisotope, particles in the GI tract may be lavaged, expelled, and/or removed using drugs.

โ€“ Via radioactive dust in open wounds: Small radioactive particles in open wounds may be absorbed into the body via blood or lymphatic channels.

Page 17: Ionizing Radiation

Detection of Radiation

โ€ข Ionizing radiations cannot be directly detected by the human senses

โ€ข Can be measured by photographic films, Geiger tubes and scintillation counters

โ€ข No single device can detect all kinds of radiation

โ€ข No one device is useful in all situations

โ€ข Real-time (e.g. Geiger Mueller (GM) detectors)โ€“ Detect only a percent of the total energy with

varying efficiency โ€“ Efficiency conversion factors โ€“ determine actual

DPS/DPM

Page 18: Ionizing Radiation

Personal Dosimetersโ€ข Types of personal dosimeters

โ€“ Non-self reading dosimetersโ€ข Real time dose information not availableโ€ข Film badges โ€ข Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) โ€ข Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter

โ€“ Self-reading dosimeters โ€ข Provide real time dose information โ€ข (aka. direct-reading dosimeters, self-reading pocket dosimeters, pocket

electroscopes)

Page 19: Ionizing Radiation

Film Badgesโ€ข Film badges

โ€“ Photographic filmโ€“ Metallic and plastic filtersโ€“ Coated with two different emulsions:

large grain, fast emulsion (sensitive to low levels of exposure), fine grain, slow emulsion (less sensitive)

โ€“ Least accurate personal dosimeter for recording very low exposure

โ€“ Sensitive to temperature and humidity, which may limit use by emergency responders

โ€“ Available for use on torso and finger

Page 20: Ionizing Radiation

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs)

โ€ข Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) โ€“ Radiation-sensitive lithium

/calcium fluoride crystal exposure to radiation electron trapping in an excited state

โ€“ Crystal is heated to a very high temperature release of energy (visible light) determine dose

โ€“ More sensitive than film badges โ€“ Some can measure readings

lower than film badges โ€“ Not sensitive to heat and

humidity โ€“ Available for use on torso and

finger

Page 21: Ionizing Radiation

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)

dosimeterโ€ข Radiation-sensitive aluminum oxide exposure to radiation electron

trapping in an excited stateโ€ข Irradiation with laser (specific ฮป) emission of light determine radiation

doseโ€ข More recent device of choice for occupational exposure monitoring โ€ข More sensitive than film badge or TLD โ€ข Results can be read up to a year following exposure โ€ข Available for use on torso and finger

Page 22: Ionizing Radiation

Self-reading Dosimeters

โ€ข Older typeโ€“ Often used in hospital settings โ€“ Dose is determined by looking through the eyepiece on one end of the dosimeter, pointing the other end

towards a light source, and noting the position of the fiber on a scaleโ€ข Newer type

โ€“ Electronic โ€“ Can measure and display dose rate and total dose โ€“ Some can alert wearer that pre-set dose rate and/or total dose limits have been exceeded by both visual and

vibrating alarms โ€“ Dose rate and total dose readings can be downloaded in real time to a computer โ€“ Some are designed for use in extreme environments by emergency responders wearing bunker gear or higher

level PPE

Page 23: Ionizing Radiation

Radiotoxicologyโ€ข Measurement of radioactivity within the

human bodyโ€ข Internal exposure dose estimation

โ€ข Direct: Whole body counterโ€ข A whole-body counter is a shielded scintillation

detector system used to evaluate the quantity of radioactive material in the body when radiation from that material can be detected outside the body

โ€ข Primarily applicable to radioactive material that emits gamma rays

โ€ข Can misinterpret external contamination as an internal contamination

โ€ข Results converted into annual effective dose

โ€ข Indirect: Urine / feces

Page 24: Ionizing Radiation

Sources of Human Exposure

โ€ข Natural background radiationโ€“ Cosmic radiationโ€“ Gamma rays from the earthโ€“ Radonโ€“ Activity in diet

โ€ข Artificial radiationโ€“ Occupational exposureโ€“ Medical exposures

โ€ข The worldwide average natural dose to humans is about 2.4mSv per year

โ€ข The worldwide average artificial radiation exposure, is about 0.6mSv per year

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008 (published 2010))

Page 25: Ionizing Radiation

Radiation sourceAverage Annual Effective Dose

RemarkWorld USA Japan

Inhalation of air 1.26 2.28 0.40 mainly from radon;depends on indoor accumulation

Ingestion of food & water 0.29 0.28 0.40 (K-40, C-14, etc.)

Terrestrial radiation from ground 0.48 0.21 0.40 depends on soil and building material

Cosmic radiation from space 0.39 0.33 0.30 depends on altitude

sub total (natural) (mSv/year) 2.40 3.10 1.50

Medical 0.60 3.00 2.30world-wide figure excludes radiotherapy;US figure is mostly CT scans and nuclear

medicine.

Consumer items - 0.13 cigarettes, air travel, building materials, etc.

Atmospheric nuclear testing 0.005 - 0.01 peak of 0.11 mSv in 1963 and declining since; higher near sites

Occupational exposure 0.005 0.005 0.01world-wide average to all workers is

0.7 mSv, mostly due to radon in mines;US is mostly due to medical and aviation

workers.

Chernobyl accident 0.002 - 0.01 peak of 0.04 mSv in 1986 and declining since; higher near site

Nuclear fuel cycle 0.0002 0.001 up to 0.02 mSv near sites; excludes occupational exposure

Other - 0.003 Industrial, security, medical, educational, and research

sub total (artificial) (mSv/year) 0.61 3.14 2.33

Total (mSv/year) 3.01 6.24 3.83

Page 26: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Exposure

Page 27: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Exposures

Page 28: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Natural Sources of Radiation

โ€ข Aircrewโ€“ Occupationally exposed group according to ICRP

Page 29: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Natural Sources of Radiation

โ€ข Extractive and processing industriesโ€“ Main source of exposure โ€“ radon

โ€“ Average annual effective doseโ€ข 60% of worldwide workforce โ€“ 2.4mSvโ€ข 40% of worldwide workforce โ€“ 3mSv

Page 30: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Man-made Sources of

Radiationโ€ข Operation of nuclear reactors for generation of electricity

Page 31: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Man-made Sources of

Radiationโ€ข Medical uses of radiation

โ€“ Diagnostic radiologyโ€ข Conventional diagnostic radiologyโ€ข Interventional procedures

โ€“ Dental practiceโ€“ Nuclear medicineโ€“ Radiotherapyโ€“ Other

Page 32: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Man-made Sources of

Radiationโ€ข Industrial uses of radiation

โ€“ Industrial irradiation (sterilization, preservation of foodstuffs, polymer synthesis, eradication of insectsโ€ฆ)

โ€“ Non-destructive testing (ฮณ-rays from 137Cs, 60Co, x-raysโ€ฆ)โ€“ Well logging (measure geological characteristics in mineral, oil and gas

explorations)โ€“ Luminizing (gunsights, low-level light sourcesโ€ฆ)โ€“ Radioisotope productionโ€“ Thickness, moisture, density and level gaugingโ€“ Tracer techniquesโ€“ Fluoroscopic and crystallographic analysis of materials

Page 33: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Man-made Sources of

Radiationโ€ข Industrial uses of radiation

โ€“ Industrial irradiation ~0.56mSv/aโ€“ Industrial radiography ~1.48mSv/aโ€“ Luminizing ~0.72mSv/aโ€“ Radioisotope production ~1.8mSv/aโ€“ Well logging ~0.94mSv/aโ€“ Accelerator operation ~0.73mSv/aโ€“ All other industrial uses ~0.33mSv/a

Exposures to workers from all industrial uses of radiationCountry Period Monitored

workers (103)Measurably

exposed workers (103)

Annual collective

effective dose (man Sv)

Average annual effective dose (mSv) NR15b SR15

Monitored workers

Measurably exposed workers

World estimate 1975โ€“1979 530 290 870 1.64 3.00 0.01 0.351980โ€“1984 690 300 940 1.36 3.20 0.01 0.281989โ€“1989 560 250 510 0.90 2.00 0.01 0.311990โ€“1994 700 160 360 0.51 2.24 0.00 0.25

  [390] [100] [240] [0.62] [2.34] [0.01] [0.26]1995-1999 790   315 0.4      2000-2002 869   348 0.40      

Page 34: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Man-made Sources of

Radiationโ€ข Other miscellaneous uses

โ€“ Educational establishments ~0.09mSv/aโ€“ Radiology in veterinary medicine ~0.15mSv/aโ€“ Transport of radioactive material ~1mSv/aโ€“ Others ~0.1mSv/a

Page 35: Ionizing Radiation

Occupational Man-made Sources of

Radiationโ€ข Sources for military purposes

โ€“ Production and testing of nuclear weapons and associated activitiesโ€“ Use of nuclear energy as a source of propulsion for naval vesselsโ€“ Ionizing radiation for same purposes used in civilian spheres

Page 36: Ionizing Radiation

Average Annual Effective Dose

The highest level of occupational exposure comes from exposure to natural sources of radiation.

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008 (published 2010))

Page 37: Ionizing Radiation

ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ข UNSCEAR - Its mandate in the United Nations system is to assess and report levels

and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation upon humans and environment.โ€ข ICRP - Provides recommendations and guidance on all aspects of protection against

ionizing radiation.IAEA - Serves as the world's central intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the nuclear field and develops nuclear safety standards.

โ€ข BEIR โ€“ US National Research Council, analysis of biological effects and development of dose-response risk models

International safety

standards (BSS)IAEA

UNSCEAR, BEIR

Radiation effects

ICRPPrinciples and

recommendations

Page 38: Ionizing Radiation

ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืชื—ื™ืงื”ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ) ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช

" ,) ื’ ื”ืชืฉื  ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” 1992-ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื

ืฉืœ ) ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช- " ,) ื ื”ืชืฉืข ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื 2011ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื

) ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ) ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ืœืŸ

,) ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ) ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช- ื•" 1995ื”ืชืฉื 

,) ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ) ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช- ื˜" 1979ื”ืชืฉืœ

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ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช - 1ืกืขื™ืฃ

โ€ข" ืงืจื™ื ื”" ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช โ€“ ืฉื—ืฉื™ืคืชื• ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ืืช ืขืœื•ืœื”ืื“ื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ

ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช 1/10 , ื”ืžื ื” ืื•

โ€“ , ื‘ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื• ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ.ืฉืขื•ืช 200 ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”

โ€ข" ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช" ื—ืฉื™ืคื”ืขืงื‘ โ€“ ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื• ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื• , ืชืขืกื•ืงื”ื—ืฉื™ืคืช

ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืžืขื˜, ืžื—ืงืจืื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืจืงืข ืœืงืจื™ื ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื•ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื• ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื•ืœืงืจื™ื ื”

โ€ข" ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช" ื”ืžื ื”ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ โ€“ ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”

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ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืกืคืช

ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, 1. ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื: ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช

.1 , ืคื” ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืจืคืื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘, ) ืกื•ืจืง ื”ืคืขืœืช (.CTืคื ื•ืจืžื™ื™ื

ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื 2. ื”ืงืจื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื” ืื• ืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ,) , , ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื) ื”ืงืจื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช

, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืื• ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช. ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช

(.RIAืจื“ื™ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืืกื™ื™ )3.

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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” 2. ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช: ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื

.1 , , ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ) ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืคืœืช ื‘ื”ื ื’ืžื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื

~( , ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 1mCi MeV )4ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช 10x 7 Bq MeV ืžืขืœ ฮฒืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ Mev 0.3 ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

~(100ฮผCi )4 10x 6 Bq , ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ฮฒื•ืžืขืœื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”ืฉืœ 0.3MeVืœ- ื•ืžืขืœื”( ( 4x109 Bq ~100mCiื•ื‘ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

.2. ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื

ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืกืคืช

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ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช 3. ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” , ืžืคืขืœื™ ืื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื: ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื

.1. ืจื“ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

.2 , - , - ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ) ืžื“ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื™ื.)' , ื•ื›ื•- ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžืกืœืงื™ ืœื—ื•ืช ืžื“

.3. - ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ื™

.4. ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ืชืจื›ื‘ื•ืช

ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืกืคืช

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.4: ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืกื—ืจ

ื’ืžื 1. ืงืจื™ื ืช ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืกืคืงื™ื ) , ื›ื•ืœืœืช) ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื

ืขืœ .100ื”ืขื•ืœื”

.2. ืขืฉืŸ ืœื’ืœืื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ ืกืคืงื™ื

.3. ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื™

ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืกืคืช

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ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” โ€“ 2ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช

: ืืœื”. ืขืœ ืชืขืœื” ืœื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืืฉื ื”. 1 ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ; (50mSV)ื”ืžื ื”2 . ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ. ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื›ืœ

-100mSvืขื“) (5ื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื

, ืžืขืฉื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ , ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืœืžื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœืžื ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื ืœื‘ืฆืขื”

, ืขื“, ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ืช ื—ื“ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืืฉืจ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืคืงื— ืฉื ื•ืขืฅ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื ื” ื›ืคืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื›ื“ื™, (100mSv)ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืขื“ ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ื™ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืœื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืคืขืžื™ื , (250mSv)ื”ืžื ื” , ืœืขื•ื‘ื“; ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœืคื ื™

, ืืช, ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื•.

ืชื”ื™ื”. ืจื‘ืชื™ ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืื• ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื” ื’ื‘ืชืงืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช )*. *ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ, ืชืงืŸ

(2011ืื—ืจื•ืŸ:

,) ( ) ืื•. ) ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืชืขืœื” ืœื ื‘ ื• ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืืฃ ืขืœ ื“- " ,) ื˜ ) ืชืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ .1979ื ืฉื™ื

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โ€“ , ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืชืงืŸ2011

ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ 3ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช

ื›ืœืœื™ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 3.1 ืชื—ืจื•ื’ื ื” ืฉืœื ื›ืš ืชื‘ื•ืงืจื ื” ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช

ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ) ืฉืœ) ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื” , 20mSvื ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”

.5ืคื ื™ ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ) ืฉืœ) ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื” .50mSvื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”

) ืฉืœ) ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืœืขื“ืฉืช ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื ื” .150mSvื’ ื‘ืฉื ื” ) ืฉืœ) ืœืขื•ืจ ืื• ื•ืœืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื ื” .500mSvื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”

ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืื‘ื’ื™ืœ ) 3.2 ื ื•ืขืจ ื›ืš(, 16-18ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ืงืจื ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช

: ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ื’ื ื” ืฉืœื ) ืฉืœ) ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื” .6mSvื ื‘ืฉื ื”

) ืฉืœ) ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืœืขื“ืฉืช ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื ื” .50mSvื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื” ) ืฉืœ) ืœืขื•ืจ ืื• ื•ืœืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื ื” .150mSvื’ ื‘ืฉื ื”

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โ€“ , ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืชืงืŸ2011

ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ 3ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช

ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื3.3 , ื•ื–ืืช ืชื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ื• ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื—ืœ

ื’ื ) ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื ื” ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”ืขืœ( ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช 1mSvื™ื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืžืฉืš

3.4: ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ) ืฉืœ) ืžื ื” ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ 1mSvื ื›ืžื ื” ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืคืŸ

0.5mSv , ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ 1mSv ืฉืœ ื•ื›ืžื ื” 100KeV, ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ ฮณืื• xืœืขื•ื‘ืจืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืื—ืจืช.

ื›ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื” 1mSv)ื‘( ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืœ 1mSv.ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ

ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื ืชื•ืขืกืงื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืื• 3.5ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื”

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โ€“ , ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืชืงืŸ2011

ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ 3ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช

ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื3.6 , ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ \ ื”ืŸ ืชืื•ื ื” ืชืงืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช

, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื”ื ื—ืœืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ืืจืขื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”- ืœ, ืชื•ื’ื‘ืœื ื” . 50mSvื—ืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืจืง ืชื•ืชืจ ืืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข

: ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ) ื—ืžื•ืจื”) ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื

. ) ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“) ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ , ( ) ืœื) ืื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืืกื•ืŸ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื‘ืชื™ ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื’

. ,) ืชืื•ื ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ืชื‘ื•ืฆืข

, , ืืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืืžืฅ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขื˜ ืืœื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ืื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ) ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืžื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื™ื (. 100mSvืžืชื—ืช

ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืžื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืขืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืืžืฅ ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. 500mSvื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ) ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื( ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจื”

- , ) (-) ืœ ) ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืžื ืชื ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื’ ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ 500mSvืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•. , , ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืžื”ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื–ืืช ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ื” ืขืจืš

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โ€“ , ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืชืงืŸ2011

ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ 3ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช

ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื3.7 , ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื

50mSv,, ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื•ืชื•ืจื’ืœื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืฉืชื•ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“

ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช , , . ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื ืžื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืืคืฉืจ

ื™ืชื›ื ื• . ืœืจืžื•ืช ืชื•ื’ื‘ืœื ื” ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื

. , ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืชืงื‘ืขื ื”

3.8 , , ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืžื ืขื• ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื•ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืชื‘ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื• ืคืขืžื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืขืฉืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื• ื›ืืฉืจ

, , ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืคื™ ืขืœ ืื• ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืžื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ืœื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืจื•ืคื ืขื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืจืง ื™ืื•ืฉืจ

3.9 , ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืชืคื•ืงื—ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืชืื•ืฉืจื ื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ. , ื–ื”" ืœื ื•ืฉื ื›ืžื•ืกืžืš ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืื•ืฉืจ ืžื™ ืื• ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื™ ืข

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ืชืจื’ื•ืœ - ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืžื ื”

- ืœ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ 50mSvืื“ื , ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœ

ืœืฉื ื”.

? ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืžื”

- ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืช ื‘ืชื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื–ืจืชื• ื›ืœ 50mSvืœืื—ืจื’ื•ืคื™.

? ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืžื”

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ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ืื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ 6ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ืงืจื”

ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืขืœื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช 3/10ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ืื• " ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืค ืข ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื™ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ

: ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืขืœ- ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื ืช ืงืฆื‘ ืขื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

2.5ฮผSv/hืคื ื™ืžื™ืช โ€“ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” :ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื- ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืžืขืœ โ€“ โ€ข ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื™ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืœื ืื‘ืงื” ืœื 10ืืืžืขืœ โ€“ โ€ข ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื‘ืงื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3ืืืขืœ โ€“ โ€ข ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื‘ืงื” ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 1ืื

ืœืœื โ€“ ) *** ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืžื“ื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื“ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช(

ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช .ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” , ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ โ€“ ืื—ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืงืจื ืื™ืฉื™ ื“ื•ื–ื™ืžื˜ืจ

ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช , ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืขืโ€“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ืจื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช- ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 3ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื

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ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช - 1ืกืขื™ืฃ

โ€ข" ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”" ืจืžืชืœืคื™ โ€“ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช 3ืžื ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืฉื ื”.โ€“ - " ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”" ืžื ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืจืžืช ื ื”ื•ื ืชืงืŸ ืค ืข

) ( , ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœื™ื” ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืืฉืจ ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ืžื ื” ืื• ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช / , ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ

. / , ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“

ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” โ€“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ - ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืชื’ ืื , ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคืขื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื ืงืจื ืจืžืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ) 1.25mSvืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืžื ื”

- ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืžื ื” ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, 50mSvืฉืœ 12ืื—ื“ืžื”ื•ื•ืช. 4.2mSvื›- ื–ื” ืžืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช (.1.25mSvืฉืœื•ืฉ

ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” โ€“ , ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ - ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ) " ืคืขื ) ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ืจื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ ืข ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืœื”ื

, 3ื‘- ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจืžืช -ืชื”ื™ื” ืž ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, 12.5mSvืฉืœื•ืฉ3.75mSv

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ืœื”ืชื—ืœื” โ€ข ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชืœืฉื ื” โ€ข ืื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชืžืขืœ โ€ข ื ื•ืกืคืช โ€“ 60ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื™ืžื™ืื ื•ืกืคืช โ€“ โ€ข ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื ื” ืžืขืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื”ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” โ€“ โ€ข ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชืื โ€ข ืงืจื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ

, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืขืœื•ืœ ืื• ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื“ืขืชื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืจืžืช ืคื—ื•ืชื”

โ€ข " " ืค ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœ ื”ื  ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ

ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช โ€“ 10ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช

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ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื โ€ข ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื ืื• ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขื ืื ืžื ื–ื”โ€ข , ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช โ€ข ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชื“ื โ€“ โ€ข complete blood count (CBC)ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ โ€ข ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื•ืขื“ืฉื•ืช โ€ข ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื

ื›ืœ, โ€“ ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื›ืœ ) 5ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ (3ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ crystalline lensesื‘ืžืงืจื”

โ€ข - โ€“ . ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืื‘ืงื•ืช ืœื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ืจืง ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืช ื—ื–ื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื) ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ) ืœื

โ€ข) ืคื ื™ืžื™ ) ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื“ ืจื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืชโ€ข " , - ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืค ืข ื’ื•ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”โ€ข " ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืค ืข ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื›ืœ

ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช โ€“ 11ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ

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ื—ืจื™ืคื” . 1 ืงืจื™ื ื” ;ืžื—ืœืชื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช . 2 ื”ืžื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื–ื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”

; ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื- ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ. 3 ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžื•ื›ืœืœืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืจืžืช ื ืžื“ื“ื” ืื

" ,) ื˜) ืชืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” 1979ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชืืฆืœื•. 4 ื ืžืฆืื” ืื—ืจืช- ืื ื”ืชืืžื” .ืื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ืง, ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื“ืขืช

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” โ€ข ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืขืกื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืชื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ โ€ข ืฉื—ืœื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸืงื˜ืจืงื˜ โ€ข ืขื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ

ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” โ€“ 15ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™

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โ€“ , ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืชืงืŸ2011

ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” โ€“ 4ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช

) / ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ) ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช4.1 ( / , ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช

,) ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื ื” ืœื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžืชืงืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ืื™ื :

) ืฉืœ) ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื” .1mSvื ื‘ืฉื ื” , ) ืขื“) ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘

-5mSvื›ื“ื™ ื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉื”ืžื ื” ืขืœ 5ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชืขืœื” ืœื ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื 1mSv. ื‘ืฉื ื”

) ืฉืœ) ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืœืขื“ืฉืช ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื ื” .15mSvื’ ื‘ืฉื ื” ) ืฉืœ) ืœืขื•ืจ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื ื” .50mSvื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”

ืžื›ืœืœ 4.2 ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ/ ) ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ืชืฉืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ( ALARAื”ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื

ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ .ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘

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โ€“ , ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืชืงืŸ2011

ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” โ€“ 4ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช

/ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื”4.3 / ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” 0.3mSvื”ืžื ื”

" " ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช" ืค ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืื“ื .ICRPืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ืžื ื” ืœื—ืกื

ืžืชืงืŸ 4.4 ืฉืœ ืื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื–ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ , ื”ืžื ื” ืœื—ืกื ื”ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื›ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™

- " ื” ื™ ืข .ICRPื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ

4.5 , ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, 4.3ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžื”ืžื ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” , . ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืจืงืข ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื”

. " , ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื™ ืข ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช

) ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ) ื•ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ . ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ , 4.3ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ

, " ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืืช ืชื•ืืžืช ื ื”ื•ื .4.1ืžืชืงื ื™ ืœืขื™ืœ

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- " , ื’ ืชืฉื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช 1953ื—ื•ืงื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ) ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช

ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช(, - " ื• 1995ื”ืชืฉื 

ื’ื™ืœ" ) โ€ข ื ืขืจ ืื“ื ื™ืขื‘ื™ื“ , 16-18ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช( ืื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ( , ื–ื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื—ื•ืง ืœืืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ื ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืœ

:")... ืœื ืขืจื™ื... ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืื• ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื•ืช

โ€“: ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื - ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืง- 2ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื•: " ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

". ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

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, , ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืฉืจ ื . , ืžืงืฆืชืŸ ืื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืืœื” ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื•

,) ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ) ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ()7, 1-6ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื (, 3ื) (- ื‘( (, 10ื• (- ) ( ,) ( ,) ื”) ื• ื“ ื‘ (, 13, 12, 11ื , 14ื’)

20- ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, 22ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืœืžื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืžืขื˜ , ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืฉืจ ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื•

. , ืžืงืฆืชืŸ ืื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ืœืช

ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ) ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช ื’ื™ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช โ€“ " ื’(, ื”ืชืฉื  1992ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช

ืชื—ื•ืœื” โ€“ 21ืกืขื™ืฃ

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