saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

lela saraliZe

ioseb pilsudski da

poloneli xalxis brZola rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg

meomris biblioTeka #19

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ mecxramete wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli

aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia

popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es

patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa

udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi

warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel

oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da

a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori avTandil sonRulaSvili

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

poloneTis pirveli marSalis, samxedro ministrisa da SeiaraRebul

ZalTa generaluri inspeqtoris, poloneTis erovnuli gmiris _ ioseb

pilsudskis pirovnebis sidiade, mis mier dakavebul TanamdebobaTa

CamonaTvaliT rodi ganisazRvreba. i. pilsudski iyo is gmiri, romelic

samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis dausrulebel brZolaSi aqtiurad iyo

Cabmuli. Mmas wilad xvda cimbiri, cixeebi da miuxedavad mravali

siZneleebisa, moaxerxa sakuTar ganzraxvaTa ganxorcieleba. mas udidesi

Zalisxmeva dasWirda mopovebuli gamarjvebis dasamkvidreblad. ioseb

pilsudskis pirovnuli sidiade da sakuTari qveynisaTvis Tavganwirva

misabaZi magaliTia yvela eris mamuliSvilTaTvis. Aam erovnuli,

bumberazi gmiris biografia aris cocxali, mcire `konspeqti~ mTeli

poloneTis istoriisa. `samSoblosaTvis brZolis erT-erTi saukeTeso

saxelmZRvanelo~ _ ase Seafasa marSal pilsudskis moRvaweoba

qarTvelma generalma, qarTuli samxedro skolis (1919-1921 ww.) erT-

erTma fuZemdebelma aleqsandre CxeiZem.

ioseb pilsudski daibada 1867 wlis 5 dekembers, q. vilnosTan*

axlomdebare sofel JulokSi, patriotul aznaurul ojaxSi. es is

periodi iyo, rodesac sul oTxiode wlis win, 1863 wels, cecxliT da

maxviliT CaaxSves poloneTis ukanaskneli SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba,

rodesac qveyanaSi rusuli `samarTlianobis da wesrigis~ damyarebis qar-

cecxli mZvinvarebda. patara iosebs deda xSirad ukiTxavda poloneTis

istorias, uambobda ajanyebis, misi damarcxebis mizezebis Sesaxeb da

cdilobda SvilebisaTvis Caenerga mterTan bZolis gagrZelebis

aucilebloba. zRaprebis nacvlad, bavSvebi dedisagan ismendnen istoriebs

ajanyebulTa namdvil brZolebze, maT gmirobas da Tavdadebas. i.

pilsudski werda: `deda bavSvobidan wvrTnida CvenSi azrebis

damoukideblobas da aRvivebda piraduli Rirsebis grZnobebs, romlebmac

Semdegi saxe miiRes Cems azrovnebaSi: mxolod is kacia adamiani,

romelsac aqvs garkveuli rwmena da miuxedavad Sedegisa, SeZlebs am

rwmenis saqmed aRiarebas~. igi bavSvobidanve gaitaca samSoblos mtrebTan

Seurigebeli brZolis survilma. dedis uSualo gavlenis qveS izrdeboda

is 7 wlamde. mas Semdeg, rac sofelSi saxli daewvaT, ojaxi

sacxovreblad q. vilnoSi gadasaxlda. miuxedavad mcire asakisa, am

qalaqma iseTi didi STabeWdileba moaxdina i. pilsudskize, rom q. vilno,

mas cxovrebis bolomde gamorCeulad uyvarda. swored, am qalaqSi Sexvda

igi pirvelad rusebs. mSoblebma patara iosebi saswavleblad gimnaziaSi

miabares. gimnaziaSi yofnis periodi, misi gadmocemiT, namdvili katorRa

iyo, radgan maswavleblebi amcirebdnen yovelive polonurs, xSirad

abuCad igdebdnen imas, rac misTvis Zvirfasi da sayvareli iyo.

megobrebTanPpolonur enaze saubris gamo, is Zlivs gadaurCa gimnaziidan

garicxvas. jer kidev, srulebiT moumwifebeli gimnazisti, ukve

ajanyebaze fiqrobda. i. pilsudski dawvrilebiT gaecno poloneTis

3

warsul ajanyebaTa istorias da eZebda maTi damarcxebis gamomwvev

mizezebs. bevrs kiTxulobda safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb da bolos

im daskvnamde mivida, rom ajanyebis gamarjvebiT dagvirgvinebisaTvis

saWiro iyo mTeli eris gaerTianeba. jer kidev srulid axalgazrda

iosebma, Tavis Zma bronislavTan erTad, Seqmna saidumlo sazogadoeba _

`kavSiri~, romlis yvela wevri ecnoboda revoluciis pirvel nabijebs.

gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg, i. pilsudski Sevida xarkovis

universitetis samedicino fakultetze. gimnaziidan ki mas Semdegi

Sinaarsis mowmoba gaatanes: `Хотя очень способный, но рожденный бунтовщиком~ (e. i. `Tumca Zlier niWieria, magram meamboxedaa

dabadebuli~). xarkovSi i. pilsudski monawileobda studentur

organizaciebSi.Ddemonstraciebis mowyobisaTvis saswavlo wlis bolos,

sxvebTan erTad, administraciuli wesiT gaZevebuli iqna xarkovidan,

amave dros, CamoerTva universitetSi kvlav swavlis ufleba. amrigad, i.

pilsudskis, Tavidanve gadauketes swavlis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba,

rac mas sabolood daarwmunebs, rom ar darCa sxva gza, garda brZolisa.

i. pilsudski dabrunda q. vilnoSi da safuZveli Cauyara saidumlo

kavSirs, romlis amocanas warmoaddgenda brZola ruseTis xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg. `kavSiris~ mizani iyo muSebis, moxeleebis da glexebis

momzadebisa da Segnebis donis amaRleba, maTTvis poloneTis itoriisa da

saerTo, imJamindeli mdgomareobis gacnoba. kavSiris wevrebi maT

farulad aswavlidnen polonur enaze wera-kiTxvas. imavdroulad, i.

pilsudskim daiwyo gazeTis gamocema. mis mier Seqmnil saidumlo

organizacias kavSiri hqonda ruseTis organizaciasTan _ `xalxis azri~,

romelic im periodSi amzadebda SeTqmulebas mefe aleqsandre III-is

winaaRmdeg. ruseTis mTavrobam gaigo SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, rasac q.

vilnos organizaciis mravali wevris dapatimreba mohyva. aseT pirobebSi,

i. pilsudskis ganwyoba ruseTis mimarT TandaTanobiT iqca zizRad da

SurisZiebis survilad. jer kidev, sruliad axalgazrda studentma,

Tavisi revoluciuri muSaobiT miipyro ruseTis mmarTvelTa yuradReba,

ris gamoc is xuTi wliT cimbirSi gadaasaxles. cimbirSi yofnis dros,

i. pilsudski sabolood midis im daskvnamde, rom samSoblos

gaTavisuflebis idea, unda wamovides TviT poloneli xalxis siRrmidan.

1887 wels, igi aqtiurad daadga im gzas, romelic bevrma misma

Tanamemamulem samSoblos gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi ganvlo. yoveli

devna, dabrkoleba da marcxi, sulierad gatexvis nacvlad, ufro met

energiasa da Seurigeblobas iwvevda masSi. cimbiridan dabrunebis

Semdeg, i. pilsudski ufro meti energiiT Seudga konspiraciul muSaobas

da saTaveSi Caudga poloneTis social-demokratiuli partiis sabrZolo

organizacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi politikuri

muSaobis manZilze, mas arc erTi wuTiT mxedvelobidan ar gamoparvia

mTavari mizani da arc erTi nabijiT ar daSorebia misken mimaval

4

umokles, swor gzas. sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad, man gadawyvita

gamoenaxa saTanado wre da am mizniT, mimarTa muSebs. am wreSi is Sexvda

polonel socialistebs, romlebmac parizis erT-erT krebaze, Tavis

miznad daisaxes poloneTis damoukideblobis miRweva. i. pilsudski

energiulad Seudga muSaobas `amxanag viktoris~ fsevdonimiT. man am

wreSic male moixveWa saxeli. i. pilsudski airCies `poloneTis

socialisturi partiis~ centraluri komitetis wevrad. man daiwyo

saidumlo beWdviTi organo `muSa~-s gamocema, sadac xSirad aTavsebda

mZafr da cxare werilebs, romlebiTac polonel ers ruseTis batonobis

winaaRmdeg brZolisaken mouwodebda. gazeT `muSa~-s gamocemam ruseTis

xelisufalTa mrisxaneba gamoiwvia. isini energiulad Seudgnen gamoZiebas

gazeTis gamomcemelTa dasapatimreblad, magram `amxanagi viktori~ (i.

pilsudski, l.s.) axerxebs Tavisi kvalis dafarvas. stamba droebiT sxva

qalaqSi gadaitanes. Tavidan igi iyo vilnoSi da sabolood gamomcemlebma

is q. loZSi* ganaTavses. gazeTis gamocemis saqmes, i. pilsudski Tavidanve

didi energiiT Seudga. Tavadve awyobda nomrebs, beWdavda da TviTonve

arigebda poloneTis sxvadasxva mxareSi. Ggamoicemoda gazeTis 1900

egzemplari, aseTi raodenobiT gazeTis darigeba-dagzavna arc ise advili

iyo, miT umetes, rom gamomcemlebs yovel wuTSi safrTxe moelodaT

agentebisagan. gazeTis gamocemis saqmeSi i. pilsudskis did daxmarebas

uwevda Tavisi megobari `edmundi~ (s. voicexovskis, poloneTis meore

prezidentis fsevdonimi, l. s.). miuxedavad didi zewolisa, gazeTi

`muSa~, eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi, ganuwyvetliv gamodioda da mTel

poloneTSi vrceldeboda.

1900 wlis 21 Tebervals, RamiT, policiam i. pilsudski

daapatimra. igi didi xnis manZilze jer q. loZis cixeSi imyofeboda,

Semdeg ki gadaiyvanes q. varSavis citadelSi da daamwyvdies e. w. meaTe

pavilionSi. aqedan tusaRi gahyavdaT an dasaxvretad, an kidev samudamo

katorRaSi agzavnidnen. misi megobrebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, rogorme

gaeTavisuflebinaT poloneTis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli gmiri.

vinaidan miudgomeli cixidan misi ZaliT gamoyvana SeuZlebeli iyo,

megobrebma saidumlod gadaugzavnes werili, romelSic urCevdnen mas

fsiqiuri avadmyofobis simulacia gaeTamaSebina. maT imedi hqondaT, rom

iosebs gadaiyvandnen saavadmyofoSi da iqedan ufro SesaZlebeli iqneboda

misi daxsna. am gegmas i. pilsudski daeTanxma. marTlac, male eqimebma

daadastures pilsudskis avadmyofoba, oRond administracia frTxilad

moiqca, igi jer petrogradis petre-pavles cixeSi gadaiyvanes, ufro

mogvianebiT ki fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi. im periodSi, axalgazrda

polonelma eqimma mazurkeviCma, moaxerxa im saavadmyofos fsiqiatriul

ganyofilebaSi eqimad mowyoba, sadac i. pilsudski imyofeboda. 1901

wlis 13 maiss, mazurkeviCi saavadmyofoSi morige eqimi iyo, misi

brZanebiT, imave saRamos, masTan kabinetSi Seiyvanes avadmyofi `viktori~,

5

saidanac naxevari saaTis Semdeg igi, maRali xarisxis Cinovnikis formaSi,

gadacmuli, eqimis TanxlebiT gamodis. Ggamosasvlel karebSi mas Jandarmi

miesalma kidec. gaTavisuflebisTanave, i. pilsudski q. kievisaken

gaemarTa, sadac misi megobrebi agrZelebdnen gazeT `muSa~-s gamocemas.

Mmale man datova ruseTi da avstriaSi gadavida. iqedan ki gaemgzavra q.

londonSi socialistebis yrilobaze, sadac Sexvda Tavis megobars i.

mostickis (SemdegSi poloneTis prezidenti, l.s.). yrilobis damTavrebis

Semdeg igi q. krakovSi* dabrunda. ruseTidan gamoqceuli poloneli

patriotebi, am qalaqSi xSirad marTavdnen krebebs, romelzec i.

pilsudski ganuwyvetliv qadagebda samSoblos gaTavisuflebisTvis

brZolis ideas.

poloneTis gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, i. pilsudski

TanamSromlobas ar erideboda, arc erT sxva polonur politikur

jgufebTan, radgan am sabrZolo organizaciebSi igi xedavda, poloneli

eris SeiaraRebuli Zalebis kadrebs da mTeli mondomebiT cdilobda

qveynis ganmaTavisuflebeli armiis Seqmnas. pirveli msoflio omis win, i.

pilsudski imyofeboda poloneTis im nawilSi, romelic avstriis mier

iyo dapyrobili. aq is saTaveSi Caudga msrolel moxaliseTa nawilis

organizacias. igi yvelgan sakuTari eris interesebis dasacavad

moRvaweobda. igive mizniT, ibrZoda avstriis frontze ruseTis

winaaRmdeg. im droisaTvis, mTeli poloneTi mofenili iyo i. pilsudskis

mier Seqmnili Zlieri konspiraciuli samxedro organizaciebis qseliT,

romelic aralegalurad muSaobda. im periodSi, poloneTis mTeli

teritoria, mxolod germaniisa da avstriis xelSi iyo moqceuli. 1918

wlis oqtombris bolos, damarcxebuli avstria-ungreTi daiSala da

poloneTis erTi nawili faqtiurad gaTavisuflda. Nnoembris pirvel

naxevarSi, germanelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen zavi eTxovaT yovelgvari

pirobebis miuxedavad. TviT germaniaSi revoluciis cecxli mZvinvarebda.

poloneTis samxedro organizacias xelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna.

polonelma patriotebma poloneTis teritoriaze myofi germanelTa

armiis ganiaraReba daiwyes. am periodSi, gaTavisuflebuli iqna i.

pilsudskic, romelic magdeburgis cixeSi ijda. igi dabrunda varSavaSi,

sadac mas mTeli eri Seegeba, ganurCevlad politikuri mimarTulebisa,

rogorc samSoblos erTaderT mxsnels. i. pilsudski erTxmad aRWurves

faqtiurad SeuzRudavi ZalauflebiT. Aim dros, poloneTis aRmosavleT

nawilSi, jer kidev idga germanuli armiis Zlieri SenaerTi, romelsac

sakuTari samSoblosaken mimavals poloneTis teritoriaze unda gaevlo.

germanelebs fexdafex misdevda rusi bolSevikebis laSqari im rwmeniT,

rom evropaSi maTi batonobis Jami dadgeboda. swored, aq iwyeba i.

pilsudskis politikuri moqmedebis axali etapi; romelic mimarTuli

iyo poloneTis sami okupanti qveynis (germania, avstria-ungreTi, ruseTi)

winaaRmdeg. xangrZlivi muSaobis Semdeg, man marTlac miaRwia mizans.

6

Semdgomi etapi ukve aRmSeneblobiT muSaobas unda daTmoboda. am

gamocdis Cabareba poloneTs metad rTul pirobebSi mouxda. saWiro iyo

saCqarod Seqmniliyo saxelmwifo aparati, aseve SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,

rac kidev ufro Zneli iyo, ramdenadac, saxelmwifos yvela struqtura

ukanaskneli omis ganmavlobaSi, daundobel brZolaTa sarbiels

warmoadgenda. poloneTi, bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi sami saxelmwifos

`Cinuri kedlebiT~ iyo dayofili, TiToeuli maTganis samflobelo

teritoriad. poloneli xalxis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom i.

pilsudskis xelmZRvanelobiT, maT, didi sirTuleebis miuxedavad,

dasaxul mizans miaRwies. Seqmnil viTarebaSi dangreuli qveynis aRdgena

Zalze Wirda. poloneTi faqtiurad, saxifaTo ekonomikuri da

politikuri krizisis winaSe dadga. AaseT rTul pirobebSi, i.

pilsudski qveyanas mxsnelad moevlina. 1926 wels, qveynis aRmSeneblobis

mizniT, igi politikur sarbielze kvlav gamovida da saaRmSeneblo

muSaobaSi iseTive Tvisebebi gamoiCina, rogorc konspiraciul moqmedebaSi.

es Sedegi iyo i. pilsudskis muxlCauxreli muSaobisa. man, faqtiurad

ufskrulidan gamoiyvana poloneli eri da xangrZlivi, Tavdadebuli

muSaobiT qveyanas Seuqmna mkvidri saZirkveli momavali ganviTarebisaTvis.

Mi. pilsudskim samSoblos mZlavri kadrebi aRuzarda mis mier

dawyebuli saqmeebis gasagrZeleblad. Mman yvelaferi Seswira samSoblos,

risi Sewirvac ki SeiZleboda: Seswira mTeli Tavisi axalgazrdoba,

romelic cixeebSi da tanjvaSi gaatara, mTeli Tavisi mxedruli niWi ki

samSoblos aRorZinebas moaxmara. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT poloneTis

mravalsaukunovan istorias, davinaxavT, rom i. pilsudskis Rvawli

ganuzomelia. man Tavisi politikuri moRvaweoba, poloneTisaTvis

ukiduresi gaWirvebis da uimedo mdgomareobidan daiwyo da saboloo

gamarjvebamde miiyvana. qarTveli erisaTvis poloneTis istoriis am

periods gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. Ees aris im eris istoria,

romelsac gangebam, qarTveli eris msgavsad, ucxo, mZlavri da agresiuli

mezoblebi mouvlina. polonelma erma kidev erTxel cxadyo, rom Tuki

ers aqvs survili ibrZolos sakuTari arsebobisaTvis, maSin am eris

gaTavisufleba, mxolod drois sakiTxad rCeba. am TvalsazrisiT, ioseb

pilsudskim gadalaxa Tavisi qveynis sazRvrebi da magaliTad iqca yvela

im xalxisaTvis, vinc sakuTari qveynis TavisuflebisTvis ibrZvis.

poloneTSi, emigraciaSi myofi qarTveli iunkeri nikoloz maTikaSvili

ase afasebda ioseb pilsudskis pirovnebis mniSvnelobas poloneTisaTvis:

`poloneTs, iseve rogorc saqarTvelosac, ruseTis xelSi bevri hqondaT

saukmayofilo da amisaTvis iyo, rom orive am qveyanaSi bevri aRmoCnda

memarcxeneTa darazmul rigebSi. oRond, ramdenadac es movlena

sasargeblo aRmoCnda TviTmpyrobelobis dangrevis moaxlovebisaTvis,

imdenad dasca da moaduna erovnuli Segneba da amiT aunazRaurebeli

ziani miayena im erebs mainc, romelTa cxovreba calke kalapotiT

7

mowyobas iTxovda. saukeTeso magaliTi imisa, Tu ramdenad gadamwyveti da

mwvave iyo TviTmpyrobelobas mocilebuli erebisaTvis am ukanaskneli

simZimis daZleva, varT Cven, qarTvelebi. poloneTsac igive gza ar

ascdeboda, rom misi bedis mkveTelad Cvenis msgavsi pirobebi

darCeniliyo. Bbedi, oRond, ufro lmobieri gamodga maTTvis da im Znel

wuTebSi mouvlina kaci, romlis rkinis nebisyofam, aRelvebul cxovrebis

talRebze poloneTis gemi gamocdili xeliT iqamde da ise atara, vidre

is sasurvel da myudro navTsayudelTan ar miiyvana. Ees adamiani,

msoflioSi kargad cnobili marSali pilsudskia; is pilsudski, romlis

piradi biografia poloneTis eris, misi Tavisuflebis aRdgenis da

ganmtkicebis istoriaa. Eeris istorias pirovnebani qmnian, kargsac da

avsac. maTi damsaxureba da bralia, Tu eri, aTeuli wlebis sigrZeze,

bedsa an ubedobaSi Cavardeba da poloneTis magaliTze es aqsioma kidev

erTxel damtkicda. Aadvili pirobebi ar hqonia samad gayofil poloneTs

Tavisuflebis mopovebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi,

CvenTan SedarebiT, es pirobebi iyo bevrad ufro Zneli, magram

pilsudskim aramc Tu yvela pirobebi gadalaxa, aramed geniosuri

SorsmWvretelobiT Seafasa da Tavisi momavali moqmedebisaTvis, eris

sakeTildReod xelsayreli foni TviTonve da windawinve Seqmna. Aam

mizezis bralia, rom i. pilsudskis pirovneba Tavisi RirsebiT da fasiT

bevrad gascda poloneTis eris masStabs da misi pirovneba yvela

Tavmoyvare erisaTvis Seswavlis sagnad da pativis Rirsad iqca.~

bunebrivia, tabaxmelas gmiri n. maTikaSvili, ver egueboda, 1921

wlis 25 Tebervals, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacias da im sastik,

komunistur reJims, romelic damyarda mis mSobliur saqarTveloSi da

emigraciaSi myofi, sinanuliT afasebda qveynis istoriis im metad mZime

periods, romelmac saqarTvelo didi xniT daaSora ganviTarebis

dasavlur gzas.

i. pilsudskis, qveynis gaTavisuflebis imedi, jer kidev, ruseT-

iaponiis omma Causaxa. amasTanave, igi xedavda poloneTis eris tragedias

imaSi, rom poloneTis Svilebs sisxli unda daeRvaraT Soreuli

aRmosavleTis sazRvrebze, ruseTis interesebis dasacavad. i. pilsudskis

ar aSinebda dapatimrebis safrTxe, rodesac varSavaSi dabrunda da

mobilizaciis sawinaaRmdego aSkara propagandas eweoda. samwuxarod,

poloneTis sazogadoeba maSin mzad ar aRmoCndaTavisuflebisaTvis

sabrZolvelad. Mmale, iaponiis mTavrobis miwveviT, pilsudski iaponiaSi

gaemgzavra da qveynis mTavrobas windadadeba misca ruseTis jarebis

zurgSi dazvervis mowyobis Sesaxeb. sanacvlod, iaponiisagan moiTxova

iaraRi da sabrZolo masala poloneli revolucionerebisaTvis.

molaparakeba ver Sedga da pilsudski krakovSi dabrunda. man miiRo

gadawyvetileba, moemzadebina sayovelTao SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi da

8

energiulad Seudga am saqmes. pirveli aseTi SeiaraRebuli gamosvla,

1904 wlis 10 noembers, varSavaSi moxda da mas usisxlod ar Cauvlia.

i. pilsudskim, ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Seqmna samxedro

safuZvelze damyarebuli, `mebrZolTa organizacia~. am organizaciis

wevrTa raodenoba 6 000 kacs aRwevda. isini dayofilni da

ganawilebulni iqnen patar-patara diviziebad* da imyofebodnen ruseTis

mier dapyrobili poloneTis teritoriaze. i. pilsudskim am razmebs

amocanad dausaxa rusebis ganuwyvetliv Seviwroeba. swored, im periodSi

daiwyo Tavdasxmebi fostaze, policiaze, matareblebze da sxvadasxva

dawesebulebebze. ioseb pilsudskim, organizaciaSi Seitana samxedro

wesrigi da gankargulebebs scemda, rogorc oficialuri samxedro

meTauri. ruseTis mTavroba am razmebs daundoblad devnida, ris gamoc

organizaciis muSaoba metad garTulda; gaxSirda organizatorTa

dapatimrebebic, Sedegad ki, zogi maTgani sazRvargareT gaiqca.

organizacia, TiTqmis daSlis piras iyo. miuxedavad amisa, i. pilsudskis

Seudrekelma xasiaTma, am SemTxvevaSic Tavisi gaitana. Mman gadawyvita

saqmis gamosworeba. ai, ras werda igi 1907 wlis bolos: `vSromob da

vfiqrob or sakiTxze _ fulis Sovnaze momavali xazinis dasaarseblad

da militarul agitaciaze, e. i. momavali revolucionerebis sabrZolo

amocanebis Seswavla-momzadebaze, Tuki nawilobriv mainc mivaRwev pirvel

SemTxvevaSi, 300 000 maneTis Sovnas da meore SemTxvevaSi ki, SevZleb

SevunarCuno sazogadoebas saRi azrovneba am mimarTulebiT da

axalgazrdebis daintereseba _ viqnebi savsebiT kmayofili da SevZlebdi

aseT SemTxvevaSi, Semeqmna iseTi ram, romelic ufro metad

gamosayenebeli iqneboda miznis misaRwevad, vidre dRevandeli aqtiuri

razmebi~. am TvalsazrisiT, i. pilsudski 1908 wlis dasawyisidan

noembramde, aqtiur muSaobas eweoda. xangrZlivi Sromisa da dazvervis

Semdeg, misTvis cnobili gaxda, rom q. vilnodan matarebliT, didi Tanxa

gadahqondaT petrogradSi. misma Tanamoazreebma, Ggadawyvites

matarebelze Tavdasxma da fulis gataceba. Ddadgenilebis sisruleSi

moyvana friad Zneli da saxifaTo iyo. i. pilsudski, Tavis or

megobarTan erTad, awyobs gegmas, romlis sisruleSi mosayvanad daTqves

1908 wlis 26 noemberi. aRniSnuli gegmis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobas

iRebda 14 kaci, maT Soris iyo erTi qali. kargad momzadebuli saqme,

brwyinvaled dagvirgvinda. Mmatarebeli gaaCeres da fostis mcveli

guSagebis ganiaraRebis Semdeg, SeTqmulebs xelSi CauvardaT, zustad

sasurveli Tanxa _ 300 000 maneTi. am warmatebuli operaciis Semdeg,

misi monawileni, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT daifantnen, maTi erTi nawili

avstriaSi gadavida. maT Soris iyo i. pilsudskic; cota mogvianebiT,

avstriaSi fuli Caitana gegmis ganxorcielebaSi monawile qalma, gvarad

SCerbinskam, romelic SemdgomSi i. pilsudskis meuRle gaxda.

9

i. pilsudskim miznad daisaxa Zlieri polonuri armiis Seqmna.

mogvianebiT q. lvovSi, man safuZveli Cauyara organizacias,

saxelwodebiT _ `aqtiuri brZolis kavSiri~, romelic SemdgomSi

`msrolelTa kavSirad~ gadakeTda. Mmis mier Seqmnil msrolel jgufebs,

romelTa raodenoba 1912 wels 300 aRwevda, igi Sescqeroda, rogorc

kadrebs, romelTagan momavalSi Seiqmneboda poloneTis jari. i.

pilsudski Tavis organizaciaSi izidavda inteligent axalgazrdobas. man

daaarsa nacvalTa samxedro skola, xolo oficerTaTvis _ umaRlesi

skola.

i. pilsudskis mier Seqmnili organizacia ar iyo savsebiT faruli.

avstriis mTavroba xels ar uSlida mis wevrTa muSaobas, radgan Tavis

mxriv, is momavalSi am organizaciis avstriis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebaze

fiqrobda. 1912 wels, i. pilsudskim gamoiCina araCveulebrivi gambedaoba

da momavali jaris saWiroebisaTvis daaarsa samxedo xazina, aseve, Seqmna

`poloneTis ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti~, romelic I msoflio omis

dasawyisSi, faqtobrivad, mTavrobis rols asrulebda.

`ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti~ TviTonve marTavda savele swavlebebs da

manevrebs, aseve, umaRles samxedro skolaSi atarebda leqciebs.

pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde, pilsudski im azrisa iyo, rom

poloneTi im SemTxvevaSi gaTavisufldeboda, Tu momaval omSi

damarcxdeboda jer ruseTi, Semdeg ki _ germania, xolo Tu ruseTi an

germania sabolood gamarjvebuli gamovidoda am omidan, misi azriT,

poloneTi veRarasodes daixsnida Tavs maTi uRlisagan. swored, am

mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda i. pilsudski, rodesac pirveli msoflio

omis dawyebisas, Tavisi jariT, avstrielebis mxareze iyo da ibrZoda

ruseTis dasamarcxeblad. is imedovnebda, rom avstriis mxareze saomari

moqmedebisas, ruseTis mier dapyrobil poloneTis nawilSi, moaxerxebda

poloneli eris ajanyebas. 1914 wlis 6 agvistos, krakovidan brZolis

velze gaemarTa poloneTis jaris pirveli sakadro aseuli, sul 160

kaci, romelic mTlianad inteligentebisagan Sedgeboda. Aaseuls i.

pilsudskim Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `jariskacno! wilad gxvdaT is

didi pativi, rom pirvelni gailaSqrebT samefosaken (igulisxmeba

ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi myofi poloneTis teritoria, l.s.) da

gadalaxavT ruseTis sazRvrebs, rogorc mowinave nawili poloneTis

jarisa, romelic mieSureba brZolaSi samSoblos gansaTavisufleblad...

Tqven SegcqeriT rogorc kadrebs, romlis farglebSi unda gaiSalos

(aSendes) momavali poloneTis jari da mogilocavT Tqven, rogorc

pirvel sakadro aseuls.~ maT win miuZRodaT rva kacisagan Semdgari

cxenosani patruli, belina praJmovskis meTaurobiT. cxenosanTa patruls

mzveravis funqcia eniWeboda, Tumca maT cxenebis saWiro raodenoba ar

hyavdaT da nabrZanebi hqondaT isini rusebisaTvis waerTmiaT.

10

i. pilsudskis ZalisxmeviT, Seiqmna msrolelTa razmi da mokle

xanSi pirveli aseuli iqca legionad, SemdegSi legioni* daiSala pirvel

brigadaT, romelsac uSualod meTaurobda komendati i. pilsudski.

brZolis velze gamoCnda, aseve, meore da mesame legionebis brigadebi.

patara cxenosani patruli gadaiqca cxenosan legionad. legionerebs

ecvaT polonuri formebi, qudze ki isini atarebdnen poloneTis gerbs,

gvirgvinosani TeTri arwivis gamosaxulebiT. komendantma i. pilsudskim,

brZolis win polonel xalxs Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `dadga

gadamwyveti dro. poloneTma Tavi daaRwia monobas da surs TviT ganagos

Tavisi bedi, TviT surs aaSenos sakuTari momavali da amisaTvis

gamohyavs brZolis velze sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. poloneTis

jaris kadrebma ukve fexi daadges poloneTis samefos miwaze ... mogvaqvs

erisaTvis ganTavisufleba...~

1916 wlis dasawyisSi, poloneTi ukve gaTavisuflebuli iyo rusebis

jarisagan, Tumca iq germaniisa da avstriis jarebi kidev idgnen.

Kkomendanti i. pilsudski, rogorc samxedro ministri, droebiTi

mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. germanelebi dahpirdnen polonelebs

saxelmwifos aRdgenas im pirobiT, Tu maT germaniis jaris Sesavsebad

poloneli axalgazrdebis gawvevis ufleba miecemodaT. mTavrobis erT-

erT sxdomaze, komendanti i. pilsudski, win aRudga germaniis am

winadadebas. man yovlad SeuZleblad miiCnia germaniis daxmareba.

imavdroulad, i. pilsudski grZnobda, rom germanelebi, uaris

miuxedavad, mainc Tavisas gaitandnen da amitom saswrafod Seudga

saidumlo organizaciis formirebas poloneTis samive nawilSi da

warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi `poloneTis mxedruli organizaciis Seqmnas~.

germanelebma igrZnes poloneli sazogadoebis winaaRmdegoba da

legionerebisagan germaniis saxelmwifos winaSe erTgulebis ficis dadeba

moiTxoves. i. pilsudski poloneTis jars Semdegi saxis brZanebas aZlevs:

`fici ar miiRoT!~

1917 wlis 22 ivliss, germanelebma daatusaRes komendanti i.

pilsudski da misi Stabis ufrosi k. sosnovski. oriveni germaniaSi

gadaiyvanes da moaTavses magdeburgis cixeSi. germanelebma brigadebi

daSales da legionerebi moaTavses saizolacio banakSi. pilsudskis

dapatimrebis Semdeg, `poloneTis mxedruli organizaciis~

xelmZRvaneloba Tavis Tavze generalma ridz-smiglma aiRo.

1918 wlis noemberSi, germanelebis damarcxebis Semdeg, ioseb

pilsudski da misi Stabis ufrosi patimrobas Tavs aRweven da 1918

wlis 10 noembers, oriveni varSavSi dabrundnen. xalxi maT zeimiT

Sexvda. poloneli xalxis rwmeniT, erTaderTi pirovneba, romelmac

daimsaxura eris marTvis ufleba da Seswevda Zala saTaveSi Cadgomoda

sakuTar qveyanas, i. pilsudski iyo. im periodSi, mowveul iqna saxalxo

11

yriloba, romelmac mTeli Zalaufleba mas gadasca. igi, amasTanave xdeba

`saxelmwifos ufrosi~ da yvela SeiaraRebuli Zalis mTavarsardali.

Aim droisaTvis, poloneTis germanuli, avstriuli da rusuli

nawilebi dakavebuli iyo germanelebis mier. ruseTidan ukan daxeul

germaniis jars kvaldakval mihyveboda bolSevikuri jari. sursaT-

sanovage gatacebuli iyo okupantebis mier. civi zamTari mZimed awveboda

isedac gatanjul polonel xalxs. i. pilsudskis varSavaSi dabrunebis

Semdeg, mxolod misi simSvide, Seudrekeloba da dauSreteli energia

asuldgmulebda polonel xalxs. saWiro iyo saidumlo organizaciis

aqtiuri muSaoba, romelic jer kidev 1917 wels daaarsa windaxedulma

i. pilsudskim.

germaniaSi revoluciis pirveli dRidan, general ridz-smiglis

brZanebiT `poloneTis mxedruli organizacia~, Seudga germaniis jaris

ganiaraRebas. brZola gaCaRda poloneTis mTel teritoriaze. poloneTis

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ricxvi dRiTidRe matulobda. i. pilsudskim

daaCqara regularuli jaris Seqmna. germanelebisTvis warTmeuli iaraRi,

mas saSualebas aZlevda gaezarda jariskacTa raodenoba. imave dros,

polonelma erma gamoiCina araCveulebrivi patriotizi, isini sakuTari

xarjebiT adgendnen mTel legionebs. qalebma da bavSvebmac ki, xelSi

iaraRi aiRes, mTeli eri dairazma mtris winaaRmdeg.

damoukideblobisaken am swrafvas, suli Caudga adamianma, romelmac

samSoblos mtrebTan bavSvobidanve daiwyo brZola. poloneTis mosazRvre

saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen misTvis romelime nawilis warTmevas, aseTi

cda Cexoslovakiis mxridanac iyo, Tumca i. pilsudskim mtkiced daicva

qveynis sazRvrebi da aravis araferi ar dauTmo.

amrigad, 1918-1919 wlebSi i. pilsudskim poloneTis samive nawili

dampyroblebs gamoglija, SeaerTa da mkvdreTiT aRadgina mTeli

poloneTi. qveynis aRmosavleTi sazRvari jer kidev ar iyo

damSvidebuli, radgan iq bolSevikebi aqtiurobdnen. 1920 weli idga.

sabWoTa jarebi, romlebmac gaanadgures denikini, dasavleTisaken

gaemarTnen, raTa wiTeli xiStebiT evropaSi saerTaSoriso revolucia

gaeCaRebinaT. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom bolSevikebic da denikinic

erTnairad mtrulad uyurebdnen poloneTs, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos.

politikuri situacia im dros, ruseTisaTvis SedarebiT xelsayreli

iyo, radgan germaniis Zveli Zliereba daemxo; avstria-ungreTis imperiis

dacemis Semdeg, dunais napirze mdebare patara saxelmwifoebi

dasustebulni iyvnen. mxolod poloneTi uRobavda gzas ruseTis

dasavleTisken eqspansias, Tumca rus bolSevikebs miaCndaT, rom verc

poloneTi SeZlebda maTi winsvlis SeCerebas. im droisaTvis poloneTi,

marTlac mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, radgan jer kidev

moumzadebeli iyo regularuli jari, romelsac aklda iaraRi, saomari

masala, gansakuTrebiT artileria. jari moklebuli iyo meqanikur

12

satransporto saSualebebs, aseve mcirericxovani iyo cxenosani razmi.

TiToeuli samxedro nawili Taviseburad gawvrTnili iyo, Tumca

erTianobaSi ar warmoadgenda mTlian, SeduRebul organizms _ jars.

erTianoba ar iyo qveynis SigniTac, poloneTis yovel sam nawils

Taviseburi xasiaTis wesrigi hqonda, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli

saxelmwifos xelSi imyofeboda. poloneTis mZime mdgomareoba gamoiyena

ruseTma da TavdajerebiT SeiWra qveyanaSi, Tumca bolSevikebma daiviwyes,

rom materialuri saSualebebi jaris Zlierebis erT meoTxeds

warmoadgens, xolo sulieri Zliereba ki _ sam meoTxeds. marTalia,

poloneTis jars saTanado aRWurva aklda, magram samagierod mis

saTaveSi idga bunebiT patrioti i. pilsudski, romelic jariskacebs

sulier mxneobas matebda. jer kidev, 1919 wlis bolos, poloneTis

sardloba Seudga SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gadamzadebas. reorganizaciis

Sedegad, poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Sedgeboda 21 qveiTi jaris

diviziisa da 7 cxenosanTa brigadisagan. jariskacTa saerTo ricxvi im

droisaTvis 600. 000 aRwevda. garda amisa, arsebobda erTeulTa gareSe

mdgomi, sarezervo nawilebic. im periodSi, poloneTis sardloba

gadavida franguli muSaobis meTodze, romlis Sesabamisad xdeboda

umcros, ufros da generaluri Stabis oficerTa gawvrTna.

1920 wlis ianvris pirvel ricxvebSi, poloneTis laSqari daexmara

litvas, maTTan erTad ukuagdo bolSevikebi aRmosavleTisaken da fronti

gadaitana mdinare svinuxis da osveis tbis napirebze. 1920 wlis martis

bolos, poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebidan frontze imyofeboda 16

qveiTi divizia da 14 cxenosanTa polki, danarCeni nawilebi jer isev

qveynis SigniT idgnen. Mmoqmed jars Semdegi xazi eWira: CrdiloeTidan

igi mosdevda mdinareebs _ dvinas, berezinas da ptiCs, Semdeg mdinare

uborcs, samxreTiT ki daaxloebiT Sepetuvka-zviahel-proskurovo-

tarnopolis rkinigzas (ixileT ruka #1).

rusi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebaTa dawyebis win,

poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xuT laSqrad iqna dayofili,

saxeldobr: frontis CrdiloeTi nawili mdinare berezinis naxevramde

eWira I armias, frontis samxreTi nawili or armias _ volini II, xolo

podoli ki VI-s. frontis es ori didi nawili gayofili iyo Suaze,

polesiis gauval Waobian tyeTa sivrciT. aRniSnuli sivrce, jaris

nawilebis SesaerTeblad dakavebuli hqonda IV armias. poloneTisadmi

mtrulad ganwyobili litvis sazRvrebze mdgomi nawilebi ki darazmulni

iyvnen Svid armiad. III da V armia, faqtiurad ar arsebobda. dasavleTis

sazRvrebi, im dros antantis* umaRlesi sabWos saerTaSoriso vaWrobis

sagans Seadgenda da samxedro moqmedebaTa uSualo adgils ar

warmoadgenda. poloneTis frontma ufro Sors, aRmosavleTiT

gadainacvla, vidre is mokavSireTa umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebis

Sedegad, versalis* zaviT iqna gansazRvruli poloneTisaTvis.

13

poloneTSi rusi bolSevikebis SemoWramde, evropis saerTo

politikuri mdgomareoba Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda: ruseTSi,

xangrZlivi Sinauri omis Semdeg, bolSevikebma gaimarjves. antantam Tavi

daaneba ruseTis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevas da datovebuli nadavliT

mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera bolSevikebis samxedro Zalebi. Sinaurma

gamarjvebebma ruseTis mmarTvelebs Sinagani rwmena ganumtkica. im

droisaTvis germaniaSi anarqia da qaosi sufevda, sadac xelisuflebas

erTmaneTs ecilebodnen memarjvene da memarcxene (komunisturi)

elementebi. italia erTi mxriv, ganicdida Zlier ekonomikur kriziss,

meore mxriv, memarjveneebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen zavis pirobebiT. kidev

ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo damarcxebuli avstria. aseT pirobebSi,

ruseTis politikuri mesveurebi fiqrobdnen sakuTari survilisamebr

moewyoT evropis politikuri ruka. ruseTis am survils ki win aRudga

axlad aRmocenebuli poloneTis respublika.

ruseTi, jer kidev 1919 wlis bolos Seudga yvela Tavisi Sinauri

brZolebisagan gaTavisuflebuli Zalebis gadmosrolas poloneTis

winaaRmdeg. amasTanave, ruseTma poloneTs orjer SesTavaza zavi, rac

erTgvari politikuri fandi iyo misi mxridan da sinamdvileSi, evropis

TvalSi ruseTis momrigeblis rolSi gamoyvanas iTvaliswinebda. es

ruseTis nacadi politikuri xerxi iyo, romelsac igi aqtiurad iyenebda

mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze. petre didisa da vaxtang VI-is

kavSiris Semdeg, sakuTar Tavze saqarTvelomac araerTxel gamoscada

rusuli xrikebis sxvadasxva variantis simware.

ruseTs SeeZlo ori mimarTulebiT daewyo farTo masStabiani

Seteva poloneTis mimarTulebiT. erTi, es iyo polesiis samxreTiT

myofi nawili, sadacUukrainidan volinis gavliT, mowinaaRmdege

samxreTidan Semouvlida polesiis sivrces da gadmovidoda centralur

poloneTSi. meore mimarTuleba ki, frontis CrdiloeTi nawiliT,

gadadioda vilno-bialistokis gziT, litvisa da germaniis sazRvrebis

gaswvriv, CrdiloeTidan uvlida polesiis raions da iqedan Sedioda

centralur poloneTSi. amasTanave, ruseTi Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

umTavres nawils, poloneTis winaaRmdeg gzavnida denikinis frontidan,

anu samxreTidan, kavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilidan. ukrainaSi, poloneTis

jaris gamarjvebis Sedegad, gaCnda axali mokavSire saxelmwifo didi

ukrainis saxiT, ramac mdgomareoba poloneTis sasargeblod Zirfesvianad

Secvala. poloneTis sardlobam gadawyvita, ruseTze adre daewyo

aqtiuri moqmedeba frontis samxreT nawilSi, ukrainis teritoriaze. Aam

didi samxedro operaciis dawyebis win, poloneTis sardlobam Caatara

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom polonelebma

rusebs gadauWres zurgSi mimavali orSa-korosten-Jitomir-Jmerinkis

rkinigza. es gza ruseTs SesaZleblobas aZlevda iolad gadaejgufebina

Tavisi Zalebi erTi mimarTulebidan meoreze. aRniSnuli gzis gadaWriT,

14

ruseTs uaxloes gzad rCeboda mxolod dnepris aRmosavleT napiriT

mimavali homel-baxmaC-kievis gza. rodesac poloneTis sardloba ukrainis

frontze Setevas gegmavda, gamoirkva, rom ruseTi Tavisi SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis umTavres nawils CrdiloeTis frontze ajgufebda da aqedan

ufro adre SeiZleboda dawyebuliyo poloneTze mosalodneli Seteva.

bunebrivia, CrdiloeTis frontze poloneTis jaris gadajgufebas didi

dro dasWirdeboda, amasTanave, ukrainis frontis SesustebiT da iqedan

jaris gamoyvaniT iniciativa rusebis xelSi gadavidoda. aqedan

gamomdinare, poloneTis sardlobam gadawvita ar daeTmo ruseTisaTvis

da ukrainis frontze droulad gadasuliyo Setevaze. aRniSnul

frontze ruseTis ori armia idga: XII, romelic eyrdnoboda korosten-

kievis rkinigzas da XIV, romelic ganlagebuli iyo Jmerinka-odesis

xazze. maT aerTebdaT kiev-Jmerinka da Jmerinka-korostenis rkinigzebis

koziatinis kvanZi (ixileT ruka #2).

poloneTis sardlobam, rusul fronts, sam armiad darazmuli 8

qveiTi jaris diviziiT, aseve 1 cxenosani diviziiT da cxenosanTa 2

brigadiT Seutia. es operacia i. pilsudskim piradi xelmZRvanelobiT

Caatara, xolo mTavari amocana axlad Seqmnil mesame armiis ufross,

general riZ-smigls daavala. Seteva daiwyo 1920 wlis 25 aprils.

polonelebis mier, ruseTis jarebi gayofili iqna Jitomer-koziatinis

raionSi SeWris Sedegad. orive frTidan koncentrirebuli SeteviT

ukugdebuli iqna ruseTis XII-e armia, romelsac ukan dasaxevi gza

polonelTa cxenosanTa jarma mouWra. ruseTis jarebma gaarRvies ukan

dasaxevi gza da didi zaraliT daiwies kievisaken. aRniSnuli sabrZolo

moqmedebebis paralelurad, polonelTa VI armia utevda rusi

bolSevikebis XIV armias, romelic gadavida Jmerinka-vinnicis raionSi.

rusebi moemzadnen kievis raionSi brZolis sawarmoeblad, ris gamoc

ruseTis sardlobam gaaZliera III armia, romelsac davalebuli hqonda

dnepris dasavleT nawilis dapyroba mdinare pripecisa da krasnos Soris,

TviT kievSi maT unda aRedginaT xidebi, dnepris aRmosavleT napirze ki

unda daekavebinaT xidis safari. danarCen or armias daevala Setevis

mogerieba kievis samxreTiT.

1920 wlis 9 maiss, polonelebma TiTqmis ubrZolvelad daikaves

kievi, rusebma ukan daxeviT Tavidan aiciles saxifaTo brZola, isini

mxolod dnepris marjvena napirs icavdnen kievis raionSi. Ppolonelebma

gadawyvites dnepris napiris dacva, paralelurad, II armiis saSualebiT,

samxreTisaken galaSqreba, Tumca sabrZolo frontis CrdiloeT nawilSi

momxdarma ambebma movlenaTa Semdgom ganviTarebas sul sxva mimarTuleba

misca. saqme imaSi iyo, rom CrdiloeTis frontze rusebma moaxdines

mTeli TavianTi Zalebis koncentriteba da gadamwyveti SetevisaTvis

moemzadnen. poloneTis sardlobam gadawyvita amjeradac daeswro

rusebisaTvis. maTi gegmis Tanaxmad, gadawyda 17 maiss, Seteva daewyoT

15

polesiis CrdiloeT raionidan; aRniSnuli operacia unda

ganxorcielebuliyo poloneTis oTxi diviziis mier, romelTagan erTi

ukrainis frontidan iqna gadmosrolili. es armia SeewinaaRmdegeboda

minskze (ruseTis teritoriaze) SetevisaTvis gamzadebul, rusuli

armiis nawilebs. Tavis mxriv, rusebs ganzraxuli hqondaT, ukuegdoT

poloneTis jari polesiis Waobebze da iqve gaenadgurebinaT is.

polonelebma daigvianes, radgan jer kidev 14 maiss, rusebis 6 qveiTi

jari da erTi cxenosanTa divizia, lepelis raionidan pirdapir

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gaemarTa. imavdroulad, rusebis SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis SedarebiT susti jgufi, poloneTis armias CrdiloeTidan _

latviisa da litvis sazRvrebis gaswvriv utevda (ixileT ruka #3). im

periodSi latvia sazavo molaparakebas awarmoebda ruseTTan, xolo

litva poloneTisadmi aSkarad mtrul damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda. rac

Seexeba poloneTis SeiaraRebul Zalebs, maT am droisaTvis sul ori

divizia hyavdaT. polonelTa I armiam ukan daixia, misma mTavarma Zalebma

samxreTis mimarTulebiT, molodeCnosken daiwia, xolo erTma nawilma

dasavleTisaken. Setevis meoTxe dRes, rusebis mTavari SeiaraRebuli

Zalebi Semotrialdnen samxreTisaken da gezi molodeCnoze aiRes, raTa

aqedan polonelTa jari polesiis Waobebze ukuegdoT. imavdroulad,

rusebi minskis mimarTulebiTac utevdnen. maisis bolo ricxvebSi,

polonelebma Seteva gaaZlieres samxreTidan gadmoyvanili axali

diviziebis meSveobiT, riTac moaxerxes rusebis Setevis SeCereba. 1

ivniss, poloneTis sardlobam mowinaaRmdeges ori frontidan Seutia:

marjvena frTas oTxi qveiTi diviziiT da erTi cxenosani brigadiT,

xolo marcxena frTas ori diviziiT, riTac mteri ukuagdes mdinare

autas da berezinas napirze, sadac polonelebma frontis gamagreba

daiwyes. CrdiloeTis frontze Seqmnilma situaciam aiZula poloneTis

sardloba Seemcirebina sakuTari Zalebi ukrainis frontze. Tavis mxriv,

rusebma Zalebis Sesavsebad, XII armia kievis aRmosavleTiT, kievis xidis

safarTan ganalaga. rusebi elodebodnen aseve, budionis cxenosani razmis

mosvlas denikinis frontidan.

im dros poloneTis sardlobas, ukrainis frontze mxolod ori

mTavari Zala hyavda _ II armia, kievis raionSi, romelic frontiT

aRmosavleTisaken idga da mis marjvniv VI armia, odesis mimarTulebiT,

romelic samxreTis frontze iyo ganlagebuli. ruseTis sardlobam,

miznad daisaxa kievis III armiis ganadgureba. maisis bolo ricxvebSi,

budionis cxenosanTa armiam Seutia polonelTa VI armiis marcxena

frTis divizias. rusebis am Setevas, igeriebda polonelTa oTxi divizia

da cxenosanTa razmis erTi brigada. miuxedavad pirveli marcxisa da

didi zianisa, polonelTa diviziam didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia rusebs da

frontis xazi ucvlelad SeinarCuna, Tumca am brZolam poloneTis

mTeli maSveli razmi Seiwira.

16

5 ivniss (1920 w.), rusebma brZolebi ganaaxles. ruseTis XII

armiis erTma nawilma Seutia polonelTa kievis laSqars kedarodan,

xolo rusebis armiis umetesi nawili, kievis CrdiloeTiT, Setevaze

gadavida da polonelebs zurgidan Seutia borodziankis mimarTulebiT.

imavdroulad, rusebis XIV armiidan gamoyofilma iakiris mebrZolTa

jgufma, gadalaxa md. Ddnepri, kievis samxreTiT, biali cerkvis raionSi

da meore frontidan Seutia kievis laSqars (ixileT ruka #4).

aRniSnuli operaciis paralelurad, budionis razmi mTeli Tavisi

ZalebiT ekveTa polonelTa III da V armias, gaarRvia misi Zalebi da

polonelTa III armiis zurgSi moeqca; ase daipyres rusebma berdiCovis

da Jitomiris raionebi. ruseTis armiam, amasTanave miiRo brZaneba,

zurgidan Seetia polonelTa kievSi ganlagebuli laSqrisaTvis,

risTvisac Sebrunda aRmosavleTisaken, Tumca bolos, sxva qalaqebis

aReba gadawyvita da dasavleTisaken daiZra. Tavis mxriv, poloneTis

sardlobam gadawyvita, rom darCeniliyo kievis raionSi da dnepris

dasavleT napirze moegeriebina mtris Zalebis Semoteva. i. pilsudskim

ganizraxa, poloneTis III da VI armias, dasavleTisaken koncentrirebuli

SeteviT, moespo budionis cxenosanTa laSqari, risTvisac III armiis

ufross, ubrZana Jitomiris mimarTulebiT daexia. kavSiris uqonlobis

gamo, poloneTis III armiam ukan daxeva mxolod, 10 ivniss daiwyo, im

droisaTvis, Jitomiri ukve mtris xelSi iyo, ris gamoc III armiam ukan

daixia, koziatinis mimarTulebiT. samwuxarod, rusebma maT aqac mouWres

gza da polonelTa III armia borodziankasTan iZulebuli gaxda,

dasavleTisaken mimavali gza brZoliT gaerRvia. swored, aq iCina Tavi

budionis Secdomam, romelmac mTavar samizned geografiuli punqtebi

airCia da poloneTis armiis cocxal ZalebTan Seteva saWirod ar

miiCnia. iniciativa kvlav rusebs rCebodaT, isini ukan ixevdnen, kievze

Setevis win dakavebul xazamde. Tavis mxriv, poloneTis sardlobam scada

iniciativis xelSi Cagdeba da budionis laSqris gasanadgureblad

Setevaze gadasvla, magram rusebis mier marcxena frTaze warmatebis

mopovebam, xolo meore mxriv, budionis mier frontis xelaxalma

garRvevam, poloneTis armia aiZula ukan daexia, rovnos raionamde.

ivnisis bolo ricxvebSi, polonelTa mTeli ukrainis fronti

ganagrZobda ukan daxevas. maTgan gansxvavebiT, III da IV armia SedarebiT

nela ixevda ukan. polonelTa axlad Seqmnili II armia, romlis

winaaRmdegac budioni moqmedebda, Rrmad iyo Sesuli dasavleTis

frontisaken. am raionSi polonelTa frontis axali ufrosi generali

ridz-smigli Seecada Setevaze gadasuliyo da gaenadgurebina budionis

laSqari, Tumca amis ganxorcieleba man ver moaxerxa. 5 ivliss, budionma

daikava rovno da polonelTa VI da II armiis zurgSi aRmoCnda.

poloneTis armiam kvlav ukan daixia, ase rom VI armia icavda lvovis

mimarTulebas, xolo II _ kovelis mimarTulebas; polonelTa III armiam

17

sarnis mimarTulebiT ukan daixia. amasTanave, II da VI armiebs Soris

kavSiri gawyda. 10 ivliss, polonelTa nawilebs mdinareebis _ stiris

da zbruCis xazi ekavaT. CrdiloeTis frontze ki ufro didi

mniSvnelobis gadaadgilebebi SeiniSneboda. miuxedavad pirvelad gancdili

marcxisa, ruseTis sardlobas da mis politikur xelmZRvanelobas,

swored aRniSnul frontze surdaT generaluri brZolis gamarTva. 4

ivliss, ruseTis 17 qveiTi jaris ori divizia da cxenosanTa ori

brigada CrdiloeTis frontidan ekveTa polonelebis sam laSqrad

darazmul qveiTi jaris 10 divizias da cxenosani jaris erT brigadas.

polonelebis adgilobrivma kontrSetevebma ver SeaCera ruseTis jaris

winaaRmdegoba. rusebi warmatebiT ebrZodnen poloneTis I armiis orive

frTas (ixileT ruka #5). poloneTis pirveli armiis meTauri

iZulebuli gaxda, 5 ivliss, daewyo ukan daxeva, romelic ori

mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda: polonelTa mTavarma Zalebma ukan daixies

samxreT-dasavleTisaken molodeCnoze, xolo ori divizia dasavleTisaken,

vilnos mimarTulebiT gaemarTa. imave dRes, budionis laSqarma rovno

daikava da poloneTis mTeli fronti latviis sazRvridan, rumineTis

sazRvramde gadaswia.P

poloneli mTavarsardlobisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom adgilobrivi

kontr-SetevebiT da mudmivi ukan daxeviT, mters ver daamarcxebda. maT

gadawyvites CamoSorebodnen mowinaaRmdeges, SeewyvitaT masTan sabrZolo

Sexeba da TavianTi Zalebi axali winaaRmdegobis xazze gadaejgufebinaT,

mxolod amis Semdeg gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli, radikaluri xasiaTis

sabrZolo operaciis ganxorcieleba. am mizniT, maT SearCies germanelTa

yofili frontis xazi vilno-luninecis sivrceze, Tumca maT verc aq

moaxerxes mterTan Sexebis Sewyveta. polonelTa IV armias, mis marcxniv

mdgomi I armia, aRniSnul xazze, mniSvnelovnad dascilda, rusebma amiT

isargebles da 14 ivliss, marcxena frTidan SeteviT, gais cxenosanTa

korpusma moaxerxa qalaq vilnos dakaveba. es ise swrafad moxda, rom

polonelTa IV armiam samxreTis xazze gadasvla verc ki moaswro. aqedan

dawyebuli, TviT varSavamde, rusebi mTeli ZalebiT utevdnen polonelTa

marcxena frTas jer litvis da Semdeg germaniis sazRvrebis gaswvriv.

rusebma ganizraxes ukuegdoT poloneTis jari polesiis uRrani

Waobebisaken. amasobaSi, poloneTis armiam gadmolaxa germanelTa yofili

frontis xazi. maTi mizani iyo mdinare nemanis da SCaras xazze gamagreba,

iqedan ki Setevis ganxorcieleba rusebis winaaRmdeg. samwuxarod,

polonelebma verc iq moaxerxes fexis mokideba. maSin, rodesac

poloneTis jaris nawilebi efarebodnen nemanis xazs, gais cxenosanTa

korpusma, romelic gamudmebiT uvlida polonelTa marcxena frTas, 19

ivliss, moulodneli SeteviT daikava grodno, riTac gadmolaxa nemanis

xazi. 21 ivliss, rusebma aseve warmatebiT gadmolaxes nemanis xazis

marjvena frTaze _ mdinare SCarac. Seqmnil situaciaSi, poloneTis

18

sardlobam gadawyvita morigi Seteva mdinareebis _ narevis da bugis

xazidan ganexorcielebina, aRniSnul xazze gasamagreblad saWirod cno

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis samxreTis frontidan gadmosrola, risTvisac

saWiro iyo budionis Semotevis SeCereba. im droisaTvis, budioni,

samxreTisaken gaemarTa da qalaq brodis raionSi imyofeboda, igi Tavisi

razmiT lvovisaken miemarTeboda da ravaruskas da lvovis rkinigzis

gadaWras cdilobda. polonelTa armiam, garkveuli gadajgufebis Semdeg,

budionis razms orive frTaze Seutia da ukuagdo. aRniSnuli Setevis

Semdeg, budionis jarma ukan daxeva daiwyo da polonelebis moqmedebas

seriozuli gamarjvebis saxe mieca. magram male, 1 agvistos, rusebma

daipyres bresti (brest-litovski) mdinare bugze, ris Semdegac gaxsnili

iqna samxreTis frontis marcxena frTa. imave xazis ganapira marcxena

frTaze gais cxenosanma korpusma 3 agvistos, qalaqi lomJa daikava da

meore dRes q. ostrolenkas miadga. es moulodneli aRmoCnda poloneTis

sardlobisaTvis, ris gamoc isini iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan daexiaT. am

radikalurma cvlilebebma, polonelebis mier, budionis winaaRmdeg ase

kargad dawyebuli Seteva mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa. miuxedavad amisa,

polonelTa nawilebis SeteviT, mtris cxenosani laSqari ukugdebuli

iqna, riTac aRdga taqtikuri kavSiri poloneTis VI armiasTan. Seqmnil

situaciaSi, poloneTis sardlobam ganizraxa, gadamwyveti brZola

mdinare vislaze ewarmoebina, xolo am brZolisaTvis saTanado

gadajgufebis Casatareblad da drois mosagebad, gadawyvita

mowinaaRmdegis, rac SeiZleba meti xniT dayovneba aRniSnul xazze. am

manevriT poloneTis sardlobam, faqtiurad erTi kvira moigo. es dro

sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom polonelTa armiis jariskacebis

sabrZolo suliskveTeba amaRlebuliyo. amasobaSi, poloneTis armiis

mTavarsardalma Camoayaliba Tavisi ganzraxva: man gadawyvita bugis xazis

datoveba da Seudga generaluri brZolisaTvis jaris gadajgufebas.

Semdgomi saomari moqmedebebis gegma mxolod poloneli samxedro

xelmZRvanelobis viwro wrisaTvis iyo cnobili.

sainteresoa, rogor afasebda Seqmnil situacias poloneTis farTo

sazogadoeba. unda iTqvas, rom xangrZlivi ukan daxeva da marcxi

Tavdapirvelad poloneli xalxis gulgatexilobisa da mRelvarebis

mizezad iqca; magram Semdeg, saomari mdgomareobis uaRresad gamwvavebam

da erovnuli ubedurebis moaxlovebam, polonel erSi sulieri

gardatexa da mobilizeba moaxdina. mdinare bugze warmoebuli brZolis

dros, ers gamoRviZeba da Tavdadebuli brZolis survili daetyo.

poloneTis Tavdacvis sabWo Seudga moxaliseTa frontze gawvevas, maTma

ricxvma 80. 000 miaRwia. es Zalebi ZiriTadad gamoyenebuli iqna

frontze arsebuli nawilebis Sesavsebad.

rac Seexeba, poloneTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobas, is im

droisaTvis, Zalze rTuli iyo. inglisma Tavidanve arasaimedo pozicia

19

daikava. ufro metic, poloneTisadmi misi damokidebuleba SeiZleba

iTqvas, mtrul xasiaTs atarebda. rac Seexeboda safrangeTs, igi

poloneTs didi simpatiiT uyurebda da materialur daxmarebasac uwevda,

Tumca aSkara iyo, rom Tu poloneli xalxi Tavis saxelmwifoebriobas

TviTonve ver SeinarCunebda, sxvisi imedi ver eqneboda. safrangeTis

mxardaWeris miuxedavad, versalis zaviT, poloneTs daubrunda

baltiispireTis sanapiros mxolod mcire nawili dancingis (gdanskis)

gareSe; igi Tavisufal qalaqad gamocxadda. poloneTs gadaeca

aRmosavleT prusiis mcire nawili, xolo didi nawili kvlav germanias

darCa. poznanis aRmosavleT nawilis poloneTisaTvis gadacemas, versalis

konferencia mxolod mas Semdeg daTanxmda, rodesac iq mcxovrebi

polonelebis ajanyebebis Sedegad (1918 wlis dekemberi, 1919 wlis

ianvari), germanelebi gaZevebulni iqnen poloneTidan. zemo sileziaSi,

versalis zaviT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo plebiscitis Catareba didi

saxelmwifoebis kontrolis qveS, Tumca silezielTa sami didi ajanyebis

Sedegad (1919, 1920, 1921 wlebi), erTa ligis gadawyvetilebiT, zemo

silezia orad gaiyo: aRmosavleT nawili miekuTvna poloneTs, dasavleTi

ki kvlav germaniis xelSi darCa. inglisis maSindeli sagareo saqmeTa

monistri, loid jorji, germaniis dasustebis xarjze poloneTis

gaZlierebis winaaRmdegi iyo. aRniSnuli politikis Sedegad, poloneTma

ver daibruna daaxloebiT 100 000 km2 farTobis teritoria, romelic

kvlav germaniis xelSi rCeboda mravalmilioniani polonuri

mosaxleobiT. poloneTma, marTalia, miiRo zRvaSi gasasvleli 70

kilometriani viwro zoliT, e. w. `dancingis koridoris~ meSveoboT,

magram poloneTs uari uTxres dancigze, romlis gareSe misi pozicia

zRvaze aramyari iyo. germanias darCa poloneTis TiTqmis mTeli

zRvispireTi da sileziis mniSvnelovani nawili. isic unda iTqvas, rom

germaniam, litvam da Cexoslovakiam poloneTisadmi mtruli pozicia

daikaves. maTi mxridan, arc SeiaraRebuli intervencia iyo gamoricxuli,

rac kidev ufro arTulebda poloneTis isedac mZime mdgomareobas. jer

kidev 1919 wlis dekemberSi, mokavSireTa umaRlesma sabWom, poloneTs

aRmosavleT sazRvrad mdinare narevi da bugis xazi daudgina. varSavis

brZolis dReebSi, mokavSireTa umaRlesi sabWo poloneTs aiZulebda

mieRo maT mier nakarnaxevi zavis pirobebi, romelic inglisma, loid

jorjis meTaurobiT, Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: poloneTis armias ukan

unda daexia mdinareebis narevisa da bugis xazze, litvisaTvis

dauyovnebliv unda gadaeca q. vilno, samxedro moqmedebebi Sewydeboda

brZolis xazze, amasTanave poloneTi unda damorCileboda umaRlesi

sabWos dadgenilebebs: sileziis, litvis, galiciis da Cexoslovakiis

sazRvrebis sakiTxebSi. mxolod, aRniSnuli pirobebis dakmayofilebis

Semdeg, loid jorji pirad Suamdgomlobas sTavazobda poloneTs da Tu

20

ruseTi am pirobebs ar miiRebda, maSin antanta poloneTs, SesaZleblobis

farglebSi, materialur daxmarebas gauwevda.

ukiduresad garTulebul politikur situaciaSi poloneTis jaris

mTavarsardali da mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli _ ioseb pilsudski naTlad

xedavda, rom poloneTis bedi Tavganwiruli brZoliT unda gadaewyvita

mxolod da mxolod TiToeul polonel jariskacs.

poloneTis sardloba Seudga varSavis brZolis gegmis

ganxorcielebas. evropa Soridan ucqeroda poloneTSi Seqmnil

situacias, maTi saagentoebi aqveynebdnen cnobebs, TiTqos varSava rusebma

daipyres. poloneTis sardlobas srul ndobas ucxadebda sakuTari

xalxi, romelic grZnobda, rom qveynisTvis aseT mZime wuTebSi, rodesac

dgeba misi eris yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, mTeli pasuxismgebloba mis

sardlobas awveba kiserze. sabednierod, poloneli erisTvis im mZime

wuTebSi qveyanas ioseb pilsudskis saxiT, gamouCnda Rirseuli Svili,

romelmac sakuTar Tavze aiRo mTeli pasuxismgebloba da sakuTari

qveynis winamZRoloba. poloneTis mTavarsardalma varSavis brZolis gegma

Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: mas surda CrdiloeTis fronti ukan gadmoewia,

mdinareebis _ vislis da vepSis napirebze. aRniSnuli frontis marcxena

frTidan poloneTis jars unda moegeriebina mteri varSavis CrdiloeTiT

mdinare narevis da oJicis dasavleT napirebze ise, rom am mdinareebze

yvela gadasasvleli SeenarCunebina. varSavis raionis dacva unda

momxdariyo vislis aRmosavleT napirze, farTe xidis safaris

saSualebiT. polonel jariskacebs varSavis samxreTidan demblinamde

(ivangorodi) unda daecvaT mdinare vislas dasavleT napiri.

imavdroulad, mdinare vepSis samxreT napirze Sekrebili jariskacebi

kibiseburad, swori kuTxiT iqnebodnen mimarTulni varSavis winaaRmdeg

mebrZoli rusebisadmi. polonel jariskacTa aRniSnuli jgufi

moulodnelad unda gadasuliyo Setevaze, da TiTqmis 60 kilometriani

siRrmiT SeWriliyo mtris razmSi. marjvena frTidan, maT daxmarebas

samxreTis frontis (yofili ukrainis frontis) jariskacebi gauwevdnen.

i. pilsudskis gegma miznad isaxavda omis Sedegebis radikalur Secvlas

poloneTis sasargeblod. aRniSnuli gegmis realurad

gansaxorcieleblad saWiro iyo sakuTari iniciativiT mdinare bugis

frontidan poloneTis jaris ukan daxeva, jaris nawilis gadayvana

brZolis axal xazze da maTi xelaxali gadajgufeba. poloneTis

mTavarsardlis ganzraxvis sisruleSi moyvanas win eRobeboda Semdegi

siZneleebi: polonelebis bugis xazidan ukan daxevis bunebriv gzas

varSava-modlinis (novogiorgievski) mimarTuleba warmoadgenda maSin,

rodesac saWiro iyo am nawilebis samxreT (demblin-kockis) raionSi

Sekreba. poloneTis jariskacTa udidesi nawilis ZiriTad damrtymel

jgufSi Tavmoyras arTulebda is garemoeba, rom yvela TvalsazrisiT,

aucilebeli iyo varSavis dacva, romliskenac miiltvoda ruseTis

21

mTavari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. amasTanave, SeuZlebeli iyo samxreTis

frontis Zalebis Semcireba, vinaidan aRmosavleTidan mas unda

moegeriebina mtris Semoteva. poloneTis mTavarsardlis gegmis

sisruleSi mosayvanad brZaneba gaica 1920 wlis 6 agvistos da

jariskacebma im dResve daiwyes misi ganxorcieleba.

sainteresoa, ra xdeboda im dros frontis meore xazze, anu

mowinaaRmdegis banakSi. ruseTis mizani aSkara iyo. miuxedavad sazavo

molaparakebisa da saerTo politikuri sirTuleebisa, ruseTs surda

poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ganadgureba da saerTod qveynis

politikuri arsebobis mospoba. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi win

miiwevdnen da fiqrobdnen, rom yvelaferi male maT sasargeblod

damTavrdeboda. mdinare bugze warmoebuli mwvave brZolidan, ruseTis

CrdiloeTis frontis ufrosma mixeil nikolozis Ze tuxaCevskim

gamoitana daskvna, rom poloneTis mTavari Zalebi Tavs iyridnen vislis,

narevis da bugis SesarTavTan da Sesabamisad iq iqneboda brZolis

mTavari kera. man polonelTa aRniSnuli Zalebis CrdiloeTidan

SemovliT, ganizraxa maTi zurgidan ganadgureba. dasaxuli miznis

gansaxorcieleblad mas unda gadaelaxa mdinare vislis qvemo nawili,

gadaeWra poloneT-baltiis gzebi da poloneTis armiis zurgSi

moqceuliyo. m. tuxaCevskim ruseTis Zalebis udidesi nawili varSavis

CrdiloeTiT mdebare sivrciT dasavleTisaken mimarTa da modlin-

vloclavekis Sua moindoma mdinare vislis gadalaxva. bugis samxreTiT,

varSavisa da Sua vislisaken, mxolod rusebis XVI armia da moziris*

jgufi ganlagda. aRniSnuli manevris Sedegad, rusebis CrdiloeTis da

samxreTis fronti erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad daSorda, ris gamoc maT

Soris carieli sivrce Seiqmna. swored, am cariel adgilebSi krebda

mTavar Zalebs poloneTis mTavarsardali i. pilsudski, raTa

rusebisaTvis sasikvdilo dartyma mieyenebina. m. tuxaCevski grZnobda am

sicarielis safrTxes da aRniSnul adgilebSi ganlagebisaken mouwodebda

samxreTis frontis XII da budionis armias, romlebic im droisaTvis mis

uSualo gankargulebaSi imyofebodnen. rac Seexeba budions, igi

Zveleburad lvovisaken miemarTeboda. ruseTis XII armiiidan ki,

CrdiloeTisaken, mxolod erTi divizia daiZra. ruseTis sardlobis am

moqmedebam, poloneTis sardlobas bevrad gauadvila dasaxuli gegmis

ganxorcieleba. brZolis bedi damokidebuli iyo ukan daxevis

gegmazomier ganxorcielebaze. mcire gamonaklisis garda, ukan daxeva

poloneTis sardlobis gegmiT warimarTa, radgan mxolod frontis

marcxena frTaze, CrdiloeTiT, mdgomma nawilebma ver gauZles rusebis

Setevas. sardlobis mier dadgenili drois ganmavlobaSi ruseTis armiam

gza gaarRvia da gaemarTa dasavleTisaken pSaSniS (prasniSi)-cexanov-

lipnosken. samxreTis frontze brZolaSi Cabmulma poloneTis

legionebis I da III diviziebma warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi sakmaod rTul

22

amocanas: TavdadebiT Seuties mters da daamarcxes igi, riTac moipoves

Semdgomi moqmedebis Tavisufleba. amis Semdeg, polonelma jariskacebma

gezi CrdiloeTisaken, axali daniSnulebis adgilisaken aiRes. I divizia

rkinigzis transportiT gadaadgilda, xolo III _ salaSqro wesiT. 12

agvistosaTvis, poloneTis jari Semdegnairad ganlagda: Crdilo-

dasavleTiT, ukidures marcxena frTaze torunidan viSegrodamde,

mdinare vislis marcxena napirs SedarebiT susti, saTadarigo da

moxaliseTa erTeulebis nawilebi icavdnen; maTTan erTad imyofeboda

reorganizaciis mdgomareobaSi myofi XX divizia. aRniSnul nawilebs

mdinare vislis aRmosavleT napirze hqondaT specialuri safrebi.

modlinis raionSi Seikriba polonelTa V armia. marTalia, am nawilis

jariskacTa Segroveba sabolood jer ar iyo damTavrebuli, Tumca isini

mterTan mZime brZolebs awarmoebdnen. aRniSnuli jaris SemadgenlobaSi

Sedioda: qveiTi jaris oTxi divizia, erTi brigada da erTi cxenosani

razmi. varSavis xidis safarze Seikriba poloneTis I armia, romlis

SemadgenlobaSic iyo erTi qveiTi divizia da erTi saTadarigo brigada.

garda amisa, mas aseve TadarigSi hyavda erTi qveiTi jaris divizia,

xolo zurgSi, damatebiT kidev erTi divizia mTavarsardlis rezervidan.

aRniSnuli laSqris marjvena frTa daba karCevTan eyrdnoboda mdinare

vislis aRmosavleT napirs. karCevidan demblinamde mdinare vislis

dasavleT napirze ki idga poloneTis I armia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic

mxolod qveiTi jaris ori divizia Sedioda. aRniSnul Zalebs im

momentisaTvis mterTan Sexeba ar hqondaT. zemoT CamoTvlili poloneTis

armiis nawilebis samxreTiT, maTi frontis TiTqmis swori kuTxis

sawinaaRmdegod, mdinare veSpis samxreT napirze, ruseTis armiaze zurgSi

dartymis misayeneblad ikribeboda poloneTis IV armia, romlis nawilebs

veSpis CrdiloeT napirze yvela strategiuli gadasasvleli eWiraT.

imavdroulad, poloneTis IV armia jer kidev gadajgufebis procesSi

imyofeboda, romlis winaaRmdeg, misive frontis paralelurad,

aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, demblinis mimarTulebiT, sruliad Ria

frTiT miemarTeboda ruseTis armiis moziris jgufis erTeulebi. IV

armiis marjvena frTidan, TiTqmis swori kuTxiT, fronti Tavidan

brundeboda samxreTisaken, sadac poloneTis III armia idga, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda qveiTi jaris ori divizia, erTi brigada da ori

patara jgufi. maTgan samxreTiT, samxreTis frontis (yofili ukrainis)

nawilebi ibrZodnen. kerZod, sam diviziani VI armia, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi iyo aseve, erTi cxenosani divizia da ukrainelTa

nawilebi. varSavis brZolis mTeli xazi sam nawilad iyo gayofili.

marcxena frTidan demblinamde, CrdiloeTis fronts ganagebda generali

ioseb haleri. demblinidan brodamde, centralur fronts, ganagebda

generali ridz-smigli. brodidan danarCen nawils, anu samxreTis

fronts, ganagebda generali ivaSkeviCi. aqve saWiroa imis aRniSvnac, rom

23

poloneTis armiis mTavarsardalma qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi

mizanmimarTulad gaanawila sxvadasxva frontebze. poloneTis armiis

gankargulebaSi imyofeboda ocdaerTi divizia da erTic ukrainelebis

divizia. aqedan gadamwyvet brZolaSi monawileobas iRebda cxrameti

divizia. danarCeni sami divizia, didi mniSvnelobis mqone, Tumca meore

xarisxovan frontze ibrZoda. mTavari frontis cxrameti diviziidan,

mxolod sami awarmoebda ZiriTad moqmedebebs, danarCen Teqvsmets ki

gardatexa unda Seetana sabrZolo operaciebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

Zalebis aseTi gadanawileba, im droisaTvis, evropis teritoriaze

warmoebuli brZolebis istoriaSi iSviaTi iyo.

ra mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda im droisaTvis ruseTis SeiaraRebuli

Zalebi? rusebis marjvena frTaze, gais cxenosani korpusi serJcis

raionSi Semotrialda vislisaken da vloclavekis da neSavas xidebisaken

gaemarTa. IV armiis erTi divizia gaCerda dzialdovis raionSi, frontiT

dasavleTisaken, xolo jaris danarCeni nawili Semotrialda racionJis

raionSi da samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT mdinare vislisaken

gaeSura. rusebis XV armiam cexanovi daikava da polonelTa V armias

utevda modlinis mimarTulebiT. polonelTa V armias, imave mxridan

utevda rusebis I armiac, romlis marcxena frTis divizia da XVI

armiis marjvena frTis divizia erTdroulad uaxlovdebodnen varSavis

xidis safars. amasTanave, ruseTis XVI armiis danarCeni nawilebi

polonelebis xazidan daaxloebiT erTi dRis saval manZilze iyvnen

daSorebulni. maTgan samxreTiT, polonelebis IV armiis frontis win,

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, moziris jgufis nawilebi miiwevdnen, xolo

samxreTiT, rusebis XII armia gadadioda mdinare bugze vlodavisa da

xelms Soris (ixileT ruka #6). amasobaSi, budionis cxenosani laSqari

brodis raionidan da rusebis XIV armia mdinare stripaze erTdroulad

utevdnen polonelebis VI armias.

i. pilsudskis mizani iyo, rom rusebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi

varSavis mimarTulebiT rac SeiZleba metad Cabmuliyvnen brZolaSi, raTa

aq maT meti ziani mieRoT, amasTanave saomari moqmedebisas, gamoeyenebinaT

rac SeiZleba ufro meti maSveli Zala. mTavarsardlis azriT, amiT

rusebis sardloba dakargavda unars winaaRmdegoba gaewia samxreTidan

polonelTa Semotevaze. 12 agvistos, saRamos, i. pilsudski Tavad

gaemgzavra samxreTis raionSi, raTa piradad exelmZRvanela iq

ganTavsebuli polonelTa armiis darazmvisa da moqmedebaTa gegmis

sisruleSi moyvanisaTvis.

amasTanave, man gadawyvita samxreTis frTidan Seteva daewyoT 17

agvistos, diliT. ase daiwyo varSavis brZola. qronologiurad brZola

Semdegnairad warimarTa: 13 agvistos, rusebis XVI armiis orma diviziam,

erTdrouli Seteva ganaxorciela varSavis xidis safarze, gaarRvia misi

pirveli xazi, daikava daba raZimini da miadga frontis meore xazs.

24

aRniSnul xazs warmoadgenda germanelebis mier, msoflio omis dros

aSenebuli varSavis xidis safari. Seqmnilma garemoebam, poloneTis I

armiis sardali aiZula, brZolis pirvelsave dRes, samxedro

moqmedebebSi Caeba jer kidev reorganizaciis procesSi myofi maSvelTa

razmi. amasTanave, frontis ufrosma gasca brZaneba, V armia dauyovnebliv

gadsuliyo Setevaze. 14 agvistos, ukve polonelTa I da V armiis mTel

frontze mwvave brZolebi mimdinareobda. 15 agvistos, xidis safarze,

polonelebi kontrSetevaze gadavidnen. daba raZimini mZime brZolaSi

ramodenimejer xelidan xelSi gadavida. bolos, polonelebma moaxerxes

mowinaaRmdegis Setevis mogerieba. 16 agvistos, diliT rusebi kvlav

gadavidnen Setevaze, Tumca im dros omis bedi polonelTa sul sxva

frontze gadawyda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 14 agvistos, diliT,

Setevaze gadavida poloneTis V armia. pirveli ori dRis ganmavlobaSi

sakmaod umniSvnelo Sedegebi iqna miRweuli. mxolod 16 agvistos,

polonelTa ori frTidan koncentrirebuli SeteviT, daba naselkis

raionSi mopovebuli iqna mniSvnelovani warmateba. aqedan polonelebma

pultuskis da serockis mimarTulebiT Seuties rusebs. varSavis xidis

safarze brZolis garTulebis da rusebis marjvena frTis dasavleTisaken

swrafi winsvlis gamo, poloneTis mTavarsardalma gadawyvita

daeCqarebina mTavari jgufis moqmedeba da Setevaze, erTi dRiT adre

gadasuliyo. 16 agvistos, diliT Setevaze gadavida polonelTa IV armia.

qveiTi jaris oTxi divizia da cxenosanTa erTi jgufi didi siCqariT

miiwevda win, CrdiloeTisaken, rusebis oTxi armiis Rrma zurgis

mimarTulebiT. poloneTis IV armiis moqmedebas, aRmosavleTidan, icavda

erTi divizia, romelic mdinare bugis gaswvriv brestisaken miemarTeboda.

imave dRes, varSavis xidis safaris samxreTi frTis nawilebma tankebiT

Seuties varSava-minskis gzatkecils. polonelTa IV armiis erTeulebi

didi siswrafiT miiwevdnen win. maT mxolod ruseTis armiis moziris

jgufis usistemo erTeulebi uwevdnen umniSvnelo winaaRmdegobas.

polonelTa IV armiis winsvlasTan erTad, Tavisufldebodnen mdinare

vislis dasavleT napirze mdgomi II armiis diviziebi, romlebic

poloneTis mTavarsardlis maSvel ZalebSi gadavidnen. 17 agvistos,

poloneTis armiam gadaWra varSava-sedlces rkinigza, ris Semdegac maT

gaanadgures rusebis XVI armiis marcxena frTa. q. minskSi (poloneTis

qalaqi, varSavasTan axlos) moxerxda poloneTis I da IV armiis

dakavSireba. imave dResve, naTlad gamoikveTa brZolisa da masTan erTad

mTlianad omis bedis mniSvnelovani gardatexa. Tavidan rusebis Crdilo-

dasavleTis frontis ufrosi fiqrobda, rom moaxerxebda mdgomareobis

gamosworebas, magram male gamoirkva, rom movlenaTa viTarebas mTlianad

akontrolebda poloneTis sardloba. rusebis XVI, III da XV armiis

nawilebi erTimeoreSi areulni, uwesrigod ixevdnen ukan, Crdilo-

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. saerTo ukan daxevis fonze, ruseTis IV

25

armia da gais cxenosani korpusi medgrad ganagrZobdnen winsvlas, maT

zurgidan Semouares polonelTa V armias. poloneTis sardloba jaris

gadajgufebas Seudga. mTavarsardalma, i. pilsudskim, gadawyvita,

mtrisaTvis gza moeWra brest-bialistos-osovecis xazze da aRniSnul

sivrceSi Caeketa igi. sabolood, unda momxdariyo ruseTis SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis ukugdeba germaniis sazRvrebze da maTi ganadgureba. am mizniT,

xelaxla iqna Sedgenili poloneTis II armia, romelic Tavis mxriv,

qveiTi jaris oTxi diviziis, cxenosani jaris erTi brigadisa da sxva

patara nawilebisagan Sedgeboda. misi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba iyo mtris

devna bialistokis mimarTulebiT da marjvena frTaze, brestis dakaveba.

poloneTis IV armias, ori diviziis SemadgenlobiT daevala mtris devna

pirdapir CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, raTa ruseTis jaris gzaabneuli

nawilebi aRmosavleT prusiis sazRvrebTan miemwyvdiaT. poloneTis

pirvel armias, ori diviziis SemadgenlobiT, uSualod varSava-lomJis

xaziT, daevala mtris devnis warmoeba. polonelTa V armias ki, ruseTis

armiis gais cxenosani korpusis, aseve IV da XV armiis nawilebis

likvidacia unda moexdina.

poloneTis mTavarsardlis gegma mxolod nawilobriv ganxorcielda.

i. pilsudskis, gais cxenosani korpusisa da rusebis IV armiis

ganadgurebaze, polonelTa V armiaze meti Zalebis dabandeba ar surda,

danarCeni Zalebi ki, mTavarsardals Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken unda

waremarTa. varSavis brZolebSi gamovlili polonelTa I armiac, Crdilo-

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gaemarTa da ruseTis V armiis winaaRdeg

aqtiur brZolaSi CaerTo. rusebis III da XV armiis nawilebma

aRmosavleTisaken gaqceva ver moaxerxes. rusebis XVI armia, romelsac

polonelebis Seteva pirvels daatyda Tavs, sruliad ganadgurda.

ruseTis III da XV armiis nawilebi, zogi brZoliT ikafavdnen gzas,

zogic prusiis sazRvris gaswvriv, osovec-graevos gziT, miipareboda

aRmosavleTisaken. imavdroulad, rusebis gais cxenosani korpusi da IV

armia jer kidev Setevas awarmoebdnen polonelebis winaaRmdeg. 19

agvistos maT daipyres q. polocki da mdinare vislis gadalaxvas

cdilobdnen. rusebma ukan daxeva mxolod 21 agvistos daiwyes, rodesac

XV da III armiis nawilebi lomJa-bialistoks scildebodnen. rusebs, 22

agvistos, mlavasTan brZoliT mouxdaT poloneTis V armiis nawilebis

mier gadaWrili gzis garRveva. igive ganmeorda xoJelTan. 25 agvistos,

rusebma poloneTis IV armiis Setevas veRar gauZles, da mTeli

SemadgenlobiT gadavidnen germaniis teritoriaze, sadac iaraRi dayares.

poloneTis armiis jariskacebma warmatebiT ganaxorcieles mtris devna.

poloneTis pirveli diviziis jariskacebs, TerTmeti dRis manZilze,

dReSi saSualod 40 kilometris gavla brZoliT uxdebodaT. meTerTmete

dRes ki, maT 60 kilometri gaiares. mopovebuli gamarjvebis

SesanarCuneblad, poloneTis sardlobam miznad daisaxa mtris saboloo

26

mospoba, risTvisac saWiro iyo mtris bolomde devna, amasTanave,

polonuri sajariso erTeulebis didi gamZleoba.

ra xdeboda am dros ruseT-poloneTis frontis samxreTiT?

saxelganTqmuli budionis cxenosan da ruseTis XII armiis nawilebs

SesaZlebloba hqondaT, CrdiloeTisaken aeRoT gezi da polonelTa

mewinave armiis zurgSi moqceuliyvnen. poloneTis mTavarsardalma, i.

pilsudskim gaiTvaliswina rusebis es SesaZlebloba da saTanado zomebic

miiRo. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, CrdiloeTis frontze, ruseTis

orive es armia general m. tuxaCevskis eqvemdebareboda. m. tuxaCevski

armiis nawilebs daJinebiT mouwodebda, energiulad SeetiaT CrdiloeTis

mimarTulebiT. am brZanebis miuxedavad, 20 agvistos, budioni jer kidev

q. lvovis midamoebSi utevda polonelebs. varSavis brZolis dros,

budionma kargad icoda, rom omis bedis gadamwyveti moqmedebebi

CrdiloeTis frontze unda momxdariyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom q. ruvnos

aRebis Semdeg, budionma mimarTulebis arCevis sruli Tavisufleba

moipova, mainc samxreTi airCia da q. lvovisaken gaeSura. rac Seexeba

CrdiloeTis frontze myof ruseTis XII armias, misma jariskacebma q.

lublinis mimarTulebiT daiwyes Seteva da poloneTis mewinave armiis

zurgSi moqcevas cdilobdnen. budionis razmi qalaq zamoscisken

gaemarTa. rusebis am Zalebs win aRudga polonelTa SedarebiT susti,

sam diviziani III armia. aRniSnuli Zalebis gasaZliereblad, poloneTis

mTavarsardalma, CrdiloeTis frontidan gaTavisuflebuli ori divizia

gagzavna Tavisi sakuTari maSveli jaridan. erTi divizia ukve gzaSi iyo

da rkinigzis transportiT miemarTeboda, meore ki jer datvirTulic ar

iyo matarebelze. 27 agvistos, budioni CrdiloeTisaken daiZra. gzaze

man ukuagdo polonelTa nawilebi da qalaq zamoscs miadga. im dros,

zamoscSi imyofeboda polonelTa mxolod qveiTi jaris erTi polki,

ori saetapo da erTi sadarajo aTaseuli, aseve, ukrainelTa erTi

divizia, artileriis erTi divizioni da ori javSnosani matarebeli. es

nawilebi, TiTqmis yoveli mxridan iqna garSemortymuli budionis mier.

miuxedavad amisa, polonelTa garnizoni TavgamodebiT ibrZoda. aRniSnul

samxedro operacias, budionisaTvis araviTari strategiuli mniSvneloba

ar hqonda. nacvlad imisa, rom q. zamoscisaTvis Tavi daenebebina da m.

tuxaCevskis brZanebis Tanaxmad, CrdiloeTisaken wasuliyo, budioni

uazro sijiutiT eZgera am qalaqs da sruliad umiznod Caeba brZolaSi.

amiT isargebla poloneTis sardlobam da saTanado manevriT upasuxa

budionis Setevas. general stanislav haleris jgufi, romelmac

budionis laSqari frontaluri brZoliT ver SeaCera, fexdafex

zurgidan daedevna mas. imavdroulad, q. zamoscis CrdiloeTiT, q.

krasnistavTan, ikribeboda transportiT gadmoyvanili poloneTis maSveli

divizia, romelic daiZra q. zamoscisaken. polonelTa meore maSvelma

diviziam, rusebs CrdiloeTidan Seutia. amrigad, budionis cxenosani

27

razmi xafangSi moeqca. erTaderTi gamosavali ukandaxeva iyo. budionma,

polonelTa Zlieri zewolis qveS, gadalaxa mdinare bugi da mdinaris

aRmosavleT napirze gadavida. budionis razmis ukugdebis Semdeg,

poloneTis sardlobam ZiriTadi sabrZolo moqmedebebi rusebis samxreTis

frontis winaaRmdeg mimarTa. maTi mizani iyo mtris frontis orive

frTidan Semovla da rusuli razmebis gadamwyveti SeteviT ganadgureba.

generaluri Seteva mTel samxreTis frontze daiwyo 12 seqtembers;

rusebs utevda poloneTis III da VI armia, aseve samxreTis mxridan

ukrainelTa laSqari. sabrZolo moqmedebebi, poloneTis mTavarsardlis

gegmis mixedviT warimarTa, ris gamoc, poloneTis armiam win

mniSvnelovnad waiwia. moralurad dacemulma rusma jariskacebma Seteva

ver moigeries da ruseTis jarma ukan daxeva daiwyo. sabrZolo

operaciis dros, javSnosanTa erToblivi mcdelobiT, mtris zurgSi

pirvelad iqna gadasrolili avtomobilebze datvirTuli polonelTa

qveiTi jaris didi nawili. aRniSnuli sabrZolo manevri, SemdegSi

samxedro istoriis specialistTa aqtualuri kvlevisa da kamaTis sagani

gaxda. faqtia, rom am manevrma, polonelTa sasargeblod, Zireuli

gardatexa Seitana saomar moqmedebebSi. poloneTis jaris erTma nawilma,

marjvena frTidan Semouara ruseTis XII armias da qalaq kovelSi

SeiWra. iq, Rrma zurgSi rusebis Stabebi, Tavs uzrunvelad grZnobdnen

da dinjad awyobdnen axal sabrZolo gegmebs polonelTa winaaRmdeg. q.

koveli rusebs TxuTmeti saaTiT adre hqondaT dakavebuli, vidre iq

polonelTa razmebi gamoCndebodnen. maTma gamoCenam rusebis frontze

sagrZnobi areuloba da ruseTis armiis masiuri ukandaxeva gamoiwvia.

budionis cxenosanTa razmi kidev erTxel Seecada winaaRmdegobis gawevas,

Tumca mdinare stirze polonelTa cxenosanma korpusma ukuagdo maTi

razmi. oqtombris Sua ricxvebisaTvis, frontis xazi mdinare uborcis,

sluCisa da kaluSis xazze gadioda. sabrZolo moqmedebebis periodSi,

aRdgenili iqna mWidro kavSiri CrdiloeTis frontze mebrZol polonur

erTeulebTan. rusebi mTel frontze damarcxdnen. poloneTis cxenosani

razmi rusi jariskacebis zurgidan agrZelebda sabrZolo moqmedebebs.

maT mowinaaRmdegis Rrma zurgSi gaanadgures q. korostenSi arsebuli

mtris mTavari kvanZi, riTac varSavis brZola polonelTa samarTliani

gamarjvebiT dasrulda.

miuxedavad mTeli rigi gansxvavebisa, romelic mefis ruseTis

mxedrobasa da sabWoTa jariskacebis Taobas Soris arsebobda, poloneTis

winaaRmdeg omi da gansakuTrebiT, varSavis brZola, rusebma Zveli

rusuli tradiciebis mixedviT Caatares da TavianTi sardlobis

Sesisxlxorcebuli Tvisebebis gamo, waages kidec. maSin, rodesac rusebis

CrdiloeTis frontis armia, polonelTa moulodneli Setevis gamo,

sasikvdilo agoniaSi imyofeboda, samxreTis frontze myofma rusulma

nawilebma maT dasaxmareblad araferi gaakeTes, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom

28

tradiciulad, maT mxolod sakuTar frontze evalebodaT brZolis

warmoeba. miuxedavad maTi meTaurebis mxridan garkveuli brZanebisa,

ruseTis samxreTis frontis jariskacebi, polonelebisagan gansxvavebiT,

uryevad idgnen da seirs Sehyurebdnen. rodesac q. raZiminTan (qalaqi

varSavasTan axlos) brZolam poloneTisaTvis mZime xasiaTi miiRo,

poloneTis sardlobas V armiis nawilebis Sekreba jer kidev ar hqonda

damTavrebuli; miuxedavad amisa, polonelTa mezobeli armiis

mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad, me-V armia dauyovnebliv gadavida

Setevaze, xolo frontze saerTo situaciis gamosasworeblad,

poloneTis damkvrelma gvardiam erTi dRiT adre daiwyo saomari

moqmedeba.

faqtiurad, varSavis operaciam gadawyvita ruseT-poloneTis omis

bedi. rusebi sastikad damarcxdnen, magram omi jer kidev ar iyo

damTavrebuli. ruseTi, romelic 1914 wlidan ganuwyveteli omebiT iyo

moqanculi, zavis rac SeiZleba male dadebas cdilobda. poloneTis

sardloba ki rusebis im SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saCqarod ganadgurebas

miiCnevda saWirod, romelic mterma varSavis brZolidan gadaarCina.

varSavis brZolis dros, poloneTis armiis mTavari moqmedeba

samxreTidan pirdapir CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT warmoebda. rusebis

armia jvaredini mimarTulebiT ixevda ukan. kerZod, dasavleTidan

Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken. polonelebis moqmedebis marjvena frTas II

armia icavda, romelic ruseTis armiis devnis procesSi, brestidan q.

bialistokisa da osovecis mimarTulebiT, 250 kilometris sigrZeze iyo

gadaWimuli. germaniis sazRvarze myofi poloneTis armiis win,

mowinaaRmdege rusuli Zalebi saerTod gaqrnen. samagierod, rusuli

jaris nawilebi aRmosavleTiT, yofili marjvena frTis win, mdinare

nemanisa da SCaris dasavleTiT iyridnen Tavs. poloneTis sardlobis

azriT, saWiro iyo mTeli frontis Semobruneba da axali brZolis

momzadeba ise, rom mowinaaRmdeges ver moeswro sulis moTqma. aRniSnuli

samxedro operacia unda uzrunveleyo poloneTis II armias, romlis

zurgs ukan IV armia idga. polonur armiebs, i. pilsudski, im

diviziebiT aZlierebda, romlebic TandaTan Tavisufldebodnen varSavis

brZolis ganviTarebasTan erTad. diviziebis erTi nawili mTavarsardalma

samxreTis frontis gasaZliereblad gagzavna. ruseTis armiam, Tavisi

marjvena frTa litvis sazRvrebs miabjina, marcxena _ polesiis Waobebs,

sadac awarmoebda sabrZolo nawilebis Cqari tempiT Sevsebas da

mowesrigebas.

poloneTis mTavarsardals, i. pilsudskis, im droisaTvis ukve

Camoyalibebuli hqonda momavali sabrZoli gegma. gegmis mixedviT, saWiro

iyo mowinaaRmdegis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis marjvena frTidan SemovliT,

zurgSi dartymis ganxorcieleba da mtris ukugdeba. garda amisa,

imavdroulad unda ganxorcielebuliyo mciremasStabiani Seteva,

29

SedarebiT naklebi ZalebiT, aseve mtris marcxena flangzec, risTvisac

saswrafod unda momxdariyo poloneTis jaris nawilebis gadajgufeba.

rusebs polonelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamzadebuli hyavdaT

oTx laSqrad darazmuli qveiTi jaris ori divizia da erTi brigada;

amasTanave, frontis xazze imyofeboda qveiTi jaris aTi divizia, erTi

brigada da cxenosani jaris erTi divizia. danarCeni Svidi divizia

reorganizaciis procesSi imyofeboda. ruseTis jari Semdegnairad

ganlagda: marjvena frTaze idga III armia, xuTi qveiTi da erTi

cxenosani diviziis SemadgenlobiT. cxenebis uqonlobis gamo, rusi

mxedrebi qveiT razmSi gadavidnen. aqedan, xazze, mxolod sami divizia

imyofeboda. maTgan marcxniv, idga XV armia, oTxi diviziis

SemadgenlobiT; magram realurad, frontis xazze, mxolod ori divizia

idga. marcxniv ganlagebuli iyo ruseTis oTx diviziani XVI armia da

Semdeg axlad Sedgenili rusebis xuT diviziani IV armia. ufro

CrdiloeTiT idga litvis jari. 1920 wlis ivlisSi, poloneTis armiis

ukan daxevis dros, litvam daarRvia neitraliteti da poloneTis

teritoriis nawili daikava, riTac faqtiurad, am qveyanasTan saomari

mdgomareoba Seiqmna. saomari mdgomareoba gagrZelda 7 oqtombris

xelSekrulebamde. varSavis brZolaSi damarcxebis Semdeg, ruseTis jaris

materialuri da sulieri mdgomareoba Zlier Seirya. jaris nawilebi

imdenad dasustda, rom aucileblad unda momxdariyo maTi xelaxali

gadajgufeba. rusebis aRniSnuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg, or laSqrad

dairazma poloneTis qveiTi jaris Tormeti divizia da cxenosani jaris

ori brigada. marcxena frTaze idga poloneTis II armia, romlis

gankargulebaSi imyofeboda qveiTi jaris eqvsi divizia da cxenosani

jaris ori brigada, xolo misgan marcxniv idga poloneTis IV armia,

qveiTi jaris eqvsi diviziis da erTi brigadis SemadgenlobiT.

poloneTis mTavarsardlis, i. pilsudskis sabrZolo gegma Semdegi

iyo: man ganizraxa poloneTis II armiis Semadgenlobidan gamoeyo

Semomvleli jgufi. aRniSnul jgufs unda gaevlo litvelTa laSqris

gaswvriv da mis zurgSi mdinare nemani gadaelaxa, saidanac zurgis

siRrmeSi Seteva unda ganexorcielebina rusebis saTadarigo diviziaze,

romelic daba ldis raionSi idga. saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis win, i.

pilsudski fiqrobda iseTi ZaliT SeetiaT rusebisaTvis, rom

mowinaaRmdegis frontidan ukugdebuli nawilebi, ukan daxevis dros,

poloneTis Semomvlel jgufs pirispir Sexvedroda da ukan daxeva

CrdiloeTis nacvlad, samxreTisaken, polonelTa XV armiis zurgSi

ganxorcielebuliyo. im mizniT, rom mteri SecdomaSi SeeyvanaT da

polonelTa mTavari mimarTuleba daefaraT, ganzraxuli iqna IV armiis

mZlavri Seteva q. volkoviskis mimarTulebiT. mTeli am moqmedebebis

litvelTa Setevisagan Tavdasacavad, suvalkis raionSi gamzadebuli iqna

e. w. CrdiloeTis jgufi. amas emateboda samxreTidan polonelebis IV

30

armiis nawilebis mier warmoebuli SemovliTi operaciebi. aRniSnuli

jgufis ZalTa ganawileba Semdegnairad ganxorcielda: II armiis

gankargulebaSi iyo: 1) Semomvleli jgufi, ori qveiTi jaris diviziiT

da cxenosanTa razmis ori brigadiT; 2) CrdiloeTis jgufi, erTi

diviziiT da erTi qveiTi jaris brigadiT; 3) frontis nawilebi, qveiTi

jaris sami divizia.

20 seqtembers, frontis nawilebma daiwyes mosamzadebeli Seteva

mdinare nemanis gadasalaxavad, raTa brZolis warmoebisaTvis saTanado

sivrce daekavebinaT. nemanis xazs da grodnos raions ruseTis sardloba

did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, ris gamoc ruseTis jari brZolaSi

Tavdauzogavad Caeba da Setevam Tavidanve mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. am dros

ki, avgustovis tyeebSi, saidumlod ikribeboda poloneTis armiis

Semomvleli jgufi. erTeuli diviziis meTaurebi darwmunebulni iyvnen,

rom Seteva unda mietanaT q. kovnoze. 22 seqtembers, polonelma

jariskacebma erTi dakvriT gaarRvies litvelTa fronti da q.

druskenikisken gaemarTnen. 23 seqtembers, maT daikaves mdinare nemanze

gadasasvlelebi da q. lidisaken gaemarTnen. poloneTis armiis frontis

nawilebi uSualod mdinare nemanis napirebze ibrZodnen da rusebs

mdinaris gadalaxvis SesaZleblobas ar aZlevdnen. mxolod ruseTis IV

armiis nawilebma miaRwies sagrZnob warmatebas volkoviskis raionis

mimarTulebiT, Tumca meore dResve, isini polonelebma ukuagdes. 25

seqtembers, ruseTis IV armiam xelaxla daikava volkoviskis raioni,

Tumca polonelTa Zlieri Setevis Semdeg, nel-nela aRmosavleTisaken

daiwia. RamiT, poloneTis jaris nawilebi grodnoSi Sevidnen. brZolis

Semdgomi msvleloba mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli poloneTis

Semomvleli jgufis moqmedebaze, romelmac 24 seqtembers, saRamos,

gadalaxa vilno-grodnos rkinigzis xazi. i. pilsudskim grodnos

raionSi mdgomareobis gaurkvevlobis gamo, 25 seqtembers erTi dRiT

SeaCera aRniSnuli jgufis winsvla. 26 seqtembers, Semomvleli jgufis

erTi divizia da erTi cxenosani brigada, druskenikis raionidan radunis

mimarTulebiT q. lidisaken gaemarTa, sadac rusebis mTavari maSveli Zala

imyofeboda. ufro samxreTiT mdgomi poloneTis armiis erTi divizia da

erTi cxenosani brigada ki aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT daiZra. 25

seqtembers, RamiT, polonelTa Semomvleli razmis CrdiloeTiT mdgomma

jgufebma daikaves radun-marcinkanecis raioni, xolo maTgan samxreTiT

myofi polonuri nawilebi, stara rudas raionSi, rusebis III armiis

zurgSi moeqca. polonelTa aRniSnuli jgufi, 27 seqtembers, mdinare

lebiodaze gadaeRoba rusebis III armias, romelic aRmosavleTisaken

ixevda ukan. uecrad, rusebis armias wamoeSvela q. lididan gadmosuli

rusebis maSvelTa nawili, romelic polonelTa diviziis nawils

zurgidan ekveTa. poloneTis armiam didi zarali ganicada. polonelTa

Semomvleli jgufis CrdiloeTis nawili, 28 seqtembers, CrdiloeTidan

31

brZoliT Sevida q. lidSi, sadac moaxerxa Semotrialeba frontiT

dasavleTisaken da amjerad, ukve meored mouWra gza rusebis III armias.

poloneTis samxedro nawilebis qalaqSi Sesvlis momentSi, rusebis

armiis sardalma Zlivs moaswro matarebliT q. molodenCosaken ukan

daxeva. amis Semdeg, rusuli jaris nawilebs Soris kavSiri

mniSvnelovnad dairRva, ris gamoc rusuli diviziis nawilebi meTauris

gareSe, sakuTari bedis anabara darCnen da ise agrZelebdnen brZolas.

rusebis eqvsive divizia, uwesrigod areuli, aRmosavleTisaken garboda.

moulodnelad, qaosurad mebrZol rusul nawilebs dasavleTidan

poloneTis mTavari frontis jariskacebma Seuties. CrdiloeTis frontis

samxreT nawilSi, polonelebis IV armiam gadalaxa mdinare SCara da q.

slonimi daipyro. ori dRiT adre ki, marjvena frTidan Semomvlelma

polonurma nawilebma q. pinski daikaves. rusebis samxedro Zalebma

masiuri ukandaxeva daiwyes. amis Semdeg, faqtiurad, ruseTis

SeiaraRebuli nawilebis mxridan seriozuli winaaRmdegoba Sewyda.

poloneTis sardloba mixvda, rom zavi uaxloesi dReebis saqme iyo da

poloneTis saxelmwifos momavali sazRvrebis strategiulad

ganmamtkicebeli raionebis dakavebis mizniT, umowyalod devnida mters

qveynis sazRvrebidan. poloneTis armia, damfrTxal rusebs frontis erTi

frTidan meoreze mierekeboda da aqtiurad miiwevda aRmosavleTisaken.

zavis dadebis dRes, polonelebs ukve zaslav-ratomka-mdinare ptiCis

xazi eWiraT.

sazavo molaparakeba varSavis minskSi, varSavis brZolis wina

dReebSi, poloneTisaTvis umZimes wuTebSi daiwyo. rusebi molaparakebas

ganzrax aWianurebdnen. SemdgomSi, molaparakeba ruseTis minskSi iqna

gadatanili. aRniSnuli periodis ganmavlobaSi omis bedi Zireulad

Seicvala, radgan poloneTis armia didi siCqariT uaxlovdeboda meore,

ruseTis minskis misadgomebsac. polonelebis es ganuwyveteli winsvla,

mniSvnelovnad arbilebda rusebis sazavo molaparakebaSi dakavebul, maTi

azriT, uryev pozicias da mas polonelTa sasargeblod cvlida. bolos,

zavi q. rigaSi daido. zavis xelmoweris dros ki ruseTis minskic

polonelebis xelSi iyo. amrigad, 1920 wlis 12 oqtombers daido

droebiTi zavi, xolo 1921 wlis martSi, rigaSi, ruseTisa da

poloneTis mTavrobebma xeli moaweres zavs, romliTac poloneTs

gadaeca dasavleT ukraina da dasavleT belorusia. 1920 wlis

oqtomberSi, poloneTis jarma daikava vilniusi, romelic Tavisi olqiT

1922 wels, oficialurad poloneTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi

Sevida.

ase dasrulda rusi bolSevikebis `wiTeli jvarosnuli laSqroba~

dasavleTisaken. am omSi gamarjvebiT, poloneTma daamtkica Tavisi

saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis ufleba. varSavis brZolam xuTi dRis

ganmavlobaSi omis bedi radikalurad Secvala da cxadyo, rom ruseTi

32

poloneTs ver daamarcxebda. varSavis Semdgomi nemenis brZola, es ukve

am omSi damarcxebuli rusebis sabolood daCoqeba iyo da mopovebuli

gamarjvebis strategiul da politikur dagvirgvinebas warmoadgenda.

varSavis operaciis dagegmvis dros, m. tuxaCevskim uari Tqva, rom

ruseTis armias mTavari frontaluri dartyma varSavaze mietana. misi

azriT, poloneTis mTavari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi dedaqalaqis

CrdiloeTiT ixevdnen ukan. man swored am mimarTulebaze miitana mTavari

dartyma, raTa gaenadgurebina poloneTis jari varSavidan Crdilo-

dasavleTiT. 27 wlis m. tuxaCevskis gadawyvetilebebma kidev ufro

gaaRrmava ruseTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis mier miRebuli

strategiuli Secdoma. sabWoTa samxedro dazvervam ver moaxerxa verc

imis dadgena, rom mTavari polonuri Zalebi varSavis CrdiloeTiT ar

iyo ganlagebuli. maT ver SeamCnies verc mdinare vepSze, samxreT-

dasavleTis frontze mebrZoli polonuri diviziebis gadasrola

Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. miuxedavad amisa, m. tuxaCevskim miiRo

sakmaod riskiani gadawyvetileba, vinaidan mas mowinaaRmdege polonur

Zalebze sakmarisi informacia ar gaaCnda. samxedro istoriis mkvlevarTa

azriT, varSavis operaciaSi ruseTis armiis damarcxeba da am marcxSi

tuxaCevskis wvlilis Sesaxeb dava gadamwveti faqtori gaxda misi bedis

gansazRvraSi 1937 wlis represiebis dros. mxolod 1957 wels, misi

gadracvalebis Semdeg, moxda m. tuxaCevskis reabilitacia.

aqve saWiroa imis aRniSvnac, rom varSavis brZolis mniSvneloba

mxolod ruseT-poloneTis urTierTobis sakiTxiT ar amoiwureboda.

varSavis brZolaSi ruseTis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, mTeli evropis da

SesaZloa msoflio politikuri rukac Zirfesvianad Secvliliyo. igive

problemis winaSe idga evropa maSinac, rodesac osmalTa Zlevamosili

jari Sua evropaSi SeiWra da venas zarbaznebs uSenda. maSinac omis

bedze iyo damokidebuli, Tu saiT wavidoda evropis da saerTod

kacobriobis ganviTarebis momavali: osmaleTis Tu dasavleT evropis

gziT. poloneTma maSinac Tavisi sityva Tqva. bunebrivia, es ar iyo

ubralo SemTxvevis Sedegi. poloneTi or gansxvavebul samyaros,

dasavleT evropasa da aRmosavleTs Soris mdebareobs.

ruseTTan omSi poloneTis gamarjveba ganapiroba i. pilsudskis

gamWriaxobam, romlis sawindaric misi Seupovari revoluciuri warsuli

iyo da is samxedro gamocdileba, romlis brZolis asparezi

magdeburgidan kamCatkamde iyo gadaWimuli. sabrZolo wvrTna man 1905,

1914-1918 wlebis mZime gamocdebidan miiRo. mTeli am xangrZlivi

brZolis ganmavlobaSi miuZRoda igi sakuTari eris mebrZol nawils.

poloneli eri icnobda mas, hqonda misdami rwmena, ris gamoc aniWebda

moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. is iyo faqtiurad varSavis brZolis avtori.

bevri ucxoeli samxedro specialisti polonelebis am gamarjvebas

frangebis damsaxurebad miiCnevda. maT mxedvelobaSi hqondaT is

33

garemoeba, rom 1920 wlis ivlisSi poloneTis dasaxmareblad varSavaSi

Cavida antantis samxedro misia, romlis saTaveSic frangebis

mTavarsardli, I msoflio omis droindeli Stabis ufrosi, generali

veigani idga. rogori idealuri gegmac ar unda SeemuSavebina veigans,

yvelaferi mainc am gegmis ganmxorcieblis pirad Rirsebebze iyo

damokidebuli. amis sailustraciod sakmarisia moviyvanoT Tundac is

magaliTi, rom germanelebma msoflio omi general Slifenis, TiTqmis

idealuri, martivi da utyuari gegmiT daiwyes, magram generalma

moltkem es gegma Tavisi xasiaTisa da Rirsebis Sesaferisad Caaswora da

igi bolos marnis Rirsebamde miiyvana. ufro metic, marSal i.

pilsudskis, frangebis koncefcia aramc Tu ar miuRia, aramed mis

sawinaaRmdegod moiqca. man gadamwyveti dartyma miitana mterze mdinare

veSpis napirebidan CrdiloeTis da Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT,

ruseTis armiis Rrma zurgSi. poloneTis sardloba, mxolod varSava-

modlinis raionSi awarmoebda mogeriebiT da nawilobriv SeteviTi

xasiaTis operaciebs, riTac mtris Zalebs frontalurad Seukra xel-

fexi. am faqts xazs usvamdnen, aseve cnobili frangi samxedro

mkvlevarebi generlebi komoni da mordaki. amrigad, varSavis brZolis

koncefcia da misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba i. pilsudskis ganuyofel

sakuTrebas warmoadgenda.

poloneTs Tavisufleba da gamarjveba moupova meTaurma, romelic

ers dampyroblisadmi Seurigebeli da ukompromiso brZolisaken

mouwodebda. ukiduresi gaWirvebis wuTebSi poloneli eri instiqturad,

mxolod, mas Sescqeroda da sakuTar beds uyoymanod masve andobda.

ruseT-poloneTis omma cxadyo, rom eri, romelsac Tavisuflebis

mopovebis uryevi gadawyvetileba aqvs da surs amisaTvis brZola,

miuxedavad mowinaaRmdegis siZlierisa da uamravi dabrkolebisa, mizans

ueWvelad miaRwevs. ers, Tu ara aqvs gadawyvetileba Tavisi

arsebobisaTvis brZolis sakuTari ZalebiT warmoebisa, mas verc erTi

ucxo saxelmwifo da veraviTari Zala ver gaaTavisuflebs monobidan.

damoukidebeli arseboba ki amayi da bunebiT Tavisufali erebis

privilegiaa. i. pilsudski iyo is pirovneba, romelic auwereli

sirTuleebis, dabrkolebebisa da xelisSemSleli pirobebis miuxedavad,

sakuTar xalxs ukompromiso da radikaluri brZolisaken mouwodebda.

igi am brZolis mosamzadeblad uangarod iRwvoda. qveynisaTvis

ukiduresad kritikul momentSi polonelma erma igi mTavarsardlad

airCia, Tavisi bedi miando da manac imedi ar gaucrua sakuTar xalxs.

poloneTis samxedro ministri da SeiaraRebul ZalTa generaluri

inspeqtori, ioseb pilsudski 68 wlis asakSi gardaicvala varSavaSi. igi

dakrZalulia q. krakovSi, vavelis sasaflaoze, iq, sadac ganisveneben

poloneTis mefeebi. vavels polonelebisaTvis igive mniSvneloba aqvs,

rogorc qarTvelebisaTvis mcxeTisa da gelaTis mefeTa saZvaleebs. i.

34

pilsudskis dakrZalvaze, wminda ioanes eklesiis SesasvlelSi, sityva

warmoTqva poloneTis maSindelma prezidentma, profesorma egnate

mostickim. man isaubra i. pilsudskis damsaxurebaze poloneli eris

winaSe da Tqva: `mefeTa savanes hbardeba (Cveni) megobari saukuno

gansasveneblad. ar amSvenebs mis Subls mefeTa gvirgvini, arc xelT

upyria emblemebi saamiso. igi mefe iyo Cveni gulebis da mflobeli Cveni

sulis. Tavisi sicocxlis naxevar saukunovani SromiT igebda is guls

gulze da suls sulze, vidre mSvenieri samefo misi sulisa ar daeufla

poloneTs mTlianad... man aRudgina poloneTs Tavisufleba, misca

sazRvrebi, daubruna siZliere da pativi. sakuTari qceviT kidiT-kidemde

aRviZebda gmirobisadmi ltolvis naperwkals... ojaxTa kerasTan

aRvmarToT bWeni fasdaudebel mis TvisebaTa CvenSi gadasarCenad da

naanderZevis Sesanaxad, raTa samSoblosaTvis datanjul mis suls

saukuno gansveneba davumkvidroT~.

i. pilsudskis gardacvalebas farTod gamoexmaurnen poloneTSi,

emigraciaSi myofi qarTveli samxedro moRvaweebi, romlebic Tavis droze

rusuli agresiis msxverplni aRmoCndnen. isini ucxo qveynidan

Sescqerodnen da sulmouTqmelad elodebodnen saqarTvelos

gaTavisuflebas. bevrma maTganma ucxoobaSi dalia suli da iq hpova

samudamo gansasvenebeli. erT-erTi maTgani, tabaxmelas brZolis

sulisCamdgmeli, generali aleqsandre CxeiZe ase afasebda i. pilsudskis

Rvawls: `marSali pilsudski Tavis individualur TvisebaTa wyalobiT

yvela xalxisaTvis simdidred gadaiqca _ am mxriv igi poloneTis

farglebs gascda. misi yoveli nabiji, yoveli sityva, mTeli sicocxlis

msvleloba saukeTeso magaliTia yvelasaTvis, visac surs sikeTe Tavisi

samSoblosaTvis. ar iqneba gadaWarbeba, rom vTqvaT: verc erTi xalxi ver

gaigebs, ver igrZnobs da ver Seafasebs marSalis namoqmedars ise,

rogorc Cveni qarTveli xalxi. swored, Cveni xalxi, imave dros da imave

mtrisagan Cagruli, saerTo istoriis msvlelobam migviyvana

ganTavisuflebamde... rogor movuareT Cven Tavs da ra advilad davkargeT

Tavisufleba! pirobebi bevrad advili da xelsayreli iyo CvenTvis, vidre

poloneTisTvis, oRond ver gamoviCineT mtkice survili, mivayuCeT Cveni

xalxis sulis tradiciuli siZliere. vin icis, am didi adamianis

istoriam rom miaRwios Cven xalxamde, bevr rameze auxels mas Tvalebs,

gaagebinebs warsul Secdomebs da momavlisaTvis bevrs aswavlis; Cveni

xalxi Sors aris. Cven, emigraciaSi myof qarTvelebs ki SesaZlebloba

gvaqvs SeviswavloT am araCveulebrivi adamianis cxovreba da namoqmedari

da vaRiaroT samSoblosaTvis sabrZolvel erT-erT saukeTeso

saxelmZRvanelod~.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) arsebobis

gaxangrZlivebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli poloneT-ruseTis omma,

romelic rusebis marcxiT damTavrda. aRsaniSnavia, rom rodesac

35

poloneTis jarebi q. kievs uaxlovdebodnen, rusebma, swored, maSin

moaweres xeli saqarTvelosTan e. w. `samSvidobo~ xelSekrulebas.

dokumenti, romelsac v. i. leninma `megobrobis traqtati~ uwoda,

xelmowerili iqna 1920 wlis 7 maiss, swored im dros, rodesac

poloneTis jarma q. kievi aiRo. ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebas,

drois gayvanis daniSnuleba hqonda, riTac mxolod mcire xniT Seyovnda

saqarTvelos aneqsia. ruseTis jarebma, jer kidev 1920 wlis pirvel

maiss, gadakveTes azerbaijan-saqarTvelos sazRvari da moulodneli

TavdasxmiT moindomes Tbilisis dapyroba, Tumca qarTulma garnizonebma

rusebs medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies. gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines Tavi

saqarTvelos oficerTa skolis kadetebma; swored, maT aiZules

bolSevikebis jars, ukan daexia. rusebs mainc ar auRiaT xeli Tbilisis

dapyrobaze da 2 maiss, diliT, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg kavaleria

gamoagzavnes, romelsac wiTel xidTan medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies

qarTuli jaris nawilebma. es Setakeba qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

rusebis samxedro moqmedebebi saqarTveloSi 5 maisamde gagrZelda.

aRniSnul samxedro operaciebs, im etapze, ruseTisaTvis mxolod

dazverviTi xasiaTi hqonda, risTvisac didi raodenobiT jariskacs ar

agzavnidnen. bolSevikebi cdilobdnen amoecnoT ara mxolod saqarTvelos

samxedro momzadeba, aramed evropis reaqcia TavianT avantiuristul

moqmedebebze.

saWoTa istoriografia krZalavda i. pilsudskis saxels da

poloneTis ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas absoluturad sawinaaRmdegod,

separatizmad da poloneli xalxisTvis damRupvelad warmoaCenda.

samwuxarod, aseT sicrueSi cxovrobda qarTveli eric, romelsac

damoukidebloba rusulma xiStebma, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals

saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, didi xnis manZilze waarTva.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom 1921 wels, poloneTis mTavrobam scno

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damoukidebloba `de iure~.

poloneTSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgeneli iyo imave dros

varSavaSi arsebuli qarTuli sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare. 1920 wels,

daarsda specialuri organo `qarTuli komiteti poloneTSi~, romelsac

oficialuri statusi hqonda damtkicebuli poloneTis xelisuflebis

mier. qarTuli komiteti poloneTSi muSaobas agrZelebda ruseTis mier

saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdegac, 1922 wlis bolomde. komitets

xelmZRvanelobda s. yuruliSvili, xolo Semdeg i. salayaia.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-1921 ww.), saqarTvelos

mTavrobam miiRo poloneTis samxedro saswavleblis kursantebi general

i. pilsudskis meTaurobiT da isini rogorc stumrebi, mTeli wlis

saswavlo da dRiuri xarjebisagan gaaTavisufla. es im pativiscemis

dasturi iyo, rasac ruseTis imperiis monobaSi moqceuli, am ori eris

xalxebs Soris, jer kidev XIX saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli.

36

saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, poloneTis xelisuflebam Seifara

qarTveli ltolvilebi. safrangeTis Semdeg, qarTvel emigrantTa yvelaze

didi jgufi poloneTSi dasaxlda. poloneTis samxedro skolaSi

Cairicxa 46 qarTveli iunkeri, romlebsac saswavleblis damTavrebis

Semdeg, oficris Cini mieniWaT da poloneTis armiis sxvadasxva

SenaerTebSi gadanawildnen.

poloneli xalxis brZolis istorias rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg,

didi mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, qarTvelebisaTvis, radgan XIX

saukunidan dawyebuli, poloneli da qarTveli xalxis cxovreba,

SeiZleba iTqvas, pirdapir paraleluri gziT mimdinareobda. qarTvelma

xalxma polonelTa am gmiruli brZolidan Semdegi daskvnebi unda

gamoitanos:

1. sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gareSe yovlad SeuZlebelia

qveynis Tavisuflebis mopoveba.

2. yovelgvari SeiaraRebuli Zala eris realur simdidres da

sakuTrebas warmoadgens, romelic adre Tu gvian ueWvelad iqneba

gamoyenebuli da Tavis ers ueWvelad gamoadgeba.

3. brZolis warmoebis teqnikisaTvis samxedro ganaTlebis miReba

yvelgan SeiZleba, magram am xelovnebis strategiuli da

politikuri mizniT gamoyeneba, mxolod da mxolod sakuTari

erovnuli politikis da strategiis xaziT unda iqnes gatarebuli.

am mizniT, qarTvelma jariskacma unda Seisisxlxorcos da

gaaanalizos sakuTari eris wiaRidan gamosul mamuliSvilTa

sabrZolo gamocdileba. saWiroa gaikvlios gza erekles da daviT

aRmaSeneblis sabrZolo moqmedebaTa sulieri kavSirisaken,

romelTa magivrobas maT veravin gauwevs.

4. mxedrobis RirsebaTa da SesaZleblobaTa sruli realizaciisaTvis,

aucilebelia sakuTari jariskacisaTvis sruli ndobis gamocxadeba

mTeli erisa da politikuri xelmZRvanelobis mxridan. bunebrivia,

sakuTari jarisadmi ndoba, omis gamocxadebis dekretiT, erT

dReSi ar ibadeba, amisaTvis saWiroa eris yvela warmomadgenlis

mWidro kontaqti sakuTar mxedrobasTan mSvidobis periodSive.

37

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *

antanta _ frangulad `Entente~ `SeTanxmeba~, igulisxmeba samxedro

bloki, romelic Camoyalibda 1904-1907 wlebSi ingliss, safrangeTsa da

ruseTs Soris. e. w. `samTa kavSiri~. aRniSnulma qveynebma 1914 wlis

oqtomberSi gaaformes xelSekruleba, romlis mixedviTac erTad unda

ebrZolaT pirvel msoflio omSi. 1914-1918 wlebSi maT SeuerTda

italia, iaponia, anu germaniis winaaRmdeg ganwyobili saxelmwifoebi.

antantis qveynebma pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebuli saxelmwifoebi

parizis sazavo konferenciaze ar dauSves. konferenciaSi monawileobda

antantis mxareze mebrZoli 27 saxelmwifo. samSvidobo xelSekrulebis

proeqts amuSavebda `aTTa sabWo~, romelSic Sedioda 5 didi

saxelmwifos: aSS-is, inglisis, safrangeTis, italiisa da iaponiis

warmomadgenlebi. 1919 wlis martSi `aTTa sabWo~ gauqmda da igi `oTxTa

sabWoTi~ Seicvala, iaponiis gamoklebiT.

divizia _ laT. `Divisio~ qveiTebis, kavaleriis an javSansatanko

nawilebis 3-4 polkisagan Sedgenili danayofi, samxedro SenaerTi,

romelic gaZlierebulia artileriiTa da specialuri samxedro

nawilebiT.

versalis zavi _ 1919 wlis 28 ivniss, versalis sarkeebian darbazSi

xeli moewera zavs I msoflio omSi damarcxebul germaniasTan. vinaidan

zavi versalis sasaxleSi iqna xelmowerili, mas versalis zavi ewoda.

versalis zaviT, poloneTs daubrunda baltiispireTis sanapiros,

mxolod mcire nawili dancigis (gdanski) gareSe. igi Tavisufal qalaqad

gamocxadda. poloneTs gadaeca aRmosavleT prusiis mcire nawili, xolo

didi nawili kvlav germanias darCa. poznanis aRmosavleT nawilis

poloneTisaTvis gadacemaze versalis konferencia, mxolod mas Semdeg

daTanxmda, rodesac iq mcxovrebi polonelebis ajanyebis Sedegad, 1918

wlis dekemberSi da 1919 wlis ianvarSi germanelebi gaZevebulni iqnen

poloneTidan. mogvianebiT, 1919 wlis 10 seqtembers, parizSi, sen-

Jermenis sasaxleSi, pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebulma avstriam xeli

moawera antantasTan sazavo xelSekrulebas, romliTac scno poloneTis

saxelmwifos damoukidebloba.

vilno _ vilniusi, litvis dedaqalaqi 1353 wlidan. 1919 wels

poloneTis jarebma i. pilsudskis meTaurobiT xelT igdes bresti,

vilniusi, mTeli litva, SeiWrnen belorusiaSi, daikaves minski da

miaRwies dasavleT dvinamde da berezinamde. poloneTis iurisdiqciaSi

yofnis periodSi (1920-1939 ww.), qalaqi vilniusi moixsenieboda vilnos

saxelwodebiT. 1990 wels, litvis respublikis damoukideblobis

gamocxadebis Semdeg, litvis uZvelesi qalaqi vilniusi Tavisi arsebobis

manZilze mesamed gamocxadda litvis dedaqalaqad. vilniusSi daibada da

38

iqve miiRo umaRlesi ganaTleba cnobilma polonelma mweralma adam

mickeviCma, romlis Zeglic dResac amSvenebs Zveli vilniusis erT-erT

ubans.

legioni _ laT. `legio~ (legios) romauli jaris umaRlesi sabrZolo

erTeuli, uricxvi raodenoba, simravle, sxvadasxva drois sxvadasxva

samxedro nawilis saxelwodeba, mag. 1914-1918 wlebis msoflio omis

dros moqmedebdnen polonuri legionebi.

loZi _ (sityvasityviT _ `navi~) mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT,

poloneTis mesame qalaqia. 2006 wlis monacemebiT qalaqis mosaxleoba

753 192 kacs Sesadgens. is qveynis centralur nawilSi mdebareobs,

varSavis samxreT-dasavleTiT 120 km-ze. loZi poloneTis msubuqi da

eleqtronuli mrewvelobis centrad iTvleba.

krakovi _ (pol. Kraków ['krakuf]), sruli saxelwodeba: samefo

dedaqalaqi krakovi (pol. Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków) erT-erTi

udidesi da uZvelesi qalaqia poloneTSi. 2004 wlis monacemebiT misi

mosaxleoba 760 000 kacs Seadgens. istoriuli qalaqi mdebareobs md.

vislaze, vavelis mTis Ziras, molopolskas regionis samxreTiT. 1999

wlidan is molopolskas savoevodos (województwo małopolskie) dedaqalaqia, xolo manamde, dawyebuli XIV saukunidan, krakovis

savoevodos dedaqalaqs warmoadgenda. krakovi, istoriulad poloneTis

wamyvani samecniero, kulturuli da xelovnebis centri iyo. erT dros

poloneTis dedaqalaqi, sakuTari aTaswlovani istoriis wyalobiT,

mravalTa mier dResac qveynis gulad miiCneva. is regionisa da

saerTaSoriso turizmis centria, weliwadSi 2 milionze meti mnaxveliT.

moziris jgufi _ moziris meTaurobiT, rusi jariskacebisagan Semdgari

samxedro SenaerTi, romelic 1920 wels aqtiur monawileobas

Rebulobda poloneTis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi qalaq varSavasTan.

39

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• avaliSvili z. `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis

saerTaSoriso politikaSi~, Tbilisi, 1990;

• gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, `qarTvelebi poloneTSi~, parizi,

1927, # 18, gv. 5;

• gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, `qarTuli kolonia varSavaSi~,

parizi, 1935, # 17, gv. 14-15;

• r. dauSvili `qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi~, gamomcemloba

`raeo~, Tbilisi 2007;

• r. dauSvili `qarTuli politikuri da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi

emigraciaSi XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi~, qarTuli diplomatia, t.

11, 2004, gv. 206-226;

• Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis emigraciis

muzeumSi daculi foto dokumenturi masala. guram SaraZis piradi

fondi;

• n. maTikaSvili `poloneTis ganTavisufleba da marSali pilsudski~,

`mxedari~, # 19, parizi, 1935;

• a. manveliSvili `ruseTi da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba~, san-

francisko, 1984;

• a. manveliSvili `ruseTi da saqarTvelo~, t. I, parizi, 1951;

• Manvelichvili A. `Histoire de Géorgie~, Nouvelle éditions de la Toison d’or, Paris, 1951;

• Nippold o. `La Géorgie du point de vue du droit international~, éd du Bureau de Press Géorgien, 1920;

• poloneTis prezidentis egnate mosticskis sityva warmoTqmuli

marSal ioseb pilsudskis dakrZalvisas, `mxedari~, # 19, parizi,

1935;

• Jurnali `axali poloneTi~, 2001;

• al. CxeiZe `marSal i. pilsudskis cxovreba da moqmedeba~ Jurnali

`mxedari~, # 19, parizi, 1935;

• n. javaxiSvili `qarTveli mxedrebi poloneTis droSis qveS~, Tbilisi

1998.

• qavTaraZe ian (vano) (emigranti qarTveli istorikosi), `saqarTvelos

istoria~, gam. varSavis aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti, varSava,

1929 (polonur enaze), redaqtori, prof. marteli handelsmani.

sainteresoa wignis avtoriseuli miZRvna: `istoriis wigns ubeduri

erisa, romlis Svilebmac TavianTi samSoblos tragediis wlebSi

TavSesafari hpoves poloneTis miwaze, vuZRvni polonel xalxs; Cems

naSroms mivarTmev am qveynis pirvel marSals _ ioseb pilsudskis,

rogorc Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis simbolos~.

40

• Советская историческая энциклопедия, т.14 _ М.; Советская энциклопедия, 1973.

• Соколов Б. В. Михаил Тухачевский: жизнь и смерть «Красного маршала», Смоленск: Русич, 1999.

• Тухачевский М. Н. Избранные произведения в 2-х томах _ М.; Воениздат, 1964 г., т.1, Предисловие Маршала Советского Союза С. С. Бирюзова.

• Черушев Н. С. 1937 год: Элита Красной армии на голгофе. _ М.; Изд-во «Вече», 2003.

• Гуль Р. Б. Красные маршалы: Тухачевский, Ворошилов, Блюхер, Котовский. _ М.; Молодая гвардия, 1990.

41

sabrZolo moqmedebaTa rukebi:

ruka #1

ruka #2

42

ruka #3

ruka #4

43

ruka #5

ruka #6

44

poloneTis pirveli marSali ioseb pilsudski

komendanti ioseb pilsudski

45

poloneTis prezidenti egnate mosticki

poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generali ridz-smigli

46