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IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
DRILL
February 23, 2012
Answer the following in your notebook:
If non-renewable fuels come from renewable plants and animals, why do we call them non-renewable?
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
1. Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels2. Classical Mechanics:
Force, Work, Energy, and Power3. Trigonometry and Vectors4. Energy and Power 5. Impacts of Current Generation and Use
UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER
Topics Covered
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.
2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
1. Often referred to as “gas”2. Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but
includes quantities of other hydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C
CH4 – Methane C3H8 – Propane
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Methods of Extraction1. Associated – found in oil fields2. Non-associated – found in natural gas fields3. Coalbed Methane – found in coal beds4. Before use, it must undergo processing to remove
everything but methane (such as CO2, N2, H2)
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Methods of Extraction1. Geologists locate types of rock that are known to
contain gas and oil deposits.Seismic surveys – echoes from a vibration source
2. Drilling begins, whether on land or offshore.3. NG flows up the well to the surface.4. Goes to processing or directly to transport pipeline5. NG is colorless, odorless, tasteless, so a chemical is
added to give it odor – Mercaptan
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Top World Producers
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%),
Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%)
90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (255,000 miles of pipeline).
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Storage and Transport
• NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers.• NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in
underground storage systemsOld oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds
• Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
• LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Processing
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POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Uses - HOME• NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S.• ~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water
heaters, dryers, and other appliances.• NG is raw material for:
• Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives
• Propane – barbecue grills
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural GasUses – INDUSTRY
Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc.U.S.
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.
2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of Extraction1. Crude oil forms and floats toward the surface of
earth’s crust – has a lower density than brine2. Oil wells release petroleum to the surface.
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of ExtractionOil Wells:1. Drill bit begins cutting into
rock2. Drilling fluid (mixture of
fluids, solids, chemicals) 1. Cools the drill bit2. Removes cut rock (shows
released oil when ready)
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of ExtractionOil Wells:3. Often, natural pressure is enough to raise oil through
the well to the surface.If not, pumps:
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of Extraction
California, 1938
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves
• Oil reservoirs contain estimated quantities of oil
• Oil reserves are estimated quantities of recoverable petroleum
• Limits to production (recovery):
• Technology – geology prevents getting there
• Economics – amount is not worth the cost
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Barrels
• 1 Barrel = 42 Gallons
• Other nations use different units
• Oil is no longer transported in barrels – tankers and pipelines
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Refining• Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful• Varies in color – from clear to tar-black• Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid• Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable
forms – separated into parts• Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive
evaporation and condensation
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POLY ENGINEERING3-2
• Different components of crude have different boiling points.• When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid
again – like steamed water in a pot
Process:1. Crude is boiled2. Highest boiling points
condense first3. Lower boiling points
condense last
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Refining
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POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Refining
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Refining
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Consumption Barrels per person per day
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Uses
• Primarily used to achieve mobility• Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics,
building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity
• Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-1
Bi-weekly Essay Assignments
Due Dates• Every other Monday between now and the end of the
3rd quarter, beginning next Monday.• Follow online instructions carefully – some weeks
require the completion of 2 articles.• February 7th (next Monday) and February 21st are the
first two due dates.• Reminders in class are not likely.
Impacts Journals
REVIEW
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-1
1. Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption.
FUEL ENERGY2. Fuels are a source of energy.3. Fuels are the material source of energy,
containing it as a potential.
Fuels and Energy
Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
REVIEW
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-1
1. Non-renewable1. Fossil Fuels
Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)2. Nuclear – Uranium ore
2. RenewableBiofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro,
Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind
Fuel Types
Topic 1
Energy Sources – Fuels
REVIEW
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-1
1. Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy.2. Formed from the heated and pressurized
remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years.
3. Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed.
4. Volatile: natural gas and petroleum5. Nonvolatile: coal
Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels
REVIEW