IP Addressing 3

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CCNA Guide to CiscoNetworking

Chapter 3: TCP/IP And IPAddressing



Obj ectives

Discuss the origins of TCP/IPUnderstand the different classes of IP

addressesConfigure and verify IP addressesSubdivide an IP network

Identify and discuss the different layer functions of TCP/IP



Obj ectives (continued)

Describe the functions performed byprotocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite,

including ICMP, UDP, TCP, ARP, andRARPUse ping and trace and describe their functionsUnderstand advanced routing conceptssuch as CIDR, summarization, and VLSM



Origins Of TCP/IP

United States Department of Defense (DoD) ± Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ± Create a WAN to survive an nuclear attack

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network(ARPANET) ± University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) ± University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) ± Stanford Research Institute ± University of Utah



Overview Of The TCP/IP Protocol

SuiteApplication Layer ± File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ± Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) ± Network File System (NFS) ± Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ± Telnet ± rlogin ± Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ± Domain Name System (DNS) ± Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)




Suite (continued)Transport Layer ± Ports

Well Known Port numbers

± TCP three-way handshakeInitial sequence numbersExpectational acknowledgementReset packet (RST)

± TCP sliding windowsFlow control with sliding windows, buffering,congestion avoidance




Suite (continued)Internetwork Layer ± Internet Protocol (IP)

IPv4 and IPv6

± Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)Echo request, echo reply, and TTL

± Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)ARP table, ARP request, ARP reply, and TTL

± Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)RARP server and RARP client




Suite (continued)Network Interface Layer ± Combines OSI Physical and Data Link layers

± MAC addresses ± Network card drivers ± Specific physical interfaces



Ping Utility



Ping Utility (continued)



Ping Utility (continued)



The Trace Utility





IP Addressing (continued)















Su b net Addressing

Default class subnet masks ± Class A subnet mask is 255.0.0.0

11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

± Class B subnet mask is 255.255.0.011111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

± Class C subnet mask is 255.255.255.011111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Boolean ANDing operationSubnet addressesBroadcast addresses



B roadcast Types

Flooded broadcasts ± 255.255.255.255

Directed broadcast ± 129.30.255.255



Su b dividing IP Classes



Su b net Masking



Su b net Masking (continued)



Su b net Masking (continued)



L earning To Su b net




(continued)Breakdown of 255.255.255.244 subnet mask ± 0 (binary 00000000) ² unusable ± 32 (binary 00100000)

± 64 (binary 01000000) ± 96 (binary 01100000) ± 128 (binary 10000000) ± 160 (binary 10100000) ± 192 (binary 11000000) ± 224 (binary 11100000) ² unusable




(continued)




(continued)



Su b netting Formulas

2y ± 2 = # of usable subnets (where y isthe number of bits borrowed)

2x ± 2 = # of usable hosts per subnet(where x is the number of bits remaining inthe host field after borrowing)




(continued)




(continued)



CIDR

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)Developed to slow the exhaustion of IP

AddressesProvide efficient use of IP addresses andaddress ranges

Subnetting and supernetting



Summarization

Also known as route aggregationMove subnet mask bits left of the default

boundaryCombine several default class networks



V aria b le L ength Su b net

Masks



V aria b le L ength Su b net Masks(continued)



V aria b le L ength Su b net Masks(continued)



IPv4 V ersus IPv6

Internet Protocol version 4 is the mostwidely used ± 32-bit structure ± 2 32 available addresses

Internet Protocol version 6 is not commonbut used ± 128-bit structure ± 2 128 available addresses



Understanding PacketTransmission

Routers on the networkNetwork to network

Dynamic or static tablesTransmitting packets to remote segmentsRouting packets





Understanding PacketTransmission (continued)



Understanding PacketTransmission (continued)



Understanding Packet Transmission(continued)



W orking W ith Hexadecimal Num b ers



SummaryTCP/IP is more than just the Transmission ControlProtocol/Internet Protocol; it is an entire suite of protocols that provides data transportation,management, and diagnostic capabilities for networksthat use itTCP/IP was started by the Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency (DARPA)That group was charged with developing a nationalcommunication system that could survive a nuclear war Later, its network, ARPANET, was turned over to thepublic, especially universitiesFrom there, the Internet grew into what it is today, alarge worldwide commerce and communications network



Summary (continued)TCP/IP maps to a four-layer network model: Application,Transport, Internetwork, and Network InterfaceThe Application layer in the TCP/IP model covers the

Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSIreference modelTCP/IP Transport layer maps directly to the OSI Transportlayer The Internetwork layer of the TCP/IP model maps directly tothe Network layer of the OSI model

Network Interface layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent tothe Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI model



Summary (continued)The TCP and UDP protocols reside at the Transportlayer of the TCP/IP networking ModelUDP is an unreliable and connectionlesscommunications protocol that does not guarantee packetdeliveryTCP is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol thatguarantees packet deliveryTCP uses a three-way handshake to establish acommunications link between two points before datatransfer TCP also uses a sliding window to control the flow of packets and the number of acknowledgments betweenthe two hosts



Summary (continued)Both TCP and UDP use port numbers from 1 to 65,535to establish their communications between two pointsPorts with numbers 1023 and under are Well Known Portnumbers, as defined in RFC 1700These ports describe common Internet services thathosts can use to contact public servers for specific typesof services, such as Web, FTP, and telnetThe Internet Protocol (IP) resides at the Internetworklayer, it provides the logical address that can be passedthrough a router The subnet mask allows networks to be divided intosubnetworks



Summary (continued)

You can use the ping utility with IP and ICMP todiagnose and troubleshoot network connectionsUse the trace utility with IP to determine all thehops that a packet makes along its path to aremote TCP/IP hostAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse

ARP (RARP) reside in the Internetwork layer These protocols allow the TCP/IP host to mapthe IP address to a MAC address



Summary (continued)The MAC address is the final leg of communicationbetween hostsPackets are transmitted via the MAC address to thedestination host once the packets arrive at thedestination network or subnetworkThe Internet Corporation for Assigned Names andNumbers (ICANN) and the American Registry of InternetNumbers (ARIN) work together to subdivide and issueaddresses for Internet clientsThree classes of addresses (A, B, and C) are availableto organizationsClass A addresses are for governments worldwide



Summary (continued)Class B addresses are assigned to medium to largecompanies and universitiesClass C addresses are assigned to organizations andpeople who require an IP address but do not meet thecriteria to have a Class A or B addressClass D addresses are used for multicasting informationMulticasting allows anyone with the correct setup tobroadcast a simultaneous transmission to multiplecomputersClass E addresses are used for experimentation andresearch



Summary (continued)

The subnet mask divides the network portion of the IP address from the host portion of theaddress

The network or subnetwork IP address mustalways have zeros for the host identifier portionIP addresses that identify TCP/IP hosts must benonzero in the host portionWhen the host portion of an IP address is allbinary ones, the address is a broadcast address



Summary (continued)Routing tables can be created manually anddynamicallyNetwork administrators manually create staticrouting tablesA manual table requires more administrativeoverhead but gives the administrator greater control over the routing processDynamic updates are provided through routing

protocolsThe routing protocols allow the routers to beupdated automatically



Summary (continued)

Advanced routing protocols such as RIP version2, OSPF, and EIGRP support variable lengthsubnet masking (VLSM)

VLSM allows network administrators to better allocate their IP address space by using differentsubnet masks on their subnetworksClassful routing protocols such as RIP version 1

and IGRP do not support VLSMThey require the same subnet mask on everysubnet



Summary (continued)

IPv6 is the latest version of IP addressingUnlike the 32-bit IPv4 addresses that arein use today on most networks, IPv6addresses are 128 bits long and areexpressed in hexadecimalIt is expected that vendors and networkerswill slowly convert to IPv6 in the nextseveral years



Summary (continued)The hexadecimal numbering system is alsoknown as base 16 because there are 16available numeralsThe numerals include all of the numbers 0±9 aswell as the letters A±FFor example, the letter A represents the decimalnumber 10 and the letter F represents thedecimal number 15

Hexadecimal numbers are found in MACaddresses and IPv6 addresses, and are oftenused in computer and networking applications

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IP Addressing 3

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