IP ADDRESSINGChapter 8

Intro to Routing & Switching

OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you should be

able to: Describe the structure of an IPv4 address. Describe the purpose of the subnet mask. Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast,

broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses. Compare the use of public and private addresses. Explain the need for IPv6 addressing. Describe the representation of an IPv6 address. Describe types of IPv6 network addresses. Configure global unicast addresses. Describe multicast addresses. Describe the role of ICMP in an IP network. Use ping & traceroute to test network connectivity.

IPV4 ADDRESSES

8.1

PURPOSE OF AN IP ADDRESS Each host needs IP to communicate Logical address Assigned to the NIC

Computers, network printer, router interfaces

RememberPacket has source & destination IP

EVERYTHING IS IP

What protocol translates the name to the IP address?DNS

What port does it use?53

IP ADDRESS FACTS Logical (not physical like MAC) IPv4 has 32 bits, 4 octets

8 bits in each octet11111111.10101010.11001100.00100101

Convert that to decimal:192.101.28.36

Value in each octet from 0-255That’s a total of 256 numbers.

CONVERT BINARY TO DECIMAL Add up the values of the binary 1’s

156

11100101229

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

BINARY/DECIMAL CONVERSIONS 8.1.1.4 Binary to Decimal Conversions

Add up the bit values to come up with the decimal answer

8.1.1.7 Decimal to Binary ConversionsConvert the decimal number to bits

8.1.1.8 Binary GameCreate an account on cisco.com

REVIEW How many bits in an IPv4 address?

32 How many octets? How many bits in

each?4 octets; 8 bits in each

What can be the decimal value range of each octet?0-255

How many numbers is 0-255?256

PARTS OF THE ADDRESS & THE SUBNET MASK

8.2

PARTS OF AN IP ADDRESS

Network portion Identifies network to the routerRouter cares about this part

Host portion Identifies the specific hostRouter doesn’t care about this part

Hierarchical Addressing

192.175.36.9

ACTIVITY

IP & SUBNET MASK INTERACTION Subnet Mask

Helps router decide which network packet is on

Helps show which part of IP is network & host

32 bits192.168.6.5 255.255.255.0

Binary 1’s - ID the network portion Binary 0’s - ID the host portion

ANDING

WHAT NETWORK ARE THESE ON?

ANDING- WHAT NETWORK? 199.81.210.17 255.255.255.240

What network does this belong to?

REVIEW What is the purpose of the subnet

mask?To help the router identify the destination

network A packet enters a router. Which address

does it look at?Destination IP

What process does it do with the destination IP & the subnet mask?ANDs it

What is the result of the ANDing?The destination network

HOW MANY HOSTS? UNSUBNETTED SM helps tells us how many hosts are on

that network255.255.255.00000000Binary 0= identifies # of hosts on that

network8 ZEROS is 28=256Subtract 2 for useable number

Unusable:00000000 (.0) is the network ID11111111 (.255) is the broadcast address for a

network Total Useable is 254

HOW MANY TOTAL & USEABLE HOSTS? UNSUBNETTED SM 255.255.255.128

128= 1000000027= 128-2 is 126 hosts

SM 255.255.255.224224= 1110000025= 32-2 is 30 hosts

SM 255.255.240.0 .240.0= 11110000.00000000212= 4096-2 is 4094 hosts

FIGURE IT OUT One PC is 192.168.18.107

255.255.255.0What is network does it belong to?How many useable hosts?Give PC’s addresses.

TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES IPV4 CLASSFUL

8.1.4

IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Class A

Large organizations1-126Default SM= 255.0.0.0

One octet for network, 3 octets for hostsHow many hosts available?

224= over 16 million10.52.33.7N.H.H.H255.0.0.0120.111.99.87

CLASS A EXAMPLE 15.7.92.5 255.0.0.0

15= Class A Default SM for Class A= 255.0.0.0 Network portion of address= 15. Host portion= .7.92.5 Network ID= 15.0.0.0

All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 15.255.255.255

All binary one’s in the host portion

IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Class B

Medium organizations128-191Default SM= 255.255.0.0

Two octets for network, 2 octets for hostsHow many hosts available?

216= over 65,000130.52.33.7N.N.H.H255.255.0.0185.111.99.87

CLASS B EXAMPLE 167.101.52.36 255.255.0.0

167= Class B Default SM for Class B= 255.255.0.0 Network portion of address= 167.101 Host portion= .52.36 Network ID= 167.101.0.0

All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 167.101.255.255

All binary one’s in the host portion

IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Class C

Small organizations192-223Default SM= 255.255.255.0

Three octets for network, 1 octet for hostsHow many hosts available?

28= 256-2 (254 useable)199.52.33.7N.N.N.H255.255.255.0220.111.99.87

CLASS C EXAMPLE 210.44.200.89 255.255.255.0

210= Class C Default SM for Class C= 255.255.255.0 Network portion of address= 210.44.200 Host portion= .89 Network ID= 210.44.200.0

All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 210.44.200.255

All binary one’s in the host portion

OTHER IP CLASSES & MORE Class D not for hosts

D is multicast (one to a group)224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255

Class E not for hostsFor testing only240-255

All 0’s in host portion(s) = network ID All 1’s in host portion(s)= broadcastCAN NOT USE THESE ADDRESSES FOR

HOSTS!

IP CHEAT SHEET

ACTIVITY Address 168.19.203.12 255.255.0.0

What class? What are the network portions? What are the host portions? What is the network address/ID? What is the broadcast address? What is the first usable address?

ACTIVITY 8.1.2.8 Lab

8.1.2.9 ANDing ActivityDetermine the network address

Lots of Practice!

REVIEWWhich version IP addresses are we

dealing with?IPv4

How many bits in an IP address?32

How many octets in an IP address?4

Which part of this address is the host portion? 199.81.71.6

6

REVIEWWhich network does this belong on?

201.14.6.5 255.255.255.0201.14.6.0 network

How many total hosts can be on that network? Useable?

256254, why?

PUBLIC & PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES

8.1.4

PUBLIC/PRIVATE IP’S

Address Class

Address Range

A 10.0.0.0- 10.255.255.255B 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255C 192.168.0.0- 192.168.255.255

Some addresses are reserved & can not be routed across Internet

You can have a public IP for network/servers & private for hosts insideSaves IP addresses

PRIVATE IP’S If host does not connect DIRECTLY to

Internet, it can have a private IP

Router BLOCKS private IP’s

Great Security!!! Private IP’s can not be seen from Internet

127.0.0.0 range is reserved for loopback testing

169 is APIPA (local link)- no IP received from DHCP server

PRIVATE NETS

ACTIVITY 8.1.4.2 Pass or Block IP Addresses

Decide to pass or block the IP depending upon if it’s private or public

8.1.4.7 Public or PrivateDrag each IP to public or private

HandoutHost, Network#, or Broadcast address,

Class, default SM, usable/unusable for hosts

REVIEW- Q What is the private range for class A?

10 What is the private range for B?

172.16- 172.31 What is the private range for C?

192.168 What is unique about the private

addresses?They are not routable

What does it mean if your address is 169?APIPA; you did not get an IP from DHCP

server

UNICAST, MULTICAST,

BROADCAST

8.1.3

UNICAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-one or Source to destination

BROADCAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-all (source to all) in segment All hosts will look at it All 1’s in host portion(s) of address Broadcast IP & MAC (all F’s) Default Broadcasts

A- 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0B- 172.16.255.255 255.255.0.0C- 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.0

BROADCAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION

MULTICAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-group Class D 224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255 Multicast MAC begins with 01-00-5E

Where is it used?GamingDistance learning

MULTICAST COMMUNICATION

WHICH ONE, BASED ON THE MAC?

Unicast, Multicast, or Broadcast

ACTIVITY 8.1.3.6 Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast

Look at the destination IP & click the devices that will receive it

Try it several time

Handout

DOSNetstat –eDo this every 10 secondsPay attention to non-unicast packets

REVIEW

160.50.23.6 255.255.0.0; What network is this on?160.50.0.0

Which default SM has the most hosts?Class A 255.0.0.0Over 16 million!

How many useable hosts in a Class C?254

220.101.5.90 255.255.255.0; What network is this on?220.101.5.0

REVIEW

What are the private IP addresses?10, 172.16-172.31, 192.168.

What is the MAC broadcast frame in hex?FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

What is the MAC for a multicast?01-00-5E

One to one communication is…Unicast

To send a unicast message, which addresses do you need?Source & dest. IP & MAC

TEST ON IPV4

REVIEW & STUDY Complete the study guide handout

Take the quiz on netacad.com

Jeopardy review

SUMMARYIn this chapter, you learned:

IP ADDRESSINGChapter 8

Intro to Routing & Switching