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Ip Networking Basics

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    IP NETWORKING BASICS

    29 MAR 03

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    OSI Model and TCP / IP Protocol Suite. Ethernet LAN technology and Switching

    concepts.

    Routing concepts.

    IP Addressing.

    Bit deeper into Routing subnetting,firewall, NAT.

    Scope of Session

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    OSI

    OPERATING SYSTEM

    APPLICATIONS

    NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

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    1

    2

    3

    4

    6

    5

    7

    1

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    Header3

    Data

    Data

    Header 4

    DataHeader 2

    Data

    2

    Network

    System A System BInformation unit

    OSI

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    OSI Model

    Application layer roughlycorresponds to Application and

    Presentation layers (FTP,TFTP, and HTTP).

    Transport layer roughlycorresponds to Session andTransport layers (This layerholds he Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP), and UserDatagram Protocol (UDP)

    Internet layer is equivalent tothe Network layer. This layerholds the Internet Protocol(IP), Internet ControlMessage Protocol (ICMP),Internet Group MessageProtocol (IGMP), and Address

    Resolutions Protocol (ARP). Network Interface layer

    roughly corresponds to DataLink and Physical layers

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    LANSWITCHING

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    Ethernet

    802.3* - Hardware standards forEthernetcards and cables

    802.5 - Hardware standards for Token Ringcards / cables

    802.2 - The new message format for data onany LAN

    *This includes the original 10 Megabitper second

    (Mbps) system, 100 Mbps FastEthernet(802.3u),1000 Mbps GigabitEthernet(802.3z/802.3ab), and10 GigabitEthernet(802.3ae).

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    ETHERNET

    CSMA / CDCOLLISION DOMAIN

    BROADCAST DOMAIN

    PACKET SIZE MIN 64 BYTES; MAX 1512

    BYTES

    ROUND TRIP DELAY: 50 MICRO

    SECONDS

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    ETHERNET

    10 Base T

    10: 10 mbps

    Base: Baseband

    T: Twisted pair

    PACKET SIZE MIN 64

    BYTES; MAX151

    2 BYTESROUND TRIP DELAY: 50

    MICRO SECONDS

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    ETHERNET

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    ETHERNETEFFICIENCY

    The Factors AffectingNetwork Efficiency

    -Amount of traffic

    - Number of nodes- Size of packets- Network diameter

    Measuring Network Efficiency

    - Average to peak load deviation- Collision Rate- Utilization Rate

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    VLAN /LAYER3 SWITCHING.STORE FORWARD / CUT THROUGH.

    BLOCKING AND NON- BLOCKING.

    100 MBPS X 2 (FULL DX) X 8 PORTS=1.6GBPS

    50% UTILISATION=>800 MBPSBACKPLANE.

    COST.

    SWITCH BUFFER.

    SWITCHING: ISSUES

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    Questions?

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    DIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKS

    PUBLIC MEDIAPUBLIC MEDIA

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    DIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKS

    PUBLIC MEDIAPUBLIC MEDIA

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    Network Layer : Path Determination

    WHICH PATH??

    Layer 3 functions to find the best path through the inetrnetwork

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    1

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    Network Layer: Communication Path

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    Addressing : Network and Host

    Network address Path part used by the router

    Host address --- Specific port or device on the network

    Network Host

    1 1

    2

    3

    2 1

    3 1

    1.2

    1.31.1

    2.1

    3.1

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    Protocol Addressing Variations

    General

    Example

    TCP/IP

    Example

    Novell IPX

    Example

    Network Node

    1 1

    Network Host

    10 8.2.48

    Network Node

    1acebob. 0000.0c00.6e25

    (Mask255.0.0.0 )

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    Routing uses Network Addresses

    Network portion of address to make path selections

    Node portion of address refers to router port to the path

    Destination Direction and

    Network Router port

    1.0 1.1

    2.0 2.1

    3.0 3.1

    1.01.1

    3.1

    2.12.0

    3.0

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    Routed versusRouting Protocol

    Routedprotocol used

    Between routers to direct

    traffic

    Examples : IP, IPX

    Routingprotocols used only

    Between routers to maintain

    tables

    Examples :RIP, IGRP

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    Network Layer Protocol Operations

    Each router provides its services to support upper-layer functions

    Application

    Presentation

    Session

    TransportNetwork

    Data Link

    Physical

    Application

    Presentation

    Session

    TransportNetwork

    Data Link

    Physical

    X Y

    Network

    Data Link

    Physical

    Network

    Data Link

    Physical

    Network

    Data Link

    Physical

    A B C

    A

    B

    C

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    MultiprotocolRouting

    Routers pass traffic from all routed protocols over the

    internetwork

    Novell Apple

    Digital IP

    Routing tables

    Token

    ring

    VAX

    VAX

    Token

    ring

    IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13

    IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab

    IP15.16.50.3

    Apple talk100.110

    IP15.16.42.8DECnet10.1

    DECnet 5.8

    Apple Talk

    200.167

    IP15.17.132.6

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    Static versus DynamicRoutes

    StaticRoute

    Uses a protocol route that a network administrator

    enters into the router

    DynamicRoute

    Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts

    automatically for topology or traffic changes

    We use it whenever our network has redundant paths.

    Metrics

    BW,Delay,Load, Reliability

    Hop count, ticks (IPX specific), cost

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    Questions?

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    IPADDR

    ESSING

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    Class

    Top Octet

    Range

    Top Octet

    Binary Network . HostA 0 - 127 0xxxxxxx

    NNN.HHH.HHH.H

    HHB 128 - 191 10xxxxxx

    NNN.NNN.HHH.H

    HHC 192 - 223 110xxxxx

    NNN.NNN.NNN.H

    HH

    IP ADDRESSING

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    Addressing inTCP/IP

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    Decimal Binary

    IP Address 140.250.1.55 10001100.11111010.00000001.00110010

    Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

    Network Part 140.250.1.0 10001100.11111010.00000001.00000000

    The effect of this Subnet Mask is to move the boundary between the

    network part and the host part of this IP address to the right by 8 bits

    IP ADDRESSING: SUBNET MASK

    Binary Decimal

    IP Address 10001100.11111010.00000001.00110010 140.250.1.55

    Subnet Mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224

    Network Part 10001100.11111010.00000001.00100000 140.250.1.32

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    Addressing inTCP/IP

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    Problems inIPv4

    Limited Address space. Interim Solution:

    Network address Translation (NAT)

    Classless Internet Domain Routing

    Rigid Numbering.

    No Security.

    P

    ermanent Solution:IPv6

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    Questions?

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    Why Use NAT ?

    ---- Use NAT When

    You need to connect to the internet but your hosts do not have

    globally unique IP addresses

    You change over to a new ISP that requires you to renumber yournetwork

    You want to do basic load sharing

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    ip nat inside source static

    10.10.10.1 171.16.68.5

    !--- Inside deviceA is

    known by the outside

    cloud as 171.16.68.5

    interface s 0 ip nat inside

    interface s 1 ip nat outside

    HowNATworks

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    Inside Global Inside Local Outside Local Outside Global

    171.16.68.5 10.10.10.1 171.16.68.1 171.16.68.1

    HowNATworks

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    The NAT router translatestraffic coming into andleaving the private network.

    HowNATworks

    In static NAT, the computer withthe IP address of192.168.32.10 will

    always translate to 213.18.123.110.

    In dynamic NAT, the computer with the IP

    address of192.168.32.10 will translate to the

    first available address in the range from

    213.18.123.100 to 213.18.123.150.

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    HowNATworks

    In overloading, each computer on the

    private network is translated to the same

    IP address (213.18.123.100) but with a

    different port number assignment.

    The internal IP range (237.16.32.xx) is

    also a registered range used by

    another network. Therefore, the router

    is translating the addresses to avoid apotential conflict with another

    network. It will also translate the

    registered global IP addresses back to

    the unregistered local IP addresses

    when information is sent to the

    internal network.

    OVERLOADING


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