Ipaddress presentationdemoclass

04/14/23 OIT,RMUTT. 1

The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme

IP address consists of 32 bits of information.You can depict an IP address using one of three methods:

Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56 Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110

.00111000 Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38

Octets

• The 32-bit IP address is broken up into 4 octets, which are arranged into a dotted-decimal notation scheme.

• An octet is a set of 8 bits • Example of an IP version 4:

172.64.126.52

IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number

Binary and Decimal Conversion

IP Address Classes

IP Address Classes

IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses

Class A (24 bits for hosts) 224 - 2* = 16,777,214 maximum hosts

Class B (16 bits for hosts) 216 - 2* = 65,534 maximum hosts

Class C (8 bits for hosts) 28 - 2* = 254 maximum hosts* Subtracting the network and broadcast reserved address

IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

An IP address such as 176.10.255.255 that has all binary 1s in the host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast address.

An IP address such as 176.10.0.0 that has all binary 0s in the host bit positions is reserved for the network address.

Network IDs and Broadcast Addresses

Private Addresses

Reserved Address Space

• Network ID• Broadcast address• Hosts for classes of IP addresses

Basics of Subnetting

• Classical IP addressing• Subnetworks• Subnet mask• Boolean operations: AND, OR, and NOT• Performing the AND function

Subnetworks

To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the original host portion and designates them as the subnet field.

Subnetworks

Subnet Mask

• Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field

• Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask:– 1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form.– 2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address

with all 1s.– 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s.– 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal

notation.

Subnet mask in decimal = 255.255.240.0

Subnet Mask

• AND is like multiplication. • OR is like addition. • NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to 1.

Boolean Operations: AND, OR, and NOT

Range of Bits Needed to Create Subnets

Subnet Addresses

Decimal Equivalents of 8-Bit Patterns

Creating a Subnet • Determining subnet mask size• Computing subnet mask and IP address• Computing hosts per subnetwork• Boolean AND operation• IP configuration on a network diagram• Host and subnet schemes• Private addresses

Class B address with 8 bits borrowed for the subnet

130.5.2.144 (8 bits borrowed for subnetting) routes to subnet 130.5.2.0 rather than just to network 130.5.0.0.

Determining Subnet Mask Size

The address 197.15.22.131 would be on the subnet 197.15.22.128.

11000101 00001111 00010110 100 00011

Network Field SNHost Field

Class C address 197.15.22.131 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.224 (3 bits borrowed)

Determining Subnet Mask Size

Subnetting Example with AND Operation

The number of lost IP addresses with a Class C network depends on the number of bits borrowed for subnetting.

Host Subnet Schemes

Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

• The key is to work in octets, rather than trying to work with the entire IP address at once!

Subnetting Exercise

• What would be the case if the Network Administrator were given the following network address 192.12.8.0, and the number of departments were 7.

• 1. What class is the network address?• 2. How many subnets are needed?• 3. How many bits are borrowed from the host part of the address?• 4. How many subnets are defined and how many of these are useable?• 5. What is the default subnet mask?• 6. What is the new customised subnet mask?• 7. What is the decimal value of each subnet?• 8. What is the total number of hosts?

Subnetting

• 1. What class is the network address?– Class C as it is above 191

• 2. How many subnets are needed?– 7 subnets -why not use just 3 bits

• 3. How many bits are borrowed from the host part of the address?– 4 bits are needed

• 4. How many subnets are defined and how many of these are useable?– 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 are defined - 16 - 2 = 14 are useable

• 5. What is the default subnet mask?– 255.255.255.0 class C

• 6. What is the new customised subnet mask?– 255.255.255.240

Subnetting a Class C Network• First you must determine the reason you

are subnetting a network.• There are many reasons. We will choose

one.• If we put all 254 hosts on this one major

network, and the bandwidth is 100 Mbps, each host will have approximately 393,700 bps of bandwidth (~394 kbps)

Subnetting a Class C Network• Suppose that we wish to give 4 Mbps of

bandwidth to each user,• Then we will subnet the network and put a

maximum of 25 users on each subnet.

Subnetting a Class C Network• Aim: maximum of 25 users or hosts• Add 2 the the total number of users.• Write this chart. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 It is the same chart we used earlier for

number conversions.

Subnetting a Class C Network

• Locate between which two numbers where 27 is located.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 ^27 is located between 16 and 32.

Note: After adding 2 to the number of workstations and the result is 4, 16, 32, 64, etc, draw the line to the right of that number.

Subnetting a Class C Network• Draw a line between 16 and 32 as shown. 128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 | The three bits left of the vertical line will be

used for the subnetwork number. The five bits to the right of the line will be

used for the host address.

Subnetting a Class C Network• Place 1s below the three bots to the left of

the line• Place 0s below the five bits to the right of

the line 128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 | 0 0 0 0 0Remember, this is the fourth octet.

Determining the Subnet Mask• The default mask for a class C address is

255.255.255.0• The 255.255.255 identifies the part of the

subnet mask used for identifying the network portion of the IP address

• The .0 identifies the host portion of the IP address.

Determining the Subnet Mask• Start by writing the first three octets for the

subnet mask: 255.255.255.• Now calculate the subnet mask number for

the fourth octet 128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 128 + 64 + 32 = ?

Determining the Subnet Mask• Start by writing the first three octets for the

subnet mask: 255.255.255.• Now calculate the subnet mask number for

the fourth octet 128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 128 + 64 + 32 = 224Therefore the subnet mask is

255.255.255.224

Addresses

• The last steps.• Calculate each subnet address• Calculate the 1st host address• Calculate the last host address• Calculate the broadcast address for each

subnetwork

Addresses

• The first subnetwork address is always 0. 192.1.2.0• For this example, the subnetwork address

will increment by 32. 32 is the smallest part of the subnetwork address.

128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 | 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Addresses 128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 | 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Addresses 0- 192.1.2.0 4- 192.1.2.128 1- 192.1.2.32 5- 192.1.2.160 2- 192.1.2.64 6- 192.1.2.192 3- 192.1.2.96 7- 192.1.2.224

1st Host Addresses

• The first host address is always the subnet address plus 1.

• For example: 192.1.2.0 + 1 = 192.1.2.1• Therefore the first host address is 192.1.2.1

1st Host Addresses

128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 x x x | 0 0 0 0 1

1st host Addresses 0- 192.1.2.1 4- 192.1.2.129 1- 192.1.2.33 5- 192.1.2.161 2- 192.1.2.65 6- 192.1.2.193 3- 192.1.2.97 7- 192.1.2.225

1st Host Addresses 128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 x x x | 0 0 0 0 11st host Addresses 0- 192.1.2.1 4- 192.1.2.129 1- 192.1.2.33 5- 192.1.2.161 2- 192.1.2.65 6- 192.1.2.193 3- 192.1.2.97 7- 192.1.2.225

Broadcast Addresses

• The broadcast address is always 1 less than the next subnetwork address.

• For example, the broadcast address for subnet 0 can be calculated by subtracting 1 from the next subnetwork address.

• 192.1.2.32 – 1 = ?• Therefore the broadcast address for subnet

0 is 192.1.2.32 – 1 = 192.1.2.31

Broadcast Addresses 128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 x x x | 1 1 1 1 1


Last Host Addresses

• The last set of addresses to calculate are the the last available host addresses.

• Using the broadcast address for each subnetwork, subtract 1 to obtain the last host address.

• For example: broadcast address for subnet 0 is 192.1.2.31

• The last host address is 192.1.2.30

Last Host Addresses 128 64 32 | 16 8 4 2 1 x x x | 1 1 1 1 0


IPv4 versus IPv6

• IP version 6 (IPv6) has been defined and developed. • IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently

used in IPv4. • IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128

bits.

IPv4

Date post:	01-Jul-2015
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Ipaddress presentationdemoclass

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