IPM– an Eco-Friendly Approach to
Disease Control
Dr. Yonghao LiPhone: 203-974-8601; Email: [email protected]
Spring Bedding Plants – February 2016
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
IPM
A systematic approach to solving pest problems by
applying our knowledge about pests to prevent them from
damaging crops
Benefits
Reduce pests
Reduce pesticide applications
Save money
Protect human health and environment
Integrated Pest Management (cont.)
Steps of IPM program
Identify key diseases
Pathogens, etiology, damages
Monitor disease development and keep records
Dates, conditions, severity
Determine the potential for economic loss
Percentages of affected units vs. economic losses
Set action thresholds
Local and systemic infections
Choose the proper management methods
Exclusion, eradication, resistance, protection
Evaluate the effectiveness of the management plan
Input, outcome
Integrated Pest Management (cont.)
Integrated Pest Management (cont.)
Minimizing Fungicide Resistance
Follow good plant health practices
Incorporate IPM system into routine cultural practices
Use the recommended doses
Increased doses increase selection for fungicide resistance
Minimize the number of fungicide treatments per season
Do not rely solely on one fungicide with a site specific
mode of action – fungicide rotation
Tank-mix fungicides with different action modes
Downy mildew and Phytophthora
foliar and root diseases
Downy mildew, rust, Botrytis, powdery mildew,
fungal leaf spots, Rhizoctonia damping-off
Injury was observed on African violets and Rieger begonia.
Foliar spray or soil drenchFoliar spray or soil drench
KEY USES
More than 45 plant species including:
African violet
Aster
Azalea
Begonia
Pansy
Petunia
Poinsettia
Foliar spray, pre-potting mix, or soil drench
Fungal leaf spot, rust, Botrytis, powdery
mildew, downy mildew,
Indoor and outdoor grown ornamentals,
herbs, and vegetables
• Powdery mildew
• Anthracnose
• Bacterial leaf spot
• Botrytis blight
• Pythium
• Downy mildew
• Rust
• Late blight
• Phytophthora root rot Foliar spray or soil drench
Outline
Foliar diseases
Botrytis blight
Downy mildew
Bacterial and fugal leaf spots
Virus diseases
Root diseases
Thielaviopsis root rot
Pythium root rot
Botrytis Blight
Courtesy of Leanne Pundt
Geranium Lily
Botrytis Blight (cont.)
Courtesy of Leanne Pundt
New Guinea Impatiens Bacopa
Botrytis Blight (cont.)
Heuchera Zinnia
Botrytis Blight (cont.)
Poinsettia
Botrytis Blight (cont.)
Begonia
Calibroachoa
Courtesy of Leanne Pundt
Development of Botrytis Blight
A wide host range (over 200 plant species)
Airborne pathogen (conidia)
Survive in plant debris (mycelium) and soil (sclerotia)
many years
Infections favored by cool and rainy weather
conditions
Start from old and weaken plant tissues
Management of Botrytis Blight
Cultural practices
Adequate space between plants
Water plants in early morning
Avoid dramatic changes in day/night temperature
Remove faded flowers and diseased leaves
Chemicals and biological control agents
Sever damages last several years
Cool and wet spring
Early application for prevention
Fungicide resistance
Management of Botrytis Blight (cont.)
Active Ingredient FungicideFRAC
Code
Risk of
Resistance
Thiophanate-methyl Cleary’s 3336 1 High
Azosystrobin Heritage 11 High
Iprodione Chipco 26019 2 Medium to high
Polyoxin D zinc salt Affirm 19 Medium
Fludioxonil Medallion, Emblem 12 Low to medium
Fenhexamid Decree 17 Low to medium
Mancozeb Dithane M3 Low
Chlorothalonil Daconil Ultrex M5 Low
Cyprodinil & Fludioxonil Palladium 9 & 12
Pyraclostrobin + Boscalid Pristine, Pageant 7 & 11
Solatenol + Azoxystrobin Mural 7 & 11
Fluoxastrobin + Tebuconazole Fame+T 11 & 3
Fungicide Trial of Botrytis Blight of Geranium
Treatment Active Ingredient FRAC
Code
Disease
Severity
Disease
Incidence
Untreated control 4.8 i 39.4 d
BAS 703 01F Pyraclostrobin +
Fluxapyroxad
11+7 1.6 ab 7.3 ab
Pageant Pyraclostrobin +
Boscalid
11+7 3.0 def 17.2 abc
Tourney Metconazole 3 1.8 abc 9.0 ab
Emblem Fludioxonil 12 2.2 bcd 7.5 ab
Affirm Polyoxin D zinc salt 19 1.2 a 7.0 ab
Experiment was conducted Mary Hausbeck at MSU in 2015. Plants were inoculated
with Botrytis cinerea and fungicides were applied at 14 days intervals
Management of Botrytis Blight (Cont.)
Fungicide Active IngredientFRAC
Code
Risk of
Resistance
Camelot
Cuprofix
Phyton 27
Copper M1 Low
Serenade
Cease Bacillus subtilis 44 N/A
Mycostop Streptomyces griseoviridis N/A N/A
KleenGrowQuaternary ammonium
chlorideN/A N/A
Actigard Acibenzolar-S-methyle P1 N/A
Downy Mildew
Courtesy of Leanne Pundt Courtesy of Leanne Pundt
Upper surface Lower surfaceRudbeckia
Downy Mildew (cont.)
Lamium Coleus
Downy Mildew (cont.)
Courtesy of Leanne PundtCourtesy of Leanne Pundt
Upper surface Lower surfaceBasil
Downy Mildew (cont.)
Impatiens
Development of Downy Mildew
Host-specific pathogens
Water mold
Cool temperature and high humidity
Survive in living tissues
Cuttings and seedlings
Seed (basil downy mildew)
Air-borne
Management of Downy Mildew
Exclusion
Use disease-free seed or plant materials
Basil downy mildew
Cuttings and plugs
Resistant variety
Resistance vs. market
Cultural practices
Reduce leaf wetness period
Adequate spacing
Vent and heat before evening (< RH 85%)
Chemicals
Scouting for diseases
Basil: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1JgKGmCP-0I2A03J0BG2EafNctvQTiaUUnbqJbYfQhVk/edit?pref=2&pli=1#gid=0
Rotation and coverage
Fungicides for Downy Mildew Control
Active Ingredient FungicideFRAC
Group
Risk of
Resistance
Mefenoxam Subdue MAXX 4 High
Azoxystrobin Heritage 11 High
Fenamidone Fenstop 11 High
Trifloxystrobin Compass O 11 High
Cyazofamid Segway, Ranman 21 Mid
Oxathiapiprolin Segovis U15 Mid-High
Mandipropamid Micora, Revus 40 Low-Mid
Dimethomorph Stature 40 Low-Mid
Fluopicolide Adorn 43 Low-Mid
Ethyl phosphonate Aliette 33 Low
Boscalid+pyraclostrobin Pageant 7 & 11
Azoxystrobin+benzovindiflupyr Mural 11 & 7
Mancozeb+thiophanate-methyl Zyban 1 & M3
Bacterial Leaf Spot of Zinnia
Leanne Pundt
Fungal and Bacterial Leaf Spots on Poinsettia
Alternaria leaf spot Bacterial leaf spot
Latex Eruption of Poinsettia
Alternaria Leaf Spot and Flower Blight of Marigold
Development of Fungal and Bacterial Lear Spot
Host-specific
Genus or family
Survive in plant debris and seed
Few months to several years
Dispersed via wind and water splash
Bacteria – water splash
Fungi – wind and water splash
Wet and highly humid conditions (water film)
Spore germination and penetration
Management of Bacterial and Fungal Leaf Spot
Seed treatment
Seed borne diseases
Cultural practice
Remove and destroy infected plant materials
Avoid overhead irrigation whenever possible
Avoid handling plants when they are wet
Reduce relative humidity in greenhouses
Scouting for diseases
Chemicals, biocontrol agents, and biorational
products http://ipm.uconn.edu//pa_greenhouse/
Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV)
Begonia Cineraria
Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV) (cont.)
Pepper Eggplant
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)
Chrysanthemum Iris
TMV and Iron Deficiency on Petunia
TMV Iron deficiency
Management of Virus Diseases
Exclusion
Clean, disease-free seed and plant materials
Sanitation
Remove and destroy infected plants
Handle healthy plants first, then diseased plants
Insect control
Most plant viruses were transmitted by insects
Weed control
Wide host ranges of viruses
Thielaviopsis Root Rot
Salvia Salvia
Thielaviopsis Root Rot (cont.)
Courtesy of Leanne Pundt
Phlox Lavender
Thielaviopsis Root Rot (cont.)
Calibroachoa Chlamydospores in root tissues
Pythium Root Rot
Gerbera daisy Lupine
Pythium Root Rot (cont.)
Poinsettia Lupine
Pythium Root Rot (cont.)
http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu/article.php?id=208
Development and Management of Root Rot
Development Wide host range
Soil-borne pathogens
Spread by running water, tools, and soil
Management
Sanitation
Clean floors and other structures using a pressure washer
Disinfest structures and tools
Water management
Avoid excess water
Fungicide application
Early application and rotation *
Fungicides for Pythium and Thielaviopsis Root Rot
Pathogen Fungicide Active IngredientFRAC
Code
Risk of
Resistance
Pythium Subdue MAXX Mefenoxam 4 High
Heritage Azoxystrobin 11 High
FenStop Fenamidone 11 High
Empress Pyraclostrobin 11 High
Segway Cyazofamid 21 Med-High
Truban; Terrazole Etridiazole 14 Low-Med
Adorn Fluopicolide 43 N/A
Alude Phosphorous acid 33 Low
Thielaviopsis 3336 F Thiophanate-methyl 1 High
Emblem, Medallion Fludioxonil 12 Low-Med
Banrot Thiophanate-methyl
+ eridiazole
1+14
Fungicide Resistance
http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/pythium_root_rot_in_the_greenhouse
October 2013 by Mary Hausbeck
Thank You!
Questions?