© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

IPM in arable crop rotations

Including examples fromENDURE RA2.6

MODULE C10

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETYContext:

Country Site Soil Climate Regional land-use context

Denmark Main pig-producing farms in Denmark

Both clay and sand

Maritime climate

Predominantly husbandry

UK Main predominantly arable area of England

Clay and clay-loam

Maritime climate

Predominantly arable

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETYCurrent rotations:

 Current crop protection strategy: pesticides and cultural control (e.g. cultivations, sowing date, crop rotation)

Main pest risks: Weeds: Grasses especially black grass (resistance in the UK, observed in DK), bromes (all crops) (in the UK)Fungal diseases: especially Septoria, yellow rust (winter wheat),

Phoma, light leaf spot (In the UK), Sclerotinia (winter oilseed rape).

Invertebrate pests: aphids / virus (winter wheat/oilseed rape); flea beetle and pollen beetle (resistance) (oilseed rape); slugsPigeons in the UK (oilseed rape)Expected yield: national average or above

Country Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4UK Winter wheat Winter wheat/winter

barleyWinter oilseed rape

DK Winter barley Winter oilseed rape Winter wheat Winter wheatThese current systems do not necessarily reflect the systems of all farms in each country, but are important examples.

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Main considerations for alternative rotations

Grass weed management (in UK: black grass containment)disease control in WOSR - more years between cropspesticide targeting and stewardshipconservation biological controlspreading the workload

- maintaining yield! (In DK especially for fodder, as it is expensive to buy in extra)

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Suggestions for alternative rotations

Effect of crop sequence change1

Effect of crop sequence plus changed practices1

Rotation no.

System No. years

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Mean TFI p.a.

% change in TFI p.a.

Mean TFI p.a. % Reduction in TFI p.a.

UK

- Current 3   WW WW WOSR     6.2 6.2

I AS 4   WW S Beans WW WOSR 5.6 -11 4.3 -31

II AS 5   WW S Beans WW S Wheat WOSR 5.3 -14 4.2 -33

II AS 5   WW S Beans WW S Barley WOSR 5.0 -20 3.8 -38

DK- Current 4 WB WOSR WW WW 2,5

I AS 5 WB WOSR WW WW SB+CC 1.78 -29 1.65 -34WW: Winter wheat, WB: Winter Barley, SB: Spring Barley WOSR: Winter Oilseed Rape, CC: Catch Crop

1Based on expert judgements

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

System tools to reduce pesticide use:

Pesticide targeting and resistance management: ensure effective use of pesticides strictly according to need, using economic thresholds and decision support systems.

Crop sequence:Introduction of spring crops and greater taxonomic variety of cropping for pest management particularly containment of grass weeds (in UK: especially black grass). Lengthening the rotation: more years between OSR crops to help disease control

Tillage:Minimise tillage and chop straw wherever possible to conserve natural enemies and energyConsider ploughing for grass weed management before a second cerealBefore spring crops plough if necessary in spring (in autumn on heavy land) to create seedbed and for weed control.Conservation biological control

IPM means that all plant protection measures have to be used wisely, otherwise problems like resistance may develop rapidly

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Other tools for different pest groups:

Weed management:Use higher seed rates and cultivars with strong competitiveness where weeds are problematicSpot mapping and targeting of weeds

Disease management:Use of resistant cultivars

Invertebrate pest management:Conservation biological control

– E.g. Beetle banks, wild flower margins, hedges, etc.

Use of resistant cultivarsPlough for slug control

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Maize Based Cropping System: The Case in HungaryDriving forces:

market demand, highly profitable, soil conditions, farm practices;

Agri-Environmental Measures (Integrated Production): since 2004, but was remold in 2009continuous maize maximum in 3 consecutive years (cross compliance)BUT if WCR larval damage occurs, maize field should be rotatedshare of winter wheat, grain maize and sunflower max. 60 %share of leguminous crops should reach 10% (whole farm, given year)

How to manage of WCR (western corn rootworm) in continuous maizeration of continuous and first year maize is crucial

Maize Based Cropping Systems in Central and Eastern Europe

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

The effect of a varied crop rotation:

Plan

ts/m

2

Crop rotation with 50 % cereals Crop rotation with 75 % cereals

No weed control No weed controlWith weed control

With weed control

Broadleaved weeds

Apera spica-venti

German experiments

Grass weed case: The crop rotation:

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Grass weed case: Chemical weed control

Choose the right product for the right job!Use as little as possible but as much as neededUse Decision Support Systems where available, e.g. Crop Protection online: http://pvo.planteinfo.dk/cp/menu/menu.asp?id=demo&subjectid=1&language=en It is a challenge to treat fields individually. Where large scale farming is an important parameter, it may e.g. be relevant to think about a basic- and advanced treatment – Divide e.g. the fields in groups according to problem

Consider margin and patch spraying in larger scale

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Grass weed case: Prevention of resistance

Change between products with different modes of actionAvoid using Sulfunylurea-products more than once every growing seasonChange between modes of action

This wheat field was in the spring treated with 2 ALS-inhibiting herbicides: 110 g Broadway (florasulam+pyroxulam) and app. 0.1 l Iodosulfuron.

Lolium perenne is still growing almost unaffected, which leads to a suspicion of resistance, it has however not been confirmed.

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Grass weed case: Dispersal of weed seeds

Through machinery– As the farms grow bigger, the machinery has to cover

larger areas, and seeds are very likely to be spread

Therefore: remember proper hygiene– This means:

Harvest the infested fields last, whenever possible Clean machinery when leaving an infested field Keep a stable field margin with perennial herbs, to avoid

weed infestations to spread from here

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Grass weed case: Evaluation of the effort

Before harvest, make a field walk to:– Follow up on the crop protection performed through the season– Plan the strategy for the next season– Make/update the weed map

A good result starts with proper planning!Weed map:

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Without any IPM90 % maize

10% winter wheat

IPM Program60 % maize

20% winter wheat20 % sunflower

Net profit of a farm (100 ha) in $ (Hungary, 2004)

Case: Maize Based Cropping Systems

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

WINTER WHEAT SOYBEAN SUNFLOWER CORN0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

CROP: CORN CORN CORN CORNPRE-CROP: WINTER WHEAT SOYBEAN SUNFLOWER CORN

WCR adults captured in soybean, winter wheat, sunflower and maize

WCR larvae in subsequent year’s maize after the pre-crops listed before

WCR BIOLOGY IN CONTEXT OF CROP ROTATION

Feeding and oviposition by females in maize crop stand, successful larval development in subsequent year maize only

Case of Western Corn Rootworm

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Case of Western Corn Rootworm

1st year 2nd year

1. MONITORING

PROCESS OF THE DECISION ON CROP ROTATION

2. DECISION

- risk estimation based on the results of the monitoring;- considering other factors (economic, environmental, cultivation, etc.)

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

© E

ND

UR

E, F

ebru

ary

2007

FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

Conclusion: Response to general principles of IPM

Environment::– Reduced quantities of herbicides: general principle 6

Agronomy:– Crop rotation: general principle 1– Choice of products: general principle 5– Resistance management: general principle 7– Evaluation, weed map etc.: general principle 8

For further information: See the other Training Guide-presentations