Date post: | 05-Sep-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | hoanghuong |
View: | 223 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Murat [email protected]
IPD Network Support EngineerQA&CC, SPS&Deployment
Alcatel-Lucent TurkiyeDecember 2009
Ip/MPLS Teknolojileri Giriş
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved
Agenda
1. Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş Türkiye
2. Introduction to IP (Internet Protocol)
3. OSI Reference Model
4. Basics of Networking
5. Basics Routing
6. Ipv6
7. Sorular & Bilgilendirme
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved3 | Technical Sales Forum | May 2008
1Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş Türkiye
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Alcatel-Lucent Global
4 | EPC update for EMEA | March 2009
� Alcatel-Lucent’ın vizyonu dünyanın iletişim şeklini geliştirerek insanların hayatınızenginleştirmektir. Eşi olmayan çözümleri sunar, müşterilerle ilişkilerini geliştirir ve yeteneğiyle insanların yaşamlarını zenginleştirir.
� Alcatel, elektrik, elektronik, ulaştırma ve telekomünikasyon alanlarda faaliyet göstermek üzere kurulmuştur. Bugün sadece telekomünikasyon sektöründe çalışmaktadır.
� Çin’de tesis kuran ilk yabancı kuruluştur.
� 2000 yılında ATM’de dünya lideri olan Newbridge’i satın alır.
� 2006’da Nortel’in UMTS birimini satın alır, aynı yıl Alcatel ve Lucent Technologies firmaları birleşerek Alcatel-Lucent (ALU) ismini alır.
� 130 ülkede faaliyet göstermektedir.
� 100 farklı ulusa ait, 77.000 çalışanı bulunmaktadır.
� 16 milyar € yıllık geliri (2008), 2.5 milyar € ARGE bütçesi bulunmaktadır.
� 26.000’den fazla patente sahiptir. (2008 patenti, 2700’den fazla)
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
“
5 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
- Alcatel-Lucent Global
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş Türkiye
� IP (Service Routers)
� Wireline Access (ISAM, GPON)
� Wireless (3G/4G, Femto, Wimax, LTE)
� Converged Networks (NGN / IMS )
� Optics (SDH, WDM, WT)
� Application Development (SW)
� IPTV & IPTC Competence Centers
� 400+ Mühendis
� Yurtiçi / Yurtdışı Destek
� TAC / TEC Centers - EMEA
� Tiger Teams !!!
� Teknolojiyi sadece uygulayan değil, çözümler üreten global bir firma
� Dünyanın her yerinde farklı projelerde çalışma imkanı, farklı kıtaları ve kültürleri tanıma şansı
6 | EPC update for EMEA | March 2009
� 1965 yılında, PTT bünyesinde ARGE laboratuvarı olarak kuruldu.� 1984 senesinde Teletaş Telekomünikasyon Endüstri A.Ş. olarak Anonim Şirkete dönüştürüldü. Aynı yıl Alcatel Bell firmasından alınan lisans ile Sistem 12 sayısal santrallarının AR-GE ve üretim faaliyetleri başladı.� 1988 yılında halka açılan ilk Türk şirketi olan Alcatel Teletaş, 1993 yılında telekomünikasyonda dünya devi Alcatel’in önemli bir üretim ve AR-GE birimi oldu.� Alcatel Teletaş'ın %35' i halka açık olarak ĐMKB'de işlem görmektedir. Geri kalan % 65 ise Alcatel N.V.' ye aittir.
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Avustralya
7 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Yeni Zelanda
8 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
IP/MPLS Project
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Italya
9 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Burkina Faso
10 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Germany
IP DevisionMURAT AKIN
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
HIPCC / India
TNZ / New Zealand
Telmex, Avantel,
Maxcom / Mexico
Copaco / Paraguay
Antel / Uruguay
Impsat / Peru
Impsat, T2 / Argentina
Jordan Telecom / Jordan
Bezeq / Israel
Singtel, Telstra / Singapore
CTE Telecom / El Salvador
Lattelecom / LatviaTeleonor / Norway Impsat, AT&T /
USA
Titan / Australia
Telefonica / Spain
QualityNET / Kuwait
FT, PSN, CEGETEL, Orange
VTG, Monaco Telecom / France
BT, Isle of Man / England
Belgacom / Belgium
KPN / Netherlands
China Telecom / ChinaTT, Telcom, Sabanci T.,
Doruknet, AtlasOnline,
Eser T. / Turkey
PTK/Kosovo
Net COLOGNE,
EWETEL, MNET, TSI,
Deutsche Telecom /
Germany
Telecom Austria, H3G
/ Austria
Slovak Telecom / Slovakia
PT, Vodafone / Portugal
Maroc Telecom, Maroc Connect
/ Morocco
Combelga, USI / Russia
WIND / Italy
Entel / Chile
Brasil Telecom,
Impsat / Brasil
UTS / Caribbean
Globacom / Nigeria
OND OPTICS – AND_DSL – IPD – CONV_FIX_NGN
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved13 | Technical Sales Forum | May 2008
2Introduction to IP (Internet Protocol)
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved14 | 7750 SR Overview
Why IP for Network Infrastructure for Services
� IP traffic continues to grow 50-100% each year due to continued growth in Web, peer-to-peer, IPTV and Internet video traffic
� Bandwidth per subscriber is climbing with HSI services shifting to 100M per subscriber from today’s typical 1–4M for Internet access
Residential
Business
Mobility
� Adoption of HSDPA along with availability of new 3G smart phones (e.g. BlackBerry, iPhone) is driving increasing traffic on wireless networks for mobile data/video/web applications
� LTE will support even more BW per subscriber putting further demand on wireless backhaul and core networks
� Worldwide IP MPLS VPN service and Ethernet service revenues willcontinue to grow from $25B in CY07 to $47B in CY11
� With expanding portfolio of business services, Service Providers are looking to converge multiple services onto one network to contain costs
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
History of TCP/IP Protocols
� Developed in the 1970s by pioneering network engineers Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn
� Intended to provide a common framework to allow the interworking of diverse network hardware and computer systems
� Included in early releases of the UNIX operating system
� During the 1980s, primarily used by U.S. universities and research institutions
� During the 1990s, increasingly adopted by commercial enterprises
� Provides the underlying technological framework of the Internet today
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved16 | EPC for EMEA | March 2009
Internet – US National Backbone for IP
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved
Sadece Evlerimizde Değil, Mobil Dünyasında da Yüksek Hızlı Đletişim
Kablosuz Erişim Şebekesi
Servis Tipleri
SMS
Web
TV Yayını
Gerçek ZamanlıMultimedia
Sabit ve Mobililetişim dünyalarıarasındaki kesişim
IP Teknolojisinin Gelişimi
Mobil Dünyasında
3G LTE
3G
2.5/2.75G
2G
3G HSxPA
UMA
WiMAX
9.6-240 kb/s
128-384 kb/s
2-14.4Mb/s
IP/Ethernet
TDMATM
IP/MPLS Omurga
NGN + IMS
100+ Mb/s
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved
Tükiye – Erişim Hızları
ŞŞehirlerarasehirlerarasıı arama arama yapmak iyapmak iççin saatlerce in saatlerce bekledibeklediğğimiz gimiz güünlernler
19701970
Artik telefon Artik telefon ssıırasrasııbeklemiyoruzbeklemiyoruz
19801980
YaYaşşasasıın !! n !!
ArtArtıık evimizde k evimizde internetimiz ve internetimiz ve bir ebir e--mail mail hesabhesabıımmıız varz var
33Kbps & 56Kbps 33Kbps & 56Kbps High Speed DialHigh Speed Dial--UpUp
cartoon
19951995
Internete baInternete bağğllııolmanolmanıın n öötesinde tesinde ggöörrüüntntüü ve dosya ve dosya paylapaylaşışımmııyapabildiyapabildiğğimiz gimiz güünlere nlere geldikgeldik
2 Mbps 2 Mbps –– YYüüksek Hksek HıızlzlııĐĐnternetnternet
20082008
Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved20 | Technical Sales Forum | May 2008
3OSI & TCP/IP Reference Model
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
OSI — Interesting Facts
� Never intended for educational purposes
� Formed the basis of the OSI protocol suite, to create a widely adopted suite of protocols to be used by international networks
� The 7-layer model created by Bachman and Canepa was the only model submitted to the ISO subcommittee in March 1978
� Introduced to compete with IBM’s SNA, due to the company‘s closed architecture
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
OSI Model – 7 Layers
OSI
Upper Layers
Lower Layers
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077750 Service RouterAlcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
IP & Routing � Overview 5 � 1 � 23
Packetized Data Transfer
When an application needs to send data remotely it hands the data over to the Application Layer.
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
… 01010011000111000 …
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
Physical Wire
DATA DATA
The remote Application receives the original data, sent by the Source application.
�
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077750 Service RouterAlcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
IP & Routing � Overview 5 � 1 � 24
The OSI and TCP/IP Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Internet
Network Interfaces
The OSI Model The TCP/IP Model
Layer 3 Layer 2
versus
� A layered network model allows:
� Simplifying complex procedures
� Vendor interoperability
� Better fault isolation
� A modular plug-and-play functionality
�
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077750 Service RouterAlcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
IP & Routing � Overview 5 � 1 � 25
The Network Layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Internet
Network Interfaces
The OSI Model The TCP/IP Model
Layer 3 Layer 2
The Internet Protocol:
• provides a globally unique addressing scheme
• provides a standardized packet format to route the packets to their destinations
�
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
TCP/IP Suite vs. OSI
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Suite
Application
Presentation
Transport
Data Link
OSI
Session
Network
Physical
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
TCP/IP Layering — Application Layer
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
Application
User interface to the network
User Applications
Telnet
FTP
WWW
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
TCP/IP Layering — Transport Layer
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
Transport
Communication between applications
Reliable data transfer
Flow control
Sequencing of data
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
TCP/IP Layering — Internet Protocol Layer
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
Internet Protocol
Common services and addressing
Unique network addressing
scheme to identify hosts
Routing protocols for path
determination
End-to-end forwarding of
datagrams
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
TCP/IP Layering — Network Interfaces
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
Network Interfaces
Physical transfer of data
Ethernet
ATM
Frame Relay
PPP
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
Application Encapsulation
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
From: [email protected]
Message Body
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
Transport Encapsulation
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
From: [email protected]
Message Body
Source: 1223
Destination: 25
Message BodyHeader Body
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
IP Encapsulation
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
From: [email protected]
Message Body
Source: 1223
Destination: 25
Message BodyHeader Body
Source:138.120.191.122
Dest.: 197.199.45.12
HeaderHeader Body
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
Data Link Encapsulation
Application
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
From: [email protected]
Message Body
Source: 1223
Destination: 25
Message BodyHeader Body
Source:138.120.191.122
Dest.: 197.199.45.12
HeaderHeader Body
DA: 00-D0-F6-A4-26-5C
SA: 00-20-60-37-BB-5F
Hdr F
C
S
Hdr Hdr Body
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077750 Service RouterAlcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
IP & Routing � Overview 5 � 1 � 35
The Internet Protocol – IP Addressing
Public address range* Class A: 1.H.H.H � 126.H.H.HClass B: 128.N.H.H � 191.N.H.HClass C: 192.N.N.H � 223.N.N.H
Private address range Class A: 10.H.H.H Class B: 169.254.H.HClass B: 172.16.H.H � 172.31.H.HClass C: 192.168.N.H
Multicast address range Class D: 224.H.H.H � 239.H.H.H
Scientific address range Class E: 240.H.H.H � 255. H.H.H
Loopback address range 127.H.H.H
Default address range 0.H.H.H
*Minus the Private address ranges
�
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077750 Service RouterAlcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
IP & Routing � Overview 5 � 1 � 36
The Internet Protocol – IP packet header structure
Version IHL Type of Service Total Length
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
Options Padding
0 4 8 16 19 31
�
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved37 | Technical Sales Forum | May 2008
4Basics of Networking
Module 1 | 38 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Network Devices — Examples
Switch Router
Hub
Repeater
Module 1 | 39 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Layer 1 Devices
� A repeater retransmits the Ethernet signal down a wire and amplifies it to be used again. The repeater extends the reach ofEthernet in a LAN.
� A hub works exactly like a repeater, with the exception that it functions less as a distance extender and more like a port concentrator of several hosts in one physical area.
HubRepeater
Module 1 | 40 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Layer 1 Devices — Repeater
� Connects network segments
� Retimes and regenerates signals to proper amplitudes
� Disadvantage — propagation delay due to broadcasting
� Disadvantage — physical limit to the number of repeaters used
Repeater
Module 1 | 41 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Layer 1 Devices — Hub
� A single Ethernet segment device that can operate at 10/100/1000 Mb
� Can act as a repeater
� Disadvantage — Same as repeater
� Used in small home networks or isolated segments in larger networks
Hub
Module 1 | 42 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Bridging and Bridges
� Bridging is a layer 2 (L2) concept.
� Bridging is primarily associated with Ethernet.
� A bridge (or switch) operates at L2 of the OSI model.
� A bridge is an intelligent device that does an L2 address lookup.
OSI Model
Bridge
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
L2 Network Device
Bridge
AT6
Module 1 | 43 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Switches
� A switch is a multiple Ethernet segment device that can have dedicated 10/100/1000 Mb ports.
� Traffic in isolated segments is “switched” via a high-speed, bandwidth-dedicated backplane called a “fabric”.
� The majority of modern switches function in store/forward.
Switch
L2 Network Device
AT7
Slide 43
AT7 this is the original slide, I do not like this since it really doesnt explain the difference between a bridge and a switch.It also assumes that a switch is ethernet basedanandt, 21/06/2006
Module 1 | 44 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
A router, unlike a bridge, operates up to L3 of the OSI model.
A router connects two different network segments.
Routing
OSI Model
Router
L3 Network Device
Router
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Basic router functions:
• Examine the IP header of the incoming packet for
the destination IP address
• Look up this address in its routing table
• Determine the best path to the destination IP
address
• Determine the egress interface for the above path
• Forward the data out of this egress interface
L3 Devices — Routers
Module 1 | 45 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
DATA
TCP/UDP
IP
ETHERNET
DATA
TCP/UDP
IP
ATM
Ethernet
Ethernet/ ATM
DATA
TCP/UDP
IP
ETHERNET
DATA
TCP/UDP
IP
ETHERNET
DATA
TCP/UDP
IP
POS
DATA
TCP/UDP
IP
ETHERNET
DATA
TCP/UDP
IP
PPP
PPP
1
10 9
6
4
32
8
5
7
L2 EncapsulationsAT8
Slide 45
AT8 Details on packet encapsulations, showing how the L2 headers and exchanged and where they are not relevantanandt, 21/06/2006
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights ReservedIPD Focus Team Event –Dublin Nov4-6 2008
Switches & Routers - products positioning
5620 SAM / 5650 CPAM Network Management
7750 SR
14 | Alcatel –Lucent 7210 Service Access Switch R1.0 | September 2008
7210 SAS
7210 SAS 7210 SAS
7210 SAS
7210 SAS
Ring Topology7450 ESS
Star Topology
Switches (ALU 7210 SAS):� Home / Enterprise network� Business CPE� Business aggregation
Routers (7750SR):� Core routing� Edge routing� Enterprise & campus routing
Module 5 | 48 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-LucentAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
Routing Protocols
Static Dynamic
IGP EGP
Distance Vector Link State
RIPv1 and RIPv2 OSPF
IS-IS
Path Vector
BGP
Explicitly define next
hop on every router/
Define default route
Module 5 | 49 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
The Routing Protocols
AS 1
AS 2
Exterior Routing Protocol
Path Vector: BGPv4
Distance Vector: RIPv1 & RIPv2
Link State: OSPF & IS-IS
Interior Routing Protocol
�
Module 5 | 50 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-LucentAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
IP – 1.1.1.2
MAC = A
Gateway =
1.1.1.1 - B
IP – 2.2.2.2
MAC = D
IP – 1.1.1.1
MAC = B
IP – 2.2.2.1
MAC = C
IP – 3.3.3.1 IP – 3.3.3.2
ARP Cache
2.2.2.2 = DData
Source Dest. S D
1.1.1.2 2.2.2.2 A B
F
C
S
Data
Source Dest. WAN
1.1.1.2 2.2.2.2 PPP
F
C
S
Data
Source Dest. S D
1.1.1.2 2.2.2.2 C DF
C
S
Routing - Movement of Data
Module 5 | 51 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Static Routing
192.168.11.1 192.168.22.1
10.12.1.1 10.12.1.2
192.168.22.0/30192.168.11.0/30
10.12.1.0/29A A
B B
Node1>config>router# static-route 192.168.22.0/30 next-hop 10.12.1.2
Node2>config>router# static-route 192.168.11.0/30 next-hop 10.12.1.1
Routing Table:192.168.11.0/30 – Direct via interface A
10.12.1.0/29 – Direct via interface B
192.168.22.0/30 – static via 10.12.1.2
Routing Table:192.168.22.0/30 – Direct via interface A 10.12.1.0/29 – Direct via interface B
192.168.11.0/30 – static via 10.12.1.1
Node1 Node2
The Administrator must configure the static routes manually:
�
Module 5 | 52 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Default Routing
192.168.22.1
10.12.1.1 10.12.1.2
192.168.22.0/30
10.12.1.0/29A A
B B
Node1>config>router# static-route 192.168.22.0/30 next-hop 10.12.1.2
Node2>config>router# static-route 0.0.0.0/0 next-hop 10.12.1.1
Routing Table:192.168.11.0/30 – Direct via interface A
10.12.1.0/29 – Direct via interface B
192.168.22.0/30 – static via 10.12.1.2
x.x.x.x/x – static or dynamic via interface A
Routing Table:192.168.22.0/30 – Direct via interface A 10.12.1.0/29 – Direct via interface B
0.0.0.0/0 – static via 10.12.1.1
Node1 Node2
The Administrator must configure the default route (0.0.0.0/0) manually:
Network Cloud
192.168.11.0/30
A Stub is a network segment with only one exit point
�
Module 5 | 53 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-LucentAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
Routing Protocol Basics
Network A
Network B
?
? ?
?
How does Network A send data to Network B?
Module 5 | 54 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-LucentAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
Path Determination
Network A
172.16.1.0/24
Network B
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.1/30
172.16.3.2/30
172.16.3.5/30
172.16.3.6/30
172.16.3.9/30
172.16.3.10/30
172.16.3.13/30
172.16.3.14/30
Network A can reach Network B via Path 1 or Path 2. Which one is preferred?
Router 2
Router 3
Router 4
Path 2
Path 1
Module 5 | 55 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-LucentAlcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
Metrics
Network A
172.16.1.0/24
Router 1
Network Next-hop router
172.16.3.0/30 to Router 2
172.16.3.12/30 to Router 3
172.16.1.0/24 to Net A
172.16.3.4/30
172.16.3.8/30
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.3.4/30
172.16.3.2
172.16.3.14
172.16.3.14
172.16.3.2
172.16.3.8/30
172.16.3.12/30 172.16.3.2
172.16.3.14172.16.3.0/30
172.16.2.0/24 172.16.3.2
172.16.3.14
Metric
0
3
0
3
0
1
2
1
2
2
2
to Router 3
to Router 2
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077750 Service RouterAlcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
IP & Routing � Overview 5 � 1 � 56
Routing Principles
IP packet
Destination Address10.0.0.1
IP Address Egress Interface
2.0.0.0/810.0.0.0/8
Int AInt B
Int A Int B
IP packet
1. Check Routing Table
2. Change TTL
3. Change Checksum
4. Send out the correct interface
�
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077750 Service RouterAlcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
IP & Routing � Overview 5 � 1 � 57
The Full Routing Cycle
Interface A
MAC Address:
00-12-79-22-22-22
FCS
IP SA:
192.168.11.2
DATA
IP DA:
192.168.22.2
Type: 0x800 (IP)
Ethernet SA:
00-12-79-11-11-11
Ethernet DA:
00-12-79-22-22-22
FCS
IP SA:
192.168.11.2
DATA
IP DA:
192.168.22.2
Type: 0x800 (IP)
Ethernet SA:
00-12-79-33-33-33
Ethernet DA:
00-12-79-44-44-44
Interface BInterface A
Next Hop
192.168.22.0/30
192.168.11.0/30
Destination Address
Interface B
MAC Address:
00-12-79-33-33-33
IP DA
00-12-79-44-44-44 00-12-79-11-11-11
Eth Address
192.168.22.2
192.168.11.2
IP Address
Route Table
ARP Cache
IP DA
ICMP unreachable ARP Request
The Router
�
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077750 Service RouterAlcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
IP & Routing � Overview 5 � 1 � 58
Other Protocols – ARP
Who has IP address 10.0.0.1?
Broadcast an ARP request
Send out an ARP reply
Hey, I have IP address 10.0.0.1!
Destination Address:
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
(broadcast)
Source
Address:
00-12-79-11-11-
11
Type code
for ARP0x0806
ARP data:IP: 10.0.0.1
Type: request (code
1)
MAC: 00-12-79-11-11-11
MAC: 00-12-79-22-22-22
The Ethernet ARP request Frame
Destination Address:
00-12-79-11-11-
11
Source
Address:
00-12-79-22-22-
22
Type code for ARP0x0806
ARP data:IP: 10.0.0.1Type: reply (code 2)
The Ethernet ARP reply Frame
�
Module 5 | 60 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Module Objectives
• After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Summarize the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6
� Describe IPv6 addressing
� Explain the different IPv6 address types
� Describe the changes required in OSPF and IS-IS to support IPv6
Module 5 | 61 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Section Objectives
• This section will discuss the basic concepts of IPv6:
� Main features of IPv6
� IPv6 addressing
� OSPF and IS-IS for IPv6 networks
� ICMPv6
Module 5 | 62 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Features
� Provides a huge address space� More than 3.4x10e38 addresses
� Hierarchical address allocation provides efficient routing� Small routing table
� Supports anycast addresses and eliminates broadcast addresses
� Efficient IP header: 40-byte header with 8 fields� Fewer fields and simpler forwarding
� Built-in security: IPsec implemented in IPv6� Authentication header and encapsulation security payload
� Better QoS support� Flexible extension header
� Daisy chain of next headers
Module 5 | 63 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Header
� IPv6 header� 8 fields, 40 bytes Version Traffic class Flow label
Payload length Next header Hop limit
Source address
Destination address
Module 5 | 64 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Header (continued)
� IPv4 vs IPv6 header� IPv4 header: 12 fields, 20 bytes
� IPv6 header: 8 fields, 40 bytes
Version IHL Type of service Total length
Identification Flags Fragment offset
Time to live Protocol Header checksum
Source address
Destination address
Options Padding
Version Traffic class Flow label
Payload length Next header Hop limit
Source address
Destination address
Module 5 | 65 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Header (continued)
� Next header: � Same as the IPv4 protocol
field
� 8-bit field
� Points to the next extension header
� Extension headers are not usually examined by the intermediate router.
� The hop-by-hop option header carries information that must be examined by every node along the path.
IPv6 header
Routing header
Fragment header
TCP data
Example
NH = 43
NH = 44
NH = 6
Version Traffic class Flow label
Payload length Next header Hop limit
Source address
Destination address
Extension header •1
Extension header •2
Upper layer header and payload
Next header
Next header
Module 5 | 66 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Header (continued)
� Source and destination address:� Each address is128 bits.
Version Traffic class Flow label
Payload length Next header Hop limit
Source address
Destination address
Module 5 | 67 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Addressing
� Defined in RFC 3513
� Represented by colon-hexadecimal format2001:0211:0000:0000:ab01:0000:0000:0011
� Compressed representation:� Leading-zero compression
2001:211:0:0:ab01:0:0:11
� Multiple successive zero fields can be compressed (only once).
2001:211::ab01:0:0:11
� Types of addressing:�Unicast addressing
�Multicast addressing
� Anycast addressing
Module 5 | 68 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Prefixes
� Unicast addressing:� Link-local FE80::/10
� Site-local FEC0::/10 (deprecated by IETF)
� Aggregatable global 2000::/3
� IPv4-compatible ::/96
� Unspecified address ::/128
� IPv6 loopback address ::1/128
Module 5 | 69 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Prefixes (continued)
� Aggregatable global IPv6 address:� Globally routable and reachable IPv6 address
� IANA-assigned aggregatable address: 2000::/3
� IPv6 addresses are currently being allocated by IANA in this range.
� Multiple-level hierarchy allows efficient routing aggregation:
— Provider topology, site topology, host topologyGlobal routing prefix Site IPv6 interface ID
48 bits 16 bits 64 bits
Module 5 | 70 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Anycast Addressing
� Assigned to multiple interfaces of multiple nodes
� A packet destined to an anycast address is routed to the nearest one.
� Unicast addresses with host bits set to zero
� Can be used, for example, to select the nearest server and provide redundancy
Module 5 | 71 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Multicast Addressing
� Assigned FF00::/8
� Flag indicates a permanently assigned or transient multicast address
� Scope is used to limit the multicast group
� No broadcast addressing
� Larger number of multicast groups
1111 1111 Group ID
8 bits 112 bits
Flags Scope
4bits 4bits
Module 5 | 72 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Multicast Addressing (continued)
� Solicited-node multicast address:� Provides efficient querying for ICMPv6
� Each unicast address has a corresponding solicited-node multicast address.
�Multicast messages can be sent to the solicited-node multicast address group to reduce the number of receivers.
� Format: FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx/104 (xx:xxxx from the last 24 bits of the unicast address)
� Example: Unicast address 2001:1000:10:C2B4:FFFF:FE01:0203 Solicited-node: address FF02::1:FF01:0203
� The multicast packet is then sent to Ethernet multicast address 33.33.FF.01.02.03.
� Replaces ARP from IPv4
Module 5 | 73 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Multicast Addressing (continued)
� Well-known multicast addresses:
FF02::1 All-nodes address
FF02::2 All-routers address
FF02::5 All-OSPF routers address
FF02::6 All-OSPF DRs address
FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx/104 Solicited-node address used in ICMPv6
� Multicast address over Ethernet:Multicast MAC 33:33:dst13:dst14:dst15:dst16
(last 4 digits of multicast address)
Module 5 | 74 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 Routing Protocols
� IPv6 routing protocols:�OSPFv3
�MP-BGP
� IS-IS for IPv6
� Static routes
� The IPv6 routing table is different from IPv4 routing tables:� Same route-selection mechanism
� Longest prefix match
� The router ID should be configured before IPv6 protocols are enabled.
Module 5 | 75 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 over IPv4
� IPv6 and IPv4 will coexist for a long time.
� There are many ways to run IPv6 over IPv4:� Dual stack (router runs IPv4 and IPv6 stacks)
� Tunneling:
—IPv6 over IPv4 tunnels (RFC 2893)
—6PE
—IPv6 over GRE tunnel
—IPv6 over MPLS TE tunnel
� The 7750 SR implementation of IPv6 over IPv4 is in several phases.
Module 5 | 76 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
IPv6 over IPv4 using Static Routing
� Phase 1 only allow IPv6 over IPv4 through static routing (RFC 2893)
� IPv6 over IPv4 packet encapsulation uses IP protocol id 41
� Source / destination IP address uses the system IP address
Module 5 | 77 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent77 | Technical Sales Forum | May 2008
7Alcatel-Lucent 7x50 Service Router
Portfolio
Module 5 | 78 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR Family
• Three chassis options – 1, 7, and 12 slots• Carrier-class reliability combined with highdensity in a small footprint
• System capacities scalable from 20 Gbps to 200 Gbps (400 Gbps in future)
• Modular design – removable IOM, SF/CPM, and MDAs
• Common operating system
12345AB
Slot
MDA
1 2
SR-7
MDA
1 2
A1 SR-1
Slot
1 2 3 4 5 A B 6 7 8 9 10
1
MDA
2
SR-12
IOM
SF/CPM
MDA
SFP
�
Module 5 | 79 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
The SR-12 Shelf
• SR-12 features:
� Slots for up to ten 20 Gbps IOM cards
� Two hot-swappable SF/CPM card slots; 200 Gbps or 400 Gbps SF/CPM cards available; 400 Gbps cards have capacity to handle future 40 Gbps IOM cards
� Up to twenty hot-swappable MDAs
� Hot-swappable cooling fans
� Switch fabric/control redundancy when two SF/CPMs installed
� Power redundancy when two DC power sources connected
�
Module 5 | 80 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
The SR-12 Front and Rear
1
1
2
2
6
5
3
7
4
8 9
1
2
6
7
4 5
3 8
�
Module 5 | 81 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR SF/CPM Cards
Redundant SF/CPMs are supported on the
SR-7 and SR-12
�
Module 5 | 82 All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent82 | 7750 SR Overview
Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router
3RD WAVE – SERVICE ROUTINGAlcatel Lucent 7750 SR
� 2Terabit Multiservice Edge Router� Purpose built for Service Providers and Enterprises
seeking carrier-class equipment� Suitable for applications including:
� Residential Broadband (HSI and 3Play)� Business L2 and L3 VPN services� Mobile backhaul and core transport � Legacy BRAS evolution (BNG)
� Taking the Lead in Service Routing Evolution� Industry leading FP2 100Gpbs Silicon� Terabit capacity, performance, scale� Comprehensive multiservice support� Service Routing Specialization
� Over 30,000 units shipped to date