IPv6 Adhoc Networks 20130312 - TECtec.gov.in/pdf/Studypaper/Study paper IPv6_Adhoc_Networks.pdf ·...

Department of Telecommunications

Telecom Engineering Center Khurshid Lal Bhavan, Janpath, New Delhi - 110011

Study Paper on IPv6 for Adhoc Networks

[Sensor N/w & RFID]

R. Saji Kumar Director, J.M.Suri DDG, I Division, Telecom Engineering Center, Department of

Telecommunications, New Delhi.

Abstract:

Till now connected devices did not become very popular because of the limitations of

connectivity, device identification/monitoring capabilities and IP address limitations. Various

protocols and standards developed for Wireless sensor networks, Active RFID based

identifications and IPv6 for low power devices has enabled millions of devices to start

communicating over the IP world.

The different standards which came up in this area include ITU-T X.1311 for Sensor Networks,

Sensor interface standards based on IEEE 1451, Wireless Interface Protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

& Zigbee and 6LoWPAN based on IEEE 802.15.4. The main objective is to discuss in detail about

the IEEE 1451 and 6LoWPAN standards.

Many devices have been developed based on these interface standards which has opened the

way for Machine to Machine Communications and immense possibilities in the new era of the

Internet of Things.

Key words:

Wireless Networks, Infrastructure Mode, Adhoc Mode, Wireless Sensor Networks, RFID

Networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, IEEE 1451, 6LoWPAN, Machine to Machine Communications,

Internet of Things

1. Introduction:

With the increase in popularity of internet and IP, devices are also becoming IP enabled. The major

challenges for moving to an era of connected devices are connectivity, sensor technologies, device

identification and addressing. Wireless is becoming a de facto connectivity method because of the

easiness of connectivity and mobility. Sensor technologies have also advanced by integrating IP and

Wireless features. Device identification could be achieved through RFID techniques. Having a huge

address space required to be provided to each and every device, IPv6 is giving a boost to this area.

This has given rise to a new area of machine to machine communication and internet of things

which are possible through the IP enabled devices. This paper is an attempt to address these issues

by explaining the concepts and underlying standards.

A block schematic of various techniques involved is given below.

Approaching Era of connected devices …..

Major Requirements for

Connectivity

Wired Wireless

Infrastructure Adhoc

Wireless Adhoc

Sensor Networks

Wireless Mesh

Networks

Mobile Adhoc

Networks

Sensors

Wired

Ubiquitous

Wireless Networks are categorized as those working in the Infrastructure mode and those in Adhoc

mode. Infrastructure mode devices communicate to a master device like the base station

point. Hence direct line of sight connectivity with the base station is a must.

devices can communicate among themselves

all devices with the base station or access point or the Gateway

the devices increase but there is no need

Wireless Sensor Network is a major application area of the wireless adhoc networks.

Two major protocols used are IEEE 1

wireless sensor networks and 6Lo

sensor networks to communicate over IPv6, as the protocol is simple and having low throughput

because of the reduced header size. The Architecture describe

and 6LoWPAN is given below.

Machine to Machine Communication [M2M]

communicate directly like remote temperature monitoring etc. IP and wireless technologies have

been adopted in the M2M communications. However with the popularization of Internet and the

Approaching Era of connected devices …..

Major Requirements for

Connected Devices

Identification Addressing

RFID

Semi-

Passive

Passive

Active

IPv4 IPv6

Wireless Adhoc

Sensor Networks

Applications on

Low Throughput

Simple

Standard

Version

Sensors

Wireless

Ubiquitous Adhoc

are categorized as those working in the Infrastructure mode and those in Adhoc

mode. Infrastructure mode devices communicate to a master device like the base station

. Hence direct line of sight connectivity with the base station is a must. In adhoc mode, the

devices can communicate among themselves and hence there is no need for direct line of sight for

all devices with the base station or access point or the Gateway. In adhoc mode the complexity of

the devices increase but there is no need for ensuring direct line of sight with the base station.

Wireless Sensor Network is a major application area of the wireless adhoc networks.

IEEE 1451 which describes about the application of Active RFID in

and 6LoWPAN based on IEEE 802.15.4. 6LoWPAN enabled the wireless


because of the reduced header size. The Architecture described in this paper based in IE

Machine to Machine Communication [M2M] relates to the technologies that allow devices to



are categorized as those working in the Infrastructure mode and those in Adhoc

or access

In adhoc mode, the

and hence there is no need for direct line of sight for

In adhoc mode the complexity of

for ensuring direct line of sight with the base station.

describes about the application of Active RFID in

PAN enabled the wireless


d in this paper based in IEEE 1451

the technologies that allow devices to



sensor technologies, the scope of M2M has been widen and the technology has been adopted in all

segments of day to day life for any place, any time, anything connectivity and is named as Internet

of Things.

2. Wireless Ad-hoc Networks:

A wireless adhoc network is a decentralized type of wireless network. The network

is adhoc because it does not rely on a preexisting infrastructure, access points in managed wireless

networks. Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, and so the

determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically based on the network

connectivity.

Wireless adhoc networks can be further classified by their application:

• Mobile adhoc networks (MANET)

• Wireless mesh networks (WMN)

• Wireless Adhoc sensor networks (WASN)

A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile

devices connected by wireless. Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any

direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic

unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router.

A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a communications network made up of radio nodes organized

in a mesh topology. Wireless mesh networks often consist of mesh clients, mesh routers and

gateways. The mesh clients are often laptops, cell phones and other wireless devices while the

mesh routers forward traffic to and from the gateways which may, but need not, connect to the

Internet. Wireless mesh networks can be implemented with various wireless technology

including 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, cellular technologies or combinations of more than one type.

Adhoc Wireless Sensor Network is described further in this paper.

Adhoc Network Routing Protocol: Being adhoc in nature, the Adhoc networks require special

routing protocols. It is a standard that controls how nodes decide which way

to route packets between computing devices in a mobile ad hoc network. In ad-hoc networks,

nodes are not familiar with the topology of their networks. Instead, they have to discover it. The

various routing protocols used in Adhoc networks are classified as follows:

Table-driven (Pro-active) routing: This protocol maintains a list of destination addresses for

routing. [Eg. OLSR, BATMAN, DSDV, IARP, HSR, WAR etc]

Reactive (on-demand) routing: This protocol finds a route on demand by flooding the network

with Route Request packets. [AODV, DSR etc]

Flow-oriented routing: This protocol finds a route on demand by following present flows and

unicast consecutively when forwarding data for a new link. [IERP, SSR etc]

Hybrid (both pro-active and reactive) routing: This protocol combines the advantages of proactive

and of reactive routing. The routing is initially established with some proactively prospected routes

and then serves the demand from additionally activated nodes through reactive flooding. [HWMP,

ZRP etc]

Hierarchical routing: This protocol, the choice of proactive and of reactive routing depends on the

hierarchic level where a node resides. [CBRP, FSR etc]

Multicast routing: This protocol does routing by multicast of all the packets. [MRMP, LAM etc]

3. Wireless Sensor Networks:

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors

to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to

cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location.

Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an

internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for

interfacing with the sensors and an energy source

The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless

mesh network.

A Wireless Sensor Network [WSN] is classified into two types, the ubiquitous sensor network (USN)

and Wireless Adhoc Sensor Networks [WASN].

A Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) [ITU-T X.1311] consists of three parts: a sensor network

consisting of a large number of sensor nodes, a base station (also known as a gateway) interfacing

between the sensor networks and an application server, and the application server controlling the

sensor node in the sensor network or collecting the sensed information from the sensor nodes in

the sensor network.

USN can be an intelligent information infrastructure of advanced e-Life society, which delivers user-

oriented information and provides knowledge services to anyone, anytime, anywhere and wherein

information and knowledge are developed by detecting, storing, processing, and integrating the

situational and environmental information gathered from sensor tags and/or sensor nodes affixed

to anything. Since there are many security and privacy threats in transferring and storing

information in the USN, appropriate security mechanisms may be needed to protect against those

threats in the USN.

The main features of the USN are as follows:

• Sensor nodes are deployed densely in a wide area or a hostile context.

• Sensor nodes are vulnerable to failure.

• The communication from the base station (BS) to the sensor node would be of the broadcast

type or point-to-point type.

• A sensor node has limited power, computational capacity, and memory.

• A sensor node may not have global identification.

• Mobility of nodes

• Heterogeneity of nodes

• Scalability to large scale of deployment

• Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions

• Ease of use

Wireless adhoc sensor network [WASN] consists of a number of sensors spread across a

geographical area. Each sensor has wireless communication capability and some level of

intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data.

Standards and specifications:

Several standards are currently either ratified or under development by organizations and

standardization bodies for wireless sensor networks. The IEEE focuses on

the physical and MAC layers; the Internet Engineering Task Force works on layers 3 and above.

There are also several non-standard, proprietary mechanisms and specifications.

Predominant standards commonly used in WSN communications include Wireless-HART, IEEE

1451, ZigBee / 802.15.4, ZigBee IP, 6LoWPAN

4. RFID Networks:

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-

frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the

purposes of automatic identification and tracking.

Basically there are three types of tags: active tags, semi-passive tags, and passive tags. Active tags

and semi-passive tags contain an energy source, normally a battery. Passive tags contain no power

source and must convert energy from the RF signal provided by the interrogator in order to

operate the on-board electronic chip. The tag is able to send back data stored on the chip.

Basic components of an RFID System are given below:

5. Integrated RFID Sensor Networks:

The RFID tags being used at present in the supply chain indicate what a product is, but do not

reveal any information about conditions that the product has encountered throughout its passage

along the supply chain.

IEEE 1451 is a smart transducers interface standards. The standard covers communication

protocols, Transducer Electronics Data Sheet [TEDS] formats, Reader standards, Wireless Interface

standards and RFID system communication protocol. The goal of these standards is

• To provide network-independent and vendor-independent transducer (sensor or actuator)

interfaces.

• To provide a standardized format for transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) that contain

manufacturer-related data for transducers.

• To support a general model for transducer data, control, timing, configuration, and calibration.

• To allow transducers to be installed, upgraded, replaced, or moved with minimal effort.

• To eliminate error-prone manual entry of data and system configuration steps – thus achieving

‘‘plug-and-play’’ capability.

• To allow wired or wireless sensor data to be moved seamlessly to/from the network or host

system.

IEEE 1451.5 is a transducer interface standard. Its main objective is to provide data-level

interoperability for sensors and actuators by combining the benefit of the TEDS and the adoption

of existing popular wireless communication protocols in the standard. Some possible wireless

protocols are IEEE 802.11x – the Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) standard, IEEE 802.15.1 – the Bluetooth

standard, and IEEE 802.15.4 – the ZigBee standard.

If sensors and possibly actuators can be integrated into RFID tags and the interrogators in a manner

that meets the goals of the IEEE 1451 suite, the needs of current RFID systems for cold chains could

be met and new applications of RFID would be enabled.

The association of IEEE 1451 with RFID system is given below.

A concept of integrating tag id’s to sensor integrated active RFID networks is given below:

6. Wireless Interface Protocols for Active RFID System:

The wireless interface protocols which could be adopted in the IEEE 1451 model are Wi-Fi, Zigbee,

Bluetooth or 6LoWPAN. They are briefly explained below.

Wi-Fi 802.11

Wi-Fi ID allows the devices to be located, and tracked using multiple WAPs. Wi-Fi ID is technically

an active RFID system that uses the 802.11 standard of air communication in the 2.45GHz

frequency spectrum. The two methods used to determine location are Radio Signal Strength

Information (RSSI) and Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA). RSSI measures the signal strength and is

suited for both tight indoor environments and outdoors. TDOA measures the time of arrival of the

tag's signal from multiple readers at the same time and is better for outdoor or large open indoor

environments where multiple readers can get clear line of sight the tags at the same time.

Following are the benefits of using Wi-Fi for Active RFID

• Wi-Fi-based Active RFID systems utilize standard Wi-Fi (802.11) technology as a

communications protocol, enabling customers to utilize WLAN access points (APs) as Active

RFID “readers”.

• Lower infrastructure, installation cost

• Customers can use their existing or new WLAN infrastructure as a reader network.

• Expensive single-purpose RFID readers can be avoided.

• Faster deployment and installation

• Faster ROI from existing WLAN

Zigbee

ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard. ZigBee operates in the industrial,

scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; Data transmission rates vary from 20 to 900 kbps. The low

cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications.

Low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries.

ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE 802.15.4 for low-

rate WPANs. The four main components of the Zigbee standards are the network layer, application

layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for

customization and favor total integration.

The ZigBee network layer natively supports both star and tree typical networks, and generic mesh

networks. Mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range.

Basic Zigbee bit rate of 250 kb/s is adequate for transferring data in an RFID system. With multiple

sensors, each sensor forms a node on the network, sending or receiving data to and from any other

nodes. This enables the nodes to form a mesh or an ad hoc network that can self-configure and

self-heal, maximizing reliability and minimizing the cost of network deployment and maintenance.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances in

the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area

networks (PANs) with high levels of security.

Bluetooth uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum. It usually performs 800 hops per second,

with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH) enabled.

Bluetooth uses Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology, enabling a user to hold two devices

together at a very short range to complete the pairing process. It has Lower Power Consumption

and Improved Security using six-digit passkey. Bluetooth devices have the ability to work as a slave

or a master in an adhoc network. The three types of Bluetooth network configurations are

• Single point-to-point (Piconet) which consists of one master and one slave device.

• Multipoint (Piconet) topology combines one master device and up to seven slave devices in an

ad hoc network.

• Scatternet: A Scatternet is a group of Piconets linked via a slave device in one Piconet which

plays master role in other Piconet.

7. Requirement of IPv6 in Wireless Sensor Networks:

Any device used to connect to the Internet requires an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a unique

identifier that enables it to communicate with other devices on the network. This means that

everything from laptops and smartphones, through to Internet enabled TVs and refrigerators needs

an IP address. With the ever-increasing number of new devices being connected to the Internet,

there is a need for more addresses than IPv4 can accommodate.

On 3 February 2011, in a ceremony in Miami, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

assigned the last batch of five /8 address blocks to the Regional Internet Registries, officially

depleting the global pool of completely fresh blocks of addresses. Each /8 address block represents

approximately 16.7 million possible addresses, for a total of over 80 million potential addresses

combined. APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small

amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6.

IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for 2128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses — more

than 7.9×1028 times as many as IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses. IPv4 allows for only

4,294,967,296 unique addresses worldwide (or less than one address per person alive in 2012), but

IPv6 allows for around 4.8×1028 addresses per person — a number unlikely to ever run out.

8. IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN):

6LoWPAN is an acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. 6LoWPAN is the

name of a working group in the Internet area of the IETF.

The 6LoWPAN concept originated from the idea that "the Internet Protocol could and should be

applied even to the smallest devices," and that low-power devices with limited processing

capabilities should be able to participate in the Internet of Things.

The 6LoWPAN group has defined encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow

IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks. The base

specification developed by the 6LoWPAN IETF group is RFC 4944. The features include basic

Encapsulation, efficient representation of packets less than ~100 bytes, first approach to stateless

Header Compression, fragmentation (map 1280 byte MTU to < 128 bytes), datagram tag/Datagram

offset, mMesh forwarding, identify Originator/Final Destination etc

The 6LoWPAN group within the IETF uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to provide the lower layer

elements of this wireless network wireless sensor network. The 6LoWPAN group has then defined

the encapsulation and compression mechanisms that enable the IPv6 data to be carried of the

wireless network.

The 6LoWPAN technology is an approach to the development of a wireless sensor network; there

are incompatibilities between IPv6 format and the formats allowed by IEEE 802.15.4. These

differences are overcome within 6LoWPAN and this allows the system to use basic 802.15.4 as a

layer.

In order to send packet data, IPv6 over 6LowPAN, it is necessary to have a method of converting

the packet data into a format that can be handled by the IEEE 802.15.4 lower layer system.

IPv6 requires the maximum transmission unit (MTU) to be at least 1280 bytes in length. This is

considerably longer than the IEEE802.15.4's standard packet size of 127 octets which was set to

keep transmissions short and thereby reduce power consumption.

To overcome the address resolution issue, IPv6 nodes are given 128 bit addresses in a hierarchical

manner. The IEEE 802.15.4 devices may use either of IEEE 64 bit extended addresses or 16 bit

addresses that are unique within a PAN af

group of physically co-located IEEE802.15.4 devices.

6LoWPAN comprises routers (6LRs) and hosts. Hosts only talk to routers.

hosts in mesh-under no direct host

Network Architecture: The network architecture of 6LoWPAN is given in the figure below.

There can be three modes of operation namely Simple, Extended or Adhoc modes. Simple LoWPAN

consists of only one Edge Router in the LoWPAN network.

connected to the Internet over a backhaul link. Extended LoWPAN has multip

LoWPAN, which share the same IPv6 prefix and a common backbone link. Multiple LoWPANs can

overlap each other. 6LoWPAN does not require an infrastructure to operate, but may also operate

as an Ad hoc LoWPAN. In this topology, one rout

router, implementing two basic functionalities: unique local unicast address (ULA) generation

[RFC4193] and handling 6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery registration functionality. From the LoWPAN

Node point of view the network operates just like a Simple LoWPAN, except the prefix advertised is

an IPv6 local prefix rather than a global one, and there are no routes outside the LoWPAN.

Protocol Stack: The 6LoWPAN protocol stack is given below.

The important issues to be addressed while adopting IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 structure are Frame

compression, Routing methods, Fragmentation and

addresses that are unique within a PAN after devices have associated. There is also a PAN

located IEEE802.15.4 devices.

6LoWPAN comprises routers (6LRs) and hosts. Hosts only talk to routers. Routers may redirect to

no direct host-host communication in route-over

The network architecture of 6LoWPAN is given in the figure below.


consists of only one Edge Router in the LoWPAN network. A LoWPAN Edge Router is typically

connected to the Internet over a backhaul link. Extended LoWPAN has multiple edge routers in the



. In this topology, one router must be configured to act as a simplified edge



the network operates just like a Simple LoWPAN, except the prefix advertised is


The 6LoWPAN protocol stack is given below.

o be addressed while adopting IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 structure are Frame

compression, Routing methods, Fragmentation and Autoconfiguration techniques to be adopted.

ter devices have associated. There is also a PAN-ID for a

Routers may redirect to

The network architecture of 6LoWPAN is given in the figure below.


A LoWPAN Edge Router is typically

le edge routers in the



er must be configured to act as a simplified edge



the network operates just like a Simple LoWPAN, except the prefix advertised is


o be addressed while adopting IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 structure are Frame

Autoconfiguration techniques to be adopted.

Frame Compression: Generally IPv6 header is 320 Bytes long. However for 6LoWPAN as per

IEEE802.15.4, the header size has been reduced to 40 Bytes to fit it within the 127Byte total frame

length. The 6LoWPAN header as per IEEE 802.15.4 is given below.

Here also, the bytes available for the Payload are only 54 Bytes which is very less as compared to

the frame size. In order to counter this frame compression techniques are employed where in the

difference in the header between consecutive frames is only transmitted. The compressed frame

structure is given below.

The 6LoWPAN compression format was initially defined in RFC4944 while it is updated and recently

published as RFC6282 – ‘Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based

Networks’. RFC4944 Features are basic LoWPAN header format, HC1 (IPv6 header) and HC2 (UDP

header) compression formats, Fragmentation & reassembly, Mesh header feature and Multicast

mapping to 16-bit address space. The additional features of RFC6282 are new HC (IPv6 header) and

NHC (Next-header) compression, support for global address compression, support for IPv6 option

header compression and support for compact multicast address compression.

6LoWPAN Routing: Depending on the layer where the routing is applied the protocols are classified

into two different categories: Mesh-under and route-over. The first uses the MAC address and 16

Bit short ad-dress (layer 2 address) respectively to forward packets, the latter uses the IP

addressing (layer 3) for it. It is detailed in the figure below.

Fragmentation: Fragmentation provides a basis to subdivide a large packet into several smaller

ones. The procedure is apparently necessary in case of the 6LoWPAN because one IPv6 packet can

be up to 1280 bytes long, but the maximal packet size in IEEE 802.15.4 is only127 bytes. In mesh-

under networks the fragments are routed to the destination node, not until they are assembled.

Route-over networks however transmit each fragment only to the next hop. There all fragments

are assembled and the complete packet is analyzed to determine the next destination node. Thus

in route-over networks each hop has to store all fragments and must therefore have enough

resources available.

Auto configuration: Auto configuration describes the autonomous generation of a complete IPv6

address. It mainly uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). The messages used such as Router

Advertisement, Router Solicitation und Neighbor Solicitation are addressed to multicast addresses.

Thus in the mesh-under network which represents a single IP link all nodes inside the network have

to be provided with the message. This in turn floods the network and impairs the bandwidth

considerably. In the route-over networks, since each hop represents an IP router, the multicast

becomes a broadcast for all nodes in the radio range. This admittedly limits the network load. In

order to resolve this issue, multicast addresses are replaced by adequate unicast addresses. This

will be implemented by the expended application of the border router. It knows the addresses of

all nodes inside the network; at the same time it

the LoWPAN. So nodes do not send a multicast for duplicate address detection, but

to the border router.

While there are many forms of wireless networks including wireless sensor networks,

addresses an area that is currently not addressed by any other system, i.e. that of using IP, and in

particular IPv6 to carry the data.

The overall system is aimed at providing wireless internet connectivity at low data rates and with a

low duty cycle.

9. Machine to Machine Communications:

The development of different sensor technologies and integration with the communication

technologies have paved the way for various devices becoming intelligent or ‘SMART’ and started

communicating to a remote machine or host.

that allow both wireless and wired systems to communicate with other devices of the same ability.

M2M uses a device (such as a sensor or meter) to capture an

inventory level, etc.), which is relayed through a

an application that translates the captured event into

need to be restocked). Such communication was originally accomplished by having a remote

network of machines relay information back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be

rerouted into a system like a personal computer.

The M2M System shall be able to allow communication between M2M Applications in the Network

and Applications Domain, and the M2M Device or M2M

communication means, e.g. SMS, GPRS and IP Access.

However, modern M2M communication has expanded beyond a one

changed into a system of networks that transmits data to personal appliances. A Connected Object

may be able to communicate in a peer

M2M System should abstract the underlying network structure including any network addressing

mechanism used, e.g. in case of an IP based network the session establish

when static or dynamic IP addressing is used. The expansion of IP networks across the world has

made it far easier for M2M communication to take place and has lessened the amount of power

and time necessary for information to be comm

allow an array of new business opportunities and connections between consumers and producers

in terms of the products being sold.

Architecture of M2M is given below.

all nodes inside the network; at the same time it represents the interface to the network outside of

the LoWPAN. So nodes do not send a multicast for duplicate address detection, but sends

While there are many forms of wireless networks including wireless sensor networks, 6LoWPAN



Machine to Machine Communications:



communicating to a remote machine or host. Machine to machine (M2M) refers to technologies


(such as a sensor or meter) to capture an event (such as temperature,

inventory level, etc.), which is relayed through a network (wireless, wired or hybrid) to

that translates the captured event into meaningful information (for example, items


rmation back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be

rerouted into a system like a personal computer.


and Applications Domain, and the M2M Device or M2M Gateway, by using multiple

communication means, e.g. SMS, GPRS and IP Access.

However, modern M2M communication has expanded beyond a one-to-one connection and


may be able to communicate in a peer-to-peer manner with any other Connected Object. The


mechanism used, e.g. in case of an IP based network the session establishment shall be possible



and time necessary for information to be communicated between machines. These networks also


in terms of the products being sold.

Architecture of M2M is given below.

represents the interface to the network outside of

sends a unicast

6LoWPAN





rs to technologies


(such as temperature,

(wireless, wired or hybrid) to

(for example, items


rmation back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be


Gateway, by using multiple

one connection and


peer manner with any other Connected Object. The


ment shall be possible



unicated between machines. These networks also


The Device and Gateway Domain is compose

through a Gateway. The Network Domain is composed of the Access Network, Core network, M2M

Service Capabilities, M2M applications and M2M Management Functions.

10. Internet of Things:

With the increase in popula

communications has expanded beyond the Machine communications domain to a new era where

the application ranges from home networking, urban applications, environment, water, metering,

security, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture, Animal husbandry, health etc. This is termed the

INTERNET OF THINGS. In the Internet of Things paradigm (IoT) , everything of value will be on the

network in one form or another. Radio Frequency IDentification

technologies will give rise to this new standard, in which information and communication are

invisibly embedded in the environment around us. Everyday objects, such as cars, coffee cups,

refrigerators, bathtubs, and more advanced

services will be in each other’s interaction range and will communicate with one another. Large

amounts of data will circulate in order to create smart and proactive environments that will

significantly enhance both the work and leisure experiences of people. Smart interacting objects

that adapt to the current situation without any human involvement will become the next logical

step to people already connected anytime and anywhere.

With the growing presence

ubiquitous information and communication networks is already evident nowadays. However, for

the Internet of Things vision to successfully emerge, the computing criterion will need to go beyond

traditional mobile computing scenarios that use smart

connecting everyday existing objects and embedding intelligence into our environment.

Today, developments are rapidly under way to take this phenomenon an important

embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday

items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things

themselves. A new dimension has been added to the worl

technologies (ICTs): from anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity

for anything

Connections will multiply and create an entirely new dynamic network of networks

Things. The Internet of Things is neither science fiction nor industry hype, but is based on solid

technological advances and visions of network ubiquity that are zealously being realized

The Device and Gateway Domain is composed of the M2M Device which connects directly or


Service Capabilities, M2M applications and M2M Management Functions.

With the increase in popularity of Internet and Internet connected devices, the scope of M2M



y, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture, Animal husbandry, health etc. This is termed the

In the Internet of Things paradigm (IoT) , everything of value will be on the

network in one form or another. Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) and sensor network



refrigerators, bathtubs, and more advanced, loosely coupled, computational and information



nce both the work and leisure experiences of people. Smart interacting objects


step to people already connected anytime and anywhere.

With the growing presence of Wi-Fi and 3G wireless Internet access, the evolution toward



traditional mobile computing scenarios that use smart-phones and portables, and evolve into


Today, developments are rapidly under way to take this phenomenon an important

range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday


themselves. A new dimension has been added to the world of information and communication


Connections will multiply and create an entirely new dynamic network of networks

The Internet of Things is neither science fiction nor industry hype, but is based on solid


d of the M2M Device which connects directly or


rity of Internet and Internet connected devices, the scope of M2M



y, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture, Animal husbandry, health etc. This is termed the

In the Internet of Things paradigm (IoT) , everything of value will be on the

(RFID) and sensor network



, loosely coupled, computational and information



nce both the work and leisure experiences of people. Smart interacting objects


Fi and 3G wireless Internet access, the evolution toward



phones and portables, and evolve into


step further, by

range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday


d of information and communication


Connections will multiply and create an entirely new dynamic network of networks – an Internet of

The Internet of Things is neither science fiction nor industry hype, but is based on solid


11. Applications of RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks:

Important Applications of RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks include Urban Applications,

Environmental Applications, Water, Metering, Security, Emergency, Retail, Logistics, Industrial,

Agriculture, Animal Farming, Home and Health etc which are tabulated below.

Urban Applications:

Smart Parking Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the

city.

Magnetic field

Structural health Monitoring of vibrations and material

conditions in buildings, bridges and historical

monuments.

Crack detection, crack

propagation, accelerometer,

linear displacement

Noise Urban Maps Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric

zones in real time.

Microphone

Traffic Congestion Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to

optimize driving and walking routes

Magnetic field

Smart Lighting Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in

Street lights

Light sensor (LDR), actuator

relay

Waste management Detection of rubbish levels in containers to

optimize the trash collection routes

Ultrasound sensor (measure

capacity)

Intelligent

Transportation

Systems

Smart Roads and Intelligent Highways with

warning messages and diversions according to

climate conditions and unexpected events like

accidents or traffic jams

Magnetic field, crack sensor,

water and ice detection

sensors

Environment:

Forest Fire

Detection

Monitoring of combustion gases and

preemptive fire conditions to define alert

zones

CO, CO2, temperature,

humidity

Air Pollution Control of CO2 emissions of factories,

pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases

generated in farms

NO2, SH2, CO, CO2,

Hydrocarbons, Methane

(CH4)

Landslide and

Avalanche

Monitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and

earth density to detect dangerous patterns in

Crack detection, crack

propagation, accelerometer,

Prevention land conditions linear displacement, soil

moisture

Earthquake Early

Detection

Distributed control in specific places of

tremors

Accelerometer

Water:

Water Quality Study of water suitability in rivers and the sea

for fauna and eligibility for drinkable use

PH, dissolved oxygen,

turbidity

Water Leakages Detection of liquid presence outside tanks and

pressure variations along pipes

Liquid flow sensor

River Floods Monitoring of water level variations in rivers,

dams and reservoirs

Level sensor (switch),

ultrasound sensor

Metering:

Smart Grid Energy consumption monitoring and

management

Current and voltage sensors

Tank Level Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in

storage tanks and cisterns.

Level sensor (switch),

ultrasound sensor (capacity

measurement)

Photovoltaic

Installations

Monitoring and optimization of performance

in solar energy plants

Current and voltage sensors

Water Flow Measurement of water pressure in water

Transportation systems

Liquid flow sensor

Silos Stock

Calculation

Measurement of emptiness level and weight

of the goods

Ultrasound sensor (capacity

measurement), load cells

Security & Emergencies:

Perimeter Access

Control

Access control to restricted areas and

detection of people in non-authorized areas.

PIR (infrared), hall effect

(windows, doors),

RFID and NFC tags

Liquid Presence Liquid detection in data centers, warehouses

and sensitive building grounds to prevent

break downs and corrosion

Water detection sensor

Radiation Levels Distributed measurement of radiation levels in

Nuclear power stations surroundings to

generate

Leakage alerts.

Geiger Muller tube (Beta and

Gamma) [ β, γ ],

ultraviolet sensor (UVA, UVB)

Explosive and

Hazardous Gases

Detection of gas levels and leakages in

industrial environments, surroundings of

chemical factories and inside mines.

O2, H2, CH4, Isobutane,

Ethanol

Retail:

Supply Chain

Control

Monitoring of storage conditions along the

supply chain and product tracking for

traceability purposes.

RFID and NFC tags

NFC Payment Payment processing based in location or

Activity duration for public transport, gyms,

theme parks, etc.

RFID and NFC tags

Intelligent Shopping

Application

Getting advices in the point of sale according

To customer habits, preferences, presence of

allergic components for them or expiring

dates.

RFID and NFC tags

Smart Product

Management

Control of rotation of products in shelves and

warehouses to automate restocking processes

Weight sensor (load cell),

RFID and NFC tags

Logistics:

Quality of Shipment

Conditions

Monitoring of vibrations, strokes, container

openings or cold chain maintenance for

insurance purposes.

Light, temperature,

humidity, impact, vibrations,

accelerometer

Item Location Search of individual items in big surfaces like

warehouses or harbours

RFID and NFC tags

Storage

Incompatibility

Detection

Warning emission on containers storing

inflammable goods closed to others containing

explosive material.

O2, H2, CH4, Isobutane,

Ethanol,

RFID and NFC tags

Fleet Tracking Control of routes followed for delicate goods

like medical drugs, jewels or dangerous

merchandises.

GPS

Industrial control:

M2M Applications Machine auto-diagnosis and assets control Voltage, vibration,

accelerometer, current

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels

inside chemical plants to ensure workers and

goods safety.

CO, CO2, NH3, NO2, SH2, CO,

CO2, O3

Temperature

Monitoring

Control of temperature inside industrial and

medical fridges with sensitive merchandise.

Temperature, humidity,

pressure

Ozone Presence Monitoring of ozone levels during the drying

meat process in food factories

Ozone (O3)

Indoor Location Asset indoor location by using active (zigbee)

and passive tags (RFID/NFC).

Passive tags (RFID+NFC) +

Active tags (ZigBee,

Wifi, Bluetooth)

Vehicle Auto-

diagnosis

Information collection from canbus to send

real time alarms to emergencies or provide

advice to drivers.

Voltage, vibration,

accelerometer, current

Agriculture:

Wine Quality

Enhancing

Monitoring soil moisture and trunk diameter in

Vineyards to control the amount of sugar in

grapes

And grapevine health

Soil temperature / moisture,

leaf wetness, atmospheric

pressure, solar radiation

(PAR), trunk diameter

Green Houses Control micro-climate conditions to maximize

the production of fruits and vegetables and its

quality.

Soil temperature / moisture,

leaf wetness, atmospheric

pressure, solar radiation

(PAR), trunk diameter

Golf Courses Selective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the

water resources required in the green.

Soil moisture

Meteorological

Station Network

Study of weather conditions in fields to

forecast ice formation, rain, drought, snow or

wind changes.

Anemometer, wind vane,

pluviometer

Compost Control of humidity and temperature levels in

alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. To prevent fungus and

Other microbial contaminants.

Humidity, soil moisture, soil

temperature

Animal Farming:

Offspring Care Control of growing conditions of the offspring

in animal farms to ensure its survival and

health.

CH4, SH2, NH3, temperature,

humidity

Animal Tracking Location and identification of animals grazing

in open pastures or location in big stables.

Passive tags (RFID+NFC) +

Active tags (ZigBee,

Wifi, Bluetooth)

Toxic Gas Levels Study of ventilation and air quality in farms

and detection of harmful gases from

excrements

CH4, SH2, NH3, temperature,

humidity

Homes:

Energy and Water

Use

Energy and water supply consumption

monitoring to obtain advice on how to save

cost and resources.

Current and voltage sensors,

liquid flow sensor

Remote Control

Appliances

Switching on and off remotely appliances to

avoid accidents and save energy.

Actuator relay

Intrusion Detection

Systems

Detection of windows and doors openings and

Violations to prevent intruders.

PIR (infrared), hall effect

(windows, doors)

Art and Goods

Preservation

Monitoring of conditions inside museums and

art warehouses.

Temperature, humidity,

pressure, O2

Health:

Fall Detection Assistance for elderly or disabled people living

Independent.

Accelerometer

Medical Fridges Control of conditions inside freezers storing

Vaccines, medicines and organic elements.

Light, temperature,

humidity, impact, vibrations,

accelerometer

Sportsmen Care Vital signs monitoring in high performance

Centers and fields

ECG, pulse, accelerometer,

respiration

Patients

Surveillance

Monitoring of conditions of patients inside

Hospitals and in old people’s home.

ECG, pulse, accelerometer,

respiration

Ultraviolet

Radiation

Measurement of UV sun rays to warn people

not to be exposed in certain hours.

Ultraviolet sensor (UVA,

UVB)

12. Conclusion:

The IEEE 1451 standards for sensor networks integrating RFID methods and 6LoWPAN standards for

IPv6 over low power wireless networks have opened immense possibility of Internet of Things

applications possible over the Wireless IP domain. Utilization of Adhoc mode of communication also

helps in avoiding the requirement of line of sight requirement from the Gateway for the connected

sensor devises.

IEEE 1451 describes in detail the sensor interfacing requirements where as the 6LoWLAN standards

developed over the 802.15.4 standards defines the use of IPv6 for such networks. Even though, the

requirement of IPv6 for these devices is undisputed, the limitations in usage of IPv6 for such low power,

low throughput systems have been removed through the 6LoWPAN standards.

These standards have boosted the usage of IP networking and sensor technologies to be used for

immense applications of day to day life which can change the standards of living in the future days.

Glossary of Terms:

1451: IEEE 1451 standard for Smart transducer interface for sensors and actuators

802.15.4: IEEE 802.15.4-standard, applicable to low-rate wireless Personal Area Network

6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks

ADC: Analog to Digital Converter

AFH: Adaptive Frequency Hoping

APNIC: Asia Pacific Network Information center

BS: Base Station

BT: Bluetooth

DAC: Digital to Analog Converter

DIO: Digital Input/Output

GPS: Global Positioning System

IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

M2M: Machine to machine

MAC: Medium Access Control layer

MTU: Maximum Transfer Unit

NCAP: Network Capable Application processor

NDP: Neighbor Discovery Protocol

NFC: Near Field Communication

PAN: Personal Area Network

PHY: OSI model layer 1: The physical layer defines electrical and physical specifications for

devices. It defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium

including the layout of all hardware components.

RFID: Radio Frequency Identification

RSSI: Radio Signal Strength Information

TDOA: Time Difference Of Arrival

TEDS: Transducer Electronic Data Sheet

TIM: Transducer Interface Module

UDP: User datagram Protocol

ULA: Unicast Local Address

USN: Ubiquitous Sensor Networks

WSN: Wireless Sensor Networks

MANET: Mobile adhoc networks

WMN: Wireless mesh networks

WASN: Wireless Adhoc sensor networks

WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network

XDCR: Transducer or Sensor or Actuator

ZB: Zigbee

ZDO: Zigbee Device Object

References:

1. IEEE 1451 - IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators

2. IEEE 802.15 – IEEE standards for wireless personal area networks

3. ITU-T X.1311 - Secure applications and services – Ubiquitous sensor network security

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