Ipv6 the next generation protocol

1Session NumberPresentation_ID © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

IPV6-THE NEXT GENERATION PROTOCOL

© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 222

Introduction

• What is IP?

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.

• History

In 1978, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) mandated the use of IPv4 for all “host-to-host” data exchange enabling IPv4 to become the mechanism for the military to create integrated versus stovepiped communications.


Do We Really Need a Larger Address Space?

• Internet Users or PC~530 million users in Q2 CY2002, ~945 million by 2004

(Source: Computer Industry Almanac)

Emerging population/geopolitical and Address space

• PDA, Pen-Tablet, Notepad,…~20 million in 2004

• Mobile phones

Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry

• Transportation

1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008

Internet access in Planes

• Consumer devices

Billions of Home and Industrial Appliances


Explosion of New Internet Appliances


Techniques to reduce address shortage in IPv4

• Subnetting

• Network Address Translation (NAT)

• Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)


Subnetting

• Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet, and host.

• The extended-network-prefix is composed of the classful network-prefix and the subnet-number

• The extended-network-prefix has traditionally been identified by the subnet mask

Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number


Subnetting Example

InternetG

H1 H2

H3 H4

Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

All trafficto 128.10.0.0

128.10.1.1 128.10.1.2

128.10.2.1 128.10.2.2

Sub-network 128.10.1.0

Sub-network 128.10.2.0

Net mask 255.255.0.0


Network Address Translation

• Each organization- single IP address

• Within organization – each host with IP unique to the orgn., from reserved set of IP addresses

3 Reserved ranges

10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts)

172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576 hosts)

192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536 hosts)


NAT Example

SourceCompute

r

SourceComputer'sIP Address

SourceComputer'

sPort

NAT Router'sIP Address

NAT Router'sAssigned

Port Number

A 10.0.0.1 400 24.2.249.4 1

B 10.0.0.2 50 24.2.249.4 2

C 10.0.0.3 3750 24.2.249.4 3

D 10.0.0.4 206 24.2.249.4 4

10.0.0.4

10.0.0.1

B

C


Classless Inter-Domain Routing

• Eliminates traditional classful IP routing.

• Supports the deployment of arbitrarily sized networks

• Routing information is advertised with a bit mask/prefix length specifies the number of leftmost contiguous bits in the network portion of each routing table entry

• Example: 192.168.0.0/21


Features of IPv6

• Larger Address Space

• Aggregation-based address hierarchy

– Efficient backbone routing

• Efficient and Extensible IP datagram

• Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

• Security (IPsec mandatory)

• Mobility


128-bit IPv6 Address

3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234

8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”

3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234

:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers

Leading zeros can be removed


Basic Address Types

13

unicast:for one-to-onecommunication

multicast:for one-to-manycommunication

anycast:for one-to-nearestcommunication

M

M

M

A

A

A

U


IPv6 Stateless Auto-configuration


Major Improvements of IPv6 Header

• No option field: Replaced by extension header. Result in a fixed length, 40-byte IP header.

• No header checksum: Result in fast processing.

• No fragmentation at intermediate nodes: Result in fast IP forwarding.


IPv6: Security Issues

• Provision forAuthentication header

Guarantees authenticity and integrity of data

Encryption header

Ensures confidentiality and privacy

• Encryption modes:Transport mode

Tunnel mode

• Independent of key management algorithm.

• Security implementation is mandatory requirement in IPv6.

Apr 2005IIT Kanpur 16


Mobility Support in IPv6

• Mobile computers are becoming commonplace.

• Mobile IPv6 allows a node to move from one link to another without changing the address.

• Movement can be heterogeneous, i.e., node can move from an Ethernet link to a cellular packet network.

• Mobility support in IPv6 is more efficient than mobility support in IPv4.

• There are also proposals for supporting micro-mobility.

Apr 2005IIT Kanpur 17


Much Still To Do

though IPv6 today has all the functional capability of IPv4,

• implementations are not as advanced(e.g., with respect to performance, multicast support, compactness, instrumentation, etc.)

• deployment has only just begun

• much work to be done moving application, middleware, and management software to IPv6

• much training work to be done(application developers, network administrators, sales staff,…)

• many of the advanced features of IPv6 still need specification, implementation, and deployment work

18


Conclusion

IPv6 is NEW …

– built on the experiences learned from IPv4

– new features

– large address space

– new efficient header

– autoconfiguration … and OLD

– still IP

– build on a solid base

– started in 1995, a lot of implementations and tests done

20Session NumberPresentation_ID © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Ipv6 the next generation protocol

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