IQ test in pediatric dentistry

8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry

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IQT ST


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INTRODUCTION

Introduction to few terms

Significance of Intelligence in pediatric dentistry

History of IQ tests

Measurement of IQ


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INTELLIGENCE

The word intelligence comes up & many people often think of

intelligence quotient or IQ

Intelligencehas been defined in different ways, including the ability to

abstract thought ,understanding, communication, reasoning,

learning, planning , emotional intelligence and problem solving.

As IQ measures only a limited part of cognitive functioning of brainhence it is not correct to regard intelligence as IQ(Meaning of intelligence. George D. 1943)

Measuring the IQ becomes difficult when the person is unable to speak, write

or express.


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Intelligence derives from the Latin verb intelligere which derives

from inter-legere meaning to "pick out" or discern.

It is also related to a Greek word nous which was more concerned

about metaphysical and cosmological theories


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Researcher Quotation

Alfred BinetJudgment, otherwise called "good sense," "practical sense," "initiative,"

the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances ....

David Wechsler The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, tothink rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.

Cyril Burt Innate general cognitive ability

Intelligence :According to various researchers


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Linda Gottfredson The ability to deal with cognitive complexity.[

Sternberg& Salter Goal-directed adaptive behavior.

Reuven Feuerstein

The theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability describes intelligence as

"the unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure

of their cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life

situation."

Howard Gardner

To my mind, a human intellectual competence must entail a set of skills

of problem solving enabling the individual to resolve genuine problemsor difficulties that he or she encounters and, when appropriate, to create

an effective product and must also entail the potential for finding or

creating problems and thereby laying the groundwork for the

acquisition of new knowledge.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence


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MENTALABILITY

Mental ability - the power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the

ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior.

(Thesaurus, 4E)


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MENTALAGE

The term mental age is used in intelligence testing.

It means that the individual received the same number of correct

responses on a standardized IQ test as the average person of that

age in the sample population.

The mental age only refers to the intelligence test score.

It does not describe the level and nature of the persons experience

and functioning in aspects of community life.


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MENTALRETARDATION

Mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant

limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior

as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.

This disability originates before age 18

( 2002 American Association on Mental Retardation)


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Globally, the prevalence of mental retardation is estimated to be 30

per thousand

According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), in

1991, out of 1000 children in the rural areas, 31 had somedevelopmental delays, whereas in urban areas 9 out of every 1000

children were developmentally delayed.

( Status of Disability in India-2000, RCI)


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Mental retardation can be associated with other disorders, e.g.:

Seizure disorders

Chromosomal disorders

Cardiac anomalies

Emotional disorders


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ADAPTIVEBEHAVIOR

Adaptive behavior is the collection of conceptual, social, and

practical skills that people have learned so they can function in their

everyday lives.

Significant limitations in adaptive behavior impact a persons dailylife and affect the ability respond to a particular situation or to the

environment.


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GROWTHOFINTELLIGENCE

The point at which intelligence begins

depends on the definition of the term

A new born infant can learn through process

of conditioning has been demonstrated.(Irwin Orvis 1934)

Intelligence develops intrauterine with

senseromotor development(Sherman and

Sherman 1929)

A mental curve has been developed,

according to growth of mental ability of a

child at successive ages.(Richard 1941)


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CONCEPTOFGENIUS

Genius may involve extraordinary development and employment of

test aptitudes or it may signify other attributes

It can be in sense of humanity, sympathy courage, character,

appreciation of beauty, or can be occasional.

The concept of genius surpasses the purely intellectual

achievements


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FACTORSAFFECTING

INTELLIGENCE

Genetic influences:

Twin studies suggest that identical twins IQ's are more

similar than those of fraternal twins (Promin & Spinath, 2004).

Siblings reared together in the same home have IQ's that

are more similar than those of adopted children raised

together in the same environment (McGue & others, 1993).


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Environmental influences:

Identical twins reared apart have IQ's that are less similar

than identical twins reared in the same environment(McGue & others, 1993)

School attendance has an impact on IQ scores(Ceci, 2001).


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There are no changes of environment on intelligence(Cundick Lind et al a Developmental Psychology, Nov 1974 )

Race differences There are no changes according to race

(Bruce, Myrtle , American Psychological Association 2011 )

Nutrition

Children who are breastfed during the first three to five months

of life score higher on IQ tests at age 6 than same-age children

who were not breastfed (Reinberg, 2008).


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SIGNIFICANCEFOR PEDIATRIC

DENTISTRY

In pediatric dental practice the verbal or non verbal communication is

often used.

The most important thing is that the patient must receive the message

given by dental practitioner

there is a significant correlation between the IQ level and the behavioral

conduct manifested by child.

(Carmen Savin JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2008; 132-140)

The pediatric dental practitioner must approach the child patient in the

complexity of its problems and determinatives.


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HISTORYOFIQ TESTS

The science of testing an individual's intelligence has always been

one mired in controversy.

Questions are always raised about the accuracy of these tests and

ethics

The history of IQ began in the ninetheenthcentury with sir

Francis Galton-A british scientist


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After the shake-up from the 1859 publishing of Charles Darwin's

"The Origin of Species", Galton spent the majority of his time trying

to discover the relationship between heredity and human ability.

He believed that mental traits are based on physical factors.

His works were influenced by Belgian statistician named Lambert

Adolphe Jacques Quetelet

Galton's irrational belief in races with "superior" intellect led to thedevelopment of biased and often blatantly unfair tests.


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Frenchman named Alfred Binet who in 1904 developed the first

objective of intelligence test


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Binet's test simply put evaluated the average tasks that should be

performed by a child of a given age to obtain mental age.

This was then divided by the chronological age and multiplied by 100

to get the IQ.

This simple formula to date remains the backbone of intelligence

testing.

Binet's work was brought to America and modified at StanfordUniversity by Lewis M. Terman , and thus the famous "Stanford-

Binet"intellegence test was born.

SB-IV is still widely used.


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This test would require the child to read the questions or at least

have the questions read to him/her.

Which was very difficult for a child who had never been to a school

So Wechsler Intelligence scale for children (WISC) was , developed

by Dr. David Wechsler (1949)

Ages of 6 and 16 inclusive

without reading or writing

The current version, the WISC-IV, was produced in 2003


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Verbal Comprehension index (VCI), (define, similar)

Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), (block design)

Processing Speed Index (PSI) and (symbol search, coding)

Working Memory Index (WMI). (numbers)

Recent addition :-Picture Concepts, Letter-Number Sequencing,

Matrix Reasoning


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An Indian child may not know what a snowman is or what blueberry

pie tastes like, not because he/she is dull, but for the obvious reason

that he/she has very little chance of having seen either.

The Standford-Binet test has been adapted for an Indian populationby Kamath in 1940 and is known as the Binet-Kamath Test.

The Bhatia IQ test is another widely used IQ test for Indian children


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DISADVANTAGESOFIQ TESTS

Most tests are not truly representative, especially regarding lower

income and minotiry groups.

Traditional psychometric tests of intelligence are based on the

proposition that human beings are endowed with a single, "generalfaculty" for acquiring information.

If a person is given a fixed I.Q. score, his/her intelligence is taken to

be a fixed, unchanging entity.

Traditional tests of intelligence do not take situational and

contextual information into account.

They penalise a child for a creative or unconventional answer


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MENTALSCORING

American association of Mental Retardation(2002)

Old system:- Mild, moderate, severe, profound

New system:-Intermittent, limited, extensive,

pervasive

MENTAL AGE x 100 =I.Q

CHRONOLOGICAL AGE


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IQ range Grade

Above 140 Very superior

120- 139 Superior

110- 119 High average

90- 109 Average

80- 89 Low average

70- 79 Boderline impared

< 69 Mentally retarded

Classification Diagnostic features Special


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Classification Diagnostic features Special

requirements for

dental care

Degree of

disability

SB-IV WISC-III Communication

skills

Practical

description

Mild 67-52 69-55 Speak well

enough for most

communication

Can be educated

in special classes

Treat as normal

child; mild sedation

or nitrous oxide may

be benificial

Moderat

e

51-36 54-40 Has vocabulary

to communicate

at a basic level

Trainable can

perform self help

skills sheltered

workshop

employment

Mild to moderate

sedation , restrains,

Positive

reenforcement may

be indicated in casesof severe dental

problemsSevere 35 and

below

39 and

below

Little or no

communication

skills

Self help skills,

consistent

custodial care

required


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NOWAKSTENCOMMANDMENTS

Know the patients illness Assess each person individually

Avoid prejudicial thinking

Structure the office for children Use firmness and TLC

Use adjuncts to give out patient care

Use positive reinforcement Train patients in prevention

Continually studying handicapping conditions

Train your auxiliaries


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TOBETAKENINCONSIDERATION

Befriend the child

Communication with parent /care takers

Preventive care and dental education to

parents/care takers

Adaptive behaviors can be taught according to

understanding

Appropriate treatment planning

Supports -parent, friend, teacher, psychologist,

doctor or any appropriate person or agency.

Motivation for follow ups


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REFERENCES

Textbook of Pedodontics, Shobha Tandon, 2nd Edition

Dentistry for the child & adolescent, Ralph E. Mcdonald, David R. Avery, 8thEdition.

Pediatric dentistry , Ray E. Stewart

Oral health care for physical and mental disabilities : Daniel E,

Changes in scholastic achievement and intelligence of Indian children enrolled ina foster placement program. Cundick, Bert P.; Gottfredson, Douglas K.; Willson,Linda Developmental Psychology, Vol 10(6), Nov 1974, 815-820

Factors Affecting Intelligence Test Performance of Whites and Negroes in theRural South. Bruce, Myrtle , American Psychological Association 2011

How Youth in India and Lebanon Rate their Intelligence,Ramzi Nasser: Journal ofsocial sciences 2006

Bulletin of the Atomic ScientistsMay 1970


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Studies in infant behaviour , Irwin oris : Jr. Child welfare 1934 174-180

Process of human behaviour, Shermen mendel and Shermen Irene:

1929 pg 227 Curve of mental growth, Richards T.W. 1941- 141-147

http://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdf

http://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htm

http://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.html
http://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdfhttp://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdfhttp://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htmhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htmhttp://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdfhttp://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdf


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THANKYOU


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Artificial intelligence (or AI) is both the intelligence of machines

and the branch of computer science which aims to create it,

through "the study and design of intelligent agents"or "rational

agents"

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IQ test in pediatric dentistry

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