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IR2002IR2002THEORIES OF THEORIES OF
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSRELATIONS
Neo-Gramscian TheoryNeo-Gramscian Theory
Antonio GramsciAntonio Gramsci(1891-1937(1891-1937
Founder of the Communist Party of Italy (1921)Founder of the Communist Party of Italy (1921)
Elected to the Italian Parliament (1924)Elected to the Italian Parliament (1924)
Imprisoned by Mussolini’s Fascist Government Imprisoned by Mussolini’s Fascist Government in 1926in 1926
Principal work: Principal work: Quaderni de Carcere—Prison Quaderni de Carcere—Prison NotebooksNotebooks (1929-1935) (1929-1935)
Intellectual Roots Intellectual Roots
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
Karl Marx (1818-1883)Karl Marx (1818-1883)
PhilosophyPhilosophy
Radical social ontology—an ontology Radical social ontology—an ontology of praxis, an understanding of social of praxis, an understanding of social reality as the conscious creation of reality as the conscious creation of human historyhuman history
PhilosophyPhilosophy(Continued(Continued
Gramsci: Reality is a product of the Gramsci: Reality is a product of the application of human will to the application of human will to the society of things, and this process of society of things, and this process of producing reality entails the producing reality entails the historical transformation of human historical transformation of human beings and their social lives.beings and their social lives.
TWO PRINCIPAL SOURCESTWO PRINCIPAL SOURCES
MARXISMMARXISM
ITALIAN PHILOSOPHYITALIAN PHILOSOPHY
Conventional Conventional Marxist ModelMarxist Model
SUPERSTRUCTURESUPERSTRUCTURE
BASEBASE
Major Elements of Gramscian Major Elements of Gramscian TheoryTheory
Critique of Economic DeterminismCritique of Economic Determinism
Concept of HegemonyConcept of Hegemony
Theory of HegemonyTheory of Hegemony
Critique of Economic Critique of Economic DeterminismDeterminism
Significance of culture and social Significance of culture and social consciousnessconsciousness
Background: Success of revolution in Background: Success of revolution in the East (Russia), failure in the Westthe East (Russia), failure in the West
Implicit critique of false consciousness Implicit critique of false consciousness thesisthesis
Concept of HegemonyConcept of Hegemony
Distinction between mainstream and Distinction between mainstream and Gramscian understandings of Gramscian understandings of hegemonyhegemony
Mainstream: power as capability or Mainstream: power as capability or power as a relationpower as a relation
Gramscian Concept of Gramscian Concept of PowerPower
Dual nature of powerDual nature of power
Centaur: half-man, half-beastCentaur: half-man, half-beast
Coercion and Consent (capability and Coercion and Consent (capability and moral leadership)moral leadership)
Gramscian Theory of Gramscian Theory of HegemonyHegemony
Distinction between Dominance and Distinction between Dominance and HegemonyHegemony
Political society/Civil society nexusPolitical society/Civil society nexus
Theory of HegemonyTheory of Hegemony(Continued(Continued
Significance of Civil SocietySignificance of Civil Society
Institutions of Civil societyInstitutions of Civil society
Moral educationMoral education
SUMMARYSUMMARY
Expanded notion of powerExpanded notion of power
Significance of cultural hegemonySignificance of cultural hegemony
Civil society/State nexusCivil society/State nexus
Neo-Gramscian TheoryNeo-Gramscian TheoryKey Figure: Robert W. CoxKey Figure: Robert W. Cox
Principal ElementsPrincipal Elements
Nature of Theory: Theory is always Nature of Theory: Theory is always forfor someone and someone and forfor some purpose. some purpose.
Two distinct purposes of theory: (a) to be Two distinct purposes of theory: (a) to be guide to help solve the problem posed guide to help solve the problem posed within a particular perspective; and (b) within a particular perspective; and (b) reflecting upon the process of theorising reflecting upon the process of theorising itself.itself.
Two Kinds of TheoryTwo Kinds of Theory Problem-solving TheoryProblem-solving Theory
Takes the world as it finds itTakes the world as it finds it
Make relationships and institutions work smoothlyMake relationships and institutions work smoothly
Ceteris paribusCeteris paribus assumption assumption
Fixed realityFixed reality
Assumption of value neutralityAssumption of value neutrality
Two Kinds of TheoryTwo Kinds of Theory(Continued)(Continued)
Critical TheoryCritical Theory
Stands apart from the prevailing orderStands apart from the prevailing order
Asks how that order came aboutAsks how that order came about
Questions the Questions the ceteris paribusceteris paribus assumption assumption
Changing realityChanging reality
Value commitmentValue commitment
DistinctionDistinction
Mainstream IRMainstream IR
Stable worldStable world
Study of inter-relationships among states Study of inter-relationships among states in which nation-states are the principal in which nation-states are the principal aggregations of political poweraggregations of political power
War and peaceWar and peace
DistinctionDistinction(Continued)(Continued)
Critical IRCritical IR
Change in IRChange in IR
Different kinds of states and non-state Different kinds of states and non-state entitiesentities
Multiplicity of goalsMultiplicity of goals
Greater complexityGreater complexity
Frameworks of ActionFrameworks of ActionHistorical StructuresHistorical Structures
Institutions
MaterialCapabilities
Ideas
Three Spheres of ActivityThree Spheres of Activity
1. Organisation of Production (Social 1. Organisation of Production (Social forces engendered by the production forces engendered by the production process).process).
2. Forms of state (Derived from different 2. Forms of state (Derived from different state/society complexes).state/society complexes).
3. World Orders (Particular configurations 3. World Orders (Particular configurations of forces)of forces)
Social ForcesSocial Forces
Material CapabilitiesMaterial Capabilities
IdeasIdeas
InstitutionsInstitutions
Material CapabilitiesMaterial Capabilities
Technological and organisational Technological and organisational
capabilities, natural resources, stocks capabilities, natural resources, stocks ofof
equipment (industries and equipment (industries and armaments),armaments),
and wealthand wealth
IdeasIdeas
Two Kinds:Two Kinds:
(1) inter-subjective meanings: shared (1) inter-subjective meanings: shared notions of the nature of social notions of the nature of social relations which influence habits and relations which influence habits and expectations of behaviourexpectations of behaviour
IdeasIdeas
(2) Collective images of social order (2) Collective images of social order held by different groups of people held by different groups of people (nature of power relations, meanings (nature of power relations, meanings of justice and public good)of justice and public good)
InstitutionsInstitutions
Reflect the power relations at any Reflect the power relations at any given time. Institutionalisation is a given time. Institutionalisation is a process of stabilising a particular process of stabilising a particular order.order.
InstitutionsInstitutions
Close connection between Close connection between institutionalisation and hegemony: institutionalisation and hegemony: Institutions provide ways of dealing Institutions provide ways of dealing with conflicts so as to minimise the with conflicts so as to minimise the use of force).use of force).
InstitutionsInstitutions
Hegemonic strategy: to allow Hegemonic strategy: to allow representation of diverse interestsrepresentation of diverse interests
COXIAN TRIADCOXIAN TRIAD
World Orders
Social Forces
Forms of State
Two Key QuestionsTwo Key Questions
1.1. What are the mechanisms for What are the mechanisms for maintaining hegemony in this maintaining hegemony in this particular historical structure?particular historical structure?
2.2. What social forces and/or forms of What social forces and/or forms of state have been generated within it state have been generated within it which could oppose and ultimately which could oppose and ultimately bring about a transformation of the bring about a transformation of the structure?structure?
Three DevelopmentsThree Developments
1.1. Internationalisation of the state.Internationalisation of the state.
2.2. Internationalisation of production.Internationalisation of production.
3.3. Emergence of a transnational Emergence of a transnational managerial class.managerial class.
Three Possible ScenariosThree Possible Scenarios
1.1. New HegemonyNew Hegemony
2.2. Non-hegemonic orderNon-hegemonic order
3.3. Counter-hegemonyCounter-hegemony
Robert W. CoxRobert W. Cox
Key Text: Key Text:
Production, Power and World Order: Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of HistorySocial Forces in the Making of History (1987)(1987)