THE REVENUE ADMINISTRATION IN THE STATE OF MARWAR
DURING 18TH CENTURY
THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
Doctor of Philosophy In
History
By KANCHAN LAWANIYA
Under the Supervision of Dr. M.K. PUNDHIR
Associate Professor
CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH – 202002 (INDIA)
2016
CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY
M.K.PUNDHIR Associate Professor Dated: 2nd July, 2016
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “The Revenue Administration
in the State of Marwar during 18th Century” is the original research work of
Ms. Kanchan Lawaniya completed under my supervision. The thesis is
suitable for submission for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
History.
(Dr. M.K. Pundhir) Supervisor
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH- 202 002
i
Acknowledgement
The Present Ph. D. Thesis entitled, “ The Revenue Administration in the State of Marwar during 18th Century’’, has been completed under the supervision of Dr. M.K. Pundhir, Associate Professor, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
It is my pleasant duty to place on record my first gratitude to my supervisor for his scholarly guidance and supervision. It would have been impossible to complete this research without his assistance, encouragement and guidance at every stage of completion. I can never repay the debt of gratitude that I owe to him.
I am also greatly indebted to my M.Phil. Supervisor, Professor B.L. Badhani (Former Chairman of Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh), whose expertise in the economic history of Rajasthan, has prepared me to undertake Ph.D. programmed with a great measure of confidence. For which I am greatly beholden.
For the completion of this study, I have received help and co-operation from various research institutes. Firstly, I am thankful to the authorities of National Archives of India, New Delhi, for providing me all kind of facilities during the course of my research. They extended to me their full co-operation in consulting the records and documents lying with them.
I am obliged to Dr. M.K. Khadgawat, Director of Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner, for allowing me access to the treasures of documents. The staff and other officials, such as research officer deserve special attention for the pains they undertook in providing the records. I am deeply grateful to him for their kind and ready assistance in consulting the records pertaining to the period dealt with in this work.
I also take this opportunity to thank the Archivist and the staff of District Archives Office, Jodhpur, for their ungrudging help and facilities extended to me during my stay there.
I am much obliged to the Senior Research Officer and other Staff Members of Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur and its branch office of Bikaner, for their help in leading me to the records and consultation of old and rare- books.
The co-operation extended to me at Maharaja Mansingh Pustak Prakashan Shodh Kendra and Sumer Public Library, Jodhpur, was in no way less to keep me working.
I am earnestly thankful to Shri Brajmohan Vyas, Incharge of Rajasthani Sodh Sansthan Chopasani, Jodhpur, for permitting me to consult the rare documents and take photographs.
I also like to thankful Dr. Manohar Singh Ranawat, Director, Shri Natnagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau, Malwa (M.P.), for providing me Xerox facilities of rare manuscript and generous access to his institute.
ii
I am failed in my duty if I do not offer my gratitude to the Incharge of Bhartiya Vidya Mandir Sodh Sansthan, Bikaner and Mr. Chopra, library assistant of Nahta Library & Aacharya Tulsi Sodh Sansthan, Bikaner, for providing invaluable help in consulting the old and rare books of their institutions.
I sincerely acknowledge my gratitude to the authorities of I.C.H.R. (Indian Council of Historical Research), New Delhi, for providing me financial assistance under the travel grant which enabled me to carry on my studies during field work of Bikaner, Jodhpur and Sitamau (M.P.).
I also owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Ravindra Sharma, Department of History, Kurukshtra University, Haryana, for his very valuable suggestions and cooperation, who always urging me to have greater faith in my abilities during the course of my research.
I am thankful to several of my scholar friends like Monika, Rakhi, Pallavi , Seema, etc. in the Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, who work on different aspects of the history of the same period, displayed a healthy concern , also have given me help, advice, and suggestion at various stages of the work. All of them deserve my sincere thanks.
I also wish to thank Mr. Faiz Habib, cartographic assistant at the Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for the tedious task of preparing the maps and graphs for my thesis.
It would not be mere formality to thank all the Staff Members of Seminar Library of the Centre of Advanced Study and Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for their kind cooperation.
I do not know how to express my gratitude to my father M.P. Sharma (now late), a constant source of inspiration, who ploughed through the manuscript before it might be completed he did not live to see it. I am deeply beholden to him for the encouragement and inspirations which he had given to me. On this occasion, I cannot explain his wonder, how much he would have rejoiced to see my efforts take the shape of this thesis.
Finally I should not forget to thank my familiars especially my uncle Mr. S.P. Sharma, who took extraordinary interest in the completion of my thesis and helped me in so many ways at every stage of my research work.
Instead of our best efforts a few mistakes have crept in here and there for which I regret very much.
Date: Kanchan Lawaniya
CONTENTS Acknowledgement i-ii
Abbreviation iii
Glossary iv-vii
List of maps, charts, and graphs viii
Page No.
INTRODUCTION 1-11
A. Survey of the Sources
B. Outlines of the Thesis
Chapter - I GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL
PROFILE OF MARWAR
12-42
Chapter – II THE REVENUE ADMINISTRATION AT
CENTRAL LEVEL
43-82
Chapter – III THE REVENUE ADMINISTRATION AT
PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL LEVEL
83-120
Chapter – IV THE REVENUE SYSTEM: IT’S NATURE AND
ASSESSMENT
121-145
State land revenue.
Size of the land revenue demand.
Methods of land revenue assessment.
Medium of payment and magnitude of land
revenue.
Chapter – V THE AGRICULTURAL TAXES
146-173
Chapter – VI THE NON -AGRICULTURAL TAXES 174-219
Chapter – VII THE REVENUE ASSIGNMENT: THE JAGIR
& PATTA
220-262
Rights and privileges of revenue assignees
(The pattadars, jagirdars and bhumias)
CONCLUSION 263-266
Appendices ……………………………………………… 267-292
A. Copy of Documents: The Pattas
B. Copy of Historical Documents: The Khyats
C. Copy Revenue of Documents: The Bahis
D. Copy of Administrative Documents: Apuralekhia Abhilekh
E. Copy of Literary Documents: The Geets
BIBLIOGRAPHY 293-302
CChhaapptteerr--11 GGeeooggrraapphhiiccaall aanndd HHiissttoorriiccaall
PPrrooffiillee ooff MMaarrwwaarr
12
The state of Marwar was one of the largest states1 of western Rajasthan,
having an area of 34,963 square miles and occupies more than one-fourth of the entire
state of Rajasthan2. Marwar is situated between 24037" and 27042" North of latitude
and 7005" and 75022" East of longitude. Its greatest length from North-East to South-
West is about 320 Miles or 512 Kms., and greatest breadth from North to South is 170
Miles or 272 Kms. According to Abul Fazal, Marwar included about half of
Rajputana and was in length one hundred and in breadth sixty Kos3 .
A. Geographical Profile
Boundaries:
Marwar is situated in the Western part of Rajasthan. It is bounded on the
North by Bikaner, on the South by Palanpur and Sirohi, on the East by Jaipur,
Kishangarh and Ajmer, on the West by Pakistan, on the North-West by Jaisalmer, on
the South-West by the Rann of Cutchh, on the North-East by Jaipur, and on the
South-East by Udaipur4.
The Hills:
Except of the main hilly range of Aravalli, there are many small rocky hills,
scattered here and there over the state with irregular hillocks. These hills are varying
in height, ranging from 1000 to 3000 feet above the sea level. The height of Sunda
Hills in Jaswantpura is 3257 Feet, the Chhappan ka Pahar near Siwana i.e.3199 ft.,
and the Roja Hills near Jalor i.e. 2408 ft.5. Bhaori of Pali, Neem ki Bhakri6of Sojhat,
Bar of Jaitaran7 and Goda8, Nagji9, Malan10 and Bari11of pargana Siwana are the
other hilly range existing in Marwar of state.
1 V. N. Reu, Marwar Ka Itihas,Vol.I, Jodhpur, 1938, p.1. 2 Nirmala Upadhyay, The Administration of Jodhpur State (1800-1947A.D.), Jodhpur, 1973, p.1. 3 Abul Fazal, Ain-I-Akbari, Trans. by Col.H.S.Jarrett, Vol II, 1894, p. 276. 4 K.D.Erskine, Rajputana Gazetteers, the Western Rajputana States Residency, Gurgaon, 1992, p.43. 5 Ibid , p. 44. 6 The term Bhakri was used for rock stone. Marwar ra pargana ri vigat, ed. by Narayan Singh Bhati,
part I, Jodhpur, 1968, p.506. 7 K.K. Sehgal, Rajasthan District Gazetteers, Jaipur, 1976, p. 4. 8 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank or Basta (Bag or bundle) No. 13, Granthank
(File) No. 11, Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner. 9 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 13, File No. 2, RSA, Bikaner.
13
10 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 3/13. 11 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 5/13.
Map
1.1
14
The Aravalli Hills run along the entire eastern border of state from near the
Sambhar Lake in the North-East to Sirohi and Udaipur in the south-east. Its highest
peak is situated 21 Kms. far from Nana station of Jodhpur district, rising up to 3607
Ft12.
The Rivers:
The most important river flowing in the state is Luni13, which rises near
Pushkar of Ajmer district to South-West of Aravallis. It pursues a westerly course,
and lastly lost in the Runn of cutch14. The state does not have any perennial river
except river Luni15. It divides the state into two parts. The Luni is however, most
capricious and erratic. Its water is generally sweet, but downstream it becomes more
and more saline in character till reached on the edge of the Rann of Cutch16. It has
several seasonal tributaries, the most important are as following –
Lilri – The first important tributary of the Luni is the Lilri . It rises in the Aravallis
West of beawar17 and flows north by North –West until the hills turn it to the South-
West at the small town of ras18. It again resumes its north-westerly course and falls
into the Luni near the village of Nimbol19.
Raipur luni – The Raipur Luni has its source in the Merwara20Hills and flows North
by North-West to the village of Raipur, after which it is named.
Jojri - It rises in the Merta21 District and flow south-west for about fifty miles
crossing the town of pipar22 .
12 R. A. Agarawal, Marwar Murals, Delhi, 1977, p.1. 13 The term Luni is originally comes from the Sanskrit word Lonavari or Lavanavari, means salt or
salty. 14 Nirmala Upadhyaya , p.2. 15 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 3/ 13 & 5/13. 16 K .D. Erskine, p.45. 17 Ibid. 18 Ras is a small town of pargana Jaitaran in Marwar State. 19 Jagdish Singh Gehlot, Marwar ka Bhugol , Jodhpur, 1928, p. 4. 20 Merwara is a region of present districts of Ajmer, Kishangarh and some part of Pali . 21 Merta is a pargana of Marwar State, situated 80 miles North-East of Jodhpur City. 22 Pipad was a sub-division of pargana Jodhpur in Marwar State, situated 40 km. south of Jodhpur
city.
15
Guhiya – The Guhiya or Guhiya Bala rises in the low range of hills existing south of
Bilara23 and flows towards south-west. After flowing twenty miles it joins the Sukri
or Sukli another tributary near Rohat24.
Bandi – It rises to the south of Sojat25 and flows west and crossed the important town
of Pali, where its waters are used for dyeing purposes. It has a total length of about
fifty miles26.
Sukri – The Sukri27 comes from the Aravalli Hills situating south of Desuri28, and
flow north-west and joins the Luni at Samdari29.
Jawai – Another important tributary of the Luni is Jawai or Jawa30. The river flowing
through a part of Sirohi district runs for about 66kms, in Pali district, it is dammed at
Erinpura in Sumerpur tahsil of Pali with the name of Jawai Bandh31. It has the largest
capacity of 198.2176 Mcm.
The Lakes:
The state of Marwar has a number of lakes but all of saline. They are at
Didwana32, Pachpadra33and Sambhar. In artificial Lakes, the main three are notable
i.e. Jaswant Sagar in Bilara, Sardar Samand in Pali, and Edward Samand in Jalor.
Besides these, other consists of Balsamad and Kailana at Chopasani in Jodhpur34.
23 Bilada was a sub-division of pargana Jodhpur of Marwar State, situated in the East of Jodhpur city. 24 Rohat was a sub –division of pargana Jodhpur, situated in the south of present city of Jodhpur. 25 Sojhat was a pargana of Marwar State, situated in the East of Jodhpur city. 26 K.D. Erskine, p.46 27 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 13, Granthank No. 3. 28 Ibid. 29 Samdari is a village of pargana Siwana of Marwar State; lay in the south of Jodhpur city. 30 Jodhpur Records; 3/13, Op. cit. 31 K.K. Sehgal, p.5. 32 Didwana is a pargana of Marwar, situated 200 km North-East of Jodhpur. 33 Pachpadra is a pargana of Marwar State, situated 80 miles North-East of Jodhpur. 34 K.D. Erskine, p.47.
16
The Dams:
Besides Jawai Dam, there are other dams too, such as Chopra, Jogarbas,
Kharda, Sadri, Hemavas dam35 etc. These dams supply water for irrigation and
domestic uses.
The Rainfall:
The Rainfall in this region is scanty and irregular due to the location of the
area. The area is situated outside the regular course of monsoon and therefore, the
rainfall is very unequal. It does not exceed from an average of 9’’to 25’’ Cm.36 .
There is a local proverb that “sometimes only one horn of the cow lays within the
rainy zone and the other without.” It seems to be true due to insufficient rainfall of the
region.
About 80 percent of the rainfall is received during the south-west monsoon
season. In the Sub-Aravallian districts the rainfall is good, but as the state is travelled
from east to west, it becomes more scanty and poor. On an average the state gets
rainfall of 2.5 mm. or more on only about 18 days in a year37. The variation in the
scale of annual rainfall from year to year is very large.
The Climate:
The Climate in all seasons is extremely dry and arid due to the geographical
location of Marwar state. The Aravalli range separates the state from the other more
fertile districts of Rajasthan. It is the hottest region and the climate is severe with high
temperature and aridity38.
The hot winds and dust storms are very common phenomena in this region.
The maximum number of dust storms occurs in the month of June in the North West
and in May in the south and south-east. The climate is pleasant in September,
October and November. The winter season stretches from November to march and is
followed by the summer from April to June. In summer, the heat is great everywhere,
35 Rajvi Amar Singh, Medieval History of Rajasthan (western Rajasthan, vol. I, Bikaner, 1992,
p.1131. 36 Nirmala Upadhyaya, p.2. 37 B.D.Agrawal, Rajasthan District Gazetteers, Jaipur, 1979, p.10. 38 R.L. Singh, India: A Regional Geography, Delhi, 1987, p. 60.
17
however, the nights are comparatively cooler.39 Pachpadra was considered to be the
hottest place in Marwar.40
The Temperature:
The Average means temperature of the state is 80.9oF and the highest
temperature is 120.9oF. The temperature rises rapidly after the month of March. May
is the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temperature of 45oC over a large
part of the region41.
The highest mean relative humidity is found in wet months of the year from
July to September when it varies between 55 to 70%. The Luni basin is the most
humid region of the state42.
In October, day and night temperatures decrease rapidly. January is the coldest
month, when the mean daily minimum temperature is 10oC. Sometimes it falls to 2 or
3 degree centigrade below the freezing point of water43.
The Soil:
The territory of Marwar consists of different types of soil. Generally it
characterizes as Dhora Retili44 (sandy), containing 90 to 95 percent sand and 5 to 7
percent clay45. Proceeding to the west from the Aravalli hills, the soil becomes more
and more sandy. The area is typically in the arid zone so excessive heat and hot dry
winds parch the vegetation and reduce the soil moisture. The area between the fertile
tracts of Aravalli and the western sandy tracts is known as loam46.
There are mainly four types of soil in Marwar i.e. the Bekal, the Chikni, the
Pila, and the Safed47. The Bekal is fit for producing bajra, mung, moth, til, and guwar
while the chikni is suitable only for wheat.
39 G. N. Sharma, Rajasthan Through The ages, Vol. II, Bikaner, 1990, p.7. 40 Rajvi Amar Singh, p.1133. 41 R. L .Singh, p.55. 42 Ibid, p.79. 43 R. L. Singh, p.55. 44 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 13, Granthank No. 11. 45 R. L. Singh, p.57. 46 Nirmala Upadhayaya, p.3. 47 Ibid.
18
The Pila is fit for producing barley and also for tobacco, onions and other vegetables.
The Safed is unfertile soil which grows nothing.
The Crops:
There are two main seasons for crops; the Kharif, which is called sawnu and
the Rabi or unalu. The sowing of kharif crops begins with the first rains usually about
the middle of July. These crops are harvested between September and November.
The unalu crops are sown in October and November, and harvested in the
month of April and May48.
Paddy, bajra, jawar, and maize are the main product of the kharif crop and
Wheat, Barley, Gram, Mustard is the Rabi crops. Apart from these, pulses, til
(oilseeds), opium and vegetables are also grown49.
The Minerals:
Sandstone and Limestone are the most important minerals or building
materials occurring widely over the region50. There are marble quarries51 existing in
the bagar52 tract especially at Makrana53 in Nagaur54 district of Marwar. Marble dust
locally called jhinki55 is used as plaster for fresco. In several mines at Jodhpur the
binding material called “khaddi” is found abundantly, which is used to join the stones.
A few other important minerals, namely Zinc, Copper, Tin, Lead, Salt Brines,
Clays of Various Colors, Dolomite, Aluminum, Iron, and Fuller’s Earth are found in
the region56.
Zinc and Copper are found at Jalor and Sojhat.57 Salt comes from the
Sambhar, Didwana and Pachpadra Lakes. Tin and lead are found in Sojhat
Aluminum in Pali, Iron in Bhinmal58and Fuller’s Earth is available in Phalodhi. 48 R.K. Dave, Society and Culture of Marwar, Jodhpur, 1995, p.14. 49 R.L. Singh, p.72. 50 B.D. Agarwal, p.6. 51 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 13 ,Granthank No. 3. 52 The region of Luni basin and south-eastern of Rajasthan are known as Bagar. 53 J.S. Gehlot, Marwar ka Sankshipta Vartant , Mainpuri ( U.P.), 1916, p.32. 54 Nagaur was a pargana of Marwar State, situated 90 miles North-East of Jodhpur. 55 R.A. Agrawal, p.2. 56 B.D. Agrawal, p.6.
19
Population structure:
The population is highly scattered and clustered around water points in this
Marusthali region. The people of Marwar reside primarily in villages of different
sizes. The density of villages reflects the density of population. The general density of
population is more than 30 persons per km59. The Eastern Marusthali has a density of
10-30 per km60, while the western has below to persons owing to progressively
increasing intensity of sand dunes.
In spite of the arid climate, the population has been steadily increasing over
the period. The population of Marwar was enumerated firstly on 26th Feb 1891. As
per the census, the total population was 2518007, and the area of Marwar being
roughly 37,000 Square Miles, the relative density of population per square mile comes
up to 68.05. In the total population61, the number of females is less than the males in
the state.
Livestock:
A large number of people entirely depend on livestock for their livelihood. It
is the main occupation of semi-nomadic people of Marwar. Sheep, Goats, Camels,
and Buffaloes are numerically the most important cattle of the state.
This region has the monopoly for the best breeds of the camels, the most
important of which are the Bikaneri and the Jaisalmeri62. Camel wool is used in the
manufacture of strings and it gives a fair return. The skin is used in making jars and
big bottles. The camels also serve as carriers of grain and water.
The kankrej, the tharparkar and the rathi are the some important breed of
cow, which is famous for high-milk yield capacity and drought capacity. These are
found mainly in Jalore, Pali, Barmer, and Jaisalmer districts of Marwar63.
57 R.A Agrawal, p. 2. 58 James Tod , Annal And Antiquities, Vol. II, p.1107. 59 R.L. Singh, pp. 60-61. 60 Ibid. 61 Hardyal Singh, Report on The Census of 1891: The Castes Of Marwar, Jodhpur, p.1. 62 K.K. Sahgal, pp. 138-39. 63 R.L. Singh, p.73.
20
The nail, the angul, the malpure, the jaisalmeri, the chowkla, the magra, the
marwari, and the sardril are the main breed of sheep. Among these, the chowkla is the
best for quality wool.64
The marwari and the lohi are the good breeds of goats for mutton. They are
generally black in color. Their hair is also a valuable commodity as it is spun into
coarse thread, yarn or string.
As per the calculation based on the information provided by our source, there
were 68,836 Sheep, 3,951 Camel, 20,385 Bullocks, 3,635 Buffaloes, and 2,569 Male
Buffaloes in pargana Jodhpur of Marwar State in A.D.179365.
Language and Literature: The dialect spoken in Marwar is Marwari66. It is a natural language, written in
Nagri script67. It is the dominating language of the area, spoken by more than 80
percent of the total population. Marwari was also termed as marubhasha or
maruvani. The literary form of Marwari was called dingal. Most of the works such
as the khyats,68 were written during the period under study in bardic literature of
dingal69 .
Flora or Vegetation: The whole region is largely sandy so the vegetation cover is very thin and only
a few small trees can be observed here and there. The large areas are covered with
scrubs which are thorny type and have a stunted growth.
Vilayati Khejri (Prosopis Juliflora), Kair70(Capparis Deciduas), Khejri71
(Prosopis Spicigera ), Babul72(Acacia Arabica), Ber73( Zizyphus Species), Bukhan
64 Ibid. 65 Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Bahi No. 940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, District Archives Office, Jodhpur. 66 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 13 , Granthank No. 2, RSA, Bikaner. 67 R.A. Agrawal, p. 3. 68 Khyats are Rajasthani chronicle. It is a compilation of the accounts of the glorious political deeds
of the rulers and other historical events. 69 R.K Dave, p.103. 70 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank (Basta) No. 13, Granthank No. 3 & 6, RSA,
Bikaner. 71 Ibid, Basta No. 3/13, 4/13, and 6/13. 72 Ibid, Basta No.7/13, p. 69. 73 Ibid, Basta No. 11/13.
21
(Parkinsonia Aculeate), Dhak (Butea Monosperma), Neem74(Azadirachta Indica),
Siris Kala ( Albiizzia Lebbek), and Rohira (Tecomella Undulata) are the main species
of trees found in the state75.
Babul is one of the best fodder trees of this region and it grows even under
arid climatic and sandy topographic conditions. It is the most important indigenous
timber tree76.
Khejri also has remarkable power of drought – resistance and grows easily on
exposed rocks. The pipal (Ficus Religiosa) is a sacred tree, fairly common throughout
the region77 .
Among another trees, the mahua (Bassia Latifolia), the gular (Ficus
Glomerata) and the jamun (Eugenia Jambolana), are valuable for their timber.
The principal fruit trees are the anar or Pomegranate (Punieagranatum), the
nimbu (Lime), and the Guavas78.
The common shrubs and herbs of the state are ak (Calotropis Procera), jhar
ber (Zizyphus Nummularia), phog (Calligonum Polygonoides), senia (Crotolaria
Burhia), and bui (Aerna Tomentosa79).
The ak or akra is the flowering shrub of the desert. Another useful shrub is the
kair ( Capparisaphylla), which provides a valuable fodder for camels and goats.
The grasses commonly found in the area are sewan ( Lasiurus Sindicus), karar
(Dichanthium Annulatum), murath (Panicum Turgidum), munja (Saccharum
Griffithii), and ganthia ( Dactyloctenium Scindicum).80
Sewan is one of the best fodder grasses and can be used for ropes, and another,
is dubhor dob (Cynodon Dactylon), a very fine grass which will keep for years.
74 Ibid, Basta No. 2/13. , 3/13, and 11/13. 75 B.D. Agrawal, p. 8. 76 K.D.Erskine, p. 48 77 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 11/13 . 78 K.D.Erskine, p. 48. 79 B.D. Agrawal, p. 8. 80 Ibid.
22
Fauna:
The fauna of the state is varied. It consists of Jackal (Canis Avrens), jungle
Cat (Felis Chaus), nilgai (Boselaphus Trago Camelus), Black Buck or Indian
Antelope chinkara or Indian Gazelle (Gazelle Benetti), Common Hare
(Lepusdayanus), Common langur (SeinnoPithecus), and Mongoose (Herpostes
Edwardssi)81.
Tigers, Black Bears, and Sambar (Cervus Unicolor) are found in the Aravallis
and the Jaswantpura and Jalor hills. Wild Pig is also found in the same localities.
nilgai are found in several of the northern and eastern districts82.
Owing to scarcity of water and absence of greenery in the state, only the
following common birds are found-baya (Ploccus Manyar), koyal (Eudynamis
Scolopacens), parrot (Psittacula Krameri), vulture ( Psendogyps Bengalensis), jungle
crow (Carvus Macrorhynchos), House sparrow (Passer Domesticus), owl (Bubo
Bubo), Sand Grouse (Pterocles Exustus), Common Quail ( Coturnix Coturnix), Jungle
Bush Quail (Perdiculaasiatica), and migratory Indian Bustard (Choriatus Migriceps)83.
In the rainy season, when the tanks and marshes become well watered, Duck
and Teal are found in abundance and Geese, Snipe, Bittern, Rails, Plovers, and
Godwits are common84.
So far as fishes are concerned, there is no variety, but the following common
species are obtained from various tanks and rivers like Takhtsagar, Kailana, Jaswant
Sagar and Umed Sagar in the region , Lanchi or fresh water Shark (BagariusVarrelii),
Sanwal or Mural (Ophiocephalus Marulius), Giri (Bar Ilius Modestus), Derai (Barila),
Rohu (Labeorohita), and Chilwa (Mugil Corsula). Of reptiles, lizards and snakes are
found plentiful in the desert tracts and in the bushes of the region85.
81 B.D. Agrawal, p. 9. 82 K.D. Erskine, p. 50. 83 J.S. Gehlot, Marwar Rajya ka Itihas, Jodhpur, 1991, p. 16. 84 Ibid . 85 B.D. Agrawal, p. 9.
23
Forest: A very small area of the state has forest which is classified as dry scrub thorn
forest and exists on the western slope of Aravalli hills, in Bali86, Desuri,87Sojat,
Shiwana and Parbatsar pargana88.
Desert:
A very important feature of Marwar, is the great Indian desert89, known as
thar, lies in the north- west portion of the state.
Nainsi gives a long list of the villages of the desert area in which the supply of
water failed after 3 to 8 months90. It proves the intensity of desert.
The ber (Zizyphus Jujube) tree is the chief desert tree while the aak
(Calotropis Procera) or kair (Capparisaphylla) are the important shrub of the desert91.
Dhaman (Pennisetum Cenchroides) is the main grass of desert which is
considered as the best for fodder92.
Ground Water:
The water was generally brackish and found at the depth of 200 to 300 Feet
below the surface93. It is scarce and discontinued. Wells are mostly more than 100 m
deep and the water supply is uncertain and gets unsuitable water94.
The oasis95 alone, which are highly scattered support vegetation and human clusters
with their artificial tanks or natural hollows or pools which collect water during the
rainy season and retain the same for a few months or more.
86 Bali is a tahsil of pargana Pali of Marwar State. 87 Desuri is a tahsil of pargana Pali, situated 84 miles south of Jodhpur city on the bank of Sukri
River. 88 Rajvi Amar Singh, p.1134. 89 A desert has been defined by the survey of India as a tract generally desolate and barren or with
very little habitation and cultivation, full of sand dunes and having scarcity of water. 90 Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, ed. by Narayan Singh Bhati,, Part II, Jodhpur, 1969. 91 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 13, Granthank No. 2 & 3. 92 K. D. Erskine, p. 49. 93 G.N. Sharma, p. 5. 94 R. L. Singh, P. 56. 95 The green garden, which is situated at the central part of desert, known as oasis.
24
Map
1.2
25
B. Historical Profile of Marwar
At the beginning of the thirteenth century there were many small independent
principalities all over Rajasthan whose boundaries were not well defined and
demarcated such as Chauhans, Parmars, Rathors etc. Marwar state was one of them
and the rulers of Marwar were the head of the Rathor96 clan of Rajputs. It was
founded by Siha,97 son of Saitram supposed to be a descendant of Jaichand Rathor of
Kannuj who was born in 1193 A.D., who migrated westward to the desert,98 with his
brothers in A.D.1212. The Ain-i-Akbari mentions that Siha was a nephew of
Jayachandra .
Before the occupation of Marwar region by Siha, a community of Brahmins
held the region including the present area of Pali99 district. These Brahmins were
known as palliwal, a term derived for the name of Pali region. These Brahmins were
badly harassed by the tribes of Mohels and Gohels100. These palliwal invited Siha and
his clannish people for safety from tribes. In lieu of safety, the palliwal had offered
some land to Siha which he had accepted and occupied land in Marwar region. Very
soon he had established his authority in this region. He was died on 9th October 1273
A.D101 at Bithu near Pali, while fighting against the invaders.
It was Rao Jodha who had brought the whole Marwar under his control. Rao
Jodha was the eldest son of Rao Ranmal who was born on 29th March 1415 A.D102.
Rao Jodha ruled Marwar from 1455 to 1488 A.D. He laid the foundation of a new
city and a new fort on 12th may 1459 A.D103.
96 The old name of the clan of Rathor is Rashtrakutas , made of two words i.e. Rashtra or Rashtrik
and Kuta, means the highest country or ruler. K .D. Erskine, p. 52. 97 Muhnot Nainsi, Nainsi ri Khyat , Granth No. 20448, p. 218, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute,
Jodhpur. 98 Rajputon ri Vigat , Granth No. 13502, Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan , Chopasni, Jodhpur. 99 Pali was a commercial pargana of 18th century Marwar, situated seventy two km. south -east of
present city of Jodhpur. 100 These were the aboriginal tribes of Rajasthan. James Tod, Annals & Antiquities, Vol.II, p.941. 101 Rajputon ri vigat, Granth No. 13502, p. 3. 102 Rajputon ri vigat, op.cit. 103 Ibid.
26
He named the city Jodhpur after his own name and the fort which was situated
on the Chidiatoonk104 hill, known as Mehrangarh. He shifted his capital from Mandor
to Jodhpur105. Mandor was the main centre of political activity in Marwar before the
foundation of Jodhpur106.
By the time of his death (16 April, 1488107), He was successful in annexing a
large area of Marwar consisting of Mandor, Merta, Phalodhi, Pokaran, Mahewa,
Bhadrajan, Sojat, Siwana, Sambhar etc108.
The great vassalage of Marwar originated from amongst the 24 sons of Rao
Ranmal and 14 sons of Rao Jodha109. The nearer kinsmen of the rulers remained the
leaders of the Rathor clan while their relatives and sons remained semi-independent
which gave birth to various sub- clans.
A list of the chiefs’ of Marwar from A.D.1212 to the foundation of Jodhpur
state can be seen in the appendix No.1.3.
For an exact delineation of the political or administrative limits of Marwar, the
history of its principality of a period of hundred years i.e. , from A.D.1700 to 1800,
in which six Rathor Rulers ruled over it has to be traced out.
In sixteen century, Mughal Emperor Akbar has expanded and consolidated his
empire to the vast territories in India. At this time mostly states either big or small had
accepted Mughal Suzerainty. The rulers of these states were enrolled as
Mansabdars110 in Mughal Court and were assigned jagirs111in lieu of their salary as
Mansabdars to maintain their Mansab112.
104 Bhursingh Rathor Fefana , Rajasthan mein Rathor Samrajya ka uday aur vistar, Bikaner , p. 201. 105 Ibid. Mandor was an old capital of Rathor state Marwar, situated six miles or about ten kilometer
North to Jodhpur. 106 Dasrath Sharma, Early Chouhan Dynasties, Delhi, 1956, p. 148. 107 Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No. 13502, p. 3. 108 James Tod, Annals and Antiquities, Vol. II, pp. 17-18. 109 Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No. 13502, p. 89. 110 Mansabdars were the holder of mansabs or military rank of a certain number of horse
.H.H.Wilson, p. 330. 111 A tenure in which the public revenues of a given tract of land were assigned by the Mughal rulers
to a person Along with the powers to collect revenue and administer the district or area. 112 A Rank fixing status and gradation of pay, held by both civilian and military men under the
Mughals. S.A.I. Tirmizi, Mughal Documents , Vol. I, Delhi, 1989, p. 137.
27
In the capacity of Mansabdars, Rajput rulers got jagirs in lieu of their salary.
Their hereditary land known as watan jagir,113 was also the part of jagir assigned.
The Rathors of Marwar had joined the Mughal services in A.D. 1562.114 In the
Mughal administrative reorganization, the Marwar territory was organized as
Sarkar115 of Jodhpur and placed under the Suba116 of Ajmer.
When Maharaja Jaswant Singh, ruler of Marwar, died at Jamrud in 1678,
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb confiscated the state of Marwar under khalisa117 due to
the lack of his successor,118 though at the time of Jaswant Singh’s death, his wife was
in the seventh month of her pregnancy.
In February, 1679, she gave birth119 to a baby boy at Lahore who was named
as Ajit Singh. When the news of the birth of a posthumous son of Jaswant Singh,
reached to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, he directed the Rathor Contingent to
bring the infant in imperial court to remain in his custody but the Rathor sardars120
were not prepared for this. They safely conveyed the infant to the mountain near
Siwana121, where the prince Ajit Singh was kept.
In 1687 Ajit Singh was brought before the public and was given a warm
welcome by his Clansmen. At this time Aurangzeb was fully occupied in the affairs of
South India so the Rathors had an opportunity to uproot the newly established Mughal
rule from Jodhpur. As the news of Aurangzeb’s death122 in south, reached to Ajit
Singh, he proceeded to Jodhpur and reoccupied the traditional capital of the Rathor
rulers of Marwar in February, 1701 without the consent of the emperor and his failure 113 Watan jagir was an assignment of revenue of a particular piece of land given in home territory to
the rulers of Marwar in lieu of salary by the Mughal Emperors. 114 V.S. Bhargav, Marwar and the Mughal Emperors, Delhi, 1966, p. 13. 115 The term Sarkar signifies an extensive division of country under the Mughal government, sub-
division of a subah containing many parganas. H. H. Wilson, p. 466. 116 Subah was a province, a government: one of the larger subdivisions of the Mughal dominions.
Ibid, p. 491. 117 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank No. 20, Granthank No. 5, pp. 1-3, RSA,
Bikaner. 118 B. D. Agrawal, p. 40. 119 Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No.13502, RSS, Chopasni, Jodhpur. 120 The term Rathor sardars was used for the nobles of Rathor clans of Jodhpur. 121 Siwana was a pargana of Marwar during eighteenth century. 122 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran , Granth No. 8190, p. 6, Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan Chopasani,
Jodhpur.
28
to send any nazar123or presenting himself in the Mughal Court. He extended his sway
over Sojhat, Pali, and Merta.
When Ajit Singh was busy in the consolidation of his homeland Marwar, at
Centre (Delhi), Bahadurshah ascended the Mughal throne124on 8 June 1707125 . At the
time of coronation ceremony of Mughal Emperor Bahadurshah, Ajitsingh neither
went nor sent any customary obligation to the new emperor. Beside this he also
started oppressing the Muslims of Jodhpur in revenge. So when the emperor came to
know about the anti-muslim activities and refractory or rebellious attitude of Ajit
Singh, he attempted to chastise Ajit Singh. He appointed Mihrab Khan as Faujdar126
of Jodhpur and entrusted him with the task of “taking Possession of the city of
Jodhpur127”
There was a battle fought between Mughal Faujdar Mihrab Khan and Ajit
Singh, on 12 February 1708 near of Merta128 . In this battle Mughal army defeated the
force of Marwar and Ajit Singh was compelled to accept Bahadur Shah’s authority.
On the other hand, Ajit Singh’s resources had been completely exhausted by that time
so he had no choice except to surrender.
On 11 February 1708 Bahadurshah granted him the title of Maharaja and a
Mansab129of 3,500Zat130and 3,000Sawars131with the parganas of Sojhat, Siwana, and
Phalodhi without giving Jodhpur. Consequently Ajit Singh remained dissatisfied.
When Bahadurshah was busy in the affairs of south India, at that time various
Rajput Rajas132such as Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber, Rana Amar Singh of
Mewar, and also Ajit Singh of Marwar, maintained close contact with each other for 123 The term nazar was used for the gift or present submitted to the higher authority. 124 The term Hindustan was used for India. 125 V.S.Bhargava, p. 145. 126 Faujdar was an officer of the Mughal government, who invested with the charge of the police, and
jurisdiction in all criminal matters. H.H.Wilson, p. 158. 127 V.S. Bhargava, p. 145. 128 Jodhpur Rajya Ki Khyat, ed. by Raghubir Singh and Maohar Singh, Jaipur, 1988, p. 396-97. 129 An Office, a military title and rank conferred by the Mughal government, H.H.Wilson, p. 330. 130 The term zat signifies the salary according to the pay scale in force, determined the personal status
of the Holder in the official hierarchy. 131 Sawar indicated the number of horsemen to be maintained by the holder of a Mansab. Shireen
Mossvi, “The Evolution of the Mansab System “, JRAS, London, no.2, 1981, p. 173. 132 The term Rajas were used for the kings or rulers.
29
getting back their watan jagirs133soon. On Friday 12may, 1708 Rana Amar Singh of
Mewar received Ajit Singh, Jai Singh and Durgadas with a warm welcome at Debari
in Udaipur134 where these three rulers entered into an agreement to throw off the
Mughal rule and recover their watan jagirs.
Taking advantage of the Mughal emperor Bahadurshah’s absence from
northern India, the combined army headed by four separate commanders i.e. Ajit
Singh, Jai Singh, Durgadas Rathor, and Shyamal Das marched towards Jodhpur135 in
1709 and gained a complete victory by expelling the Mughal Faujdar from Jodhpur.
Once again Ajit Singh recovered the fort of Jodhpur on 18 July 1708136. After
securing their control over Jodhpur, the army of the two rulers marched for Amber137.
It was clear that these Rajputs Rajas would have continued their struggle till they get
their respective watans.
The battle was fought at Sambhar in September 1708, in which Mughal army
was routed badly by the Rajputs. The battle of Sambhar was a decisive battle for the
resistance against the Mughals during the reign of Bahadur Shah. The victory of
Sambhar infused a new spirit in Ajit Singh and he, without wasting any more time,
marched against Nagaur138, where his cousin brother Mohkam Singh, son of Indra
Singh139, ruled. He agreed to accept Ajit Singh’s overlord ship. Ajit Singh was ready
to accept Mohkam Singh as a ruler of Nagaur as long as he obeyed his command.
Now apart from Jodhpur Ajit Singh had secured his control over Merta,
Sojat, Jaitaran, and Phalodhi which were the parts of Marwar,140though its recognition
by the Mughal Emperor was still lacking.
133 The Rajputs chiefs entered imperial service and obtained Mansabs or ranks, their ancestral
domains were considered a special type of jagir, untransferable and hereditary, known in official terminology as watan jagirs.
134 Udaipur was known as Mewar in the period under the study. 135 Marwar ke Jagidaron ka Vivran , Granth No. 8190, p.6, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 136 V.S. Bhargava , p.149. 137 Marwar Ke Jagirdaron Ka Vivran , op.cit. 138 Ibid, p. 8. 139 IndraSingh was uncle of Ajit Singh but he remained a big rival to him throughout the life. 140 G.D. Sharma, Rajput Polity, Delhi , 1977, p. 225.
30
Bhandari Khivsi, Vakil141of Maharaja Ajit Singh at the Mughal court, was
engaged in negotiations with emperor Bahadur Shah through prince Azim- us-
Shan.142 He suggested to Bhandari Khivsi that the Raja should come and attended the
court personally. But Ajit Singh, being engaged in internal disturbances, arrived at the
court on 17 October, 1710 after a lapse of about fifteen months143 with a demand to
get the Subadari of Gujarat and control over Sambhar and Didwana.
According to a farman144 received from the Emperor, Ajit Singh was finally
recognized as the ruler of Jodhpur and got the mansab of 4000/4500 and the parganas
of Sojhat, Siwana ,and Phalodhi along with Jodhpur145. Besides he was also granted
the Faujdari of Sorath146 on 12 Nov.1711147. After some time, Merta also was granted
to him in ijara148. According to the condition of ijara, Ajit Singh had to pay half of its
Jama149 to the emperor and it was not to be treated as one of the jagirs granted to him.
This was the first time in the history of Rajasthan that a pargana was given in ijara to
the king who held the hereditary claim over it.
Bahadurshah died on 19 Feb. 1712150 and was succeeded by his son Jahandar
Shah who showed his favor to Ajit Singh by giving the Subedari151 of Ahmedabad152
but before orders could be executed Farrukh Siyar ascended the throne of Delhi with
141 A person invested with authority to act for another, an ambassador, an authorized public pleader in
a court of justice. H. H. Wilson, p. 554. 142 Niamat Khan, Bahadurshah Nama, Granth No. 427, pp. 90-92, Shri Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan,
Sitamau, Malwa ( M.P.). 143 G.D. Sharma, p. 228. 144 Farman No.5, Descriptive List of Farmans, Manshurs and Inshans, Rajasthan State Archives,
Bikaner, p. 50. 145 G.D. Sharma, p. 228. 146 Sorath (saurashtra) was a place of Gujarat. 147 Farman No. 5, op.cit. 148 A farm or lease of revenue of a village or district, also used for customs or collection of any
description. H.H.Wilson, p. 214. 149 The total amount of rent or revenue payable by a cultivator including all taxes, as well, as land-tax.
H.H.Wilson, p. 228. 150 V.S. Bhargava, p.151. 151 The office of Viceroy or Governor. H.H.Wilson, p. 491. 152 Farman No. 6, p. 51.
31
the help of Sayyed Brothers153on 2 Jan. 1713154 Bhandari Khivsi, a representative of
Ajit Singh, had established close relations with the Sayyed Brothers. As the result, in
the month of October 1713, Ajit Singh was restored the Mansab of 7000/7000, and
was granted the Subedari of Thatta155 . Ajit singh did not accept the Subedari of thatta
because he wanted Gujarat in place of it.
To punish Ajit Singh, Emperor Farrukh Siyar sent an army against Marwar on
6th January 1714, under the command of Saiyid Husain Ali156. But no battle took
place and a treaty was concluded between Emperor and Ajit Singh in March 1714.
According to this, Ajit Singh Chief was agreed to send his son Abhay Singh to the
imperial court for service and to give his daughter Indra Kunvar157 in marriage to
Emperor Farrukh Siyar. On the other hand, the Emperor gave him a Mansab of
7000/7000, together with the Subedari of Gujarat besides the Parganas of Sojhat,
Jaitaran, Phalodhi, Siwana, Merta, Gajsinghpura, and Jodhpur158.
Indra kunwar was married to Emperor Farrukh Siyar at Delhi on 11 December
1715159. By this marriage, Ajit Singh came in close contact with the imperial house of
Delhi and the Siyyad brothers. Later they were known as the king makers160
When on 18 April 1719161, Emperor Farrukh Siyar was murdered, Ajit Singh
returned to Jodhpur with his daughter, the late emperor’s widow162. In the following
years, he conquered the areas of Ajmer, Bhinai, Toda, Maharoth, Bherudi, Babal,
Nagaur, Parbatsar, Harsur, Tosina, Sambhar, and Didwana163. He began to coin
153 Sayyid Abdullah and SayyidHussain Ali were known as Sayyid Brothers, and they were the
powerful Ohadedars or Nobles of Mughal court. 154 V.S.Bhargava, p.153. 155 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, Granth No, 8190, p.175, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 156 Ibid. 157 Marwar ke Jagirdaron Ka Vivran, op.cit, p.176. 158 Ibid, p.178. 159 Jodhpur Rajya Ki Khyat, ed. by Raghuvir Singh and Manohar Singh Ranawat, p. 413. 160 V.S. Bhargava, p. 159. 161 V.N.Reu, Glories Of Marwar and the Glorious Rathors, Jodhpur, 1946 p.117. 162 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivaran, op.cit., p. 181. 163 G.D. Sharma, p. 238.
32
money in his own name, introduced his own weights & measures, established courts
of justice, and regulated the ranks of his nobles on a new scale164.
In 1723 he was forced to make peace with so, in June, a treaty was concluded,
according to which he agreed to surrender the territories which he had occupied by
force such as Nagaur , Sambhar and Didwana and send his son Abhay Singh to the
Mughal Court at Delhi165. Now the emperor began to develop close relations with the
prince Abhay Singh through Bhandari Raghunath.
When prince Abhay Singh came to learn that Mughal Emperor Muhammed
Shah was not happy with Maharaja Ajit Singh , Abhay Singh wrote a letter to his
younger brother Bakht Singh, suggesting him to kill an old Maharaja for the sake of
the safety of the state and also assured him to be given independent control of
Nagaur166 as a reward. So Bakht Singh executed his father Ajit Singh on 24 June
1724167. According to the source about sixty- six168queens of Ajit Singh had
committed satis.169 Thus the life of Maharaja Ajit Singh was come to an end, under
which Marwar reached its zenith, power and prestige.
Abhay Singh, the eldest son of Maharaja Ajit Singh, succeeded his father as
the ruler of Marwar on 17 July 1724170. At the time of his father’s death, Abhay Singh
was at the Mughal Court in Delhi. So the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah
personally honored him with the royal robe and the tika171 conferring on him the
throne of Jodhpur along with fourteen Parganas172of Marwar including Nagaur and
also granted a Mansab of 7000/7000 with the title of Raj- Rajeshwar. The Parganas
granted to him was namely Kekori, Ghatiali, Maroth, Parbatsar, Pnulia etc.173
164 Rathoran ri Khyat , part I, Granth No. 40210, pp. 13-42, and part II, Granth No. 40211, pp. 35-
47, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute , Jodhpur. 165 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran , Granth No. 8190, p.184. 166 Ibid , p. 185. 167 Syamaldas, Virvinod, part II, Udaipur, 1886, p. 842. 168 The term sati was used for a virtuous wife, who consummates by burning herself on the funeral
pile of her husband. Badri Prasad Sakriya, Rajasthani –Hindi Shabd Kosh, Jaipur, 1984, p.1377. 169 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, op.cit., p.186. 170 Abhay singh ri Khyat ,Granth No. 15659, pp. 4-5, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute , Jodhpur. 171 Tika was a red color mark. 172 Pargana was a sub-division of a Sarkar, a tract of country consisting of many taffas or villages. 173 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, p.187.
33
Abhay Singh, after being recognized as the successor of Maharaja Ajit Singh,
left the imperial court for Jodhpur174 in august 1724 and stay for some time at
Mathura where he married with the daughter of Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur.175
Many nobles of Marwar were against this alliance because they believed that
Abhay Singh, Bakhat Singh, Bhandari Raghunath were all in league with Jai Singh in
the murder of Maharaja Ajit Singh. But by this matrimonial alliance Abhay Singh
could able to achieve Jai Singh’s military help to quell the troubles of Marwar.
In 1725 A.D. Abhay Singh went to Gujarat176 along with Sarbuland Khan177
to suppress the trouble caused there by Hamid Khan178 as well as the dakkhanis179.
After this victory he returned to Jodhpur and granted Nagaur to his younger brother
Bakhat Singh and bestowed upon him the title of Rajadhiraj180
In 1730, Abhay Singh was appointed Subehdar of Gujarat181 and Ajmer as a
mark of favor, Emperor bestowed on the Maharaja a robe of honor182. He did not
waste any time in joining his new assignment of Gujarat because it was the essential
to keep Gujarat under the Rathor influence to keep Marwar safe from the inroads of
the Marathas.
He marched towards Ahmedabad with a huge army to suppress the rebellion
of Sarbuland khan in Gujarat. Meanwhile he got an order of removal from the
Subedari of Gujarat, he started revolt against the imperial power and he decided to
occupy Gujarat by force. When he reached Ahmedabad, where he found that
Sarbuland khan did not want to handover the charge of the governorship of Gujarat
and was prepared to oppose him. After a battle which was fought between Abhay
Singh and Sarbuland khan183, on the banks of the river Sabarmati in October , 1730,
174 Ibid. 175 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran , Granth No. 8190, p.189. 176 V.N.Reu, Glories of Marwar, p. 43. 177 Sarbuland Khan was the subedar of Gujarat. 178 Farman No. 20, p. 47. 179 The term dakkhanis were used for the people of south India. 180 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, p.191. 181 Vir Vinod, Part- II, p. 844. 182 K.D.Eraskine, p. 65. 183 Abhay Singh ri Khyat ,Granth No. 15659, pp. 97-123.
34
the old governor Sarbuland Khan was wounded and obliged to hand over the province
of Gujarat to the Maharaja Abhay Singh184.
In the following years Peshwa185BajiRao I invaded Gujarat who was also
defeated by Abhay Singh. Later on Umabai Dabhare, the widow of Khande Rao
Dabhare attacked on Gujarat186. Having thought that it was a troublesome assignment
and uphill task to administer Gujarat where the Maratha pressure was in the
ascendancy. So the Maharaja having appointed his own deputy (Ratan Singh
Bhandari) to look after the Gujarat affairs returned to Jodhpur187. In 1733 a dispute
arose between Raja Sujan Singh of Bikaner and Bakhat Singh of Nagaur. When
Maharaja Abhay Singh came to know this, he invaded Bikaner in support of his
brother. At the end, a treaty was concluded. According to the terms of the treaty the
Bikaner ruler Sujan Singh promised to pay twelve laces rupees as indemnity and also
promised to serve the Maharaja with the whole of his army188 whenever called for to
do so.
In July 1734, Abhay Singh held a grand assembly at Hurda,189 which was
attended by the ruler of Jaipur, Udaipur, Kota, Bikaner and Kishangarh to checking
the Maratha penetration in Rajasthan. As a result of the decision taken at the
conference, all of them signed a pact of mutual assistance190to face Marathas.
In 1736, the Marathas invaded Marwar and looted Sambhar too. Jai Singh of
Jaipur was agreed to pay Rs. 22 laces annually to them in lieu of the Chauth191 of
Malwa. But Abhay Singh did not like this policy of Jai Singh. He went to the Mughal
Emperor at Delhi and sought for support to take some steps to crush the Maratha
invasion.
184 Ibid. 185 Peshwa was the head of the Maratha confederacy. 186 V.N. Reu, Glories of Marwar, p. 44. 187 B.D.Agrawal, p. 44. 188 . V.N.Reu ,Glories of Marwar, p. 45. 189 Harda is in Bhilwara district of Ajmer division, situated at a distance of about 36 km. south-east of
Ajmer. 190 V.N.Reu, op.cit., p. 45. 191 It was assessed at the rate of one- fourth of revenue imposed by the Marathas as remuneration.
35
In 1737, he was removed from the Subahdari of Gujarat by the Mughal
Emperor Muhammad Shah192.In 1739 A.D. Nadir Shah had invaded India.193 In
A.D.1743Abhay Singh captured Ajmer from Jaipur 194 after the death of its holder Jai
Singh.
In January 1748, Ahmadshah Abdali started invading the Punjab. The emperor
invited the Maharaja Abhay Singh to his aid. As Maharaja Abhay Singh was too
busy his own state’s affairs, he sent his brother Bakhat Singh to help prince
Ahmadshah in defeating the Afghans195. In the same year, Abhay Singh helped
Madho singh by sending 2000 horse against his elder brother Raja Ishwari singh of
Jaipur196.
The practice of ijara was the major change which adopted by the state
apparently in the reign of Maharaja Abhay Singh due to the state’s need for money to
meet the demands of tribute of Marathas. He died197 on 19 June 1749.
Ram Singh, son and successor of Maharaja Abhay Singh, ascended on the
throne 198of Marwar on 13 July 1749. He ruled only for two years. When he came to
the throne, he was only nineteen years old.199 Throughout this period, he was evolved
a dispute arose between him and his uncle Rajadhiraj Bakhat Singh. He disgusted the
haughty nobles of Marwar like Kushal Singh of Awua, Kani Ram of Asop and the
thakur of Khivsar.200 Consequently some of them joined hands with the Rajadhiraj
Bakhat Singh of Nagaur.
In June 1751, when Maharaja RamSingh was camping with his forces near
Merta, Rajadhiraj Bakhat Singh took the fort of Jodhpur on 29 June 1751 by a
192 Vir Vinod , p. 847. 193 K.D. Erskine, p. 66. 194 B.D. Agrawal, p. 46. 195 V.N.Reu, Glories of Marwar, p. 47. 196 Ibid. 197 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran ,Granth No. 8190, p.187, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 198 Rajputon ri vigat ,Granth No. 13502, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 199 Jodhpur Rajya ri Khyat, Granth No. 955, pp. 2-4, Shri Nat Nagar Shodh Sansthan , Sitamau
( Malwa), M.P. 200 B .D. Agrawal , p. 47.
36
surprise attack and deprived Ram Singh from his possession of Jodhpur forever. Then
he became the Maharaja of Jodhpur201.
But very soon on 21 September 1752, he died202. It is said that he was
poisoned by his aunt, the wife of the Jaipur chief under the instigation of the Raja of
Jaipur. He left a disputed succession to his son, Bijay Singh. Bijay Singh, son of
Bakhat Singh, was ascended the throne on September 1752 at Maroth203. Because at
the time of his father’s death he was there but very soon, in Jodhpur he received the
honor of Rajtilak204 as the Maharaja of Marwar on 31 January 1753. In September
1754, Maharaja Bijay Singh fought a battle of Gangarda near Merta,205 against his
own cousin Ram Singh who was advancing with an army assisted by the Marathas206
to claim his birthright of Marwar’s throne. In this battle he defeated Jaya Apa Sindhia
of Maratha. But in another battle of Nagaur, He was defeated by Marathas207 . The
Maratha again invaded Nagaur and Jodhpur to avenge the death of Jaya Apa in 1755
A.D. Maharaja Bijay Singh was compelled to sign a treaty in February 1756.
According to treaty, Ajmer was surrendered to the Marathas and a number of
Parganas namely Jalor, Sambhar, Maroth, Sojhatand Parbatsar were assigned to Ram
Singh for his maintenance208.
The terms of the treaty and the strife between Maharaja Bijay Singh and his
cousin Ram Singh, gave an opportunities to the Marathas to attack the state from time
to time. It further led to lose the control of state over their jagirdars. Devi Singh
Champawat of Pokarn, Thakurs209of Auwa and Aasop were the most powerful and
resourceful nobles of Marwar and kept their hold in the day to day affairs of the state.
Infect, most of the nobles were in secret correspondence with his rival i.e. Ram
201 Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No.13502. 202 Ibid . 203 K. D. Eraskine, p. 66. 204 An honorable ceremony celebrated on being a king . Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No.13502. 205 B. D. Agrawal, p. 48. 206 Marathas were the main invaders of the deccan or South India. 207 Abhay Singh ri Khyat, Granth No. 15659, pp. 139-40, RORI, Jodhpur. 208 V.N.Reu, Glories of Marwar, p.50. 209 The term thakur was used for a reputed and established person, who holds up a big piece of lands
in comparison to others in a village.
37
Singh210. So he made all possible efforts to appease the nobles. He created a standing
mercenary army under Bhim Raj Singhavi recruited from Sind and Rohilkhand to
serve as guards for the capital, and with the help he murdered some of his leading
chieftains211 such as the thakurs of Auwa and Pokarn. Thus he achieved a satisfactory
success in his object of keeping some of turbulent nobles under control. And the rest
when came to fulfill the funeral rituals of the saint Atmaram212 and on the death of his
cousin Ram Singh213 , he invited the nobles in the fort to entrap them on the advice of
DhabhaiJaggu214. As a result Champawat Devi Singh of Pokarn, Udawat Kesari Singh
of Ras and Kumpawat Chhattar Singh of Aasop were imprisoned and murdered215.
With the end of powerful feudal chiefs and the subsequent death of Ram Singh gave
considerable relief to Maharaja Bijay Singh. Now the state became witness of
internal peace and commercial or general prosperity.
In august 1759, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India and moved towards Duab.
He sent message to the Rathor chief to join him, in return, he assured Bijay Singh,
about his cooperation against the Marathas if they troubled him again. At that time
not only the Rajputana but also all the major part of northern India was disturbed by
the regular Maratha invasions216. Marathas fully utilized the weakness of the Rajputs
rulers and made heavy demands, which were beyond the state finances to meet. They
generally entered into an agreement for the payment of the tribute, which were often
delayed in payment. It gave them opportunity for further attack into their territory.
Bijay Singh of Jodhpur was heavily affected by Maratha invasions which were now
recurring feature.
Bijay Singh remained neutral during the Marathas- Abdali struggle for the
supremacy of North India at the battle of Panipat on 14 January, 1761. Abdali did not
stay for a long time and he finally left India in March, 1761.
210 B. D.Agrawal, p. 48. 211 K. D. Erskine, p. 68. 212 B. D. Ararwal, p. 49. 213 Ram Singh was died on 3 September 1772 in Jaipur. Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No .13502, RSS,
Jodhpur. 214 Jaggu, a man of great shrewdness, was the Dhabhai (foster brother) of Maharaja Bijay Singh. 215 B. D.Agrawal, p. 49. 216 Bijaysingh ri Khyat , Granth No. 15639, pp. 7-9, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur.
38
In the following years, the Rathor- British relations were being at good terms.
The governor general, Warren Hastings informed Bijay Singh in 1781 that he was
sending his agent Anderson to Jodhpur to discuss about their mutual alliance against
common enemies. He further informed that the British government was anxious to
secure his help. Anderson also was instructed by the governor general to pay full
attention to the demands and desires of Jodhpur ruler and fulfill them. In A.D.1782,
Maharaja Bijay Singh conquered Umarkot, Jaisalmer and the rich province of
Godwar217 from the Rana218 of Mewar219. At this time, the state had again faced rapid
attacks from the Marathas. So Maharaja Bijay Singh had improved his relations with
Jaipur Ruler and formed a league against the common enemy i. e. Marathas220.
A battle of Tunga was fought near Lalsot in Jaipur in 1787 A.D221. In which
the force of Rajputs showed their velour and the Mughal Generals, Muhammad Beg
and Ismail Beg, also joined the Rajputs against Marathas. Sindhia was routed and
compelled to an abandon not only the field but all his conquests for a time. By this
victory Maharaja Bijay Singh recovered the territories of Ajmer and Kishangarh222.
After this, he tried his best in uprooting Sindia’s foothold from Rajasthan as well as
Northern India. In order to be successful in his plan he entered into negotiations with
all the contemporary powers, who were interested in driving out Sindia from the north
such as the British, the Mughals, the other Rajput rulers and Timur Shah of
Afghanistan Soon Sindhia returned and invaded Marwar in 1790 to avenge the
disgrace of Tunga, with the French general of his army223, De Boigne. The battles
were fought at Patan near Jaipur on 20th June and at Merta on 12th September, 1790 in
which the Rajputs displayed their heroic courage but all in vain in front of the French
tactics and unlimited resource of Marathas. So Maharaja Bijay Singh had to agree to
pay sixty laces of rupees and the territories of Ajmer, Sambhar including the lake
Khairwa, Masuda and 29 villages’ of Bhinai to the Marathas224.
217 The term Godwar was used for the region of around Pali. 218 Rana was the title of ruler of Mewar . 219 The term Mewar was used for the present city of Udaipur in the period under study. 220 B. D. Agrawal, p. 50. 221 K.D. Erskine, p. 68. 222 Ibid. 223 V.N. Reu, Glories of Marwar, p. 50. 224 B.D.Agarwar, p. 50.
39
The defeat at Merta and the subsequent treaty imposed on Jodhpur ruler
Maharaja Bijay Singh was a great humiliation for him. He lost his prestige and
reputation among the rulers of Rajasthan. He remained friendly with the Marathas and
paid regular tributes till his death. To pay the amount of the tribute225, the Maharaja
had to raise money from local commercial classes such as Gulab Rai, the favourite
Paswan226 of him, sold her ornaments worth rupees three lacks. Another person
Khichi Gordhan also gave sum of rupees three lacks, instead of this, Maharaja Bijay
Singh had to introduce new taxation to raise money227.
In the last days of his life Maharaja Bijay Singh became enamored of a young
beauty, Gulab Rai228. He made her on a honable rank so this ambitious lady began to
interfere in the politics of the state including the succession question. It could not be
tolerated by the Nobles of Marwar who devised her assassination so they killed229 her
on 16 April 1792.
Maharaja Bijay Singh breathed his last on 8 July 1793 in Jodhpur after a reign
of about 41 years and he was cremated at Mandor230.
Bheem Singh231, son of Bhomsingh, succeeded his grandfather232 Maharaja
Bijay Singh on 20th July 1793, because the two elder sons of Bijay Singh had already
died in his own life time. The struggle for the throne continued between Bhim Singh
and his uncles and cousins throughout his life.
Next year of Maharaja Bheem Singh’s reign i.e. A.D.1794, the Marathas
invaded Marwar233. Ultimately Bheem Singh concluded an agreement with Marathas.
Being free from Maratha anxiety, He laid siege of Pargana Jalor in A.D.1797, which
225 An amount of sixty lakh rupees was paid by Maharaja. Jodhpur Rajya ri Khyat, Granth No.955,
p. 186, Shri NSS, Sitamau. 226 Bijay Singh ri Khyat, Granth No. 155639, pp. 30-34, RORI, Jodhpur. 227 A tax of rekhbab was introduced by BijaySingh . Bijay Singh ri Khyat , Granth No. 155639, pp.
43-48, RORI, Jodhpur. 228 She was the Paswan or Pardayat of Maharaja Bijay Singh designated as equal as his chief queen. 229 V.N. Reu, Marwar, p. 390. 230 Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No. 13502, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 231 Bhim Singh ri Khyat , Granth No. 15645, pp. 1-2, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur. 232 Ibid. 233 V.N.Reu, Glories of Marwar, p. 51.
40
continued for about ten years till his death234. In 1799 he occupied Sambhar with the
help of Lakhwa, who was a fugitive Maratha general. In A.D.1801, he married235 with
the sister of Jaipur Ruler Pratap Singh236. He died on 19 October 1803, after a reign of
about ten years237.
The death of Maharaja Bheem Singh created a vacuum in the politics of
Jodhpur state. Maharaja Man Singh, who was the nearest in the line of succession
occupied the throne of Marwar after the struggle with other claimants on 5 November
1803238.
Appendix – 1.1
Rulers of Marwar and at Central (Delhi) during 18th Century
S. No.
At Marwar (Jodhpur) At central level (Delhi )
1. Maharaja Ajit Singh (AD 1707-24)
Badshah Bahadur Shah (AD.1707-12) Badshah Jahandar Shah (AD.1712-13) Badshah Farukhsiyar (AD.1713-19)
2. Maharaja Abhay Singh (AD. 1724-49)
Badshah Muhammd Shah (AD.1719-48)
3.
Maharaja Ramsingh (AD.1749-51)
Badshah Ahamdshah (AD.1748-54)
4. Maharaja Bakhat Singh (AD.1751-52)
5. Maharaja Vijay Singh (AD.1752-93)
Badshah Alamgir II (AD.1754-58) Badshah Shahjanha III (AD.1758-59)
6. Maharaja Bheem Singh (AD.1793-1803)
Badshah Shahaalam II (AD.1759-1806)
234 Marwar Ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran , Granth No. 8190, p. 196, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 235 Bhim Singh ri khyat, op.cit., p. 57. 236 Rajputon ri Vigat ,Granth No. 13502. 237 Ibid. 238 Bhim Singh ri Khyat, Granth No. 15645, pp. 1-2 & 61.
41
Appendix – 1.2
Genealogical Tree of Marwar (Jodhpur) during 18th Century
Maharaja Ajit Singh (AD.1678-1724)
Maharaja Abhay Singh (AD.1702-49) Maharaja Bakhat Singh (AD.1706-52)
Maharaja Ram Singh (AD.1730-52) Maharaja Vijay Singh (AD.1729-93)
Bhom Singh (AD.1751-69)
Maharaja Bhim Singh (AD.1766-1803)
42
Appendix – 1.3
Genealogical Tree of Marwar Up to the Founder of the State
Jaichandra (AD.1226)
Harishchandra (AD.1175)
Setram (AD.1193) Rao Siha (AD.1194-1273)
Rao Aasthan (AD.1212-1292)
Rao Dhuhad (AD.1230-1309)
Rao Raipal (AD.1248-1313)
Rao Kanpal (AD.1266-1323)
Rao Jalansi (AD.1284-1328)
Rao Chhada (AD.1302-1344)
Rao Teeda (AD.1320-1357)
Rao Salakhan (AD.1340-1374)
Rao Veeram (AD.1359-1383)
Rao Chunda (AD.1377-1423)
Rao Kanhaji (AD.1408-1494)
Rao Ranmal (AD.1392-1438)
Rao JodhaJi (AD.1415-1489)
(Founder of Jodhpur)
viii
LIST OF MAPS, CHARTS, AND GRAPHS
Maps Map 1.1
Geographical Map of Marwar 13
Map 1.2
Political Map of Marwar 24
Charts Chart 2.1
Central Level Officers/ Officials 71
Chart 2.2
Central Level Offices/ Departments 73
Chart 3.1
Provincial Revenue Administrative Set-Up 87
Chart 3.2
Revenue Administrative Set-Up at Local Level 120 Chart 4.1
Revenue Realization 123
Chart 6.1
Non-agricultural Taxes of Marwar 175
Chart 7.1
Land Classification of Marwar 222
Graphs Graph 4.1
Revenue Realization in pargana Jodhpur 144
Graph 4.2
Land Revenue Realization in different parganas of Marwar 145
IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
1
The state of Marwar, presently known as “Jodhpur” was the largest state in
Rajputana1 during the period under study. It played an important role not only in the
politics of this sprawling region but also of northern India in general. The term
Marwar , originally comes from “Maroowar2” or “Marubhumi3” which supposed to
mean “The Killing Land ” due to its oceanic expanse of sparkling yellow sands dunes
and barren rocks of the Aravulli range. It covered an extensive area in the south-
western portion of the Indian desert of Thar.
A. Survey of The Sources:
The present research work is based on archival records especially Rajasthani
sources, preserved at Rajasthan State Archives Bikaner, District Archives Office
Jodhpur, Oriental Research Instituted Jodhpur and its branch office at Bikaner, Shri
Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan Sitamau, and Rajasthani Sodh Sansthan Chopasani,
Jodhpur.
The documents4 which have been consulted mostly are the Bahis5, Khyats6,
Apuralekhia Abhilekh, and Vat & Geet Sangrah etc. Most of these sources are
written in Rajasthanior Marwari language as commonly written or spoken during the
period. The script, which used in these sources, is mostly Mahajani and in some
cases Nagri is also found.
As regards the orthography of these sources, letters and words are written in
one running line in gradual order without using a stop or comma. The letters like Gha
and Bha , Chha and La , E and Ru , Ka and Pha , Sa and Kha , are almost similar in
appearance and have their own shape which can be recognized only in context of the
text as they were scribed differently by different hands.
1 The term Rajputana was used for the present state of Rajasthan by the British and continued to use
till the formation of modern Rajasthan in 1949A.D. 2 James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India,
Vol. II, Madras ( Channai) , 1873, p.1. 3 H.H.Wilson, A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms , and of Useful Words Occurring in Official
Documents, Delhi, 1968, p.332. 4 A document is something written or printed that furnishes conclusive evidence as an official paper
or record. 5 The Bahis are an account books or ledgers, or rolled registers bound in leather cover or cloth with a
long string to tie the double roll formed by the body of the bahis. 6 The Khyat is a compilation of the accounts of the glorious political deeds of the rulers of Marwar
state and other historical events.
2
I. Bahis :
On account of available in numerous varieties, Bahis are categorized
according to the subject matter contained in it. The bahis, which have been used for
the present work, are as follows –
1. Sanad Parwana Bahi :
There are about 102 Sanad Parwana Bahis from A.D. 1763- 1938, under the
Jodhpur records, preserved in Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner. Out of these, 54
Bahis i.e. Bahi no. 1 to 54, have been used for the present study. Some of Sanad
Parwana Bahis are also available in District Archives office, Jodhpur. The Bahis of
this district archives office begin from A.D. 1760 to 20th century, out of these 19
Bahis i. e. Bahi no. 285 to 303, have been found useful to my research work.
These Bahis provide variety of information about the various orders or
regulations issued by the state of Marwar, condition of the cultivations and artisans
and their wages, inter- regional trade, trade- routes, taxes and currency.
2. Hakikat Bahi:
There are 72 Hakikat Bahis, begin from A.D. 1763-1949, in the Jodhpur
Records preserved in the Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner. Out of these, 8 Bahis i.e.
Bahi no. 1 to 8, are related to the present study. These Bahis contain 350 to 700 pages
providing the records of the daily routine of the rulers of Jodhpur, their movements
and places of visit. These sources also furnish the information regarding the visit of
political personalities, who came to meet Maharajas.
3. Ohda Bahi:
These Bahis are 7 in number in Jodhpur record of Bikaner archives. These
Bahis begin from A.D. 1700 to 1845. Out of these, Bahi no. 1 and 2 are providing
information very important for present study. They deal with the name of designation
of various employees of Marwar, who were working under the rulers of Rathors.
These Bahis also deal with the complaints regarding corrupt officers of the state.
4. Jamabandi Bahi :
These Bahis have been prepared year wise for each sub units of Marwar state,
under the title of Hukumat ri Jamabandi or Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahis,
3
preserved in the Jodhpur district archives office. These Bahis starts from A.D. 1750 to
2000. The bahis relating to pargana Jodhpur (that was capital of the State Marwar
during eighteenth century), pargana Jalor, pargana Siwana, pargana Merta, and
other parganas as well of different years have been used for present work.
In these Jamabandi Bahis, details of the total produce, the share of the state
and share of the cultivators, crops, and their prices are mentioned separately for each
village. Apart from these, information about weights and measures, local and inter-
state trade, means of transport, such as camel carts, oxen carts etc. and the people of
different caste and communities engaged in agriculture are furnished.
5. Ferisat Bahi :
These Bahis are available in district archives office Jodhpur. These Bahis
begin from A.D. 1750 to 1800 for each parganas of Marwar state. These sources
hardly contain 30 to 50 pages. These bahis provide only about the rekh figure of
every village along with the total number of villages in every sub division of a
Pargana.
These Ferisat Bahis were not compiled for every year. It covers a period of
ten to twenty or sometimes fifty years. The possible Reason behind this is that the
total number of villages of a sub unit was not change every year, it remained with a
sub unit or taffa for a long time or many years. So the Ferisat Bahis have been
prepared with an interval of years. Presently, almost all Parganas Ferisat Bahis have
been consulted.
6. Patta Bahi:
Patta Bahis are the documents issued by the revenue officer to the tenant
specifying the conditions. There are many Patta Bahis available in district archives
office Jodhpur. The earliest Patta Bahi available in the archives is that of A.D. 1756.
The Bahi carries the entries from A.D. 1756-59, i. e. four years. Each Patta Bahi
covers a period of four to six years. Each Patta Bahi is consisted of 250 to 300 pages.
The Patta Bahis provide specific information about the grantee and the grants
of various clans and sub – clans along with Rekh figures of holding villages. The
Bahis also give the Pattas of Khawas, Paswan , Brahmins and saints.
4
7. Parwana Chitthia Bahi:
These documents are found in the form of letters or information slips which
are available in Jodhpur archives. For this research purpose, the three Bahis of
Chitthias are useful i. e. of A.D. 1768, 1776, and 1780.
These Bahis provide useful information about the relations of the rulers with
the various nobles and others territories. It also gives information about the orders
i.e. issued in the form of Chitthi or letter to various officials or jagirdars. In short,
these Bahis contain the orders and directions of the rulers of Marwar.
8. Jama Kharch Bahi :
These Bahis have been prepared pargana wise and are available in District
Archives Office, Jodhpur, They Contained receipts and expenditure under land
revenue and custom taxes of every pargana of Marwar state.
II. Khyats :
The chronicles of Rajasthan which handed down to posterity, are known as
Khyats in Marwar state. These are the local form of written history of Marwar, in the
local language of Marwar i.e. Marwari. Most of the Khyats of Marwar were written
during the17th and 18th centuries. The following Khyats have been used for the work.
1. Nainsi Ri Khyat :
This Khyat was written by Muhnot Nainsi, who was the Desh – Diwan of Raja
Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur (A.D. 1638-78). Nainsi used inscriptions, bardic Material
and personal experience relating with Jodhpur Maharaja Jaswant Singh, in writing
this Khyat.
Basically this Khyat is composed of political history of western Rajasthan
especially Marwar along with its economic profile of late 17 and early 18th century.
This Khyat also contains valuable information regarding the geographical &
social stratification in the villages of Marwar and the breakup of populations on the
basis of castes, annual income of the sub units of the state.
It contains a brief description of parganas as well as neighboring states of
Marwar namely Mewar, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Malwa, Indore, Gujarat etc. And it also
5
gives a list of various officers’ rank and name who were appointed time to time in the
administration of the state of Marwar.
Beside this the Nainsi ri khyat gives a list of ruling rulers and their reign
period of central (Delhi) from the king Yudhisthhar to Mughal Emperor Shahjanha.
The original manuscript of Nainsi ri Khyat is preserved in oriental research
institute, Jodhpur. It was also published in three volumes by the research institute.
2. Marwar Ri Khyat:
It is preserved in oriental research institute of Jodhpur. It carries 236 folios
or Pages. It gives detailed account of Marwar state and its rulers and their rule.
3. Maharaja Ajit Singhji Ri Khyat :
Originally it is in three parts and is available in oriental Research institute,
Jodhpur. It gives the entire life events of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur.
4. Maharaja Abhays Snghji Ri Khyat :
It is too available in Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur. It gives a
historical account of Marwar state during the rule of Maharaja Abhaysingh i.e. A.D.
1724-49.
This khyat not only focuses on the political, social, cultural and the jagir
system of Marwar during Abhaysingh era, but also throws light on Marwar – Mughal
and Marwar- Marathas relations.
At the end of this khyat, there is a list of public welfare works of Abhay Singh
and also a list of his queens who committed suicide or sati on his death.
5. Maharaja Bijay Singhji Ri Khyat :
Information of various events relating to the life of Maharaja Bijaysingh such
as his military incursions, administrative endeavors, imprisonment of the nobles and
officials is found in the khyat of Maharaja Bijaysinghji ri, existing in oriental research
institute, Jodhpur and published by the institute in A.D. 1968.
There is an extensive description of the villages, given by Bijaysingh to his
nobles, officials, and his progenies for their various services. Besides these the
description of Bijaysingh’s help in sorting out the disputes arose between Maharaja
Gajsingh , ruler of Bikaner , and his son kunwar Rajsingh , possession of Ajmer fort
6
& city in A.D. 1790, and the birth of his sons kunwar Shersingh and kunwar
Gumansigh , have also been mentioned at length in this manuscript of Bijaysinghji ri
Khyat.
6. Maharaja Bhim Singhji Ri Khyat :
It is in its original form available in Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute,
Jodhpur. It gives the information about the life events of Maharaja Bhimsingh of
Jodhpur such as his birth, coronation ceremony, marriage, welfare work, wars, and
death in an extensive way. It also provides a list of various officials appointed by
Maharaja Bhimsingh for running the administration of Jodhpur, along with all the
details like their ranks, salaries, privileges, and assignments etc.
7. Banki Das Ri Khyat :
This khyat was written by Bankidas, who was a charan in the reign of
Maharaja Mansingh. This khyat was written on the events of Marwar rulers and their
history in disarranging manner. But its texts are published in A.D. 1958 by oriental
research institutes, Jodhpur.
8. Delhi Ri Khyat:
This khyat is available in its original form in Rajasthan Oriental Research
Institute, Jodhpur. It provides valuable information of Mughal emperors of Delhi and
their policies towards Marwar State.
9. Patshahi Ri Khyat :
It is too available in its original form in Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute,
Jodhpur. This is yet to be published. It has been prepared in two languages i.e.
Rajasthani and Persian. It gives information about growing influences of Persian on
Rajasthani.
10. Jodhpur Rajya ki Khyat :
This Khyat is in three parts and is published by Shri Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan,
Sitamau. It was written by Muraridan during the reign of Maharaja Mansingh of
Marwar. It gives information right from the origin of the Rathors down to the period
of our study especially from Rao Siha to Maharaja Mansingh.
7
11. Rathoran Ra ri Khyat:
Another important historical composition is Rathoran ri Khyat written by an
anonymous author of seventeenth century. This khyat gives a valuable historical
account of Marwar State.
The original copy of the manuscript is available in two parts in Rajasthan
Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur. The first part of the khyat covers up to the
Rathor Ruler Maharaja Mansingh, while in second part the historical record of
Marwar from Raja Dharambib to Maharaja Takhat Singh’s rule has been given. The
text also gives some useful information about the Rajput traditions of polygamy, sati,
and Janani Deodhi.
The transcript copy of this khyat is available in Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan
Sitamau. It has been published by Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur.
12. Chainji Vansur Ri Khyat :
This khyat is available in Rajasthani Sodh Sansthan, Chopasani, and Jodhpur.
It provides information about the taxes of Marwar state and the realization of these
taxes from the cultivators. This khyat has been published by the Sodh Sansthan of
Chopasani, entitled Marwar ra pargana ri farsat.
13. Mundiyad Ri Khyat :
It has been written the Akhawat Barahath family of Mundiyad (a village of
Pargana Nagaur), in mid-seventeenth century, the families have been the gatekeepers
of the Rathor rulers of Marwar.
It is a source of much historical value such as social life, customs, war
preparations, army and its mobilization & operation. The khyat provides reliable
information about the early Rathor rulers of Marwar, their Ranis (queens) and
ancestors, rise of nobles of Rathor and some other clans, and numerous historical
events.
From this Khyat information about Janani Deodhi or Ranipada (women
apartment) of the rulers of Marwar and the description of marital tie-ups with the
rulers of Jaipur, Bikaner, Kota and Shirohi can also be obtained.
8
The original manuscript of this khyat is available in Rajasthan Oriental
Research Institute, Jodhpur, and a copy of it is also preserved in Rajasthan Sodh
Sansthan Chopasani, Jodhpur.
14. Rajputon Ri Khyat:
It is in its original form and is available in Rajasthani Sodh Sansthan,
Chopasani Jodhpur. It gives the detail account of Rathore rulers of Marwar, their
familiers, their invasion, their coronation celebration, their death, about of their
powerful nobles. It has not yet published and edited.
III. Geet Sangrah :
These Geet have been found in literature form composed by the courtiers in
praise of their rulers. Sometimes these give important information about the rulers and
the state administration. Such as, Geet Maharaja Abhay singh ra composed by Surta,
and another Geet of the same Maharaja of Abhay Singh composed by Kavi Karnidan
, gives information about Ahmadabad battle fought between Abhay Singh and Sir
Buland Khan , Governor of Gujarat.
Geet Maharaja Bakhatsingh was composed by Prathaviraj, provides
information about the battle, fought between Bakhatsingh and his cousin Ramsingh.
Geet Maharaja Bijaysinghji ra was composed by Surta and Motisar
Prabhudan, gives valuable information about the Marathas and Mughal battles, fought
between the ruler of Marwar and the Marthas or the Mughals.
IV. Apuralekhia Abhilekh :
These documents are available in the form of Bastas or Bandhanks, which are
containing separate papers or files of original copies of bahis, khyats, letters, and
registers. These papers or files are termed as granthank. There are a number of
ghanthanks in a Basta, which could be 4, 6 or 10.
Each Basta or Bandhank contents the files or granthank of the same subject
matter. Bandhank No. 20 has 44 granthanks, which are all related to the life history
of Jodhpur rulers. Similarly, Bandhank no. 60 has 26 granthank i. e. all related to
revenue grants given by the rulers to the jagirdars.
9
V. Sanskrit Sources:
Ajit Granth written by Ishardas Barahath is in Sanskrit and is available in
Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur. It was composed during the reign of Maharaja
Ajit Singh. The author was a contemporary of Ajit Singh. He furnishes very valuable
information regarding the Maratha- Rathor battles.
Abhay Vilas by Prathviraj Sandu, is another source in Sanskrit in Oriental
Research Institute, Jodhpur. It was composed during the reign of Maharaja Abhay
Singh. It provides valuable information about the political history of Abhay Singh.
VI. Persian Sources:
Persian sources which have been consulted in the present study are consisted
of Ain –i – Akbari by Abul Fazl , Mirat –i- Ahmadi by Ali Muhammad khan,
Waqaya Sarkar Ajmer , Bahadurshah Nama by Niyamat Khan , Masir –ul-Umra by
Shah Nawaz Khan, and various Farmans.
B. Outline of The Thesis:
The Present work in the form of Ph.D. thesis entitled “ The Revenue
Administration in The State of Marwar during 18th Century’’ is an attempt to study or
reconstruct the pattern of important administrative features and machineries prevalent
in the state of Marwar on the basis of contemporary and primary source material .
It is a fascinating, meticulously documented study of 18th century Marwar. It
was the time when the Mughal Empire began to disintegrate and the rulers of Marwar
as well as other states of Rajputana became independent for all practical purposes, felt
the need of taking a keen interest in the process of administering their own states to
augment their resources.
An earnest attempt has been made in the present undertaking to discuss all
important aspects of revenue administration and its role in shaping the state economy
and polity of a certain period. The period of study 1700 to 1800 has been chosen so
as plenty of primarily source material is available in various research institute of
Rajasthan as well as other parts or states of India.
10
The present study contains seven chapters, which highlight the various
aspects of entire administration especially the revenue of Marwar along with tracing
the impact of the Mughals on it during the 18th century in a exhaustive and
exclusively way. The social, economic and administrative terms in their original form
though infrequently their English versions have been given and the dates, generally,
are given in the vikram samvat though at places their corresponding Christian
(Gregorian) dates have also been given in this undertaking study.
The thesis opens with a brief chapter on the geographical features and other
such factors of the state. The second part of the chapter deals with the dynastic and
political history of Marwar up to 18th century. The historical background of the state
and Marwar’s relations with the Mughal Emperors are presented in a very elaborate
and efficient way.
The second chapter studies the organization and important features of central
revenue administration. It shows clear picture of central level offices, officials, their
administering methods, and functions, prevalent in the state of Marwar. The chapter
also describes about the various feudal chief of the state, their powers and positions
associated with administering pursuits. Consequently, their classification,
composition and the numerical strength had an impact, healthy or otherwise on every
aspect of administration. Working of other various high rank officials and
departments and the currencies of the state, are the other headlines of this chapter.
The pradhan , diwan, bakhshi , subedar etc. were the chief revenue officers and shri
huzur ra daftar, taksal, khaza khazana, ambar ra kothar , were the main revenue
offices or departments in the centre of the state of Marwar.
The third chapter deals with the various revenue functionaries at provincial or
local level, prevalent in the state of Marwar. It gives a scientific analysis of rights &
functions of different offices & officials of provincial or local level. The revenue
administration at pargana level had the hakim, karkun, qanungo, kotwal, potedar,
sayer darogha etc. The chapter throws sufficient light on the working of these
officials and their offices headed by them in the parganas. At local or village level,
there was the chief revenue functionaries were the chaudhary, sahna, tafadar,
hawaldar, tulavati etc. in the state of Marwar.
11
The revenue system, its nature and assessment have been discussed in detail in
the fourth chapter. Area cultivation, means of cultivation, classification of land, land
revenue system, nature of production, and the price structure of various commodities ,
have been dealt sufficiently in this chapter . Moreover, an assessment of the land
revenue demand for each pargana was separately made, and a comprehensive survey
of the economic institutions and practices covering a period of one century has been
done.
The fifth chapter deals with the agricultural taxes especially, realized from the
agrarian class of the state. The nature of agrarian taxes, rates, realization has been
mentioned in an exhaustive manner. It presents a lucid account of various agricultural
taxes, which were not levied uniformly and varied from pargana to pargana in the
state.
The sixth chapter presents a number of non –agricultural taxes, existing in the
state of Marwar. The land of Marwar was a barren terrain so agriculture was not in
significant position. Therefore the state levied various taxes, cesses, fine charges,
transit duties, etc. on the non agrarian class. Apart from peasant class, the society of
Marwar was also composed of merchant class, the producers, consumers, and the
service class. All these were assessed with some duties charges, fee or fine. So the
nature, rates, and realization of non-agricultural taxes have been discussed separately
in this chapter.
The seventh chapter deals with the jagir or patta assignment, granted by the
state to its various administering agenesis such as the nobles, officials or muttsaddis,
and the learned persons. The holder of patta, designated the pattayats or sardars in
Marwar, formed the core of the state. They were not only great political forces but as
land assignees or jagirdars, had hold over the state economy. They were the link
between the peasant and the ruler and had given the right to levy taxes alone
according to prevalent schedules.
In the last or conclusion I have drawn up my findings instead of giving at the
end of each chapter.
CChhaapptteerr ––22 TThhee RReevveennuuee
AAddmmiinniissttrraattiioonn aatt CCeennttrraall LLeevveell
43
During medieval period the rulers of Marwar state had to discharge two fold
duties. Firstly, they had to serve the Mughal Empire in and out of their state in the
capacity of Mansabdar1 and secondly, to administer their own territory known as
watan jagir.
The state court or darbar functioned as the highest council of administration in
the state. It did not only fulfill their political and administrative obligations but served
as cultural and social agencies and set the norms for the welfare of common people
life. The court or darbar of Marwar state during eighteenth century was composed of
a number of components. The entire administration either general or Revenue of the
state was run by these components staffed by high officials.
At the central level revenue administrative machinery could be divided into
the following categories-
I. The Rulers or Members of Royal family.
II. The Nobles, and sardars or thakurs2.p
III. The Council of Ministers, the muttsadis3 or the officer’s class.
In order to understand the pattern of administration, we prefer to present those
head wise which is as follows;
I. The Ruler and Members of Royal Family:
Marwar was a feudal monarchy headed by a hereditary feudal lord of Rathor
Clan. The ruler of Marwar was the lord of the soil lying within the political
boundaries of the state and considered to have divine right to govern and to make all
important efforts for the state welfare. He was the chief of Rathor Clan and styled as
1 The term Mansabdari was made of Mansab which was used for office, a military title and rank
conferred by the Mughal government, and the holder of mansab was known as manasabdar . H.H.Wilson, p.330.
2 The term thakur was used for the owner of the land or land –holders in assignment. 3 The entire set of officers right from Pradhan to the lowest one who formed bureaucracy were
known as mutsaddis. Hath Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1822, RSA, Bikaner.
44
“Maharaja4 “or “Raj Rajeshwar5” like the title of Padshah,6 assumed by the Mughal
emperors.
He was the head of the civil as well as military administration, and supervised
all the state functions. He enjoyed all the attributes of independent sovereignty. His
authority over his subjects was supreme in normal circumstances7, but in a special
case of an emergency the Mughal emperor interfered with the internal affairs of the
Rathor kingdom because the Rathor rulers were the Mansabdars in the imperial
service8.
He was the highest executive, legislative and judicial authority at the apex of
the state administration. Every order or rule was issued through Farmans9, in his
name and made it authentic by affixed his signature and seal10.
He appointed all executive and administrative officers, high or low, who were
directly responsible to the ruler and could hold their offices only during his pleasure.
He could also dismiss them whenever they failed to satisfy him11.
He granted rank, title, and pattas12or jagirs to the nobles and other jagirdars
who enjoyed the privilege of collecting revenue from the allotted area. He had also
the right of punishing the officials and restrained the post or jagir, if he had chosen to
do so. He was the source of all administrative authority. Every department of the
state depended upon the ruler for its expenditure13.
4 The title of Maharaja was bestowed to Jaswant Singh, ruler of Marwar, by Mughal Empire
Aurangzeb. Shah Nawaz khan, Maasir – ul-Umra, ed. by Abdur Rahim , Vol. III, Calcutta, 1888, p. 600.
5 The title of Raj Rajeshwar was first bestowed to Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar by Muhammad Shah. Marwar Ke Jagirdaron Ka Vivran, Granth No. 8190, p.193, Rajasthani Sodh Sansthan Chopasani, Jodhpur.
6 Padshah is a lord or a king who is so powerful that he cannot be ousted by anyone. Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi , The Administration of the Mughul Empire, Delhi, 1973, p. 40.
7 V.S. Bhargava , p. 172. 8 G.C. Sharma, Administrative System of the Rajputs, Delhi, 1979, pp. 6-7. 9 The term Farman was used for royal orders or rules. 10 The term seal was used for the stamp. 11 R. P. Khosla, Administrative Structure of the Great Mughals, Delhi, 1991, pp. 17 & 47. 12 The term Patta refers to the grant of land. 13 R.P. Khosla, op. cit.
45
Instead of being supreme authority of appeal in the state, he had some
limitations to his power; he could not ignore the traditions, customary and holy or
divine laws and public opinion. He had to follow all these in governing the state
administration14.
Besides him, the members of his family were known as Rajwis, like Rani15,
Maharani, Patrani16, Yuvaraj17, Kunwar18, Dhabhai19, Khawas Pasbans20 etc.
Normally took no part in the administration directly but their influence often prevailed
either through their consort – the ruler himself or through their officers. For example,
Pasban Gulab Rai had Maharaja Bijay Singh under her influence and interfered in
the state administration directly21. Shaymaldas referred her as the Nurjahan of
Jodhpur22.
In the absence of ruler, these rajwis kept an eye on state affairs and hold up the state
with the help of the nobles and the ministers of the state, although they had nothing to
do with the day to day administration of the state23.
II. The Nobles and Sardars or Thakurs :
There were some clans or families which enjoyed highest respect and honor
and wielded great influence and authority in the affairs of revenue collection or the
governance of the state i.e. known as sardars or thakurs in Marwar24 just like the
Amirs or Ulamas of the Mughal emperors25 . The nobles were a necessary and a usual
14 G.H. Ojha, Jodhpur Rajya ka Itihas, Vol. II, Ajmer, 1941, pp. 707-09 & 726-41. 15 Rani was the wife of the king or ruler. 16 Patrani was the chief queen of the ruler. R.P. Kathuria, Life in the Courts of Rajasthan, Delhi,
1987, p. 317. 17 The term Yuvaraj was used for heir apparent or the crown prince. 18 The term Kunwar was used for the son of the ruler. 19 The term Dhabhai designated as Koka of the Mughals, was used for foster brother. Shamun Ahmad
,Mughal Heram , Delhi , 2011, p.81 20 Khawas Pasbans were the personal attendants, concubines or co- wives of the ruler. R.P. Kathuria,
p. 318. 21 R.P. Kathuria , pp.122-123. 22 Shaymaldas, Vir Vinod, Part II, p. 856. 23 G. H. Ojha, Rajputana ka Itihas, Vol. II, pp. 920-62. 24 R.P.Kathuia, p.77. 25 R.P.Khosla, p.11.
46
part of the administrative machinery in a state. At the time of his accession the new
ruler was certainly dependent on the support of the nobles.
The nobles of Marwar were hereditary26 land lords hence the ruler had no
choice in their selection. The only thing which he could do was to repose his
confidence in a few nobles of his liking and ignore the other clans.
The nobles formed the backbone of the defense system of the state and it was
with their support and active participation that the ruler could exercise his power and
undertook military expedition against external invasion or internal disturbances.27
The nobility of Marwar played a leading role in deciding or changing the right
of succession. The opinion and will of the nobility was a decisive factor in this
respect and thrice they successfully installed the rulers28 of their choice who would
not have otherwise got the succession on the throne. Normally the crown was passed
on to the eldest son or the eldest surviving son. But sometimes a younger son, a
younger brother or a nephew could also succeed when the interests of the state so
demanded or the incumbent had the support of the principal Nobles or thakurs. Ram
Singh (AD.1749-1752) the only son of Abhai Singh succeeded him but due to his
misbehavior with nobles and extending his patronage to people of low origin, he lost
to his uncle Bakhat Singh (AD. 1751-52)29. Hence, it is clear that in the state of
Marwar nomination by the dying ruler was not enough to decide the issue of
succession, rather the support of the principal nobles was essential.
The nobility formed an essential part in the state administration. Whenever the
ruler was out of the state capital, it was the duty of principal nobles to look after the
royal zenana30 and take care of the administration of the capital city31. The majority of
26 Thakur of Pokaran , Bagri , Mudiyar, Auwa, Aasopa etc. were enjoyed hereditary privileges. 27 Zabar singh, The East India Company and Marwar (1803- 1857), Jaipur, 1973, p. 178. 28 R.P. Kathuria, p. 43. 29 Shayamal Das, Vir Vinod, Part- II, p. 849. 30 The term zenana was used for the ladies of the ruling house. 31 The thakur of Pokran presided over the war council, in the absence of the Maharaja Bijay Singh in
A.D.1754.
47
the nobility of Marwar originated from amongst the twenty four sons32 of Rao Rinmal
and seventeen sons of Jodha33.
On the basis of privileges enjoyed by the nobles, sardars and thakurs in
Marwar could be grouped into four categories34. The first category of noble was
known as the sirayat35 designated equal to Mirza36 of Mughal Empire. They were all
Rathors and were regarded as superior to the rest.
During the period under study, the first nobles or sirayats of Marwar were
Champawats37of Pokaran38 and Auwa,39 Kumpawats40 of Aasop,41 Jodhas of
Kherwa42 and Bhadrajan,43 Mertias44 of Rian45 and Alaneawas46 and Udawats47 of
Raipur,48 Nimaj49 or Ras50.
32 R.P.Kathuria, p .88. 33 R .P. Vyas, Role of Nobility in Marwar, Jodhpur, 1969, p.4; V.N. Reu, Marwar ka Itihas, vol. I,
p. 105 34 G.S. Sharma, Marwar Ke Deshi Naresh , Vanaras ( Varansi ), 1942, p.29. 35 J.S. Gehlot, Marwar Rajya Ka Itihas , Jodhpur, 1991, p.248. 36 R.P. Khosla , p.230. 37 The successors of Rao Jodha’s brother Champa, were known as Champawat Rathor . J.S.Gehlot, p.
249. 38 Pokaran is situated 10 miles from Jodhpur in north-west direction. 39 Auwa is situated at pargana Sojhat in Jodhpur state, about 8 miles south east of Marwar Junction
Railway Station. 40 The successors of Rao Jodha’s brother Kumpa were known as Kumpawat Rathor. J.S. Gehlot,
op.cit., p. 249. 41 Aasop is situated 50 miles away of Jodhpur in North- East direction. 42 Kherwa is situated 50 miles from Jodhpur in South-East direction. 43 Bhadrajan is situated in Pargana Jalor, about 50 miles South of Jodhpur. 44 The successors of Rao Jodh’s son Duda were known as Mertia Rathor. 45 Rian is situated about 16 miles south- east of Merta . 46 Alanewas is situated 80 miles away from Jodhpur in east direction, and 20 miles South-East of
Merta. 47 The successors of Rao Jodha’s younger son Uda , were known as Udawat Rathor. 48 Raipur is situated in pargana Jaitaran of Marwar. 49 Nimaj is situated 60 miles away from Jodhpur in south-east direction. 50 Ras is situated 70 miles from Jodhpur in east direction.
48
The seats of nobles were fixed according to their categories, rank and honor in
the court. The ruler conferred honour to a jagirdar by allowing him to sit by his left or
right side51. The descendants of the brothers of Rao Jodha , occupied seats on the right
of the ruler while those who were seated on the left belonged to the descendants of
the younger sons of Rao Jodha52. The sirayats, who held the privilege of occupying
the first seats in any one or both the right or the left side of the ruler, were
considered the highest rank of first nobles of Marwar and enjoyed other higher53
privileges too i.e. known as Dohri54 Tazim55or Hath Ka Kurab56.
The second category of the nobles consisted of those who received the
honor of hath ka kurb from the ruler. The sardars of this category were the Rathors,
Ganayats57, members of other castes or officials. They also granted the honor of
Ekevri58 or Dohri Tazim according to their rank or grade.
The following table presents a list of second grade nobles of Marwar along with the
details of their jagir , pargana and clan during the period under study.
51 V.S. Bhati, Madhaykalin Rajasthan Mein Thikana vyavstha , Jodhpur, 2004, p. 54. 52 J.S.Gehlot, op.cit., p. 249. 53 The thakur of Bagri enjoyed an exceptional honour of putting the teeka on the forehead of a new
ruler with his own blood drawn from his thumb on the occasion of the coronation of the ruler of Marwar.
54 When the ruler stood up on the arrival as well as departure of the nobles or sardars, it was dohri tazim . V.N.Reu ,Marwar ka , part II, p. 632.
55 When the ruler rose in a formal court to receive a noble, the honor so accorded was called tazim. 56 When the ruler stood up on the arrival of a noble in the court and acknowledged the salutation by
placing his hand on the sardar’s shoulder and drew it back to his chest, it was called hath –ka –kurab. V.N.Reu, op.cit.
57 The Ganayats were the people of Non Rathor clans of those estates who had come in with the relation of Rathors by marriages such as Bhatis,- rulers of Jaisalmer, Hadas –rulers of kota& bundi, Sisodia- rulers of Udaipur, Kachhawahas - rulers of Jaipur state etc.
58 When the ruler rose only once on the arrival of a noble in a formal durbaror court, it was known an ekevri tazim.
49
Table -A59
List of Grade II Nobles of Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S.No. Thikana Jagir
Name of Pargana
Name of Clan
Name of Thakur or
Sardars
Year of Grants
1. Rohath Pali Champawat Shakti Singh A.D.1707 2. Jiliya Sambhar Mertia Samwat Singh
s/o Raghunath Singh
A.D.1727
3. Badvad Parbatsar Mertia Jalamsingh s/o Kesodasot
A.D.1730
4 Khejdali Jodhpur Champawat Surat Singh A.D.1732 5 Nava Didwana Mertia Jodhsingh s/o
Raghunath Singh A.D.1733
6 Mandvala Jalor Bala Jagat Singh A.D.1750 7. Sankhvay Nagaur Chahuwan Raj Singh ji A.D.1751 8. Beri badi Didwana Mertia Sapat Singh s/o
Aaidanot Biharidas
A.D.1756
9. Bhaisvada Jalor Champawat Aaidanot Biharidas
A.D.1760
10. Khokhra Sojat Jaitawat Ratan Singh A.D.1763 11. Ghanerav Desuri
Godwad Mertia Viram Devji s/o
Pratap Singh A.D.1772
12. Sanderav Bali Godwad
Ranawat Sawai Singh A.D.1774
13. Khivado Bali Godwad
Champawat Jagat Singh A.D.1779
14. Rohath Pali Champawat Shakti Singh A.D.1764
The third category of the nobles consisted of those to whom the honor of Bav-
Pasav60was given. According to this honor a sardar or thakur touched the hem of
ruler’s garment in the court, and then the ruler acknowledged the salutation by placing
his hand on the thakur’s shoulder only, not to hugging him. The sardars of this
category were too enjoying the honor of ekevri or dohri tazim61.
59 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia
Abhilekh , Bhandhank (Basta) No. 60, Granthank No. 21,22,23, and 24, RSA, Bikaner. 60 V.S. Bhati, Madhyakalin Rajasthan Mein, p. 63. 61 Ibid, pp.121-122.
50
The following table is providing the details of the sardars of Marwar who
granted the honor bav- pasav.
Table -B62
List of Grade III Sardars of Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S.No. Thikana
Jagir
Name of
Pargana
Name of
Clan
Name of Thakur or
Sardars
Year of
Grants
1. Mando Sojhat Kumpawat Sirdar Singh A.D.1730
2. Panchoto Sambhar Mertia Shiv Singh s/o
Goyandasot
A.D.1734
3. Sarvavdo Parbatsar Mertia Salam Singhji A.D.1750
4. Chandelav Bilada Kumpawat Chhatrsinghji A.D.1751
5. Lototi Jaitaran Jodha Shiv Singhji A.D.1751
6. Vikharniya Merta Mertia Bhomsingh s/o
Madhodas
A.D.1752
7. Bansa Didwana Mertia Rnjit singh s/o
Rughnath Singh
A.D.1757
8. Gajsinghpura Jodhpur Kumpawat Jagran Singhji A.D.1760
9. Bhadliyo Didwana Mertia Sarupsingh s/o
Goyandas
A.D.1764
10. Beda Bali Ranawat Biramdevji A.D.1770
11. Nano Bali Ranawat Padamsinghji A.D.1770
12. Busi Desuri Kumpawat Chhatrsingh A.D.1774
13. Alan Nagaur Muhnot Ramsingh A.D.1779
14. Keray Didwana Mertia Ridmalsingh A.D.1792
The fourth and last category of thakurs was those, who granted the honor of
ekevri tazim only. The following table shows the list of thakurs who enjoyed the
ekevri tazim.
62 The table is prepared on the basis of information given in Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh,
Basta No. 60, Granthank No. 21, 22, 23, and 24, RSA, Bikaner.
51
Table -C63
A list of Thakurs of Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S. No.
Thikana Jagir
Name of Pargana
Name of Clan
Name of Thakur or Sardar
Granted Year
1. Neebado Jaitaran Udawat Chain Singh A.D.1751 2. Pavo Bali
Godwad Jodha Biram Devji A.D.1774
3. Bijayal Merta Mertia Indra Singh s/o Madhodas
A.D.1783
Table – D
S. No.
Category of the Nobles or Thakurs
Compulsory Privileges
Additional Privileges
1. Sirayats or first grade nobles Seat in the court Hath ka kurab and Dohri Tazim
2. Second grade nobles Hath ka kurab Ekvari or Dohri Tazim 3. Third category nobles Bav –pasav ka kurab Ekvari or Dohri Tazim 4. Fourth category thakurs Only Ekvari Tazim Nothing
A perusal of above table indicates the classification of nobles based on the
compulsory and additional privileges.
The nobles used to perform mujra64(salutation) as a token of their gratitude on
the occasion of receiving the robes of honor from the ruler, which was known as
siropao65in Marwar like the khilats66of the Mughals i.e. from head to foot-a complete
dress. Siropao also carried a variety of things which was also considered as the marks
of honour viz a palanquin, an elephant, a horse, gold blanket to be worn in feet and
other so many things.
Robes of honour were generally, bestowed upon all those who came to pay
their homage to the ruler but the quality and the degree of siropao were determined by
63 The table is prepared on the basis of information given in Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh ,
Basta No. 60, Granthank No. 23, and 24, RSA, Bikaner. 64 Paatshahi Ri Khyat, Granth No. 16585, p. 55, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute , Jodhpur. 65 Siropao included three pieces of clothes viz Pagh (turban), Bago (long coat), and Potiyo (payjama).
James Tod, part I, p. 212 66 Khilat was a custom of bestowing the robe of honours by the Mughal Emperors. Paatshahi ri
Khyat ,Granth No. 16585, p. 54, RORI, Jodhpur.
52
the status and grade of the person to whom it was granted. There were approximately
thirty six types of robes of honour given to the noble or ministers in Marwar67. It was
given on various important occasions such as marriage in the royal family68, birth of
the heir apparent, rajtilak 69, a new conquest ,etc.
They were bestowed jagirs in lieu of their military70 or personal service71 to
the state. Their jagirs were known as thikana jagirs72 due to their residence. To get
more or better jagirs they made efforts to please the ruler and tried to keep him in
good humor because the ruler being a supreme power in the state, could confiscated73
the jagirs and imposed a fine over the thakurs or sardars.
In day to day administration they were practically the ruler of their territory.
They were completely responsible for the safety of life and property within their
jagirs and the state too. So they were expected to look into the administration
personally, to take all possible measures to improve to revenue of the jagir, and to
promote the welfare of the people. In this way they formed the channel of relations
between the state and the thikanas
The nobles or sardars, generally were known for their political wisdom and
administrative ability i.e. shown and proved time to time by them. So the ruler held a
conference of the sardars or thakurs for consultation on all important matter
concerning the state and especially on an occasion of war.
The importance of nobles or nobility in the state administration could be
proved by this, that there was a custom of declaring state mourning over the death of
67 Vandra Sarvatsai – Mughal Badshaho ke Rajyakal ki Ghatnaie , Granth No. 16459, p.6, Rajasthan
Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur. 68 Bhandari Kheevsi, Pradhan of Marwar , received an honour of siropav, sirpech, kinlangi, an
Elephant etc. on the occasion of marriage of Maharaja Ajit Singh’s daughter, Indra Kunwar with the Mughal Emperor Farukhsiyar in September, 1715. Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, Granth No. 8190, p.189, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur.
69 Rajtilak was an installation ceremony of a ruler. 70 Bhadsiyo of Pargana Parbatsar was granted to Kilayan Das Rathor for his bravery support in sebar
war in A.D. 1708. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 31, Granthank No. 20, p.243, RSA, Bikaner.
71 Ibid. Saikhpura of pargana Merta was granted to mithari thakur for his loyal services in A.D.1708. 72 It was a capital town or village where they kept their families. 73 The village Govan of Pargana Merta was confiscated from Chandavat Manmali Das, son of
Bhojraj in A.D.1723. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 31, Granth No. 19, p. 242, RSA, Bikaner.
53
a sardar or thakur in the state of Marwar and as a mark of honour and respect , the
beating of the drum remained suspended twice out of the four times . On the death of
Bhagwan Das, the Principal thakur of Marwar in A.D. 1715, the nabaut74 remained
suspended twice of the day75.
III. The Council of Ministers and the Muttsadis or the Officer’s Class:
Though the nobility formed a strong position in the state yet the civilian or
non-warrior classes wielded a great influence in the state administration, which were
known as the ministers of council, and the muttsadis or officer’s class. The ruler was
helped in his day to day administration by this council of ministers, muttsadis or
ohadedars who carried out the decisions of ruler’s council into an action. The council
of ministers was a formal or advisory body, where the various officials met for they
took part in the revenue administration of the state, as well as in the specialized work
of their respective departments76.
Muttsadis were a very faithful and loyal class of state officers who never
betrayed the trust of their masters even at the cost of their lives. They formed the
efficient bureaucracy of the state because an efficient and good administration needed
efficient and good officers77.
The rulers of Marwar had employed these muttsadis not only to fulfill the
administrative purposes but also to keep watch (an eye) on the rebel activities of the
thakurs or sardars, because throughout the 18th century most of the nobles of Marwar
remained refractory. In addition to this, the muttsadis held the balance between the
selfish motives of the nobles and the interests of the state and the ruler and played a
prominent role in the state administration78.
74 The term nabaut was used for drum. 75 Mudiyad ri Khyat, ed. by Vikram Singh Bhati, Jalor (Rajasthan), 2005, p. 181; Jodhpur Hakikat
Bahi No. 2, V.S. 1831- 1834/ A.D. 1774-77, p. 7, RSA, Bikaner 76 R.P. Khosla, pp.13 & 28. 77 V.S. Bhati, Madhyakalin Rajasthan mein, p. 123. 78 G.S.L. Devra, Rajasthan ki Prashashnik vyavastha (1574-1818), Bikaner, 1981, pp. 97-102.
54
These ministers or officers generally were granted the honors79, privileges80
and jagirs81 during the tenure of their office or service. With the confiscation of the
service, all types of privileges were automatically stopped.
Being the largest state of Rajasthan, there were a number of officers near
about ninety one82 who were responsible for the collection of revenue and for the
administration of the state. There were eighty nine officers in number at the end of
seventeenth century83 in Marwar. The whole administration was broadly divided in
two parts i.e. central and provincial or local level for giving a smooth functioning. So
these ministers or officers were also classified in two broad categories according to
their work i.e. the central level and the provincial or local level officials.
The role along with the functions & duties of central level officials’ of
Marwar state in the state administration has been discussed in the following pages.
1. The Pradhan :
The Pradhan was the prime minister84 and considered as the deputy to the
ruler in the state. He was the premier and foremost in rank, as the literally meaning of
his designation “Pradhan”, consists of two words i.e. Pra +Dhayan that means the
foremost.
He supervised the provincial offices and officials, being the main executive
officer on behalf of the state- ruler and performed military and police functions too.
He was the fountain head of the all powers to be exercised in the administration of the
state, so he was considered as equal as the wazir of Mughal Emperor85. He also
watched the movements of the officers who deputed on important posts of the state to
see that whether they performed their duties sincerely and honestly or not.
79 The title of Rao, Raja, or Maharao generally were conferred to the ministers or officers with the
honour of tazim or kurab. 80 Some higher level officers or ministers were enjoyed the privilege of a seat in the royal court. 81 The ministers or officers class got jagirs in payment of their salaries. 82 Vandra Sarvatsai - Mughal Badshaho ke Rajyakal ki Ghatnaie ,Granth No.16459, p.7,RORI,
Jodhpur. 83 Marwar ra Pragana ri Vigat, part I, pp. 482-83. 84 H. H. Wilson, p. 422. 85 R. K. Saxena, Mughal Shasan Pranali, Jaipur, 1997, p. 31.
55
He played an important role in selecting the succession of the ruling power.
His opinion and will was a decisive factor in this respect and he often got success in
changing the rulers of the state according to his choice86.
He was entitled to introduce new administrative and revenue rules and
regulations for the safety87 and welfare of the state. He ruled the state in the absence
of the ruler with his sagacity and loyalty88 , as he enjoyed the confidence of the ruler
and his advice carried so much weight that even the royal princes, when they wanted
royal favor approached the pradhan to get their case recommended to the ruler. He
was granted a jagir89 in lieu of his services and bestowed honor of siropav90 or title of
Rao91. This honor might have enhanced his prestige among others ohadedars.
Throughout eighteenth century, the champawat rathors of Pokran were
enjoyed the dignity of pradhan in Marwar and given the right to attest by their
signatures all grants of villages made by the ruler92. These were the sirayats or first
noble of Marwar.
The pradhans of champawat rathors played a very important role in conquering
Marwar from the imperial power and instrumental to keep it under the control of their
rulers of rathore clan93.
In other words, the pradhans of Marwar were mostly first rank nobles who
played a significant role in recapturing of Marwar from the imperial power. Hence the
post of pradhan was basically considered a military officer, who took care of the
armory and ensured that enough stock of match-locks and amours was available.
Sometimes a pradhan was given the responsibilities of another post e.g.
Bhandari Vithal Das, son of Bhagawan Das who was appointed as pradhan , was
86 R.P. Kathuria, p.79. 87 Sawai Singh played an important role in defeating Marathas from Ajmer in A.D.1787. 88 Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat , part I, p. 101. 89 Mukun Das Champawat was given the patta of Pali on appointing as the pradhan of Marwar on
August, 1708. 90 The Pradhan were bestowed kada, moti, palki, and horses in Siropav. 91 Bhandari Vitthal Das was given the title of Rao on appointing as the pradhan of Marwar in
A.D.1711. 92 G.R. Parihar, Marwar and The Marathas, Jaipur , 1965, pp. 285-86. 93 Pradhan Champawat Bhagwan Das played an important role in negotiating the terms of peace with
Sayyid Hussain Ali, the imperial commander. V.S. Bhargva , p.155.
56
also given the responsibility of diwan in A.D.170794.There were only three pradhan
who did not belong to rathor clan95.
The seal and signature of pradhan was essential for the validation and
authentication of all official orders and documents. He was responsible to submit all
the papers to the ruler and put his stamp on the paper after taking the consent of the
ruler96.
If the pradhan or any other state official or minister, who failed to ensure a
satisfactory performance or tried to conspire against the ruler, he was punished and
immediately dismissed from his post and imprisoned and sometime awarded capital
punishment.
2. The Diwan :
After the Pradhan, the officer of second rank was diwan. The Diwan was
considered an important officer in the administrative system of Marwar state. The
term Diwan was derived from a Persian word Dabir which means writer. Diwan was
an officer or minister who was responsible to maintain the records of revenue and
finance. Therefore He was a minister in charge of state finance, jagir assignment and
revenue collection of the state97. His functions were similar to that of the Diwan- i-
Aala of the Mughals98.
Diwan, as the head of the rathor administration, supervised the multifarious
affairs of the state. He had to perform military duties besides civil whenever
required99 to do so. Sometimes he was appointed on the both of the post of the diwan
or the pradhan100 .
In the state of Marwar , there existed two types of diwans i.e. diwan or desh
diwan , and tan diwan. When a Diwan used to go with the rulers out of state and 94 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, Granth No. 8190, p.6; Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No. 13502,
RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 95 See Table No. 2.1. 96 G.C. Sharma, Administrative System of the Rajputs, Delhi, 1979, p.17. 97 H. H. Wilson, p. 144. 98 R. K. Saxena, Mughal Shasan Pranali, p. 34. 99 Muhnot Suratram fought bravely against the Marathas at Maroth war near Jodhpur in A.D. 1765 and
turns them from Marwar. Maharaja Bijay Singh Khyat, ed. by. Brajesh Kumar Singh , RORI, Jodhpur, 1997, p. 70.
100 Bhandari Vitthaldas was appointed on the both of the post a diwan and pradhan in A.D. 1707.
57
assisted him in conducting the warlike affairs, he was designated as tan diwan while a
diwan or desh diwan was who administered the state’s matters living inside the state.
He could be considered as the minister of civil duties who discharged the civil
duties101.
The post of Tan Diwan was created by Maharaja Jaswant Singh102. As
Rathors rulers were the Mansabdars of the Mughals and they had to remain in
imperial court or battlefield to serve the supreme power. After the death of Jaswant
Singh, his son Maharaja Ajit Singh appointed Bhandari Maidas son of Devraj as tan
diwan in A.D.1709. 103
Tan Diwan was the overall in charge of the army equipment and supply. The
commanders of military stores had to serve under him and supplied the necessary war
material required at the time of actual fight under his instructions.
Besides, he had to perform some other duties such as he tried to make
harmonious relation between Mughal Empire and the state ruler, had to keep a watch
on the other officials and acquainted the ruler with their activities and performed all
the responsibilities of diwan in his absence104. E.g. Bhandari Kheevsi played an
important role as tan diwan in conquering Sambhar105 and disclosed the conspiracy of
Pradhan Vitthal Das against the ruler in A.D. 1710106. He was also instrumental to
develop cordial relation between the ruler and Mughal Empire107.
Like his father, Amarsingh Bhandari son of Bhandari Kheevsi also got the
state favor against the Maratha power in performing the duties of tan diwan108. He got
the honour of Faujdari of Sambhar to the Maharaja Abhay Singh. So Maharaja
honored him with the title of Raya Rao109
101 Marwar ra Pargana ri vigat, part I, p.132. 102 Hukum Singh Bhati , Marwar ke Ohadedaron ka Itihas Me Yogdan, Jodhpur, 2013, p. 43. 103 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, Granth No. 8190, p. 8, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 104 Marwar ra pargana ri vigat, Part I, p.156; Jodhpur Rajya ki Khyat, p.237, Shri NSS, Sitamau. 105 Sambhar was the main Pargana of Marwar situated on the border of Jodhpur- Jaipur State, and
famous for salt lakes. 106 Rajputon ki Vigat, Granth No. 13502, p.8, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 107 Rathor ra ri Khyat , ed. by Hukum Singh Bhati , Jodhpur 2007, p. 402. 108 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran , Granth No. 8190, p.194. 109 Rathor ro ki Khyat, ed. by J.K.Bansal, RORI, Jodhpur, 1999, p. 29.
58
Diwan or Desh Diwan:
Being the head of almost all the departments of the state performed the duties
attached to high offices. He assisted the ruler on all the important matters of the state,
especially the management of the state finance. Though, he had the exclusive
privilege of advising the ruler on almost all the important matters concerning the state.
Generally the ruler was the highest authority of making appointments for the high and
important posts in the state, but in practice it was depended on the advice and
recommendation of Diwan. He enjoyed the authority of appointing provincial or local
level official110like faujdars,111kotwal,112 amils,113amins,114patwari etc
He issued sanads115or parwanas granting jagir or pattas to rajput and non-
rajput sardars in lieu of their services. He also looked after the administration of jagir
or parganas of the state. Diwan dealt with all the revenue matters such as fixing the
amount or quantity of land revenue and other cesses for the parganas. He could grant
exemption in taxes116.
He was empowered to hear complaints against the officials, jagirdars and
ijaradars117. All the officials had to discharge their duties in accordance with the
orders of the diwans, who kept a constant watch over the activities of state officials118.
He issued orders to the lower officials for compliance from time to time119. He
obtained the orders from the ruler and circulated them through his office120. Requests
of the people were laid before the ruler through him.
110 V. S. Bhargava, p. 174. 111 Faujdar was an officer of Pargana army. H.H. Wilson, p. 158 112 Kotwal was the police officer of a qasba or town. 113 Amils were revenue collector. H. H. Wilson, p. 23. 114 Amins were revenue assessor. H.H. Wilson, p. 23. 115 Sanads were the papers of royal orders in which the important rules & regulations such as the
duties, the privileges, the honor of jagirdars, their status, their liabilities, the power granted to them and the exemptions Allowed to them were mentioned in details.
116 G.S.L. Devra, p.110. 117 Ijaradar was a person who was collected revenue on contract. H.H. Wilson, p. 214. 118 Jodhpur sand parwana Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, pp. 129-130, RSA, Bikaner. 119 G.C.Sharma, p. 16. 120 Ibid.
59
Every kind of financial transaction such as payments to jagirdars, state
officials and the price of commodities purchased for royal use, was done under his
orders121. Moreover at the time of emergency he was expected to give his full support
to the ruler122.
He had the privilege of putting his seal and signature on every official paper
even of the parwanas to make them valid and authentic. The parwana was copied in a
bahi123 after getting it stamped with the seal of the ruler and it was again stamped with
the seal of the diwan124.
At the time of appointment, diwans were bestowed robe of honor125 including
title, elephant, palakhi, kada, moti, jadau katari, baithan ro kurub, motiyo ri kanthi,
sirpech, uthain ro kurab etc. To give all these articles to all, was not compulsory. It
was given according to the status and social prestige (hierarchy) of the officers. But
the seal in his name and a duptta126 i.e known as diwani duptta were the compulsory
to be bestowed on all the diwans. In returns the diwans and other ministers were
supposed to make nazar or peshkash127. There were lots of incident to offer peshkash
such as – Bhandari Vitthal Das was appointed diwan against an amount of Rs. 2, 50,
000, given as peshkash in 1708128.
121 Jodhpur Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, pp. 42 & 89. 122 Bhandari Dolatram & Suratram helped Maharaja Ramsingh with a financial assistance of Rs.
160,000 at the Time of army crises in A.D.1749. Rathor ra ri Khyat , ed. by J.K.Bansal, p. 73. 123 Bahi is the rolled-register which is bound in leather or cloth with a long string to tie double roll
formed by the Body of the Bahis. 124 G.D.Sharma , p.110. 125 A. Diwan Muhnot Sawairam , son of Suratram , was given the village of Kakelav, having a rekh
of 2000, taffa Haveli of pargana Jodhpur in March 1773 on the selection of as the diwan of Marwar State . Marwar ke Thikano ki Aay Evam Patte , Granth No. 37553, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur.
B. Ibid. Diwan Bhandari Shivchand , son of Sobhachand Pomsi , was assigned two village of taffa Haveli of pargana Jodhpur i.e. Devkikhedo ( 4750) and Kakelav ( 2500) on December 1995.
C. Ibid . Diwan Muhnot Sirdarmal , son of Sawairam was honored a village of Kakelav , having a rekh of 2500 in A.D. 1800.
126 The term duptta was used for a scarf. 127 Nazar or peshkash was a present or a ceremonial offering to the ruler, made in cash. 128 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivarn , Granth No. 8190, p.6, RSS , Chopasani, Jodhpur.
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Singhavi Bakhatawar Mal paid an amount of Rs. 20, 000 in peshkashi for
granting an honor of Diwan in A.D. 1709129.
Bhandari Rughnath son of Raichandot was made diwan against a huge amount
of Rs.8, 00000 as peshkash in A.D. 1710130.
Bhandari Amarsingh son of Bhandari Kheevsi, paid Rs.8, 00,000 on his
appointment as the diwan of Marwar in A.D.1742131.
In Marwar, the officials were paid peshkashi not only on appointment but also
on conducting any mischief or unfaithful activities too.
When the officers or offices were found indulged in corrupt practices and
conspiracy against the rulers, they were caught and imprisoned and released only after
the payment of a huge amount of peshkash as the punishment not reward.
Such types of financial penalties were imposed for stopping their corrupt
practices. When Bhandari Vitthal Das was imprisoned for eight months due to
conduct a conspiracy against the state, he paid Rs. 640000 for getting himself
released132.
If the diwans were not involved in a conspiracy but they were not fulfilling
their duty sincerely and not paying their whole attention to their duties, they were
removed from their office and imprisoned133.
No fix rule or regulation was existed for the appointment and duration period
of the service of the diwan. Some had served as a diwan only for few months134 while
others were in office only for two or three years continuously135. Sometime even a
129 Ibid, p. 7. 130 Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No. 13502, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 131 Ibid. 132 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran , Granth No. 8190, p. 7. RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur. 133 Diwan Pancholi was imprisoned in 1742, for being unaware about a conspiracy against Maharaja
Abhay Singh. 134 Bhandari Sirdar, son of Devraj and Muhnot Seerdarmal son of Sawairam, Navalraj, and
Gyanchandra have worked only for five months. 135 Bhandari Kheevsi and his son Bhandari Amarsingh has served the state as diwan more than three
years continually.
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man was appointed diwan, than one tenure 136 and they were shifted from one to the
other duties or posts137 too. This was depended only on ruler’s pleasure.
In Marwar, oswals consisting of bhandari, muhtas, and singhvis, were
enjoying a monopoly of the officers of diwan all through the period under study. The
kayathas or pancholi were also enjoyed and hold up second position in the
administration138.
The post of Diwan was remained khalsa139 in many times throughout the
period from A.D.1761-62, 1780-90, 1797-98, and in 1800. During the khalsa, the
charge of diwanship was given to someone but not the post. In A.D. 1780-90 Kheechi
Gordhan was given only the charge of the office of diwanas not appointed regular
Diwan. In A.D. 1800 Singhavi Jodhraj was given the charge of diwan.
The office of diwan was known as shree huzur ra daftar. There were some
assistants who assisted diwan in performing his work, such as the chowkinavis140, the
navisando141, and the tabindar142. In A.D.1764, Thanvi Simbhu was appointed as
chokinavis and Bhaj Sarup was as navinsado during the tenure of Bhandari Suratram
as diwan .143
3. The Bakhshi :
In the administration of Marwar state another important official of high rank
was the bakhshi, who came next to the diwan in official hiracrary in Rathor State
Marwar. Bakhshi was derived from a Persian word of Bukhshee144, which literally
means the head of army or paymaster of the forces.
136 Bhandari Kheevsi , Bhandari Raghunath, Bhandari Maidas, Muhnot Gokuldas, Pancholi
Lalkaran, Singhavi Fatehchandra, and Bhandari Shivchandra were appointed as diwan two or three times at intervals of years.
137 Bhandari Kheevsi who was appointed as tan diwan before making the diwan of Marwar . 138 See Table No. 2.2. 139 It means, controlled directly by the state. 140 An employee of chowki, a station of custom or police. 141 The term navisdando was used for accounts clerks. 142 The term tabindar was used for the trooper. 143 Jodhpur Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.58, RSA , Bikaner . 144 H.H.Wilson, p. 50.
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Originally the Bakhshi was the head of the military administration. The
functions of the Bakhshi of Marwar resembled to that of the Mir-Bakhshi of the
Mughals145.
Being the chief officer of the army, he maintained the state military or force.
He was responsible for the training of the soldiers146, maintaining the expenses147 of
the army, and was supposed to use all skills & tractates148 in defeating the enemies.
In the battle of Tunga, Bakhshi Bhivraj used the cunning tricks expecting the
fighting in battlefield. He hired some people for stopping the supplies to Marathas,
such as food grains and other daily necessary articles so that the Marathas got ruined
due to lack of foods. He also declared rewards to the people by giving money, if they
got success in capturing or looting the Marathas commodities. Stopping the supplies
or other provisions completely disrupted the supply- line of the Marathas force.
Though Bakshshi was not expected to act only as the chief commander of the
state forces or led them in battle, he was in charge of that fraction of the army, which
was composed of jagirdar’s quota and as such was the chief representative of the
sardars. Hence he was well acquainted with the family background of all the sardars
and the pattas they held149.
All orders related to the assignment of the pattas along with the rekh150 or
chakri151 to the jagirdars152were recommended by him. It was he, who appointed
armed soldiers in the parganas wherever felt necessary153.
Besides these military duties, he had to perform some civil duties too such as
he acted as an enquiry officer to see that the parwanas were not stamped by a forged
145 R. K. Saxena , The Army of the Rajputs, Udaipur, 1989, p.119 146 Bakhshi Bhivraj was given the responsibilities of training. Jitendra Singh Bhati, Rajasthan ki
Prashasnik Vyavstha, Jodhpur, 2011, p. 80. 147 Bakhshi Bhivraj made a demand of large amount from the ruler of Bikaner for maintaining the
expenses of the army. 148 Hukam Singh Bhati, Marwar ke Ohadedaron, pp. 62-63. 149 R. K. Saxena, The Army of the Rajputs, p. 120 150 Rekh was the estimated annual income of the village. Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, part I, p. 581. 151 The term chakri was used for obligation or service. 152 Bakhshi Pancholi Ramkaran assigned the pattas to the Kumpawat Rathors of Bilada in A.D.1762. 153 Bakhshi Bhivraj arranged a force in pargana Merta for the security of Maratha’s attack in A.D.
1787.
63
seal and kept the ruler acquainted with the consolidated report of news sent by the
pargana’s officers154 . He submitted information regarding these to diwan and he was
too responsible for checking the fraudulent practices in the army155.
He was supposed to make arrangements for administering the wining territory
or areas156and for the disbursement of salary to the contingents placed at various
parganas as well.
On the basis of the power and abilities of performing the civil deeds, Bakhshis
were often shifted from army to civil duties157. Shinghavi Sivchandra son of
Shobhachandra was bakhshi in A.D. 1794, and became diwan in A.D. 1793, and again
diwan in A.D. 1798158.
The appointments to the high offices of the state, such as hakim,159amin,
kotwal etc. were moved through the bakhshi. He was responsible for checking and
passing the salary bills of all the officials too and also was paid by his orders160.
There were some Bakhshis who on the basis of their proven ability were
retained for only army purposes e. g. Pancholi Ram Karan was remained bakhshi
throughout their career161 .
There was also an arrangement of officiating of bakhshi. It means that
sometimes a man, who was not formally appointed as the bakhshi but responsible for
performing the duties of a bakhshi Such as Pancholi Balkishan performed the duties
of bakhshi in place of Bakhshi Pancholi Ramkaran in A.D.1730. Similarly, Singhavi
Indraraj had paid the duties of bakhshi in place of Bakhshi Meghraj in A.D.1800. It
154 Paatshahi ri Khayat, Granth No. 16585, p. 26,RORI, Jodhpur. 155 R. K. Saxena, The Army of , p. 121. 156 After capturing the territory of Desuri- Godwad and Jaloe, Bakhshi Akhairaj Administered the area
smoothly and realized the land revenue too. 157 Muhnot Suratram, son of Bhagwandas was Bakhshi in A.D. 1751 and became diwan in A.D.
1763. 158 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1765- 1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, p. 5 &13, Rajasthan State
Archives, Bikaner. 159 Hakim of Jalor and Sojhat were appointed by Bakhshi Pancholi Ramkaran in A.D.1762. Rathora ri
Khayat , part II, Granth No.40211, RORI, Jodhpur. 160 G. C. Sharma, pp. 18-20. 161 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941, pp. 13 & 45. RSA, Bikaner.
64
seems that the people of Pancholis and Shinghavis continued to hold up the post of
bakhshi throughout the century162 in the state.
The Bakhshis were rewarded,163dismissed or removed164from their post and
ceased165 and fined166 with huge amounts according to their performance in fulfilling
the duties as a bakhshi. An office of the bakhshi was being maintained in the capital
city of the state, where some employees167 were appointed to maintain the office i. e.
Four tabindars, a faras,168a nai,169 a chobdar,170 a charbadar,171 and a nakibnasu.172
4. Pyad Bakhshi :
Besides Bakhshi, an office of Pyad Bakhshi was also existed in Marwar State.
The post of Piyad Bakhshi was created in the reign of Maharaja Bakhat singh in A.D.
1751.
Literally the term Pyad Bakhshi is made of two words, pyad, and bakhshi.
Pyad means paidala or an infantryman while bakhshi was an army officer. But in true
sense pyad bakhshi was an incharge to maintain peace and security or work and salary
of non army officials or civil officers173.
Pyad Bakhshi was appointed for such parganas or areas which were the main
target to Maratha raids. Marathas invasions took places frequently in Marwar in the
mid of eighteenth century. So a need arose to appoint an officer besides a regular
162 See Table No. 2.3. 163 Pancholi Harkisan was awarded with a siropav of fifty rupees for performed the main role in
capturing sambhar from the Marathas in A.D. 1708. 164 Singhavi Bhivraj was removed from the post in A.D.1773 due to unsatisfactory performance as a
Bakhshi . 165 Bakhshi Pancholi Balkisan was imprisoned in A.D. 1737 due to involving in a conspiracy against
the ruler. 166 Muhnot Suratram was fined with an amount of Rs. 70, 000 in A.D. 1755, and Singhavi Akhairaj
was Rs. 60, 000 for being unsuccessful in capturing Jalor in A.D. 1797. 167 Jodhpur Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 107, RSA, Bikaner. 168 The term faras was used for tent maker. 169 The term nai was used for barber. 170 The term chobdar was used for guard. 171 The term charbadar was used for a man who looks after the horses. Rajasthani Shabdavali
Sangrah, Ajmer, 2010, p. 17. 172 The term nakibnasu was used for macebearer. Sukhveer Singh Gehlot (Ed.), Jodhpur ka
Sanskritik Vaibhav, Jodhpur, 1997, p. 181. 173 G. R. Parihar, p. 288
65
officer who was responsible for the safety and security of the state from the Marathas
invasions. Generally He gave employment to the non – army class, observed their
work, maintained the records, and distributes salaries according their work or
service174.
He also played an important role in concluding the compromise or treaties175.
Sometimes he was found issuing orders of revenue realization and exemptions in the
parganas. People of all castes got appointment as a bakhshi in Marwar. Occupying
the post of Pyad Bakhshi by any special community was not mentioned in the
source176.
5. Subahdar :
Originally the term subahdar means the governor of a province or a larger
subdivision or a government177. In Marwar, the post of subahdar was created by
Maharaja Ajit Singh after the possession of Jodhpur on 8th March, A.D. 1707, and
declared it a semi- independent suba. Earlier Jodhpur was consificated to khalsa by
Aurangzeb in 1679178.
So the post of subahdar of Jodhpur was equal to Suba -i- Sahib or Sipahsalar
of the Mughals in designation179. He supervised both the internal and the external
affairs of the state. He used to make the necessary arrangements for running the
administration and fulfilling the royal orders sincerely.
He played an important role in fixing or arranging a treaty or compromise for
the safety and security of the suba or the state. As it is proved from the case of
Bhandari Raghunath acted admirably to set out the disputes among the nobles of
Marwar near Merta180.The table (i.e. table no. 2.5) clearly indicates that the
Bhandaries hold up possession over the post of subahdar.
174 Hukum Singh Bhati, Marwar ke Ohadedaron, p. 132. 175 Thanvi Shimbhu Ram played an important role in fixing the treaty between Mewar and Marwar in
taking passion at the region of Godwad. 176 See Table No. 2.4. 177 H.H. Wilson, p. 491. 178 Rathoran ri Khyat, Part II, Granth No. 40211, pp. 361-63, RORI, Jodhpur. 179 R. K. Saxena, Mughal Shasan , p. 57. 180 Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, Granth No.8190, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur.
66
6. Kiledar :
Kiledar was the in charge or commandant of the forts181. He was also
responsible to look after the fort’s upkeep and necessary management and had to
maintain an account of entire stocks of the fort182.
He was given siropav183 and patta184 at the time of appointment as a kiledar.
And he was removed and punished for any faithless task or deeds. For example,
Maharaja Bakhat Singh punished kiledar Bhati Sujan singh by giving a black
siropav and a black horse and removed from his service. Bhati Sujan Singh died very
soon due to such a great insult185.
There was a post of Killa’s musharraf also, who assisted the Kiledar and
maintained the account of the fort. In other words musharraf was an accountant who
kept accounts and documents. Generally the Kiledars of Jodhpur were Rathor or non
Rathor Rajputs, while the kayasthas186 got possession over the post of accountant of
the fort.
181 H.H.wilson, p. 289. 182 Brij Mohan Jawalia, Socio-Economic Conditions in Rajasthan, Jodhpur, 2002, pp. 179-80. 183 Maharaja Ajitsingh gave a siropav of kiledar to Haridas Uhad of Jodhpur in A.D. 1707. 184 Kiledar Bhati Sujansingh was granted a patta of thikana lavera in A.D. 1750. 185 Marwar ri Khyat , ed by Hukam Singh Bhati, Jodhpur, 2000, p. 29. 186 The Kayasthas were important officers class who increased overwhelmingly in all administrative
Post in Marwar by virtue of their knowledge of Persian and efficiency in practical state-craft.
67
Table – 2.1187
List of Pradhans of Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Pradhans ( Prime Minister) Year of Appointment
1. Chapawat Mukundas , son of Sujan Singh A.D. 1708
2. Bhandari Bittaldas ,son of Narsinghdas A.D. 1709
3. Chapawat Bhagwandas , son of Jogidas A.D.1713
4. Bhandari Kheevsi A.D. 1713
5. Amarsingh Kheevsi A.D. 1724
6. Chapawat Mahasingh ,son of Bhagwandas A.D. 1728
7. Chapawat Bhabutsingh ,son of Salamsingh A.D. 1740
8. Chapawat Devising ,son of Mahasingh A.D. 1749
9. Chapawat Sawantsingh ,son of Devisingh A.D. 1781
10. Chapawat Sawaisingh ,son of Sabalsingh A.D. 1797
187 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Ohda Bahis , No. 1
and 2 , V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708- 1884, and V.S. 1820-1900/ A.D. 1763- 1843, RSA, Bikaner.
68
Table -2.2188
List of Diwans of Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Diwans ( Finance Ministers) Appointment Year
1. Bhandari Vitthal Das A.D.1707 2. Shinghavi Bakhatmal , son of Takhat Mal A.D.1708 3. Bhandari Kheevsi Rasavat A.D.1709 4. Bhandari Raghunath A.D.1710 5. Bhandari Kheevsi A.D.1710 6. Bhandari Raghunath and Bhandari Amar Singh A.D.1711 7. Bhandari Maidas A.D.1712 8. Bhandari Sirdar , son of Devraj A.D.1712 9. Bhandari Kheevsi A.D.1713 10. Bhandari Rughnath A.D.1714 11. Bhandari Maidas Lunawat and Muta Gokaldas
Samdaria A.D.1714
12. Bhandari Raghunath A.D.1715 13. Bhandari Kheevsi A.D.1716 14. Pancholi Ramkisan Balkisan A.D.1724 15. Pancholi Lalkaran A.D.1724 16. Muhanot Gokuldas Samdaria and Muta Amardas A.D.1724 17. Bhandari Rughnath A.D.1725 18. Amarsingh Singh Kheevsi A.D.1728 19 Pancholi Lalkarn A.D.1731 20. Singhavi Sahmal A.D.1737 21. Singhavi Amarchand , son of Sahmal A.D.1737 22. Pancholi Lalji A.D.1738 23. Bhandari Amarsingh , son of Kheevsi Bhandari A.D.1742 24. Bhandari Girdhar Das A.D.1744 25. Bhandari Manrup , son of Pomsingh A.D.1747 26. Bhandari Suratram , son of Manrup A.D.1749 27. Bhandari Sawairam , son of Ratansingh A.D.1750 28. Singhavi Fatehchand A.D.1751 29. Bhandari Narharidas , son of Maheshdas A.D.1761 30. Bhandari Suratmal A.D.1763 31. Singhavi Fatehchandra A.D.1766 32. Bhandari Shivchandra , son of Sobhachand A.D.1794 33. Singhavi Nawalraj , son of Jodhraj A.D.1796 34. Mohnot Sirdar Mal , son of Sawairam A.D.1799
188 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in the Rajputon ri Vigat,
Granth No. 13502, RSS, Chopasani, Jodhpur.
69
Table – 2.3189
List of Bakhshis of Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of the Bakhshis ( Army Minister) Year of Appointment 1. Pancholi Harikisan , son of Ramchandra A.D.1708 2. Pancholi Ramkisan Ramkaran A.D.1727 3. Pancholi Balkisan A.D.1737 4. Pancholi Kheevkarn , son of Lalkarn A.D.1744 5. Muhnot Suratram A.D.1751 6. Bhandari Dolatram A.D.1755 7. Bhandari Bhavaniram A.D.1756 8. Pancholi Ramkaran, son of Gokuldas A.D.1762 9. Singhavi Bhivraj, son of Lakhamichandra A.D.1767 10. Singhavi Heedumal , son of Harban A.D.1773 11. Singhavi Bhivraj A.D.1775 12. Singhavi Aakhiraj, son of Bhivraj A.D.1792 13. Singhavi Sivchandra, son of Shobhachandra A.D.1794 14. Singhavi Akhairaj A.D.1797 15. Bhandari Bhavaniram, son of Dolatram A.D.1798 16. Shinghavi Akhairaj A.D.1798 17. Shinghavi Meghraj, son of Akhairaj A.D.1800
Table – 2.4190
List of Pyad Bakhshis of Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S .No. Name of Pyad Bakhshis (Defense Minister) Year of Appointment 1. Singhavi Dolatram A.D. 1763 2. Dhanvi Shimbhuram A.D.1768 3. Bhaiya Shivdan A.D.1770 4. Pancholi Bansidhar A.D.1773 5. Bhaiya Rama A.D.1779 6. Muhnot Gopaldas A.D.1786 7. Bhaiya Balkisan A.D.1789 8. Aasopa Surajmal A.D.1790 9. Vyas Sarupram A.D.1791
10. Joshi Bhandatt A.D.1792 11. Pancholi Kewalram A.D.1793 12. Pancholi Bansidhar A.D.1794 13. Shrimali Vyas Motiram A.D.1795 14. Parikh Aandram A.D.1796
189 The table is prepared on the basis of information contained in Rajputon ri Vigat , Granth No.
13502, Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan , Chopasani, Jodhpur. 190 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1,
V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, RSA, Bikaner.
70
Table –2.5191
List of Subahdars of Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S.
No.
Name of Subahdars
( Province Minister)
Year of Appointment
1. Muhta Gokuldas Samdari A.D.1713
2. Bhandari Raghunath A.D.1714
3. Shinghavi Jodmal A.D.1723
4. Bhandari Girdhardas A.D.1728
5. Pancholi Ramkisan A.D.1738
6. Bhandari Manrup A.D.1742
7. Bhandari Ratansingh A.D.1744
8. Bhandari Dolatram A.D.1748
191 The table has been prepared on the basis of data provided in Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran
Granth No. 8190, Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan , Chopasani , Jodhpur.
71
Chart – 2.1
The Central Revenue Administrative Set –up in Marwar
During 18th Century
Maharaja (The Rulers)
Thakurs or Sardars (The Nobles)
Muttsadies or Ministers (The Officials)
The Pradhan The Diwan
(Prime Minister) (Finance Minister)
The Bakhshi The Tan Diwan
(Defense Minister)
The Pyad Bakhshi The Desh Diwan
The Subahdar
(Provincial Minister)
The Kiledar
(Minister of Fort)
72
Besides these high rank officials, there were also some head of various central
level departments or offices equal to Daftarkhanas192of the Mughals, where public
records were kept and gave their service in running the state revenue administration
smoothly. By the eighteenth century a definite administrative system was evolved by
the Rathors which was highly influenced by the administration of Mughals. Every
department had a darogha, 193a mushraff,194a potedar,195 and many other employees.
The main departments which were existed at the state level or central level can
be depicted by the following chart.
192 The term daftarkhana was used for the house where writing work was done. Hindustan ki Patshahi
ka Praman tatha Patshahi ki Prampra Aadi, Granth No. 17727, p.23, RORI, Jodhpur. 193 Darogha was the superintendent or chief incharge of a department. Ibid, p. 21. 194 Mushraff was the accountant of a department. H. H. Wilson, p. 358. 195 Potedar was an officer of treasury or the treasurers.
73
CHART - 2.2
Central Level Departments / Offices of Marwar State during Eighteenth Century
Shri Hazur ra Daftar, Khasa Khazana Takasala Ambar ra Kothar
(Revenue Department) (Treasury Department) (Mint Department) (Store Department)
74
1. Shri Hazur re Daftar ra Darogha ( Revenue Department) :
There was an office of the ruler at fatehpol196 in the fort of Jodhpur, known as
Shri Huzur Daftar197. It was the highest revenue and administrative department of the
state. Practically the office was headed by the Diwan as the head of the revenue
department of the state and the darogha of shri huzur was the incharge of this
office198.
The office had dealt with both the administration and financial matters of the
state. Almost every important paper concerning the appointment of the officials,
orders of granting the lands or confiscation, orders of granting the titles etc. were
drafted and dispatched from the office of shri huzur.199 The copy of the order of
confirmation of the officers, who was working temporarily, was also kept in this
office. The revenue, custom, and excise duties were also deposited by various
provincial officers in this office. The papers of balance or credits were also being
maintained in this office200.
The orders of payments of balance were passed through this office time to
time. A tax or fee known as shri huzur re dafter ka201, was imposed on the sardars or
pattayats at the time of issuing patta or granting land to meet out the expenses of the
office. The amount of fee was decided according to the rekh of patta. Usually it was
.50 to 2.50 rupees202. But sometimes it was more such as Rs. 10 to 49203.
Thus the office of shri hazur was quite important and the darogha of this
office, being an in charge or superintendent, had played an important role in running
on the state administration. Mostly the people of Brahmin caste, considering as honest
196 Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, p. 122, RSA, Bikaner. 197 G. R. Parihar, p. 287. 198 Mira Mitra, Maharaja Ajitsingh Evam Unka Yug, Jaipur, 1973, p. 257. 199 G.C. Sharma,“The Council of Ministers in Rajput States of Rajasthan” , PRHC , Session IX, Kota,
1976, p. 87. 200 Ibid. 201 Jodhpur Sanad Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 174, RSA, Bikaner. 202 Ibid, pp. 175-176. 203 Ibid, p. 177.
75
people, consisting of vyas , purohit, joshi , etc were appointed as the superintendent
of revenue department204.
2. Khasa Khazana (Treasury Department ):
The state of Marwar had its own treasury like the other states which was called
Khasa Khazana or department of treasure or finance. The department was
administered by a number of officials such as the daroghas, the potedars, the
mushraff etc.
The department of treasury was like the banks of present days where all kinds
of coins, gold, silver and copper were kept safely and instrumental to make available
the finance at the time of emergency. So it was quite important and recognized as the
backbone of a state. The treasury department was headed by a darogha or a
superintendent.
The darogha of khase khazana held an important position and was equal to
the Koshvegi of the Mughals.205 His main function was to supervise, protect and co-
ordinate the working of the treasury.
He required depositing the cash at a suitable place. The cash was to be locked
in the treasurer’s room under his own supervision and it was to be opened with the
joint consent of the various officers associated with the management of the treasury.
Another important officer of this department was potedar who was styled as
khazanchi or khazanedar. Under the Mughals the potedar or khazanchi was generally
known as Futahdar.206
Usually the potedar or khazanchi was to assist the darogha of khaza khazana.
Moreover he was responsible for the safe custody and proper disbursement of the cash
deposits in the state treasury207.
204 See Table No –2.6. 205 Hindustan ki Patshahi ka Praman tatha Patshahi ki Prampra Aadi, Granth No. 17727, p. 23. 206 Noman Ahmad Siddaqi, Land Revenue Administration Under the Mughals(1700-1750), Bombay,
1971, p. 86. 207 Hindustan ki Patshahi ka Praman tatha Patshahi ki Prampra Aadi, p. 22.
76
He was required to see that no money was spent or appropriated without
proper sanction for its disbursement. He used to prepare a ledger which showed
receipts and cash deposits in the treasury208.
An honest and trustable person was appointed in this department of treasury.
Throughout the period under study, the sub- caste of the Brahmins like shrimali,
tiwari, ojha, joshi, were appointed on the post of darogha or potedar of khaza
khazana in Marwar.
3. Takasala ( Mint Department ):
Minting of currency was considered as a manifestation of sovereignty and an
inalienable privilege for a state’s ruler. The state of Marwar had acquired this
privilege during the weak Mughal emperors especially after the death of Mughal
emperor Aurangzeb209.
Maharaja Ajit Singh issued a coin in 1720 A.D. which was the first coin of
Jodhpur210. But the mint of Jodhpur was started regularly in 1761A.D211, at the reign
of Mughal Badshah Shah Alam (1759-1806)212.
Maharaja Bijay Singh was the first ruler of Marwar who established the mint
of Jodhpur in 1761 A.D. and issued the famous BijayShahi currency in his own name
after securing the permission of Emperor Shah Alam in the year of 1780 A.D213.
There was the name of Emperor Shah Alam on one side of this Bijayshahi
coins, and the name of Jodhpur Taksal , in Persian language was existed on the other
side of the coins214. This currency was also known as Baisanda due to issue in the
twenty two years of the reign of Emperor Shah Alam second and the name of emperor
remained on these coins till 1858 A.D215.
208 Noman Ahmad Siddaqi, p. 87. 209 Sukhvir Singh Gehlot ( Ed.), Jodhpur Ka Sanskritik, p. 68. 210 Ibid . 211 Hari Shankar Sharma, Trade and Commerce in Western Rajputana, Jaipur, 2013, p. 185. 212 J.S. Gehlot, Marwar Rajya ka Itihas, pp. 296-97. 213 Shyam Singh Tanwar, State Administration in Rajasthan, Jodhpur, 2005, p. 104. 214 Sukhvir Singh Gehlot, op. cit. 215 G. R. Parihar, p. 108.
77
The Jodhpur mint struck the golden, silver, and copper coins in a large
quantity of great quality. The golden coins were known as Mohar or Asharfi216. It was
used only for the state level exchange and business. The silver coins were known as
Bijayshahi which were made of mixing the silver and copper in proportion of three
fourth and one forth respectively217.
The copper coins of Marwar were known as Dhabhushahi paisa due to in
weight218. In the reign of Maharaja Bhimsingh, this copper coins were known as
Bhimshahi219 . The coins of Marwar carried a jhar or tree and sword as the special
emblems of the state220. Usually the tree was depicted with seven to nine branches.
The higher official of the mint was called darogha – i- taksal in Marwar221
who was equal to the Sairafi222 or sarraf223 an officer of Mughals mint. Darogha was
responsible for testing the purity of gold and attempted to curb all types of
mischievous conducting in making currency such as using of impure metals, mixing
of metals in unbalance proportion, etc224. Sometimes the darogha of the mint used to
put some indication of his name or caste on the coins in Devnagri script such as Ga,
Ba , Ma, Ra etc225.
There was another official of potedar226at the mint of Jodhpur, who used to
maintain records and to maintain the work of the department. He was responsible for
the safe custody and proper disbursement of the currency. In the state, generally the
vyas and purohit communities were considered to be an honest caste took possession
on the post of superintendent and accountant of mint department227.
216 V. N. Reu, Marwar, part II, p. 642; Nirmala Upadhayay, p. 89. 217 Sukhvir Singh Gehlot, op.cit., pp. 69-70. 218 Govind Singh Rathore (Ed.), Marwar ki Sanskritik Dharohar, Jodhpur, 1990, p. 267. 219 Ibid. 220 Shyam Singh Tanwar, p. 105. 221 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, p. 100, RSA, Bikaner. 222 R.K.Saxena, Mughal Shasan, p. 176. 223 Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi, p. 85. 224 Sukhvir Singh Gehlot (ed.), op.cit., p.71. 225 Shyam Singh Tanwar, op. cit., p. 106. 226 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, p. 103. 227 See Table No. 2.7.
78
4. Aambar Re Kothar ( Granaries or Store Department):
The literally meaning of the term aambar228 is a heap and kothar is meant for
room or house. Thus it was the department where daily usable commodities were
kept stored in a large quantity for future. This department was just like the Modikhana
of the Mughals229.
Every state used to store sufficient quantity of provisions for the years until
there was a good harvest fresh grains were replaced for old ones230.
The Darogha231was the head officer of this store department. He was
responsible for the duty of keeping provisions and its supply according to demands.
He was to ensure that the store or kothar re- provisioned every year. He purchased the
articles from the peasants and sellers at the reasonable rates and made the
arrangements for its cleaning and keeping safely232. A mushraff was appointed to
assist the darogha of this store department in his work. The mushraff used to maintain
the accounts and records of all commodities.
Usually the darogha and the mushraff drew Rs. 9.00 and Rs. 8.00 per
month233. Besides the darogha and mushraff , there were other employees too such as
potedar, navisanda , chowkidar etc. These were paid at the rupees of 3 .00 to 7.00 per
month234. Mostly the people of business class like shinghavi and muhnot were
appointed in this office235.
228 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.1, V.S.
1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 39, RSA, Bikaner. 229 Hindustan ki Patshahi ka Praman Evam Patshahi ki Prampara, Granth No. 17727, p. 19, RORI,
Jodhpur. 230 R. K. Saexena, The Army of the Rajputs, p. 366 231 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1784, p. 95. 232 Hukam Singh Bhati, Marwar ke Ohadedaron, pp. 126-127. 233 Jodhpur Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 44, RSA, Bikaner. 234 Ibid, The Potedar drew Rs. 7.00, the Navisanda Rs. 7.00 and the Chowkidar Rs. 3.00. 235 See Table No. 2.8.
79
Table – 2.6236
A List of Superintendent of Revenue Department of Marwar
In Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Daroghas ( Superintendents) Year of Appointment
1. Khichi Shivram s/o Kilan Das July 1708
2. Muhnot Satidas Samdariya July 1751
3. Prohit Ranchhod Das April 1765
4. Pancholi Jeevan Ram February 1768
5. Bhaiya Ram Mandar February 1770
6. Atyaraj s/o Fateraj November 1772
7. Joshi Kirparam November 1773
8. Bhag Chainram September 1777
9. Pancholi Sitaram December 1778
10. Aasopa Surajmal May 1782
11. Vyas Rinchhod Das October 1786
12. Joshi Rudhram s/o Kirparam March 1789
13. Aasopa Surajmal May 1790
14. Joshi Mayaram June 1791
15. Joshi Ramnath May 1792
16. Bohra Dinanath November 1793
17. Aasopa Surajmal July 1797
18. Boda Sawairam April 1798
19. Muhnot Bijayraj November 1799
236 The table has been prepared on the basis of data provided in the Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S.
1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884 , p. 21, RSA, Bikaner.
80
Table –2.7237
Superintendents and Accountants of Jodhpur Mint
In Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Daroghas ( Superintendents) Year of Appointment
1. Muhnot Iedraj March, 1765
2. Muhnot Mulchand September , 1775
3. Vyas Mojiram November, 1775
4. Vyas Malukchand November, 1777
5. Pancholi Kaluram November 1786
6. Ojha Mukteshwar August, 1790
7. Chhangani Girdharilal January 1791
8. Vyas kirpa Kisan February , 1792
9. Kothari Sawai Ram August 1795
Name of Potedars ( Accountants)
1. Chhangani Girdharilal January , 1787
2. Purohit Ramdatt February , 1790
3. Bohra Machharam February , 1792
4. Chhangani Murlidhar September ,1793
5. Vyas Mojiram November, 1794
6. Shrimali Joshi Bhavanisankar November, 1796
7. Vyas Geerdhar Das July , 1798
237 The above table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Ohda Bahi ,
No.2 , V.S. 1820-1900/ A.D. 1763- 1843, pp. 100-03, RSA, Bikaner.
81
Table –2.8238
Superintendents and Accountant of the Granaries of Marwar
S. No. Name of Daroghas ( Superintendents) Time of Appointment
1. Vyas Dayaram December, 1786
2. Shinghavi Sawaimal May , 1787
3. Shrimali Bayaram Kisan May , 1788
4. Bias Uttamchandra Febuary , 1792
5. Shinghavi Sawaimal March, 1793
6. Muhnot Shivdas March, 1794
Name of Mushraff ( Accountant)
1. Joshi Gulab October, 1788
Karkhana239 Department:
Apart from the revenue officers or offices, there existed a number of karkhana
departments in the Marwar, which seem to have been an important source of royal
revenue. Our sources provide a number of karkhanas of Marwar, which dealt with
state revenue and its administration.
The Karkhanas played an important role not only in the sphere of the house
hold, but also in the military and fiscal set up of the empire besides they had
considerable impact upon the industrial progress of the territories.
In Mughal‘s time, the karkhana was called as the Buyutat or the Karkhanah,
made of the plural of an Arabic word Bait which means a house. According to Ain –
i- Akbari, there were thirty six Buyutat or Karkhanahs existed in Mughal Empire240.
The main function of the karkhanas was to keep the palace, the provinces, and
some branches of the government supplied with its produced commodities or articles
of necessity.
238 The table has been prepared from the data provided in Jodhpur Ohda Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1765- 1941/
A.D. 1708-1884, pp. 95-96, RSA, Bikaner. 239 The term Kharkhana was used for workhouse. Hindustan ki Patshahi ka Praman Evam Prampra,
Granth No. 17727, p. 21. 240 Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi, pp. 59-60.
82
At the head of every karkhanas, there was a darogha who was assisted by
mushraff or clerk and accountants241. Some important karkhana departments of
Marwar state were as Jharjhar Khana242 ( Jeweler Factory), Khemar karkhana243
(clothes factory), Kamthho Kali ro Kothar244(Building material factory),Kili Khana245
(Iron factory), Silhe Khana246 (armory factory), Top Khana247(artillery factory),
Barud Khana248(Gunpowder factory), Sutar Khana249(Camel Stable), Sandhia re
Karkhana250(stable for female camel), Pheelkhana251(stable of elephants), Tabela
ghora ra252(stable for horses) etc.
241 Jodhpur Ohda Bahis, No. 1 and 2, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, and V.S. 1820-1900/ A.D.
1763-1843, RSA, Bikaner. 242 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708- 1884, pp. 69-70, RSA, Bikaner. 243 Ibid, pp. 71-74. 244 Ibid, pp. 76-78. 245 Ibid, pp.107-108. 246 Ibid, pp. 105-06. 247 Ibid, pp. 62-63. 248 Ibid, p. 85. 249 Ibid, pp. 59-61. 250 Ibid, pp. 55, 88. 251 Ibid, pp. 86-87. 252 Ibid, p. 54.
CChhaapptteerr ––33 TThhee RReevveennuuee AAddmmiinniissttrraattiioonn aatt PPrroovviinncciiaall aanndd LLooccaall LLeevveell
83
The provincial administration was an important component of the state
administration, as a state or country was divided into a number of provinces further
into local units for working the administration efficiently and effectively. Hence,
being the largest state of Rajputana, the state of Marwar was also divided into the
parganas1 .
The parganas2was the fundamental administrative and revenue unit. It was a
fiscal as well as a territorial unit. It was as important as the district under the British
or the Parganah or Mahalsof the Mughals3. Each pargana consisted of many villages
or taffas but the number of villages was not fixed. The parganas were varied in size
and population. Where the parganas were very large, they, further sub- divided into
tappas or taffas4. For example, being the large parganas, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Merta, and
Jalor of Marwar were sub- divided into taffas, lein, pattis etc. Which are shows in the
accompanying tables (i.e. table no. 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4)
In Marwar, the system of sub-division was introduced by Maharaja Udai
Singh since the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar due to being influenced by his pattern
of parganas5.
In the beginning of eighteenth century or during the times of Maharaja Ajit
Singh and Abhay Singh, the number of parganas was nineteen in Marwar6, while it
rose to twenty three end of the century7.
1 For the name of all parganas of Marwar, See Table No. 3.1 . 2 The term pargana was used for sub-division of a sarkar , a tract of country consisting of many
taffas or villages. Hindustan ki Patshahi ka Praman tatha Patshahi ki Prampra, Granth No. 17727, p. 21, RORI, Jodhpur.
3 Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi, pp. 225-26. 4 The term taffa refers to an administrative unit of a pargana, comprised with a number of villages.
Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, pt. II, p. 78. 5 Administrative Report, Marwar , 1883-84, p.2, RSA, Bikaner. 6 G. R. Parihar, p. 291. 7 Kaviraj Sanghrah ,Granth 73, Part I, No. 1053; Rathoren Ri Khampvar Patta Rekh Evam Gaon Ri
Vigat, Shr Natnagar Sodh Sansthan , Sitamau (Malwa) , M.P.
84
Table –3.18
Sub- Divisions of the State of Marwar during
Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Parganas of Marwar State
1. Pargana Jodhpur
2. Pargana Bhinmal
3. Pargana Didwana
4. Pargana Sanchor
5. Pargana Malgarh
6. Pargana Tantoti
7. Pargana Siwana
8. Pargana Nagaur
9. Pargana Sojhat
10. Pargana Maroth
11. Pargana Koliya
12. Pargana Desuri
13. Pargana Jalor
14. Pargana Merta
15. Pargana Pachpadra
16. Pargana Dolatpura
17. Pargana Parbatsar
18. Pargana Phalodhi
19. Pargana Jaitaran
20. Pargana Sambhar
21. Pargana Pali
22. Pargana Nava
23. Pargana Seev
8 The table is prepared by using information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-
30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner.
85
Table – 3.29
Sub- Divisions of Pargana Jodhpur of Marwar State
During Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Sub –Divisions Total Number of villages
1. Taffe Haveli 238
2. Taffe Bhadrajan 99
3. Taffe Osia 89
4. Taffe Pohkarn 85
5. Taffe Kodhana 79
6. Taffe Pipad 72
7. Taffe Lavere 66
8. Taffe Baihlvo 62
9. Taffe Dunara 39
10. Taffe Kheevsar 39
11. Taffe Ketu 27
12. Taffe Setrava 27
13. Taffe Roheeth 19
14. Taffe Aasop 16
15. Taffe Bilada 16
16. Taffe Gundoch 11
17. Taffe Khairve 11
18. Taffe Daichhu 10
19. Taffe Bahlara 09
20. Taffe Gajsinghpura 05
9 The table has been prepared from the data contained in Jodhpur ri Farsat Bahi Gaonvar, No.2991,
V.S. 1801- 08/ A.D. 1744-1751, District Archives Office, Jodhpur.
86
Table – 3.310
Sub- Division of Pargana Merta of Marwar State
During Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of lein or lei Total Number of Villages 1. Lei Haveli 13 2. Lei Aandpur 38 3. Lei Mokale 45 4. Lei Kaldura 46 5. Lei Rahan 56 6. Lei Mokre 43 7. Lei Aajatvara 38 8. Lei Dedhara 48 9. Lei Reyara 53
Table – 3.411
Sub- Divisions of Pargana Jalor of Marwar State
During Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Pattis Total Number of Villages 1. Patti Talsar 70 2. Patti Dhandhar 40 3. Patti Dahiyavati 44 4. Patti Rathorvati 39 5. Patti Haveli 56 6. Patti Chuhanvati 28 7. Patti Sena 13 8. Patti Dodiyali 20
10 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Pargana Merta ra Gaon va ri Ferisat
Bahi, No. 85, V.S. 1823-40/ A.D. 1766-83, DAO, Jodhpur. 11 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Pargana Jalor ri Ferisat
Bahi, No. 88,V.S. 1825-28/ A.D. 1768-71, DAO, Jodhpur.
87
Each Pargana of Marwar State had its headquarter or capital, which was
known as qasba the same name of existing pargana such as pargana Jodhpur,
headquarters qasba Jodhpur, Pargana Jaitaran, headquarters qasba Jaitaran etc.
The pargana’s administration of Marwar state was conducted by a chain of
various officers who were classified under three main heads according to their offices
i. e. presents by the following chart 3.1. All these officials& offices were responsible
to their counterparts at the centre. Among these, the office of Sayar (department of
custom and excise) was the most important revenue earning department at provincial
level in the state of Marwar. Here we discuss mainly the officials who concise only
revenue affairs. The various chief revenue official of the pargana administration of
Marwar state can be depicted by the following chart.
Chart –3.1
Provincial Revenue Administrative Set- Up of Marwar State in 18th Century
(Pargana Administration)
The Diwan
A. Kutchari B. Chotra C.Sayar
Kutchri Hakims Chotre Kotwals Sayar Daroghas
Kutchri Karkuns Chotre Muhraffs Sayar Muhraffs
Kutchri Potedar Chotre Potedars Sayar Potedars
Kutchri Qanungo
88
1. The Hakim :
Hakim was the most important officer of the pargana in Marwar .He was the
supreme power in the pargana administration, like the Amil or Amal-Guzar of the
parganah administration of the Mughals12.
The Hakims of the parganas were appointed by the maharaja after due
consultation with the higher officials of central administration like the diwan and
pradhan. At the time of his appointment, the hakims had to pay nazarana to the ruler
and they held the service till the ruler’s wish.
The Hakims were the executive, judicial and magistrates’ authorities of the
parganas. For smooth and efficient work, the hakims appointed a number of pargana
officials13 such as sayar daroghas, tabindars, karkun etc. all these officials held the
office of katcheris under the hakims.
Besides these, there were many other employees of lower category in hakim’s
Katcheri14 too, such as chopdar,15 nisandar,16charvadar,17raika,18and jhadukash19.
The Hakims were used to maintain the record of income & expenditure of
their respective parganas and submit a report of their parganas including the revenue
data’s to the ruler. It was done five times in a year in Marwar State. If any Hakim
failed to submit the report, they were punished and degraded.
It was the duty of the Hakims to recover the cesses and dues from the
jagirdars and other assignees of their parganas .They also took passion and
administrated the confiscated land or jagir until it would not assign to another
jagirdar20.
12 Ishtiiaq Husain Qureshi, p. 227. 13 Singhavi Joravarmal, Hakim of Jalor, appointed Mutha Sawairam as Karkun and Chhangani
Pannalal as Potedar of Pargana Jalor in A.D. 1791. 14 Jodhpur Sanad Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 91, RSA, Bikaner. 15 Chopdar was a guard, who drew Rs. 4.00 per month. Ibid, pp. 44 & 102. 16 Nisandar was a sharp shooter, who drew Rs. 3.00 – 3.75 per month. Ibid, pp. 44 & 91. 17 Charvadar was the servant of horses who drew Rs. 1.75- 3.75 per month. Ibid, pp. 44 &102. 18 Raika was messenger or camel rider who drew Rs. 3.00- 4.00 per month. Ibid. 19 Jhadukash was the sweeper who drew Rs. 0.50- 2.00 per month. Ibid. 20 Singhavi Vanechand, Hakim of Sojhat, took passion over Auwa, the jagir of Rathor thakur
Jaitsingh.
89
The Hakims were responsible for the safety and security of their parganas, for
this there was a contingent of troops in every parganas for their use in discharging the
effectively and efficiently duties21. The Hakim was also to set up chowkies in their
parganas and appointed chowkidars or thanedars for the security.
The Hakims had to maintain law and order in their parganas. It was their duty
to see that no injustice was committed by their officials in the parganas because
sometimes the officials realized excess more than the dues prescribed by the state. So
the hakims kept a strict watch over the officials’ Sothat the pargana’s officials could
not make any type of harassment of the peasants or assignees.
The Hakims had to solve all types of disputes, rose up in their parganas. They
were acted as judge too. For example, there was a dispute between Nimbaj’s thakur
and Raipur thakur over the broader line of their thikanas, and then the hakim of the
pargana Jaitaran solved this fight by marked a village of Niliya as the broader of their
respective thikanas.
In Marwar, there was a segment that a person could be appointed as the hakim
of two or three parganas22jointly. Such as, in A. D. 1716 Muhnot Sangram Singh was
made hakim of seven parganas viz Maroth, Parbatsar,
Like the central level officials, the Hakims were too bestowed kada, dushala,
hathi, moti ki kanthi, palkhi, and Amount of cash in siropav23 at the time of their
appointments24.
21 Pancholi Mehkaran , hakim of Pargana Merta, succeed in keeping his passion over the pargana
from Bakhat Singh ‘s invasion in A.D 1739 due to his strong army of 5000 soldiers. 22 A. In A. D. 1710, Bhandari Pomsi was appointed as the hakim of Pargana Jalor and Sanchor
jointly.
B. In A.D. 1708, Bhandari Kheevsi Rasawat was made Hakim of Parganas Didwana and Sambhar by MaharajaAjit Singh.
C. In A.D. 1797, Singhavi Indraraj was appointed as the Hakim of Pargana Phalodhi and Pachpadra by Maharaj Bheemsingh.
D. In A.D. 1801, Bhandari Dheerajmal was appointed as Hakim of three parganas namely Parbatsar, Jaitaran and Merta by Maharaja Bheem Singh.
23 The Hakims of Marwar were given Rs. 100.00 in siropav. Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, pp. 222 & 241, RSA, Bikaner.
24 A. Bhandari Dolat Ram, son of Thansingh was honored with a kada (bangle)or one thousand rupees at the time of appointing Hakim of Pargana Jodhpur.
B. Bhandari Jodhmal was bestowed kada and Dushala (scraf) at the time of appointing Hakim of Pargana Merta.
90
The salary of the Hakims of Marwar was not fixed. It varied from pargana to
pargana. Generally it ranged between Rs. 40.00 to 50.00 in mostly parganas of
Marwar state25. It noted that the Bhandaries and Shinghavies were given monopoly
over the post of hakim in the various divisions of the state26 .
2. The Karkuns :
The Karkun was important revenue official at the pargana level, came
next to the Hakim in the pargana administration. In fact, karkun was a clerk, a writer
or a registrar who used to maintain financial and revenue accounts27. He used to
maintain all revenue accounts and records of his pargana such as account of the total
cultivated land of the pargana, total assessed revenue of the pargana, records of
individual landholders, and revenue payers28.
On the basis of his accounts or records, the hakim, the main administrative
officer of the pargana used to realize the land revenue from the concern area. In
Marwar, the karkun was assisted by three main helper’s i.e. navinsanda, tabindar, and
the charvadar29. So the karkun had given the right of appointing these employees
according to requirements. He was designated as equal to the Bitkchi30 of the
Mughal’s period.
There was no set rule31and period for the appointment of the karkuns. Such
as, Muhnot Khubchandra was appointed karkun of Pargana Phalodhi in A.D. 1767
25 A. The Hakim of Pargana Phalodhi drew Rs. 40.00 per month. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.1, V.S.
1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 90, RSA, Bikaner.
B. Ibid, p. 44. The Hakim of Pargana Merta drew Rs. 50.00 per month.
C. Ibid, p. 91. The Hakim of Pargana Siwana drew Rs. 40.00 Per month.
D. Ibid, p.102. The Hakim of Pargana Maroth drew Rs. 50.00 per month. 26. See Table No. 3.5 and 3.6. 27 Patshahi ki khayat , Granth No. 16585, p.7, RORI, Jodhpur. 28 Ibid, p. 26. 29 Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 44. 30 Ishitiaq Husain Qureshi, p. 235. 31 Vyas Vinodi Ram was appointed Karkun of Pargana Maroth twice, in A.D. 1771 and 1772.
Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, pp. 542 & 626, RSA, Bikaner.
91
and for Pargana Sanchor in 176832. Similarly, Shinghavi Uttamchandra was karkun
of Pargana Phalodhi in A.D. 1768,and of Pargana Parbatsar in A.D. 177133.
The period of the service of the karkuns was not fixed. Some remained on the
post for a long time while some were only for few months. For example, Muhnot
Kesodas, Karkun of Pargana Dolatpur, enjoyed the service only for three months34
i.e. from October 1772 to December 1772. The Karkuns were bestowed siropav in
cash amount at their appointment. The amount of siropav was fixed i.e. Rs. 25 for
every pargana’s karkuns35.
The salary of the karkuns was not fixed. It varied from pargana36 to pargana37
in the state of Marwar. It depended on the revenue area and population of the
parganas. Karkun of large parganas got it more than the smaller. Such as Bhandari
Shobhachandra, karkun of pargana Merta, drew Rs. 30.00 Per month,38 while
Bhandari Chainram, karkun of pargana Bhinmal, drew Rs. 7.00 Per month39 in the
same year of 1764. The muhnots and bhaiyas were used to appoint on the post of
karkun in almost divisions of the state40.
3. Potedars :
Each pargana of Marwar had its own treasury which was administered by a
Potedar41. The literally meaning of the term potedar is a treasurer or a cash- keeper,
who was responsible for the safe custody and proper disbursement of money in the
pargana treasury.
32 Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, pp. 143 & 243. 33 Ibid, pp. 240 & 535. 34 Ibid, pp. 634 & 639. 35 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, RSA, Bikaner. 36 Muhnot Jaskaran, Karkun of Pargana Pali , drew Rs. 11 per month in A.D. 1764. Sanad Parwana
Bahi , No. 1,V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 81. 37 Purohit Nand kishor, Karkun of Pargana Didwana , drew Rs. 17.00 Per month in A.D. 1764. Ibid,
pp. 97 & 98. 38 Ibid, P. 44. 39 Ibid, P. 116. 40 See Table No. 3.7 and 3.8. 41 Hindustan ki Patshahi ka Praman tatha Pathahi ki Prampra, Granth No. 17727, p. 22, RORI,
Jodhpur.
92
Potedar of the parganas also stationed at the office of kutchari in pargana’s
capitals, where he worked under the hakims. He got Rs. 10.00 per month as the
salary42and Rs. 12.00 in honour of siropav of potedari43.
Potedar had to supervise and maintain the account of all the income &
expenditures of the pargana treasury and deposit the balance to the central treasury at
the time of held the royal court44. Generally the Brahmin i.e. vyas , purohit, ojha were
appointed to this post of potedar45. The potedar assisted by a navianda46 and a
tabindar47 who help him in discharge of his duties.
4. The Qanungo :
There was another important revenue officer known as qanungo48 in
parganas, who referred to as an accountant, formed an important part in revenue
administration of the parganas49. He maintained and preserved the land revenue
records. He provided the information concerning the revenue receipts, rates and
demand of the parganas. The papers of statistics were also signed by him50.
There was a tax realized to meet the expenses of kanungo, known as kanungi
at the rate of Rs. 1.00 for per village of the parganas51 .
42 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 44. 43 Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, p. 227. 44 In the state of Marwar , the royal court was held five times in a year . Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi,
No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner. 45 See Table 3.9. 46 The navisanda was given Rs. 9.00 per month. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D.
1763-64, p. 44. 47 Ibid. 48 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank No. 53, Granthank No. 11, RSA, Bikaner. 49 Marwar ra pargana ri vigat, Part II, p. 77. 50 G. D. Sharma, op.cit. 51 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhak No. 31, Granthank No. 21 RSA, Bikaner. ,
93
Annexure –3.152
Revenue Realization from Different Pargana Kutcharis of Marwar
A.D. 1770 (in Rs.)
S. No.
Name of Parganas
(Sub- divisions)
April, 1770
July, 1770
September, 1770
October, 1770
November, 1770
February, 1770
1. Pargana Parbatsar
200 500 1000 1500 500 100
2. Pargana Didwana
1000 400 5100 5000 4700 3000
3. Pargana Phalodhi
500 - - - 60 -
4. Pargana Merta
- 1000 1000 500 1000 1000
5. Pargana Nagor
- - 2000 1000 500 1000
6. Pargana Dolatpur
- - - 300 - 500
7. Pargana Jaitaran
- - - - - 100
8. Pargana Jalore
- - - - - 1000
9. Pargana Bhinmal
- - - - - 50
10. Pargana Sojhat
- - - - - 1000
52 The above annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat
Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, pp. 376-476, RSA, Bikaner.
94
1. Chotre Kotwal :
Another important official of pargana administration was kotwal .He was
mainly official of headquarters or capital towns of the parganas, who was responsible
for maintaining law and order in his area53.
The Kotwal was mainly a police official of the city but also acted as a revenue
officer54, whenever required. He had to collect cesses or state dues from the
cultivators and the citizens of his town or city55.
The office of kotwal was known as kotwal chabutra or chotrakotwali, and the
tax realized by this office of kotwal to the citizens was known as kotwali chotra ri
lag56 where other kotwali officials57 like mushraff and potedar worked. These
officials were directly appointed by the kotwals58.
The Kotwals had to supervise the revenue affairs too, Such as they inspection
the market prices, weights, and measures of daily useable commodities59. Kotwals
were required to submit reports of their respective areas to the centre government.
The Kotwal of Marwar was similar to the Shiqdar of the Mughal Empire,
because in our source there was used the term kotwal and shiqdar for the same
person60. The kotwals were directly responsible and kept in touch to the Maharaja61
of Marwar.
53 Patshahi ri Khyat, Granth No. 16585, p. 26, RORI, Jodhpur. 54 The Kotwal of Nagaur sent his men to take part in the assessment of revenue under the Kunta
Mode. Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 21, V.S. 1835/ A.D. 1778, p. 54, RSA, Bikaner. 55 The office of Kotwal of Jodhpur realized an amount of the tax kabuliyat from Kachhwaha Jesa.
Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 127, RSA, Bikaner. 56 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhak No. 53, Granthak No. 11, RSA, Bikaner. 57 Kotwal of Jodhpur appointed the Mahindars or officials for four months. Sanad Parwana Bahi
,No.1,V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 63. 58 Navisanda Lal Bihari appointed for three months in Nagaur Kotwali Chotre. Ibid, p. 37. 59 Pancholi Lalbihari , employee of Kotwal , took part in assessment of revenue realization of the
Khalsa village Seehnod & Bhakhrod of Pargana Nagaur in February 1764. Ibid, p. 27. 60 Shobhavat Dayaldas was given the title of Shiqdar as well as Kotwal in A.D. 1708 by Maharaja
Ajit Singhji, similarly, Maharaja Ramsingh gave the title of Shiqdar and Kotwal to Shahni Bakhta. Marwar ke Jagirdaron ka Vivran, Granth No. 8190, RSS, Chopaani, Jodhpur.
61 Maharaja Ajitsingh conveyed about all the events of Mughalcourt and his efforts to the Shiqdar Dayaldas by sending him letters time to time.
95
Generally the kotwals were given the salary in cash62 but sometimes they were given
an assignment63 in lieu of their service.
2. Chotre Mushraff :
There was another important official known as chotre mushraff64 in the Rathor
state of Marwar. Basically mushraff was an accountant who authenticated documents
and records.
The chotre mushraffs were assistants to the kotwals who help the kotwals in
discharge of their duties. They also took part in the battles if they were required. For
example, Shinghavi Uttamchandra, kotwali chotre mushraff of Pargana Jodhpur,
played an important role in the battle which fought against the Marathas in A.D. 1790.
At the time of emergency the mushraffs had to perform other functions too,
such as shinghavi Badarmal, mushraff of Jodhpur chotre kotwali , made arrangements
of boarding & loading for royal family at the time of Bhimsingh ‘s invasion over the
Jodhpur fort in A.D. 179165.
Generally the mushraffs paid in cash as the salary and siropav.66 Pancholi
Jagram, mushraff of Sojhat chotre kotwali, drew Rs. 7.00 per month67. The mushraffs
were given the right to appoint some employees for the help i.e. navisanda and
tabindar, who worked under them68 .
There was not any especial caste or community to take possession over the
post of chotre accountant, generally the people of all caste got chance to appoint as
the chotre mushraff69.
62 Kotwal of Pargana Phalodhi got Rs. 7.00 per month. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/
A.D. 1763-64, p. 88. 63 Padihar Shivdan, Kotwal of Jodhpur, got the village Banbralo in the assignment. 64 Bhaiya Dolatram was given the Mushraffi of Nagaur Kotwali Chotre in June 1764. Sanad
Parwana Bahi, No.1,V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 35, f. 3. 65 Marwar ri Khyat, ed. by Hukumsingh Bhati , Jodhpur, 2000, pp. 105-06. 66 The amount of siropav was Rs. 15.00. Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-
1884, p. 212. 67 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 21, V.S. 1835/ A.D. 1778, p. 164, RSA, Bikaner. 68 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 37. 69 See Table 3.10.
96
3. Chotre Potedar :
Another important official of kotwali chotre in pargana administration was the
chotre potedar70 who was responsible for the treasury of kotwal office. He had to
look after the treasury and all expenditures held from it. The duration of the potedar‘s
service was not fixed. It could be for one year or one month71 . Mostly the vyas hold
up the possession on the post of chotre potedar in the state of Marwar72.
70 Aasopa Gumaniram was appointed as the Potedar of Nagaur Kotwali Chotre in June 1764.
Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.35, f. 1, RSA, Bikaner. 71 Gumaniram , Potedar of Chotre Kotwali Nagaur, was appointed for three months only. Sanad
Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S., 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.37, RSA, Bikaner. 72 See Table 3.11.
97
Annexure – 3.273
Revenue Realization from Different Kotwali Chotras of Various Sub-Divisions of Marwar
S.
No.
Name of
Parganas
April,1765 April,
1766
October,
1768
October,
1769
April,
1770
October,
1770
April,
1771
October,
1771
October,
1772
April,
1773
1. Pargana
Nagaur
1000 - 301 400 - 200 251 - 100 1000
2. Pargana
Merta
- 1000 400 200 200 200 - 212 - -
3. Pargana
Didwana
- - 250 - - - - - - -
73 The above annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner.
98
1. Sayar Darogha :
Sayar Darogha74was in charge of custom or transit duties that used to realize
the toll-tax on the goods passing through and within the state of Marwar75.
The sayar or customs duties were also one of the most important sources of
revenue for the State of Marwar. The sayar darogha76 imposed certain cesses such as
rahdari,77 mapa,78 dan,79 dan tulawat,80 and chothai81 from the traders, who took their
goods82 from various places in the towns or nearby villages to sell.
There was no uniform rate in realizing these custom levies. They were varied
from pargana to pargana in the state of Marwar. The state also granted concession83
in these taxes to promote the trade within the state boundary. So the sayar daroghas
used to give remittance in paying the toll taxes84 and the safety & security to the
traders also. He deputed armed parsons at the disposal of the traders.
There was a check post in each pargana of Marwar, i e. known as sayar
chowki or sayar thanna, where sayar darogha stationed and conduct his duties.
Under him, a navisanda85 and a tabindar86 were also appointed.
74 The term Sayar Darogha was used for Superintendent of toll-tax. Hindustan ki Patshahi ka
Praman tatha Patshahi ki Prampra, Granth No. 17727, p.22, RORI, Jodhpur. 75 Pargana Merta, Parbatsar, Pali, Jalor, and Nagaur were the main trading centre within the state of
Marwar while Kishangarh , Mewar and Gujarat were the outsider . Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, pp. 22,40,92,116 and 68.
76 Mitiya Harchand was appointed as Sayar Darogha of Pargana Nagaur in October, 1778. Sanad Parwana Bahi No. 21, V.S. 1835/ A.D. 1778, p. 47.
77 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 74. 78 Mapa was a sale tax paid by local traders of the villages. 79 A tax levied on parganas on goods imported was called dan. 80 Dan tulavati was a weighing tax, imposed on goods which were weighted. 81 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1,V. S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 68, f. 4. 82 The main trading articles of Marwar were Dhan (Rice), Bajri, Ghee( clarified butter) , salt, Sisa,
Uoon (wool), and cattle. Sanad Parwana Bahis , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, pp.80,92,116,184, and Sanad Parwana Bahi No. 20, V.S.1835/ A.D. 1778, p.7, RSA, Bikaner.
83 There was realized one paisa in place of twenty five paisa in the toll-tax on the rice in Pargana Phalodhi. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 89, f. 5.
84 The Sayar Darogha of Pargana Nagaur gave half concession to the trader Muhta Kilayan Das of Bikaner in paying the toll taxes of Dan and Rahdari. Ibid, p. 29, f. 5.
85 The navisanda got Rs. 7.oo per month. Ibid, p. 44. 86 The tabindar got Rs. 3.75 per month. Ibid.
99
The amount of siropav was differed for every parganas. Such as, Bhandari
Azabram, sayar darogha of Pargana Merta got Rs. 15.00 in siropav87 while it was
Rs. 10.00 to the Pargana Nagaur‘s sayar daroghas. It might be depend on the income
of sayar office of the parganas.
The sayar darogha was drew Rs.20.00 per month as the salary88 and Rs. 1.00
per day for loading facility89. Mostly the people of business or merchant class were
appointed on this post in the state.90
2. Sayar Mushraffs :
There was another official of sayar mushraff91 under the custom
superintendents of custom office in pargana administration. Actually sayar muhraffs
were accountants, who were responsible for maintaining the account records of
income of the check post of their respective parganas in Marwar.
The sayar accountants were appointed by the diwan on the recommendation of sayar
superintendents92. The salary of these accountants was not fixed. It was different
from pargana93 to pargana94 in the state of Marwar.
The Sayar accountants were supposed to be honest, trustable, and sincerer. There was
no certain rule for appointment. A man could be selected more than one time due to
his efficiently and sincerity in his work. For example, Muhta Khivkaran appointed
Sayar Mushraff of Pargana Nagaur in October 177295, and again in A.D. 177896.
As usual on this post of mushraff , the sub caste of business classes such as bhaiyas ,
muhnots, etc got appointment97 .
87 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 43. 88 Ibid, p. 44. 89 Ibid, p. 89, f. 6. 90 See Table No. 3.12. 91 Hindustan ki Pathahi ka Praman tatha Patshahi ki Parmpra, Granth No. 17727, p. 22. 92 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V. S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 43. 93 The Sayar Mushraffs got Rs. 10.00 per month in Pargana Merta. Ibid, p. 44. 94 The Sayar Mushraffs of Pargana Phalodhi drew Rs. 8.00 per month as the salary. Ibid, p. 88. 95 Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, V. S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73. 96 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 21, V.S. 1835/ A.D. 1778. 97 See Table No. 3.13.
100
3. Sayar Potedar: Sayar potedar was the treasurer of the custom office of the pargana . He
worked under the superintendent of the sayar office.
He was the guard of the treasury of custom office so he used to make all essential
efforts of its security and co-ordinate the working of the office treasury. The Sayar
Potedar drew Rs. 7.00 per month as the salary98. Generally, on this post people of all
caste and community could appoint99 .
98 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 44. 99 See Table No. 3.14.
101
Annexure –3.3100
Revenue Realization from Custom Department of Different
Sub – divisions of Marwar A.D. 1770 (Amount in Rupees)
S. No. Name of
Parganas
April ,
1770
July ,
1770
September,
1770
October,
1770
November
, 1770
1. Pargana
Jodhpur
600 150 100 100 _
2. Pargana
Nagaur
6000 _ _ 1000 1000
3. Pargana
Merta
1258 500 600 1000 1000
4. Pargana
Parbatsar
2557 2000 800 500 1200
5. Pargana
Maroth
2000 1000 _ 1500 1000
6. Pargana
Didwana
1000 600 500 400 400
7. Pargana
Jaitaran
201 _ _ _ _
8. Pargana
Dolatpur
_ _ _ 300 _
9. Pargana
Phalodhi
_ _ _ _ 141
100 The above annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat
Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, pp. 376-476, RSA, Bikaner.
102
Table – 3.5101
Hakims of Pargana Jodhpur of Marwar State
During Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Hakims Year of Appointment
1. Bhandari Vitthaldas A.D. 1708 2. Bhandari Rudhnath A.D.1709 3. Bhandari Anoopchandra A.D.1710 4. Muhta Gopaldas A.D.1712 5. Bhandari Anoopchandra A.D.1723 6. Pancholi Khivkaran A.D.1737 7. Bhandari Dolatram A.D.1737 8. Bhandari Pomsi A.D.1752 9. Muhnot Sawairam A.D.1763
10. Shinghavi Panmal A.D.1766 11. Shinghavi Abhairaj A.D.1772 12. Shinghavi Panmal A.D.1773 13. Shinghavi Heedumal A.D.1775 14. Mohta Panmal A.D.1781 15. Bhandari Chainram A.D.1785 16. Mohta Seevkaran Undated 17. Shinghavi Uttamchandra Undated 18. Mohta Shimbhukaran Undated 19. Bhandari Shivchandra A.D.1789 20. Bhandari Bhaniram A.D.1790 21. Bhandari Shivchandra A.D.1790 22. Bhandari Dolatram A.D.1790 23. Bhandari Kilandas A.D.1790 24. Mohta Shimbhukaran A.D.1791 25. Bhandari Amardas A.D.1792 26. Shinghavi Uttamchandra A.D.1797 27. Shinghavi Fatehraj A.D.1800
101 The table is prepared by using information contained in Jodhpur Ohda Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1765-
1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, pp. 203-04, RSA, Bikaner.
103
Table -3.6102
Hakims of various Sub-Divisions of Marwar State A.D. 1778
S. No. Name of Parganas
(Sub-Divisions)
Name of Hakims
1. Pargana Didwana Bhandari Manakchanrda
2. Pargana Merta Muhta Lalchandra
3. Pargana Dolatpur Shinghavi Jodhraj
4. Pargana Kolia Shinghavi Vardhman
5. Pargana Jalor Shinghavi Joravarmal
6. Pargana Maroth Lodo Suratmal
7. Pargana Sambhar Shinghavi Harbhan
8. Pargana Nawa Ramdas
9. Pargana Sojhat Shinghavi Vardhman
10. Pargana Jaitaran Shinghavi Aakhairaj
11. Pargana Pali Shinghavi Joravarmal
12. Pargana Siwana Bhandari Gangaram
13. Pargana Pachpadra Pancholi Sawaikaran
14. Pargana Bhinmal Shinghavi Surajmal
15. Pargana Sanchor Muhnot Bhoja
16. Pargana Desuri Shinghavi Dhanraj
17. Pargana Phalodhi Shinghavi Panmal
18. Pargana Kotdo Shinghavi Vanmal
19. Pargana Malgarh Shinghavi Sirdarmal
20. Pargana Tantoti Muhta Samvantram
102 The table is prepared by using information contained in Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 21,V.S. 1835/
A.D. 1778, RSA, Bikaner.
104
Table – 3.7103
Karkuns of Various Sub-Divisions of Marwar State During Eighteenth Century
S. No.
Name of Sub-Divisions
Name of Karkuns Year of Appointment
1. Pargana Jodhpur Shinghavi Aakhichandra A.D. 1763 2. Pargana Jalor Bhandari Sarupchandra A.D. 1763 3. Pargana Sojhat Mohta Ugarsen A.D. 1763 4. Pargana Didwana Purohit Nandkisor A.D. 1764 5. Pargana Merta Bhandari Shobhachandra A.D. 1764 6. Pargana Pali Mohta Jaskaran A.D. 1764 7. Pargana Parbatsar Shinghavi Uttamchandra A.D. 1765 8. Pargana Sojhat Mohta Seevsen A.D. 1765 9. Pargana Siwana Muhnot Budhmal A.D. 1765
10. Pargana Parbatsar Bhandari Aandram A.D. 1766 11. Pargana Maroth Bhandari Dayaldas A.D. 1766 12. Pargana Nawa Bhaiya Balkisan A.D. 1766 13. Pargana Didwana Shinghavi Sawairam A.D. 1767 14. Pargana Malgarh Samvantram A.D. 1767 15. Pargana Bhinmal Shinghavi Santosh A.D. 1767 16. Pargana Phalodhi Shinghavi Uttamchandra A.D. 1768 17. Pargana Nagaur Bhandari Ajabram A.D. 1768 18. Pargana Pachpadra Kothari Jorawarmal A.D. 1768 19. Pargana Koliya Joshi Sukhram A.D.1769 20. Pargana Phalodhi Bhaiya Balkisan A.D. 1769 21. Pargana Siwana Bhandari Vijayram A.D. 1769 22. Pargana Phalodhi Bhaiya Balkisan A.D. 1770 23. Pargana Malgarh Pancholi Manakchandra A.D. 1770 24. Pargana Pali Bhaiya Kirparam A.D. 1770 25. Pargana Parbatsar Shinghavi Uttamchandra A.D. 1771 26. Pargana Maroth Vyas Vinodiram A.D. 1771 27. Pargana Dolatpur Bhaiya Shivdan A.D. 1771 28. Pargana Siwana Muhnot Aandram A.D. 1772 29. Pargana Parbatsar Bhandari Sukhram A.D. 1772 30. Pargana Nawa Jaskaran A.D. 1772 31. Pargana Didwana Bhandari Maidas A.D. 1773 32. Pargana Sanchor Muhnot Kesodas A.D. 1773 33. Pargana Koliya Udairam A.D. 1773
103 The table has been prepared from the information contained in JodhpurHakikat Bahi. No. 1 V.S.
1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner.
105
Table -3.8104
Karkuns of Various Sub-Divisions of Marwar State
A.D. 1778
S. No. Name of Sub-Divisions Name of Karkuns
1. Pargana Nagaur Bhaiya Balkisan
2. Pargana Merta Shinghavi Sirdarmal
3. Pargana Dolatpur Shinghavi Manakchandra
4. Pargana Kolia Sahna Harkhchandra
5. Pargana Jalor Muhnot Sarupchandra
6. Pargana Maroth Muhnot Manohardas
7. Pargana Sambhar Bhandari Ajabram
8. Pargana Nawa Megharaj
9. Pargana Sojhat Bhaiya Mohanlal
10. Pargana Jaitaran Muhnot Idarchandra
11. Pargana Pali Lakhotiya Suratram
12. Pargana Siwana Muhnot Aandram
13. Pargana Pachpadra Muhnot Chothmal
14. Pargana Bhinmal Bhandari Chainram
15. Pargana Sanchor Muhnot Kesodas
16. Pargana Desuri Modi Sawairam
17. Pargana Phalodhi Bhandari Sahabram
18. Pargana Malgarh Muhnot Heematram
19. Pargana Tantoti Pancholi Shimbhuram
104 The table has been prepared from the information contained in Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 21, V.S.
1835/ A.D. 1778, RSA, and Bikaner.
106
Table -3.9105
Treasurers of Different Sub-Divisions of Marwar During Eighteenth Century
S.
No.
Name of Sub-
Divisions
Name of Treasurers
(Potedars)
Year of
Appointment
1. Pargana Jodhpur Jeevraj A.D. 1764
2. Pargana Didwana Hars Khusalchandra A.D. 1767
3. Pargana Sojhat Kallo Ramdas A.D. 1767
4. Pargana Sanchor Vyas Narayan Das A.D. 1768
5. Pargana Pali Vyas Chandrabhan A.D. 1768
6. Pargana Merta Joshi Rudhram A.D.1769
7. Pargana Koliya Purohit Rupchandra A.D. 1769
8. Pargana Phalodhi Bohra Kunjlal A.D. 1770
9. Pargana Bhinmal Chhangani Malukchandra A.D. 1770
10. Pargana Nawa Vyas Akhairam A.D.1771
11. Pargana Desuri Vyas Damodardas A.D. 1771
12. Pargana Nagaur Joshi Raghudatt A.D. 1772
13. Pargana Pali Vyas Vijaykisan A.D. 1772
14. Pargana Phalodhi Ojha Mayaram Shrimali A.D. 1773
15. Pargana Pali Purohit Jaikisan A.D. 1773
105 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi, No. 1,
V.S. 1820- 30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner.
107
Table -3.10106
Chotre Accountants of Various Sub-Divisions of Marwar State during Second Half of Eighteenth Century
S.
No. Name of Sub-
Divisions Name of Accountants ( Chotre Mushraffs)
Year of Appointment
1. Pargana Jodhpur Shinghavi Uttamchandra A.D. 1763 2. Pargana Nagaur Joshi Gangaram A.D.1763 3. Pargana Merta Padihar Heedu A.D. 1763 4. Pargana Nagaur Muhnot Sayabram A.D. 1767 5. Pargana Merta Padihar Sagram A.D. 1767 6. Pargana Didwana Bhaiya Todarmal A.D. 1767 7. Pargana Jodhpur Vyas Manakchandra A.D. 1770 8. Pargana Nagaur Pancholi Rajmal A.D. 1770 9. Pargana Jalor Bhaiya Goridas A.D.1770 10. Pargana Nagaur Muhnot Sarupmal A.D.1773 11. Pargana Jalor Joshi Kisandatt A.D.1773 12. Pargana Didwana Bhaiya Harakchandra A.D.1773 13. Pargana Nagaur Bhaiya Khubchandra A.D. 1778 14. Pargana Merta Muhta Surajmal A.D. 1778 15. Pargana Didwana Modi Nago A.D. 1778 16. Pargana Jalor Joshi Kisandas A.D. 1778 17. Pargana Sojhat Pancholi Jagram A.D. 1778 18. Pargana Pali Vaniya Aaidan A.D. 1778 19. Pargana Nagaur Muhnot Ramnath A.D. 1784 20. Pargana Merta Padihar Heedu A.D. 1784 21. Pargana Didwana Pancholi Girdharidas A.D. 1784 22. Pargana Jodhpur Shinghavi Badarmal A.D. 1790 23. Pargana Nagaur Aasopa Ravidas A.D.1790 24. Pargana Merta Ahir Vijayraj A.D. 1790 25. Pargana Pali Shinghavi Jeetmal A.D. 1790
106 The table has been prepared from the information contained in Jodhpur Records – Hakikat Bahi,
No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.21, V.S. 1835/ A.D. 1778, And Jodhpur Ohda Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, RSA, Bikaner.
108
Table -3.11107
Chotre Treasurers of different Sub –Divisions of Marwar
During Second Half of Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Sub-
Divisions
Name of Treasurers
( Chotre Potedars)
Year of
Appointment
1. Pargana Nagaur Vyas Chimniram A.D. 1781
2. Pargana Sojhat Vyas Balo A.D. 1781
3. Pargana Nagaur Vyas Gumaniram A.D. 1788
4. Pargana Merta Shinghavi Jeevanram A.D. 1788
5. Pargana Sojhat Kallo Jaithmal A.D. 1788
107 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, V.S.
1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884.
109
Table-3.12108
Custom Superintendents of Various Sub-Divisions of the State
Marwar during Second Half of the Eighteenth Century
S . No.
Name of Sub-Divisions
Name of Superintendents ( Sayar Daroghas)
Year of Appointment
1. Pargana Phalodhi Pancholi Kaluram A.D. 1763
2. Pargana Nagaur Modi Nago A.D. 1763
3. Pargana Merta Muhnot Sahmal A.D. 1763
4. Pargana Jaitaran Bhandari Dhanrup A.D. 1763
5. Pargana Nagaur Muhnot Kesodas A.D. 1764
6. Pargana Jalor Bhandari Amardas A.D. 1764
7. Pargana Merta Bhandari Azabram A.D. 1764
8. Pargana Nagaur Shinghavi Akhaimal A.D. 1767
9. Pargana Jalor Pancholi Fatehkaran A.D.1767
10. Pargana Bhinmal Purohit Ganeshdas A.D. 1767
11. Pargana Merta Muhnot Mulchandra A.D. 1767
12. Pargana Maroth Thanvi Shimbhuram A.D. 1767
13. Pargana Didwana Shinghavi Amarbhan A.D. 1767
14. Pargana Sojhat Bohra Aberam A.D. 1767
15. Pargana Phalodhi Lakhotia Ramkisan A.D. 1768
16. Pargana Parbatsar Bhaiya Muralidhar A.D. 1768
17. Pargana Bhinmal Surana Rudhnath A.D. 1768
18. Pargana Jodhpur Bhaiya Chandrabhan A.D. 1768
19. Pargana Maroth Shinghavi Harbhan A.D. 1768
20. Pargana Sojhat Pancholi Kilayanmal A.D.1768
21. Pargana Nagaur Bhaiya Chandrabhan A.D. 1773
22. Pargana Jalor Shinghavi Shimbhumal A.D. 1773
23. Pargana Parbatsar Shinghavi Akhaimal A.D. 1773
108 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi,
No.1,V.S.1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner.
110
Table-3.13109
Customs Accountants of Sub-Divisions in Marwar State
In Eighteenth Century
S .
No.
Name of Sub-
Divisions
Name of Customs Accountants
( Sayar Mushraffs)
Year of
Appointment
1. Pargana Merta Muhnot Bhanchandra A.D. 1786
2. Pargana Nagaur Bhandari Sayabram A.D. 1786
3. ParganaParbatsar Bohra Chimanlal A.D. 1786
4. ParganaDidwana Muhnot Dolatram A.D. 1786
5. Pargana Jaitaran Surana Rudhnath A.D. 1786
6. Pargana Pali Vyas Godmal A.D. 1786
7. Pargana Merta Bhandari Devichandra A.D. 1788
8. Pargana Nagaur Muhnot Haridas A.D. 1788
9. ParganaParbatsar Lalvani Chatrabhuj A.D. 1788
10. ParganaDidwana Bohra Kirparam A.D. 1788
11. Pargana Pali Shinghavi Virdhirchandra A.D. 1788
12. Pargana Maroth Purohit Kaniram A.D. 1788
13. Pargana Sojhat Pancholi Bhavaniram A.D. 1788
109 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in the Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No.
1, V.S.1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1784, RSA, Bikaner.
111
Table -3.14110
Custom Treasurers of Different Sub-Divisions of Marwar State during Second Half of Eighteenth Century
S
.No.
Name of Pargana Name of Custom Treasurers
( Sayar Potedars)
Year of
Appointment
1. Pargana Merta Joshi Mayaram A.D. 1768
2. ParganaParbatsar Bohra Mancharan A.D. 1768
3. Pargana Merta Bohra Chainram A.D. 1769
4. Pargana Sojhat Vyas Bhavanidas A.D. 1769
5. Pargana Merta Vyas Amarchandra A.D. 1779
6. Pargana Maroth Vyas Jeevanram A.D. 1779
7. Pargana Pali Vyas Shivnath A.D. 1779
8. Pargana Desuri Vyas Sheshmal A.D. 1779
9. Pargana Phalodhi Upadhayay Neelapat A.D. 1779
10. Pargana Maroth Vyas Dhanrup A.D. 1787
11. Pargana Parbatsar Bohra Virghichandra A.D. 1787
12. Pargana Phalodhi Vyas Harsukh A.D. 1787
13. Pargana Nagaur Joshi Kiratram A.D. 1788
14. Pargana Merta Vyas Sadashiv A.D. 1788
15. Pargana Maroth Vyas Radhakisan A.D. 1788
16. Pargana Sojhat Purohit Dolatram A.D. 1788
17. Pargana Phalodhi Harsrajaram A.D. 1789
18. Pargana Sojhat Kala Harkaran A.D. 1789
19. Pargana Merta Joshi Gopaldas A.D. 1789
20. Pargana Pali Chhangani Jagnath A.D. 1790
21. Pargana Nagaur Chhangani Movanlal A.D. 1790
110 The table has been prepared from the information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi, No.1, V.S.
1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, and Jodhpur Ohda Bahi, No. 1, V.S.1765-1941/ A.D. 1708-1884, RSA, Bikaner.
112
Revenue Administration at Village or Local Level
The village111 was the smallest unit of assessment, below the pargana in the
hierarchy of the revenue administration of the state. in our sources, the village had
termed as gaon112 similar to dih113of Persian administration , comprised of seev114
(land), khet115 (fertile land or farm), karsa 116 (cultivators), magra117(unfertile land),
bhakhr118 (hills), bera119 (wells), jod120 (grass fields) etc.
The area and population of each village were different from each other in the
state of Marwar and they were classified according to the names of their different
tenant’s, geographical features and the castes & profession of the population. Chapla
bero, dhasu ro bhakhr, mansingh ri basin, raibari ri basni , etc121. See the accompany
table (i.e. table – 3.15), which contains number of villages of each pargana of Marwar
State.
The chief functionaries at lowest level were the chaudhary, the sahana, the
hawaldar, and the taffadar etc. who carried out the entire agrarian administration. Our
sources has mentioned about the position and functions of these officials, i.e. as
follows:
111 The term village refers a group of cultivation of a permanent character in one place. B. H. Baden
Powell, Administration of Land Revenue & Tenure in British India, Delhi, 1978, p. 11. 112 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 13, Granth No. 7, p. 25, RSA, Bikaner. 113 B.H. Baden Powell, op.cit. 114 Ibid , p 44. 115 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.43, RSA, Bikaner. 116 Ibid , pp. 16 & 43. 117 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 31, Granth No. 20, p. 244. 118 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 13, Granth No. 2, p. 25 119 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 116. 120 Ibid, p. 90. 121 Marwar ra pargana ri vigat , pt. I, p. 506.
113
Table – 3.15122 Number of Villages at various Sub-Divisions of Marwar
State during Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Parganas
( Sub-Divisions)
Number of
Villages
1. Pargana Jodhpur 1064
2. Pargana Nagaur 554
3. Pargana Merta 380
4. Pargana Jalor 310
5. Pargana Sojhat 266
6. Pargana Siwana 157
7. Pargana Jaitaran 146
8. Pargana Sanchor 100
9. Pargana Parbatsar 92
10. Pargana Phalodhi 79
11. Pargana Dolatpur 42
12. Pargana Nawa 25
13. Pargana Didwana 09
122 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in the Jodhpur ri Farsat Bahi
Gaonvar, No.2991, V.S.1801-1808/ A.D. 1744-51, Merta ra Gaon va ri Ferisat Bahi , No. 85, V.S. 1823-1840/ A.D. 1766-83, Jalor ri Ferisat Bahi , No. 88, V.S.1825-28/ A.D. 1768-71, and Marwar ra Pargana ri Farsat, ed. by Hukam Singh Bhati, Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan, Chopasani, 2005, Jodhpur.
114
1. The Chaudhary :
The Chaudhary was the most important village officer who acted as the
representative of the village and locally known as the headman of the village123.He
was the chief judicial, revenue and executive officer of the village, who performed a
number of functions as the representatives of the government. In fact he was the link
between the state and the cultivators. The chaudharies helped the village officials in
discharge of their duties along with those pertaining to the revenue collection like the
functions of Mughals chaudharis124.The chaudharies had to prepare the records of
their villages including the land under cultivation of the villages with its yield and the
possibility of bringing more land under cultivation. They affixed their signatures on
the first page of these papers. They certified that the land revenue had been assess and
realized on the basis of customary rates125.
Generally, a popular and well reputed man of a village was appointed as the
chaudhary of the village and he could be select more than one or two times. For
example, Chaudhary Ratna and other members of his family were selected as the
Chaudhary of village Seelanva in Pargana Nagaur more than six times126 from A.D
1745 to 1778. Sometimes a person could be appointed as the chaudhary of more than
one village127.
The pag ceremony was celebrated at the time of Chaudharies ‘s appointment.
According to this ceremony, the thakur or jagirdar of the village placed a turban on
the chaudharies‘s head and in return the chaudhary offered nazar to his master128. At
this occasion the chaudhary of the village received a tax from his villagers which was
known as chaudharbab129.
123 Hindustan ki Patshahi ka Praman tatha Patshahi ki Prampara , Granth No. 17727, p. 22, RORI,
Jodhpur. 124 Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi, p. 244. 125 S.P.Gupta, The Agrarian System of Eastern Rajasthan (c.1650-c.1750), Delhi, 1986, p. 175. 126 Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 20, V.S. 1835/ A.D. 1778, p. 16, RSA, Bikaner. 127 See Table No. 3.16. 128 Chaudhary of Pachpadra paid Rs. 3.50 to the state as pag bandhai in February 1764. Sanad
Parwana Bahi ,No. 1. V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 96, RSA, Bikaner. 129 Sanad Parwana Bahis , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 21, and No. 21, V.S. 1835/ A.D.
1778, p. 71.
115
Sometimes the amount of pag bandhai was fixed, the aspirant, after paying it,
became the chaudhary of the village. Such as – there was a fixed amount of Rs. 101
in pag bandhai in the village tausar of pargana Nagaur130.
Table – 3.16131 Chaudharies of Pargana Jodhpur in Marwar State
In Eighteenth Century
S. No. Name of Villages Name of Taffes Name of Chaudharies
1. VillageBurchha Taffe Pipad Chaudhary Bharmal
2. Village Bumavay Taffe Bhadrajan Chaudhary Bharmal
3. Village Berai Taffe Haveli ChaudharyRamchandra
4. Village Dahmi Taffe Aasop ChaudharyKhimo
5. Village Jakhan Taffe Osia Chaudhary Bancho
6. Village Bija Taffe Bhadrajan Chaudhary Chanpa
7. Village Barno Taffe Bilada Chaudhary Durka
8. VillageKatardo Taffe Haveli Chaudhary Prathavi Singh
9. Village Pipad Basro Taffe Pipad Chaudhary Ahir Choso
10. Village Kajari Taffe Osia Chaudhary Rupa
130 Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 21, V.S. 1835/ A.D. 1778, p. 52. 131 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in theJodhpur Hukumat Ri
Jamaband Bahi No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, p. 305, District Archives Office , Jodhpur.
116
2. The Shahna :
Shahna132 was another important official of the village revenue administration.
He was appointed in each village by the diwan on the recommendation of the hakim
of the pargana133. There could be more than one shahna in a village.
The Shahna was in charge of collection of state share of land revenue. His
main duty was to keep watch on the heaps of grain or other produces at the time of
harvest or when the grain was taken to the kotharor stores and the markets134.
The Shahnas also helped other officials in estimating, collecting, and
controlling the produce of the crops. Sometimes they enjoyed certain rights and
privileges.135 For example, Shahni Nahra of Siwana ,got exemption in depositing the
tax of importing the cattle from other pargana136.
The Shahnas got their share or charge in the form of produce, called as
Shahnagi137 in lieu of their service.
3. The Taffadar:
Taffadar was the official of a taffa138 or sub- division of a pargana, appointed
by the diwan on the recommendation of the Hakim. He was appointed in those
parganas where the sub-divisions were existed such as, pargana Jodhpur,139 Pargana
132 Shahna was a person employed to watch the crops and prevent any fraudulent abstraction of the
grain. H.H. Wilson, p. 477 133 S. P. Gupta, p.178 134 Ibid, p. 179. 135 A. Sahani Lala Nathawat was given the village of Noghadi of taffa haveli of pargana Jodhpur ,
having a rekh of 500 in august 1751. Marwar ke Vibhinn Thikano ki Aaye Evam Patte ka Vivran , Granth No. 37553, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur.
B. Ibid. Sahani Rama Jagnath was given a part of village jajival kuthadi of taffa haveli in pargana Jodhpur in September 1782, while in A.D. 1785, it was entirely given Sahani Surat, son of Madhodas.
136 Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 93. 137 Shahnagi was the wages of the Shahna. H.H.Wilsion, p. 477. 138 The term taffa was used for a small tract or division, smaller than a pargana , comprising one or
more villages. H. H. Wilsion, p. 510. 139 There were 20 taffas in Pargana Jodhpur during the eighteenth century. Jodhpur Ri Farsat Bahi
Gaonva No. 2991,V.S.1801-08/ A.D. 1744-51, DAO, Jodhpur.
117
Merta140 , Pargana Jalor141 etc. Each taffa has a number of villages; in short, taffa
was a group of villages but the number of villages under a taffa was not the same.
The main duty of the taffadar was to keep watch over every village of his taffa
and to ensure tax realization142 by whatever methods as fixed in the assignment. The
taffadar was responsible for receiving and furnishing the accounts of the state’s share
of the whole produce of the village whenever the crops ripened. In practice, he
participated in the work of measurement. The proportion of state share was also
mentioned in the assignment. He also received the revenue records of his tafa,
prepared by the chaudharies and other officials and after verifying, he sent them to
the office of diwan where the records were further subjected to scrutiny.143 He had to
maintain law and order in the taffa and checked it time to time that peasant from other
parganas did not settle in his taffa without his permission144. The taffadar was
required to assist the pargana officials in the work of measurement of lands,
assessment and collection of revenue from the cultivators.
4. The Kanwari :
The Kanwari was another important village official of State, who was
responsible for guarding the fields and prevented the cultivators to remove grains to
evade the land revenue145.
The Kanwari was appointed by the hakim so he was supposed to the man of
hakim146. The number of kanwaris was not fixing, it could be more than one in a
village of Marwar.147 Generally, the post of kanwari was given to the rajputs in
140 There were nine Lein or sub-division in Pargana Merta. Merta Ra Gaon Va Ri Ferisat Bahi , No.
85, V.S. 1823- 40/ A.D. 1766-1783, DAO, Jodhpur. 141 There were eight Pattis or sub-divisions in Pargana Jaor. Jalor Ri Ferisat Bahi , No. 88, V.S.
1825-28/ A.D. 1768-71, DAO, Jodhpur. 142 The Tafadar assess and realized the tax of Ghasmari from the village Baran of Pargana Nagaur in
January 1764. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.24. 143 R. K. Saxena, Peasant and the State, p. 210. 144 Ibid, pp. 208-09. 145 Shyam Singh Tanwar, p. 85. 146 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 24. 147 There were two Kanwaris in the village of Idavad of Pargana Merta. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.
21, V.S.1835/ A.D. 1778, p. 77, RSA, Bikaner.
118
Marwar148.Sometimes, the kanwaris acted as the judge to settle the petty disputes
concerning the demarcation of the fields.
5. The Tulawati :
The Tulawati149 was another village official in the state of Marwar who
measured or weighed the produce for the purpose of land revenue collection.
6. The Hawaldar :
There was another official in village administration, appointed by the hakim of the
Pargana,150was the hawaldar who was not only the police officer but also a
subordinate revenue officer of the village. Instead of paying the duty of maintaining
law and order in his village, he was charged with the collection and remittance of the
revenue of the village.
The Hawaldar also assisted the chaudhary and other officials, in the collection of
revenue and in police matters. Darji Shayama was appointed as the hawaldar of
village Padruparel of Pargana Merta on January 1778151, While Pancholi Shubhkaran
was appointed in khalsa villages of pargana Merta on April 1779152.
7. The Chawkidar :
The Chawkidar was a watchman or custom peon of the village153. He had to do
the act of watching or guarding property or the place where they are posted. In short,
he acted as the watch – dog of village boundaries. He was also responsible for tracing
out the culprits or other undesirable activities of his village. Mostly the people of
meenas154 and bawaries caste were appointed as the chawkidars of village’s in
Marwar. They were considered due to their skill of tracking155.
148 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.23. 149 Sitaram Lalas, Rajasthani Sabadkosh, part- II, Jodhpur, 1967, p. 1546. 150 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 24. 151 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 21, V.S. 1835/ A.D. 1778, p. 77. 152 Ibid, p. 96. 153 H.H. Wilson, p. 106 154 Vir Vinod, part I, p.197. 155 Shayam Singh Tanwar , pp. 122-23.
119
The chawkidars were paid servants who received their shares from the annual
product of the village i.e. locally known as chawkidari156 .
156 It was the fees or wages paid to the village watchman.
120
Chart – 3.2
Revenue Administrative set up at Village or Local Level in Marwar State during Eighteenth Century
The Headmen ( Chaudhary)
Taffadars Sahanas Hawaldars Kanwaris Chowkidars Tulavatis
CChhaapptteerr ––44 TThhee RReevveennuuee SSyysstteemm:: IItt’’ss
NNaattuurree && AAsssseessssmmeenntt
121
The revenue system of Marwar had kept a significant place during the 18th
century, as the century is known for an anarchy & political disorder. It was the most
important element or part of revenue administration for the state, through which the
state managed or ran its financial as well as general administration. Even being purely
a financial aspect it has great importance for the social and political point of view.
The revenue of the state of Marwar which realized from various sources,
termed as haljama1, to resemble as Jama of Mughal times2. It refers to the total
realized annually revenue of the state, from different parganas or sub-divisions3. The
haljama or total realized revenue of pargana Jodhpur of Marwar state was Rs.
12021.00 in A.D. 17804 and Rs. 20608.00 in 17835.
The state used to realize this revenue from its entire territories or parganas,
generally six times6 in a year on the occasion of holding festive darbars or courts. The
rulers of Marwar used to hold the grandeur court on the occasion of festival
ofholi,7aakhateej,8rakshabandhan,9dussehra,10deepawali,11and their own birthday12 .
1 The Hal Jama of Pargana Siwana of Marwar State was Rs. 16207 in A.D.1784. Siwana Kutchari
ri Jamabandhi Bahi, No. 1798, V.S. 1841/ A.D. 1784, DAO, Jodhpur. 2 Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556-1707, Reprint, Delhi, 1999, p. 238. 3 See Table No. 4.1. 4 Garh Jodhpur Chotra ri Jamabandhi Bahi, No. 688, V.S. 1837/ A.D. 1780, DAO, Jodhpur. 5 Garh Jodhpur Chotra ri JamaKharch ri Jamabandhi Bahi , No. 890 , V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783. 6 See Table No. 4.2 and 4.3. 7 Holi is a festival of colors held in the month of Chaitra i.e. March, and a grand court held on this
festival. 8 This festival is celebrated in the month of April, on this occasion an amount of Rs. 7452 was
received by the State from various pargana in April A.D. 1765. Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, p. 74.
9 This is a festival of brother & sister, celebrated in the month of august, and the rulers of Marwar were held a grand court on this occasion, in A.D. 1770, an amount of rs.12078 were received by the state from various sub divisions on the court of rakshabandhan. Ibid, p. 457.
10 On this occasion of dussehra , the state received an amount of Rs. 16581, in the court of September 1770. Ibid, p. 461.
11 It is a festival of lights celebrated in October – November. 12 The grand darbar was held on the birthday of Maharaja, and the treasures from various parganas
were presented to Maharaja Bijaysingh’s birthday on November 1770 in the court. Ibid, p. 465.
122
The revenue, which realized from various sources, could be categories broadly
in agricultural sector or non- agricultural sector13. In agriculture sector, the land
revenue and many other agriculture taxes were included. In Marwar, the land revenue
termed as malhasil, comprised of mal or bhog, sakhsawanu sakhunalu, mukata,
sukrana etc. Besides the land revenue or malhasil, there were other taxes extracted,
which directly or indirectly related to agriculture, such as, ghasmari, pancharai,
ghiyai , serino etc.
In non agricultural sector, the revenue was realized mostly from trade, service
fee, fine, or punishments. Except of agriculture, the all areas which assess for revenue
included in this non agricultural sector.
The assessment and realization of revenue in Marwar, can be depicted by the following chart.
13 See table No. 4.4 and 4.5, which shows the revenue of Pargana Jodhpur of Marwar State, realized
from both agrarian and non agrarian sector in A.D.1774 and in 1780.
123
Chart- 4.1
Revenue Realization
Agricultural Sector Non-Agricultural Sector
Land Revenue Other Agrarian Taxes Trade or Commercial Service or Punishment or Charges Consume Fee Fine Charges
124
Table – 4.114
Amount of Khazana(Revenue) Received by Jodhpur Darbar from Various Parganas of Marwar
(Amount in rupees for continuous five years)
S. No.
Name of Parganas
A.D.1765 A.D.1766 A.D.1767 A.D.1768 A.D.1769
1. Jodhpur 1651 3000 1000 200 600
2. Jalore 1000 - 1200 - -
3. Merta 1000 5000 750 2800 1458
4. Bhinmal 200 100 - 1301 -
5. Siwana 400 200 400 - 100
6. Pachpadra 400 700 500 - 504
7. Didwana 1000 - - 3000 -
8. Nava 9001 10423 2776 4026 11000
9. Phalodhi 200 101 - 101 500
10. Dolatpur 200 400 400 400 -
11. Nagaur - 2000 900 - 6000
12. Didwana - 3000 4000 - 2000
13. Sojhat - 1000 1500 - -
14. Jaitaran - 401 125 - 201
15. Koliya - 100 301 - -
16. Maroth - 1500 - 1000 2000
17. Parbatsar - 1000 2100 1000 2757
18. Pali - - 2001 - -
14 The above table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi, No. 1,
V.s. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner.
125
Table – 4.215
Amount of Khazana Received by Jodhpur Darbar from Various Parganas of Marwar
In A.D.1770
(Amount in Rupees)
S.
No.
Name of
Parganas
July September October November February April Total
Amounts
1. Jodhpur 150 100 100 500 650 651 2151
2. Merta 1700 1600 1200 2200 4051 3000 13751
3. Parbatsar 2500 1800 2000 1700 3600 2000 13600
4. Jaitaran 501 - 400 301 401 301 1904
5. Bhinmal 500 500 200 200 650 200 2250
6. Bilara 1000 1000 500 500 700 500 4200
7. Pachpadra 200 400 1000 1200 4002 2000 8802
8. Siwana 200 100 100 - - 100 500
9. Didwana 1000 5601 5400 5100 4000 - 21101
10 Maroth 1000 1500 1000 2000 2000 7500
11. Nava 1000 1000 2000 16800 6551 5000 32351
12. Nagaur - 2500 2200 1500 4500 5251 15951
13. Phalodhi - 500 200 201 500 500 1901
14. Dolatpur - 400 600 400 2000 2000 5400
15. Jalor - - 500 - 1000 - 1500
16. Pali - - 500 - 2000 - 2500
17. Sojhat - - - - 1000 1000 2000
15The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi , No. 1,
V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner.
126
Table –4.316
Amount of Khazana (Revenue) Received by Jodhpur Darbar from Various Parganas of Marwar (Month wise)
A.D.1772 (Amount in Rupees)
S . No.
Name of Parganas
July September October November February April Total Amounts
1. Jodhpur - 600 1200 500 150 300 2750
2. Merta - 1500 1000 1000 3200 - 6700
3. Parbatsar - 1500 2300 4100 - 5001 12901
4. Jaitaran 601 301 301 - - 501 1704
5. Bhinmal 900 300 200 200 200 - 1800
6. Pachpadra 500 - 2005 6002 2000 500 11007
7. Siwana 500 - 200 100 100 - 900
8. Didwana - 10,500 3000 5000 - 3000 21500
9. Maroth 500 500 - 725 - 1000 2725
10. Nava - - 7000 6500 - - 13500
11. Nagaur - 6500 7500 2500 2001 2000 20501
12. Phalodhi 500 500 200 200 200 500 2100
13. Dollatpur - 400 200 - - - 600
14. Jalor - 6276 1000 - - - 16276
15. Pali 3590 5500 2000 2000 - - 13090
16. Koliya - 400 - 150 - 500 1050
17. Sanchor - 501 500 - - - 1001
16 The above table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi,
No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner.
127
Table –4.417
Revenue Realization in Pargana Jodhpur under Different Heads
A.D. 1774
Amount of Realization in Rs.
Different Heads of Realization
11167.00 HalJama( Total Realized Revenue) 6225.00 Ba Malhasilra - agricultural tax 20.00 Ba Kutcherira - non agricultural tax 10.00 Ba Sukanbhentra- agricultural tax 37.00 Ba Kanwarira - agricultural tax 21.00 Ba Patara- agricultural tax 246.00 Ba Churigarrichothaira - non agricultural tax 97.00 Ba Salara - non agricultural tax 23.00 Ba Jan ra - non agricultural tax 66.00 Ba Nikara - non agricultural tax 870.00 Ba Talikara - agricultural tax 9.00 Ba Nwamodara - non agricultural tax 1257.00 Ba Farohira - non agricultural tax 38.00 Ba Chothaira - agricultural tax 53.00 Ba Chodharbabra - non agricultural tax 14.00 Ba Talwana - agricultural tax 11.00 Ba Khadiritulaira - non agricultural tax 167.00 Ba Khalsa re gharhaatbhadara - non agricultural tax 276.00 Ba Tolachhapaira - agricultural tax 74.00 Ba Gaiharra - non agricultural tax 19.00 Ba Chotrara - non agricultural tax 82.00 Ba Udharra - non agricultural tax 49.00 Ba Parkhaira - non agricultural tax 31.00 Ba Btavra - non agricultural tax 22.00 Ba Baghatira - non agricultural tax 14.25 Ba Bajera - agricultural tax 1205.00 Ba Gharjabtira - non agricultural tax 230.75 Palira - non agricultural tax
17 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Kutcheri Chorta Jamabandi
Bahi , No. 887, V.S. 1831/ A.D. 1774, DAO, Jodhpur.
128
Table- 4.518
Revenue Realization in Pargana Jodhpur under Different Heads
A.D. 1780
Amount of Realization in Rs.
Different Heads of Realization
12021.00 Hal Jama(Total Realized Revenue) 5726.00 Mal Hasil - agriculture tax 10.00 SukanBhent - agriculture tax 27.00 Kanwarra - agtriculture tax 31.00 Pan Chara - agriculture tax 284.00 Chothaira - non agriculture
109 .00 Sal ra - non agriculture 20 .00 Jan ra - non agriculture 155.00 Nikarara - non agriculture
1434.00 Talira - agriculture tax 12.00 NvaGhorara - non agriculture
2025.00 Farohira - non agriculture 78 .00 Chodhar Bab - non agriculture 40 .00 Chothaira - non agriculture 27.00 Talbanara - agriculture tax 17.00 KhaddiriTulaira - non agriculture 255.00 Bhadara - non agricultural tax 193.00 TolaChhapaira - agriculture tax 56.00 GaiharriDukanra - non agriculture 15.00 Chotrara - non agriculture 687.00 UdharraJame - non agriculture 586.00 Gharjabtira - non agriculture 27.00 Banta Kasrayatra - agriculture tax 84.00 Baghtira - agriculture tax
123 .00 Dharkhaira - non agriculture 12021.00 = Total
18 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Garh Jodhpur Chotrari Jamabandi
Bahi , No. 688, V.S. 1837/ A.D. 1780 , DAO, Jodhpur.
129
LAND REVENUE
The economic life of the people of Marwar has been depended on agriculture
and its associated occupations, though the state comprised of a vast sandy sterile and
inhospitable land. Even than the land revenue considered as the chief source of
income for the state. It was levied upon various sections of the cultivating class.
Originally the land revenue was a share of the state or its ruling powers in
each season’s produce which was the state extracted for public use19. To meet the
expanses of the state’s protection and domination, the cultivators paid a portion of
their grains or produce in the form of land revenue.
In Marwar as per the rajasthani records of 18th century the land revenue
termed as bhog20or hasil, resembled to mal of Mughals21 . It was mainly connected
with the assessment and collection that were known as tashkhis (assessment) and
tahsil (collection) in Mughal times22. Generally, bhog or hasil was a separate tax or a
share realized from the cultivators. It was over and above malhasil i.e. a group of
taxes.
Our sources provide the information on assessment of share, medium and
methods of collections and the agencies. All these are emphasized in the study
thoroughly.
19 S.C.Ray, Land Revenue Administration in India, Calcutta University, Calcutta, 1915, p. 1. 20 Different Jamabandi Bahis of Marwar of different years preserved in DAO, Jodhpur. 21 B.L. Bhadani, Peasants, Artisans and Entrepreneurs, Delhi, 1999, pp.199-200. 22 Irfan Habib, p. 236.
130
Methods of Revenue Assessment
No uniform System of assessment of land was in use in the Rathore State of
Marwar. It varied from pargana to pargana. Different modes of assessment of land
revenue were in vogue. These are as follows:
(A) Plough System:
The easiest method of assessing land revenue was in proportion to the number
of ploughs held. This method was adopted in almost all the parganas of the Rathor
State due to the geographical features of the area though the amount against a plough
differed from village to village and year to year.
The rate of per plough was Rs.1.25 in pargana Jaitaran of Marwar23 in
A.D.1761, while in pargana Sojhat it was charged at the rate of Rs. 6.00 per plough
of two bullocks in A.D. 179424. In pargana Jodhpur, it was 18 dugani in cash and in
kind it was realized 2.50 mans on per plough in the year of 1766.
Sometimes the whole pargana was assessed on the basis of the numbers of hal
(plough) and a standard rate was fixed on each plough.
(B) The Lata Mode:
The lata or latai was the prevalent method in almost all the parganas of
Marwar and was appreciated much by the cultivators. Under this system, all the
produce after harvesting was reaped and collected at one, two or more places and after
threshing, the State share was calculated on the total yield of the field and was taken
in kind25. Mostly the cereal crops were assessed according to this mode of crop
sharing. This method was termed as ghalla- bakshi in Mughal times26.
This method had its own disadvantages as the sharing took place in the
presence of the agents of hakims, havaldars, kanwarias and chaudharies of the
village, the peasants had to bear their expenses and give a small share also as neg to
23 Jaitaran Hukumat –ri – Jamabandi Bahi No.667, V.S.1818/ A.D. 1761, DAO, Jodhpur (Raj.). 24 Sojhat ra Chotra re Jamakharch ri Bahi, No. 1832, V.S. 1851/ A.D. 1794, DAO, Jodhpur. 25 Jodhpur Sanad Bahi No.63, p.16, RSA, Bikaner. 26 Irfan Habib, p. 237.
131
the servants 27(chamars, blacksmiths, carpenters, pottersetc.) and bhent to a temple.
In Rathor State people used to observe that “latai is lutai” (loot).e.g. The land revenue
of village khangto, tafa pipad of pargana Jodhpur, was assessed as per the lata mode
, according to this, the representative officer of hakim was Shinghavi Trilokmal,
Karkun Bhandari Azabram, Hawaldar VyasNathu, Kanwari Bohra Radhakisan
,Chaudhary Sarup, and Bhambhi (the sweeper) took one fifth part of produce, while
the state share (bhog) was one seer on per man produce28.
According to this mode of assessment, in pargana Jodhpur the land revenue
assessed at the rate of 6.75 seers29 on per man30 grain for both rabi and kharif
harvests31 in A.D. 1770, while in the same year in pargana Jalor of Marwar, it was
assessed 2 seers on per kalsi32 of grains. The measurement or quantity of a kalsi was
different for different types of cereals. Such as, it was 16.50 mans in a kalsi of bajra (
pearl Millet), 17.25 mans in kalsi of til (oilseeds) , 16 mans in a kalsi of mugh (
pulses), 16.50mans in a kalsi of moth (nut grass), 5.25 mans in a kalsi of juwar33
( Sorgum).
(C) Zabti Mode:
The word Zabti is taken to be synonymous of Jarib or amal-i-jarib34. Under
this method, the whole cultivable area was measured thereafter the cash rate per
bigha35 for each crop was fixed.
It appears from our evidence that the zabti system was applied on both
harvests (the cash-crop and food grains) in all parganas of Marwar. Our evidence that
zabt rates on different crop in the unalu (Rabi) viz. vegetables, neel (indigo), kuro etc.
It was Rs. 1.75 for per bigha of til (oilseeds) produce, Rs. 1.50 for per bigha mirch 27 Jodhpur Sanad Bahi, No.108, p. 219, RSA, Bikaner . 28 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 29 Seer was the main measure unit of grain and cereals; it was equal to one kilogram of present days. 30 Man was a measure unit and there were 32 seers in a man of Marwar State. 31 Jodhpur Kotwali Chotra Jamabandi Bahi No. 886, V.S. 1827/ A.D. 1770, DAO, Jodhpur. 32 Kalsi was a pitcher or big pot which was made of metal. 33 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 34 Irfan Habib, pp. 235-38. The term zabti is taken to be Synonymous with jarib or amal-a-jarib and
used to signify measurement as well as the assessment based upon it. 35 Bigha was the common unit of land measurement. B.H. Baden Powell, p. 12.
132
(Chilies), Rs. 1.18 for per bigha vegetables in pargana Jalor36 , and Rs. 0.75 for par
bigha neel (Indigo), Rs. 0.50 for per bigha kuro in pargana Jaitaran37of Marwar State
. It is also clear in our sources that the rates of zabti system were changed time to time
but the changes were minor and maintained stability.
(D) The Kunta Mode:
Another system of assessment of land revenue was kunta mode or simple koot.
Under this system, the State share of produce was taken by guess work without
calculating it by means of weight or measurement38. The revenue was assessed in kind
under this mode. Normally the share of the state was four and half parts of the total
produce or five seers per man grains39. It was seven seers per man kapas (Cotton) in
the state of Marwar40.
This system of kunta mode was resembled to kankut or danabandi of Mughal
periods41. Which originally made of two words, kan and kut. The former signifies
grain and later stands for estimation. According to that the whole land was estimated
in the balance of inspection42.
(E) The Kankar – Kunta Mode:
In this mode, the total amount of the produce was calculated while the crop
was still standing. The State share was based on the calculation43. This system was
also in vogue in Marwar. This system of assessment resembled to as hast-o- bud of
Mughal periods44.
The State share was 3.5 to 4 (three and half to fourth) of the total production.
At Mandor (old capital of Jodhpur) in Jodhpur, the State Share was fixed at the part of
36 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 37 Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 667,V.S. 1818/ A.D. 1761. 38 Jodhpur Sanad Bahi , No.108, p. 219, RSA, Bikaner (Raj.). 39 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 40 Ibid. 41 Irfan Habib, p. 238 42 Abul Fazal , Ain –i- Akbari , trans. by H.S. Jarrett, Vol. II, Calcutta, 1894, p. 44. 43 K. D. Erskine, p.147. 44 Norman Ahmad Siddqui, p. 49.
133
3.5 (three and half) of total production, while in qasba Jodhpur,45it was fourth part of
production for sakh sawanu in A.D. 1766.
(F) The Muqata Mode:
In this mode, a lump sum amount was realized from the cultivators46 and the
amount was different for different kind of crops and caste of the people. This system
has similarities with tashkhis –i-naqdi of Mughal period47.
It was a contract system between two cultivators or officers for a period of
years where the fixed rate per plough ranging in different villages or cultivators from
Rs. 1 to 2 in Marwar48.
(G) The Bighori Mode:
Under this mode a fixed rate per bigha was paid in cash or kind. It was levied
on cotton, sugarcane, vegetable, tobacco etc. One- third or one- fourth was the
accepted share in Marwar.49 The crops were measured with a dori every year and
accordingly State share was fixed50. This system of assessment was similar as amal-i-
khewat of Mughal administration51.
The Principal Crops:
There were a number of crops which were used to grow by the peasants in
Marwar. Bajri (pearl millet), juwar (millets), makka (Maize), gehun (wheat), guji
(wheat and barley) were the main food grains52 of Marwar. In pluses the mug and
moth (nut grass) were grown frequently53. Cotton, til (oilseeds),neel (indigo), and
45 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Bahi No.935, V.S.1823 / A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur . 46 C.K.Walter, Gazetteer of Marwar, 1877, p. 26. 47 Norman Ahmad Siddqui, p. 54. 48 Jodhpur Kotwali Chotra Jamabandi Bahi, No. 886, V.S. 1827/ A.D. 1770. 49 Jodhpur Sanad Bahi, No.63, pp.116-119, RSA, Bikaner; Sharma, G.N., Social life in Medieval
Rajasthan, Agra, 1968, p. 290-93. 50 K.D.Erskine, p.140. 51 Norman Ahmad Siddqui, p. 53. 52 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank ( Basta) No. 13, Granthank(File) No. 4,5, and
6 , RSA, Bikaner. 53 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No.13, File No. 3 .
134
afeem ( opium) were the cash crops54 chiefly grown for commercial consideration .
Besides these, tarkari or vegetables were also widely cultivated throughout the region
and the sag, kair , kakdi , began , nebu55 were the main vegetables of Marwar56.
Classification of the Land:
Revenue system was based on land or field assessment. The land of entire
state of Marwar could be divided in two parts i.e. cultivated or uncultivated lands
according to its productive capacity. Further the cultivated land of the state was also
divided into a few categories based on fertility of the soil, namely matiyali57 Soil
(consisted of pili58and kali59 soil), buri60 soil, dhora retili61, and radbad62Soil. The
peasants’khets (field or farm) were also known asmadli, dablo, tudiyo, dholo, and
magro according to the soil of cultivated land63.
Means of Cultivation:
The means of cultivation which used by the karsas64(peasants or cultivators)
of Marwar were very simple and traditional. They generally used hal (plough) with
phal (an iron coulter) and cattle mostly balads (bullocks) and unt (camels) to pull the
plough, sometimes foot – plough65 too. It means, they were yoked themselves to the
plough for harvesting the crops. The crop pattern of the state was might be ek sakhia
54 Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No.667, V.S. 1818/ A.D. 1761, DAO, Jodhpur. 55 Jodhpur Kotwali Chotra ri Bahi, No. 886, V.S. 1827/ A.D. 1770. 56 Jodhpur Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21 / A.D. 1763-64 , p. 184, RSA, Bikaner. 57 It was a clayey loam. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 13, Granthank No.
3 and 5 , RSA, Bikaner. 58 Jodhpur Records; ApuralekhiaAbhilekh, Basta No. 3/13. 59 Jodhpur Records; ApuralekhiaAbhilekh , Basta No. 3/13, 6/13. 60 Jodhpur Records; ApuralekhiaAbhilekh , Basta No.5/13, 6/13, 11/13. 61 Jodhpur Records; ApuralekhiaAbhilekh , Basta No.11/13. 62 Jodhpur Records; ApuralekhiaAbhilekh , Basta No. 15/13. 63 Jodhpur Records; ApuralekhiaAbhilekh , Basta No.20/13,p.243. 64 Jodhpur Records; ApuralekhiaAbhilekh , Basta No.1/13 . 65 Jodhpur Records; ApuralekhiaAbhilekh, Basta Nos. 7/13, p.44, and 8/13, p. 437.
135
(single) or do sakhia66 (double) which was termed as yak fasla or do fasla in Mughal
administration67.
For irrigation the peasants chiefly depended upon rainfall or monsoon, which
was scanty and irregular due to the location of the state. So the people used artificial
means of irrigation such as kuwa or bera68 (wells), talab69 (ponds), baoris70 (step-
wells), banda71&khada72 (tank).
There were different kinds of wells in Marwar and among them the kachcha
kuwa and pakka kuwa were the main source of irrigation73. Kachcha Kuwa was made
without use of masonry while pakka kuwa was a brick lined well.
Besides wells, the talabs or ponds were also played an important role in
cultivating the harvests and in the domestic use. There were many ponds constructed
by the rulers and their queens after his/her name in the state to sort out the problem of
water scarcity. Such as Abhaysagar74, Chakelav75 BakhatSagar76, Sekhavatjiratalab,77
Sursagar, Padamsar, Ranisar,Phulelav, Gagelav, Motisar etc. were the prominent.78
Apart from wells and ponds the cultivators used to make baoris or step-well, which
were shallower than wells. Bandaor khadas were basically tankas or kunds, made for
using the rainwater for crop production.
66 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 13/13. 67 Irfan Habib, p. 26 68 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta Nos. 2/13 & 11/13 69 Ibid . 70 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 3/13. 71 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 5/13. 72 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 6/13. 73 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 4/13. 74 Abhaysagar was built by Maharaja Abhaysingh of Marwar. Abhay Singh ri Khyat , Granth
No.15659, p. 304, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute , Jodhpur. 75 Chakelav also built by Maharaja Abhay Singh. Ibid , p. 307. 76 It was constructed by Maharakja Bakhat Singh of Marwar . Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi No. 1, V.S. 1820-
30/ A.D. 1763-73, p. 147, RSA, Bikaner. 77 Ibid, p. 166. 78 Ibid, pp. 485, 644 & 743.
136
Despite of these artificial or natural79 sources of irrigation, the people of Marwar were
compelled to migrate the neighboring states of Malwa, Indore, Kannoj and Gujarat80,
when the state received a short rain below from an average scale of rainfall of the
state or on the occurrence of mari81 or famine82.
79 The natural source of irrigation was the only river Luni , which was also rain-fed. Jodhpur Records;
Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 13,Granthank No. 2 & 3. 80 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 11/13. 81 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 13/13. 82 The famines were might occur frequently in the year of 1732,42,46,47,55,80,83,88,92,93 and 1796.
137
LAND REVENUE DEMAND
Generally, the land revenue or share of the State was from one- fourth to one-
sixth83 of the actual production but in the time of emergency, the State share could be
enhanced as much as half of the produce84.The system of giving state share was in
vogue from ancient time. According to Manu, it was realized from one-twelfth to one-
eighth and in emergencies it might be as high as one-fourth.85 In Mughal
administration, the land revenue demanded one –third of produce86.
There were various factors which taken into account while fixing the revenue
demand87, such as the status of the farmers, nature of the soil, kinds of crop, irrigation
facilities and caste of the cultivators etc. In the State, the concessions were given to
the bhrahman88, and mahajans89. They paid less land revenue than hereditary
agriculturist. The rates of land revenue demand were also varied for different crops. It
was higher on dry crops and less on wet crops.
In Marwar, the rates of land revenue demands were not uniform. It was varied
from pargana to pargana and varied for different castes for both harvests.
The land revenue for pargana Jodhpur realized under muqata mode ofA.D.
1766 can be compared with the amount of A.D. 1770, given in the Bahis.
83 B.H. Powell, p. 34. 84 Ibid , p. 35. 85 W.H. Moreland, The Revenue Administration of the United Provinces, Delhi, 1911, p. 47. 86 Ibid, p. 48. 87 K.R.Sharm, Unnisavi Sadi ke Rajasthan ka Samajik Evam Arthik Jeevan, Jaipur, 1974, p.155. 88 Report Mardam Shumari raj Marwar, 1891, pp. 160-166. 89 Prem Engis, Marwar ka Samajik Evam Arthik Jeevan, Jodhpur, 1991, p. 72.
138
Table-4.6
Land Revenue Realization under Muqata in Pargana Jodhpur
S.No. Name of Cultivators Revenue for A.D. 1766 (In Rs.)
Revenue for A.D. 1770 (In Rs.)
1 Biso Jeevraj 4.00 3.75
2 Jaat Kanta 4.00 4.00
3 Khati Kusal 7.00 7.00
4 Khatik Fajal 5.00 3.75
5 Jat Likhama 5.00 4.00
6 Teli Nuro 10.00 4.00
The above table depicts that the land revenue demand under the mukata in
pargana Jodhpur was quite closely for both years. In the pargana , the jats paid at the
rate of 8.3 to 15.3 % , khatis 11.6 to 25.9 % and Telis 15.3 to 16.3 %. Under this
System, the cash rate per bigha was fixed according to the nature of crop, soil and the
economic position of the peasants.
In pragana Jaitaran of Marwar, the demand was fixed on the basis of castes
under zabti. The demand was varied for different crops at per bigha. The rates and
realized land revenue for pargana Jaitaran for both harvests were given in table no.
4.7, which shows that the bohra90 and brahmin of the pargana were paid land revenue
at concessional rate, but the demand was equal for the crop of kuro for both of the
revenue payers’ i.e. Rs.0.50 for per bigha ( see the table no.4.7).
For the information about the land revenue realization under the zabt rates for
pargana Jalor, see the table no. 4.8.
90 The term bohra used for the caste of baniya or mahajan.
139
Table- 4.791
Land Revenue Demand under Zabti in Pargana Jaitaran
A.D. 1761
S. No. Harvests Crops A B Rate for Bohraand Brahmin in Rs
Revenue realized in Rs
Rate for Karsasin Rs.
Revenue realized in Rs.
1 Kharif Vegetables 1 1.68 1.25 11.00
2 Kharif Cereals 1 29.10 1 .32 59.00
3 Rabi Opium 0.75 0.32 1 4.00
4. Rabi Kuro 0.50 0.18 0.50 0.43
Table -4.892
Land Revenue Demand under Zabti in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1766
S. No.
Name of Produce Articles
Rate per Bigha
Cultivated area in bigha
Revenue in Rs.
1. Til ( oilseeds) 1.75 3.25 5.68
2. Kakadi( cucumber ) 1.50 2.25 3.37
3. Mirchi( chilli) 1.50 0.50 0.75
4. Jeera ( spice) 1.50 0.25 0.37
5. Sabji (Vegetables) 1.18 9.25 10.91
6. Kanda ( onion) 1.75 4.50 8.00
Our sources furnish information of land revenue realization in kind for
parganas Jodhpur and Jalor under both modes of assessment (lata & kunta) and the
same year i.e. 1766.
91 Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 667, V.S. 1818/ A.D. 1761. 92 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hukumat riJamabandi Bahi ,
No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
140
In pargana Jodhpur the demand was fixed under the lata at the rate of 3 ½ – 4
½ of produce93 for sawanu (kharif) harvest and it was 1/2 (half) of produce under the
assessment of kunta mode94.
In pargana Jalor, the size of the demand varied for various food grains on per
kalsi of produce. Generally it was realized at the rate of one-sixth (1/6th) to one-
eighth (1/8th) of the produce under lata and ½ or half of produce under kunta95.
Our source states the total production of grains and the demand under lata
mode for sawanu( kharif) crop of pargana Jalor for the year of 1766, which are given
in table IV and the land revenue (Bhog) for the same crop under kunta mode was
realized 615 mans which was equal to Rs. 553.50 half of total realized revenue of Rs.
1353.7596.
Table – 4.997
Land Revenue Demand in Pargana Jalor, A.D. 1766
S. No. Name of Grains Total production in
kalsi
Realized Land revenue
(bhog) in kalsi
1. Bajri( pearl Millet) 980.75 145.50
2. Til( oilseeds) 149.25 17.00
3. Mug ( pluses) 24.75 3.75
4. Moth ( grass nut) 14.00 2.50
5. Juwar( millet) 1.75 0.25
6. Chawala(grain) 16.00 2.25
7. Guwar( grain) 5.75 1.00
93 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 94 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 95 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 96 Ibid 97 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi , No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
141
Information for pargana Jodhpur, where the demand assessed under the kunta
and lata mode of land revenue assessments has been provided in the rajsthani
sources. The rate of demand was one –third of the produce under kunta, which is
given separately for each grain in table no.4.10.
Under the lata the rate of demand was one-fifth of produce for the same year
of 1770 in the pargana Jodhpur, according to this assessment, there were a production
of 45 mans wheat so the realization of land revenue (bhog) was 8.75 mans
respectively98 .
Table – 4.1099
Land Revenue (Bhog) Realization in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1770
S. No. Name of Grain Total Production in
Mans
Realized Land Revenue
in Mans
1. Bajri( pearl millet) 10.50 3.50
2. Juwar(millets) 3.25 0.75
3. Mug ( pluse) 3.75 1.00
4. Moth(nut grass) 52.00 14.75
In pargana Jodhpur, the demand was realized at the rate of 6¾ sers per man
for the both harvest siyalu and unalu crop, while it was ranging from 4½ to 6 sers per
man for suyalu sakh in pargana Parbatsar100.
98 Jodhpur Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 886, V.S. 1827/ A.D. 1770 99 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi
Bahi , No. 886, V.S. 1827 / A.D. 1770, DAO, Jodhpur . 100 Parbatsar ri Kutcheri ri Jamabandi Bahi No.1586,V.S.1825/ A.D. 1768, DAO, Jodhpur.
142
The Mode or Medium of Payment:
In Marwar, the cultivators usually paid the revenue in cash, whether the state
demand was set in kind or term of produce, because it was easy to them to sell a large
portion of their produce in market to meet the revenue demand101.
Under the zabti system of assessment, the payment of revenue was of course
realized in cash, but when the crop sharing methods of lata and kunta were used and
the demand was set in kind, it was converted into cash at market prices102. In pargana
Jalor, the demand was fixed under lata mode for wheat crop that was 58.75 kalsi, but
realization was made in rupees at the market price that was Rs. 16.25 Per kalsi wheat.
Thus the land revenue was Rs. 962.75103. Similarly in pargana Jodhpur, the land
revenue (bhog) was Rs. 52.50 for the produce of 32mans wheat for unalu (Rabi)
harvest under the assessment of lata mode104.
It is clear that there was an emphasis of payment of revenue in current rupees,
that were Abhayshahi or Bijayshahi rupees105 (silver coins) and Dabbushahipaisa106
(copper Coin). The standard value of Abhayshai and Bijayshahi rupees was equal to
twenty paisa Dabbushahi coin107.
Sometimes the amount of revenue was deposited in the State treasury from the
various sub divisions or pargana‘s headquarters through the hundis beside the cash.
The hundi was a written letter which carried amount, place, date, and giver or receiver
name108. It was a safe and secure means of payment and transfer of money during
eighteenth century, because it was so risky and insecure to transport gold and silver
coins to distant places109.
101 Marwar ra pargana ri vigat, part II, pp. 396-97. 102 The general acceptable market prize of one ser produce was twenty paisa (0.20) Dabbushahi coin
in throughout the state of Marwar. 103 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 104 Jodhpur Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 886, V.S. 1827/ A.D. 1770, DAO, Jodhpur. 105 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 13, Granthank No. 7, p. 69, RSA, Bikaner. 106 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 8/13, p. 437. 107 Ibid . 108 Facets of A Marwar Historian, ed. by B.L.Bhadani & DwijendraTripathi , Jaipur, 1996, pp. 182-
83. 109 R.K.Saxena, Madhykalin Itihas ke Arthik Pahlu (1206-1707), Jaipur, 1996, p. 61.
143
There was wide information about the payment of revenue and custom duties
of pargana in the form of hundis to the state in our sources110. In July 1770, at the
occasion of rakshabandhan court, the state of Marwar received an amount of Rs.
10241.00 from its various parganas in which Rs. 8801 were in cash and Rs. 1450
were in hundis111.
As described elsewhere that the potedar or khazanchi was the main treasurer
of pargana treasury, so he used to write the hundis of the revenue amount of his
pargana and handed then to the head of pargana who was the Hakim, the hakim then
forwarded these hundis to the state treasury. In April 1770, at occasion of New Year
court, the revenue of pargana Merta was deposited Rs. 3000 in which Rs.500 were in
cash and Rs. 2500 were in the form of hundi. Similarly from pargana Phalodhi, total
amount was deposited Rs. 500, in which Rs. 245.00 in cash, and Rs. 255were in
hundi112 .
The Remission or Relief:
The revenue payers were given some relief or remission in paying their
revenue, which was either total113 or partial114 of the assessment. Such type of reliefs
was especially given at the time of failure of crop, famine, and immoderate rain. The
payers were given the facility of paying revenue in kists or installments for next year.
110 Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi No. 1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, RSA, Bikaner. 111 Ibid, p. 457. 112 Ibid, p. 480. 113 The state gave a total remission of Rs.40.00 in paying the revenue of pancharai tax to a payer of
village Bhagu of pargana Nagaur in august 1763. Sanad Parwana Bahi , No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.18, RSA, Bikaner.
114 Ibid, p. 21. A partly remission of Rs. 20.00 was given to the chaudhary of village Bakiliyara of pargana Nagaur in November 1763.
144
Graph – 4.1
Revenue Realization in Pargana Jodhpur during Second Half of the
Eighteenth Century
50847102230
7478 7716
6151
53255 125049
3689 4305
14457
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1766 AD (Rs.104102)
1769 AD (Rs.227279)
1774 AD (Rs.11167)
1780 AD (Rs.12021)
1784 AD (Rs.20608)
Non-Agricultural
Agricultural
145
Graph - 4.2
Land Revenue Realization in different Parganas the State of
Marwar during Second Half of Eighteenth Century
732
2084
3464
1769
3488
2684
1722
200400600800
10001200140016001800200022002400260028003000320034003600
Jalor 1766 A.D.
Parbatsar 1768 A.D.
Phalobhi 1769 A.D.
Jodhpur 1770 A.D.
Sanchor 1773 A.D.
Jodhpur 1783 A.D.
Jaitaran 1793 A.D.
CChhaapptteerr ––55 TThhee AAggrriiccuullttuurraall TTaaxxeess
146
The tax- structure of a state is a pointer to its socio-economic set up and
Marwar, being a state could be no exception to it. There were various approximately
one hundred one cesses or taxes realized from the villagers under various
denomination in Marwar,1 which can be divided into two categories i.e., Agricultural
taxes and non agricultural taxes.
Apart from land revenue, there were many other taxes which imposed on a
peasant either a direct or indirect way. These were known as agricultural taxes. In
Mughal administration, the taxes apart from land revenue were known as Sair-ul-
Wajuh or Wujuhat2, which were collected over and above Mal (land revenue).
Our sources provide us not only the rate of these taxes but also the amount
realized from these taxes as well. So it is possible to calculate the total fiscal income
of the state through these taxes.
An account of the various agricultural taxes which were levied in Rathor State
Marwar is as follows:
1. Malhasil or Hasil:
Generally Mal means, wealth, goods or the revenue claimed by the
government from the produce of cultivated lands or wealth of the State.
Hasil included the revenue, paying according to the kind and value of the
crops. So in Marwar, the word malhasil was applied for many taxes related to
agriculture like sakh sawan, sakh unalu other than the land revenue. While in Mughal
administration, the term malhasil is used for land revenue.
The following table i.e. 5.1 indicates that the amount of malhasil of pargana
Jalor , ranges between 0.68 to 17.9 percent. The highest amount of the tax received
from the village gol, was Rs 538.00 and the lowest from madliya. Gol was the patta
village of Chapawat Bakhat Singh, Mohkam Singh, Jagan Nathot while Madliya
was a suno village3.
1 Lag-Bag File No.202, Jodhpur Mahkama Khas, RSA, Bikaner. 2 Irfan Habib, p. 283. 3 The term suno used for unpopulated area, or the area which has less habitation in comparison of
others.
147
Table: 5.14
Amount Realized Under the Head of Malhasil in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1766
S.No. Name of Villages Patti Rekh Amount Percentage
1 Surpuro Patti Talsar 5000 35 0.70
2 Launavas Patti Talsar 625 46 7.36
3 Golara (Gol) Dahiyawati 3000 538 17.90
4 Saariyana Rathorwati 500 22 4.40
5 Aarnu Chahanwati 500 34 6.80
6 Merura Pr. Dodiyali 1000 43 4.30
7 Madliya ,, 2500 17 0.68
Table – 5.25
Revenue Realization under the Head of Malhasil in Pargana Jodhpur
A B C D E
S . No.
Year of Malhasi in A.D.
Hal Jama (Total realization in Rs.)
Amount of Malhasil in Rs.
D as % of C
1. 1766 104102.00 29810.00 28.63
2. 1769 227279.00 35326.00 15.54
3. 1774 11167.00 6225.00 55.74
4. 1780 12021.00 5726.00 47.63
5. 1783 20608.00 2684.00 13.02
4 The table is prepared on the basis of data contained in Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No.797
V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 5 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahis , No. 936 V.S. 1823 / A.D. 1766, No. 937 V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769, No. 887 V.S. 1831/ A.D. 1774, No. 688 V.S. 1837/ A.D. 1780 , and No. 890 V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783 , DAO, Jodhpur.
148
Table – 5.36
Revenue Realized under the Head of Malhasil in various
Parganas of Marwar State
S . No. Name of Sub Divisions Year of Realization
In A.D.
Amount of Malhasil
In Rs.
1. Pargana Parbatsar 1766 4453.00
2. Pargana Jalor 1766 732.00
3. Pargana Siwana 1766 178.00
4. Pargana Parbatsar 1768 2084.00
5. Pargana Phalodhi 1769 3464.00
6. Pargana Jodhpur 1770 1769.00
7. Pargana Sanchor 17 73 3488.00
8. Pargana Jodhpur 1783 2684 .00
9. Pargana Jaitaran 1793 1722.00
6 The table has been prepared from the data contained in Pargana Parbatsar ri Jamabandi Bahi
V.S. 1823 (A.D.1766) & V.S. 1825 ( A.D.1768), Pargana Siwana Kutchri ri Bahi V.S 1823 ( A.D. 1766), Pargana Jalor Hukumat ri Bahi V.S. 1823 ( A.D. 1766) , Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahis V.S. 1827( A.D. 1770) and V.S. 1840 ( A.D. 1783), Pargana Sanchor ri Jamabandi Bahi V.S. 1830 ( A.D 1773), Pargana Jaitaran ri Jamabandi Bahi V.S. 1850 ( A.D. 1793), and Pargana Phalodhi ri kutchri ri Jamabandi Bahi V.S. 1826 ( A.D. 1769).
149
2. Sawanu Sakh ra :
Sakh sawanu ra7 was a tax, imposed on the production of the kharif crop,
which were sowed in July and harvested between Septembers to October. The chief
sawanu (autumn) crops of Marwar were bajra (Millet), jawar (sorghum), moth (Nut-
grass) makka (Maize), and til (Sesame)8 .
Our source provides separate figures in rupees for revenue realization under
Sakh Sawanu ra for each village of different taffas of pargana Jodhpur so the exact
share of each village by taxable value of crop can be computed and made a
comparison of the relative value of the crop in the total realized land revenue of the
whole pargana can be possible. The table provides the comparative picture of the
percentage of revenue from kharif crop of separate village of different taffa of the
pargana Jodhpur and the total realized land revenue of the whole pargana Jodhpur
which were Rs. 29810.00 in A.D. 1766 (see the table no. 5.4).
3. Unalu Sakh ra :
In Marwar, rabi crop (spring) was known as unalu sakh9 in local dialect,
hence the tax which was imposed on the production of rabi crops called unalu sakh
ra10 . The main produce of this crops were gehun (Wheat), barley, chana (Gram), and
sarson11 (Mustard) which were sown in the months of October to November and
harvested between the month of April and May.
The table (i.e. table-5.5) shows, the figures of revenue realization from rabi
crops for separate ( certain) village, and the percentage of such realization to the total
realized land revenue of whole pargana have been processed .
7 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 53, Granthank No. 12, RSA, Bikaner. 8 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 13, Granthank No. 3, p. 819, RSA,
Bikaner. 9 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 13, Granthank No. 5, RSA, Bikaner. 10 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 11 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 13, Granthak No. 15.
150
Table – 5.412
Revenue realization under Kharif crops in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1766
S . No. Name of Village Name of Taffa
Amount of Sakh Sawanu ra in Rs.
Percentage to total realized
Land Revenue
1. Visalpur Haveli 2223.00 7.45
2. Thambukudo Haveli 1127.00 3.78
3. Unchahedo Haveli 39.50 0.13
4. Lunaaliya Haveli 136.00 0.45
5. Pithavas Haveli 251.00 0.84
6. Kighadira Haveli 47.00 0.15
7. Kakelav Haveli 1400.00 4.69
8. Pipadvas Pipad 2088.50 7.00
9. Bolra Pipad 2869.75 9.62
10. Bhavira Pipad 3001.50 10.06
11. Bangta Pipad 2252.75 7.55
12. Janba Pipad 543.50 1.82
13. Dunaravas Dunara 846.50 2.83
14. Mazalra Dunara 2064.00 6.92
15. Tantiya ra Dunara 112.50 0.37
16. Chirkiyara Dunara 71.00 0.23
17. Baklone basani Osia 99.00 0.33
18. Laero vas Lavere 173.75 0.58
19. Banbdlira Kodne 180.00 0.60
12 The above table has been prepared on the basis of data, provided in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi
Bahi , No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
151
Table –5.513
Revenue Realization under Rabi Crops in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1766
S. No.
Name of Village
Name of Taffa Amount of Unalu Sakh ra in Rs.
Percentage to total Realized Land Revenue
1. Visalpur Haveli 833.00 2.79
2. Thanbukudo Haveli 31.00 0.10
3. Lunavaliya Haveli 17.00 0.05
4. Pipadas Pipad 792.00 2.65
5. Bolra Pipad 847.50 2.84
6. Bhavira Pipad 1761.50 5.90
7. Dunarvas Dunara 499.00 1.67
8. Mazalra Dunara 2839.75 9.52
9. Laverovas Lavere 11.75 0.03
On the basis of the perusal of the above table, certain conclusion can be drawn regarding the percentage of realization of rabi crops to the total realized land revenue of the year which were Rs. 29810.00, is substantially lower and not more than that of ten. Some certain villages like Thanbukudo, Lunavaliya, and Laverovas were not crossed the figure of one percentage. The possible reason behind it was the desert, unirrigated or dry lands.
13 The table has been prepared on the basis of data provided in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi ,
No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
152
4. Ghasbab or Ghasmari:
Ghasbab, a grazing tax, imposed on the cattle which were taken to graze in the
fields and forest of the state. It was known by various names such as ghasmari or
ghasbab in Rathor State of Marwar14. It was known as Kah-Charai in Mughal
administration15.
In other words, ghasmari, a tax on livestock, was feeding on grass such as
cow, buffalo, camel, etc. It was a very prominent tax in the State of Marwar during
the period of study. Besides a desert region, the land in Marwar provided one of the
best zones on which autonomous pastoral economy could have flourished. Pastoral
sector was remained as an important sector like the agriculture in Marwar. The report
of 1883-84, informs us that during seasons of normal rainfall in the state, there was an
abundance of grass in all parts of the state. So the state expected an appreciable tax-
income from the grazing of cattle.
The rate of Ghasbab varied from pargana to pargana and community to
community in the State of Marwar. In pargana Jaitaran, raibaries16 had to paid Rs.
5.00 for per hundred chhali17 and other people paid one takka18 for per head chhali in
A.D. 176619.
In pargana Jodhpur the rate of ghasmari was also Rs.5.00 for per hundred
animals20. The income of ghasmari from qasba Jodhpur was 0.096 % of the total
revenue collection of the pargana in A.D. 176621 which was very insignificant.
14 Marwar ra pargana ri vigat , part II, pp. 88-89. 15 Irfan Habib , p. 285. 16 Raibaries were the chief cattle breeder caste in Marwar. 17 The term chhali was used for goat . 18 Takka is equal to two paisa. 19 See table no. 5.6 20 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 21 See the table No. 5.7
153
In pargana Parbatsar the rate of ghasmari was different for various animals
such as,it was charged 4 annas22 for a bhains23 (Buffalo), 2 annas for a unt24 (Camel),
and Rs. 4.75 for per hundred goats. The amount realized under this head for qasba
Parbatsar was 0.51 % of the total revenue collection of the pargana Parbatsar25.
Though the percentage was less in total revenue realization, but it was quite sufficient
as being a qasba not the entire villages of the pargana .
The data of ghasmari for pargana Siwana , which have been provided in the
sources, tabulated in a table which content the type of villages whether it was khalsa
or pattayat , total amount of realization and its percentage to the village’s rekh26 .
Table – 5.627
Tax – income under the head of Ghasmari in Pargana Jaitaran
A.D. 1766
S.No. Name of Asami
(Tax Payers)
No. of Animals Amount of Ghasmari in Rs.
1 Raibari 533 26.65
2 Loka-re (other-
People)
274 05.45
22 One anna is equal to 1/16 part of a rupee. 23 The term Bhains was used for buffaloes . Sitaram Lalas , Rajasthani Sabad Kosh , part III,
Jodhpur, 1971, p. 2919. 24 The term unt was used for camels. 25 Pargana Parbatsar ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 1586, V.S. 1825/ A.D. 1768, DAO, Jodhpur. 26 See the table No. 5.8. 27 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi
No. 669, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
154
Table – 5.728
Revenue Realized under the Head of Ghasmari in Qasba Jodhpur of
Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1766
S.No. Name of Asami (Tax Payer)
Number of Cattle
Amount Collected as Ghasmari In Rs
A Chand Pol
1 Aasab Bikidas 36 2.00
2 Jat Ramdas 146 7.00
3 Rathor Bhayal 95 5.00
4 Aasab Vaisar 222 11.00
5 Mali Jetho 111 6.00
6 Aasab Chaisar 155 8.00
B Sivanchi Darwaja
1 Gorilal 500 25.00
2 Jat Ramchand 59 3.00
3 Anvar Lal Khan 49 2.00
4 Seepai Seerdar 160 8.00
5 Same Jakisar 52 3.00
C Sojhati Darwaja
1 Sargara Hema 59 3.00
2 Gujar Aasore 70 12.00
3 Goyaddas Jujhar 134 6.00
D Merti Darwaja
1 Manohar Aasab 155 8.00
E Naguri Darwaja
1 Nai Har Ram 08 0.50
28 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi ,
No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
155
Table -5.829
Amount Realized under the Head of Ghasmari in Pargana Siwana
A.D. 1783
S. No. A Name of Village
B Rekh of the village
C Amount of Tax Ghasmari in Rs.
D C as % of B
A Khalisa Village
1 Umaralai 1000 6 0.60
2 Jeedotari 4000 11 0.27
3 Kharvo 1500 5 0.33
4 Dewliyawali 1000 4 0.40
5 Khakhrlai 500 3 0.60
6 Makalnano 625 4 0.64
B Pattayat Village
1 Manglo 3750 10 0.26
2 Patau Khurd 400 2 0.50
3 Seeraro 4100 2 0.04
C Karnot
1 Kannano 12000 10 0.08
2 Karano 5000 8 0.16
D Jodha
1 Gharsi-ro-Bado 1000 5 0.50
E Bala
1 Motisaro 3750 5 0.13
2 Ludrado 300 4 1.33
3 Balu 900 3 0.33
4 Ravaeniyo 500 7 1.40
5 Arjiyano 300 5 1.66
6 Bijaleyo 400 3 0.75
7 Devado 700 7 1.00
29 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Marwar ra Pargana ri Farsat , V.S.
1833/ A.D. 1776, Rajasthani Sodh Sansthan , Chopasani, Jodhpur .
156
F Jujaniya
1 Thapan 400 1 0.25
G Bhayal
1 Deawadi 500 3 0.60
2 Padarali 500 2 0.40
H Chuhewana
1 Sewanli 1900 3 0.15
2 Kakranlo 500 3 0.60
3 Chihali 900 2 0.20
I Muttsadiniya
1 Mheali 1000 5 0.50
2 Kuddi 500 3 0.60
J Bhati
1 Kotari 4000 12 0.30
2 Laliya 1000 4 0.40
3 Wuradea 1000 4 0.40
4 Sawrala 2000 5 0.25
5 Lalano 1000 2 0.20
6 Kupavas 2500 12 0.48
5. Pancharai :
In addition to Ghasmari, there was a tax imposed on those animals, that
used to feed on leaves such camel and sheep which was known as pancharai in
Marwar30 . It was a universal tax in the region. The rate under this head varies
according to the kind of cattle. It also differed from pargana to pargana, such as in
pargana Jaitaran the rate of pancharai was fixed at Rs. 4.50 on per hundred evar31
and 1 takka32 on per chhali33.
30 V.S. Bhati, Madhyakalin Rajasthan, p. 172. 31 The term Evar was used for sheep . 32 One takka is equal to 2 Paisa or 1/32 of Rupees. 33 The term Chhali was used for goat.
157
In pargana Sanchor, pancharai was realized at the rate of 8 annas on per
sandhiya34. In pargana Jalor, it was fixed at the rate of Rs.1 on per salvar sandhiya,
and 8 annas on per subhar sandhiya, and chhali.
In pargana Jalor, the villages, which had no sandhiya in its area, had to pay
muchalka in addition to pancharai. The rate of muchalka was 4 annas on per village
in Jalor in A.D. 1766.
In pargana Jalor, the amount of pancharai was highest from patti Sena among
other sub units of the pargana, see the following table given below, while in pargana
Jodhpur it was from taffa Osia but the percentage of pancharai to realize total land
revenue (Rs. 29810.00) was very lower in all taffas of pargana Jodhpur35 and from
village Morsam of pargana Sanchor36 in the same year i.e. A.D. 1766.
Table- 5.937
Revenue Realized under the Head of Pancharai in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1766
S.No. A B C D E
Name of sub
units
No. of
Villages
Total of Rekh of the Villages in
Rs.
Amount of
Pancharai in Rs.
D as % of C
1 Patti Talsar 25 4700 27 0.05
2 Patti Dhandhar
16 24300 19 0.07
3 Patti Dahiyawati
16 31100 13 0.04
4 Patti Sena 02 8000 66 0.82
34 The term sandhiya was used for female camel . 35 See Table No. 5.10. 36 See Table No. 5.11. 37 The table is prepared on the basis of data contained in Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 797,
V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
158
Table – 5.1038
Revenue Realization under the Head of Pancharai in
Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1766
S. No. Name of Sub – Units Amount of the tax pancharai in Rs.
Percentage to the total
realized land revenue
1. Taffa Haveli 60.00 0.201
2. Taffa Bahele 00.50 0.001
3. Taffa Kherve 1.00 0.003
4. Taffa Dunara 82.00 0.275
5. Taffa Osia 247.00 0.828
6. Taffa Kheevsar 2.00 0.006
7. Taffa Pipad 16.00 0.053
8. Taffa Rohith 2.00 0.006
9. Taffa Gudochara 1.00 0.003
10. Taffa Kothne 84.00 0.281
11. Taffa Lavere 50.00 0.167
12. Taffa Aasop 8.00 0.026
13. Taffa Bilade 1.00 0.003
14. Taffa Pali 8.00 0.026
15. Taffa Bhadrajan 117.00 0.392
16. Taffa Bahelvo 34.00 0.114
17. Taffa Setravo 6.00 0.020
18. Taffa Gajsinghpura 0.50 0.001
38 The table is prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No.
936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur .
159
Table – 5.1139
Revenue Realization under the Head of Pancharai in
Pargana Sanchor
A.D. 1766
A
S. No.
B
Name of village
C
Rekh of villages in
Rs.
D
No. of camels
E
Amount of Pancharai in
Rs.
F
E as % of D
1. Morsam 2000 48 24.00 12.00
2. Bhalani 1000 11 5.50 0.55
3. Lakhani 1000 04 2.00 0.20
4. Mugar 1000 04 2.00 0.20
5. Sevri 2000 04 2.00 0.10
6. Danvane 100 02 1.00 1.00
7. Medre 100 01 0.50 0.50
39 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jalor-Sanchor ri Jamabandi Bahi
No.797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
160
6. Kharkati:
There was a tax extracted from the peasants on the production of the grass,
grown in their fields i.e. known as kharkati in Marwar40.
The rate of the tax was varied from State to state and the cultivators had an
option of paying the tax in cash or in kind. In the state, the amount realized under the
kharkati was quite normal. It was calculated as the percentage of the village‘s rekh.
The following table i.e. table no. 5.12, indicates the amount of kharkati along
with the percentage to the rekh, for the villages of different pattis of pargana Jalor.
Table- 5.1241
Amount Realized under the Head of Kharkati in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1766
S. No.
A Name of sub Units
B No. of
Villages
C Total of Villages
Rekh in Rs.
D Amount of Kharkati in
Rs.
E D as % of
C
1. Patti Talsar 35 60500 104 0.17
2. Patti Dhandhar 22 32050 57 0.17
3. Patti Dahiyawati 25 41750 70 0.16
4. Patti Rathorwati 11 22500 32 0.14
5. Patti Chauhanwati 6 13500 13 0.09
6. Patti Sena 8 15250 26 0.17
7. Patti Dodiyali 4 9000 19 0.21
40 V.S. Bhati, Madykalin Rajasthan Mein, p. 172. 41 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Pargana Jalor Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi , No. 797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
161
7. Talbana:
The word Talab was used for demand or salary claim in the state of
Marwar42. When the tax payers or cultivators did not pay their taxes or dues within
the fixed period, the state sent its men to realize the dues. The expenses of such
parsons were realized in addition to the original amount of the tax, which was known
as Talbana43. In Mughal administration, the term talab has been used for the
Baqaya44. The state of Marwar used to receive a negligible income from this tax as
the following table 5.13 indicates.
Table -5.1345
Revenue Realization under the head of Talbana in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1766
A
S. No.
B
Name of Sub- Units
C
No. of villages
D
Total Rekh of villages in Rs.
E
Amount of tax in Rs.
F
E as % of D
1. Patti Talsar 28 58450 139 0.23
2. Patti Dhandhar 16 4350 77 1.77
3. Patti Dahiyawati 32 49500 103 0.20
4. Patti Rathorwati 15 25625 25 0.09
5. Patti Haveli bhinmal 9 16125 27 0.16
6. Patti Chauhanwati 6 12000 7 0.05
7. Patti Sena 8 15250 76 0.49
8. Patti Dodiyali 6 12000 13 0.10
42 Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, Part I, p. 450. 43 In village Bajuvas of Pargana Merta, there was an expenditure of Rs. 10.00 in Talbana for
realization the amount of Hukumnamah. Merta Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1135, V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783, p. 196.
44 Irfan Habib, pp. 253-54. 45 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi
No. 797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
162
8. Serino:
Serino was an important cess, which levied in all parganas of Marwar. The
literally meaning of the word is that it was a charge paid at the rate of a ser per man,46
i.e. 2.5 % by a hereditary cultivator in a village to his jagirdar. It had been realized
both in kind and in cash but during the period of our study, it seems to have been
commuted into cash.
There are two tables i.e. table no. 5.14 and 5.15, given the following pages,
which show the amount of serino realized from the pargana Jodhpur in the year of
1766, 1769, and 1793 along with the percentage of the tax to the total assessed
income of the villages that is rekh.
The table no. 5.15 shows the amount of the Serino for the year of 1793, as the
percentage of total rekh which was ranged from 0.56 to 2.38. The minimum was only
0.56 and the maximum 2.38 %. This tax was realized by the State from both the
khalisa as well as jagir villages.
In comparison to other taxes, the revenue received from this tax was
considerably higher in all the parganas of State of Marwar.
9. Serino Siway or Sawa Serino :
It was used to charge on the production of grains at the rate of 1.25 (sawa
seer) per man47 grain in addition to land revenue. So it was called sawa serino or
serino siway. Our source provides the amount realized under this head which
tabulated in table no. 5.16.
46 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 53, Granthank No. 11, p. 7, RSA, Bikaer. 47 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 937, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769.
163
Table – 5.1448
Amount Realized under the Head of Serino in Pargana
Jodhpur
(In Rupees)
S.No. Name of Taffas Amount of Serino in
A.D. 1766
Amount of Serino in
A.D. 1769
1. Taffa Haveli 1850.00 1974.00
2. Taffa Pipad 1167.00 1660.00
3. Taffa Bilada 103.00 178.00
4. Taffa Bahale 82.00 60.00
5. Taffa Rohithh 239.00 303.00
6. Taffa Pali 189.00 226.00
7. Taffa Khairve 120.00 121.00
8. Taffa Gundoch 75.00 152.00
9. Taffa Bhadrajan 687.00 1218.00
10. Taffa Dunara 816.00 844.00
11. Taffa Kothane 359.00 384.00
12. Taffa Baihalvo 145.00 159.00
13. Taffa Osia 1219.00 1454.00
14. Taffa Lavere 600.00 805.00
15. Taffa Khivsar 70.00 102.00
16. Taffa Aasop 222.00 366.00
17. Taffa Gajsinghpura 43.00 67.00
48 The above table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi
Bahis , Nos. 936 and 937, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, and V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769, DAO, Jodhpur.
164
Table – 5.1549
Serino and its percentage in Pargana Jodhpur in A.D. 1793
S.
No.
A
B
C
D
E
Name of Taffa
( Sub –Divisions)
No. of
Village
Rekh in
Rs.
Amount of
Serino (In Rs.)
D as % of C
1. Taffa Haveli 65 126325 1210 0.95
2. Taffa Pipar 52 173325 1924 1.11
3. Taffa Bhadrajan 40 45450 707 1.55
4. Taffa Dunara 29 57040 869 1.52
5. Taffa Pali 27 33000 364 1.10
6. Taffa Rohath 18 12200 291 2.38
7. Taffa Kherva 07 13025 144 1.10
8. Taffa Gundoch 06 17025 097 0.56
9. Taffa Bahala 06 32125 278 0.86
10. Taffa Bilara 04 14000 152 1.08
49 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi
No. 940 , V. S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur.
165
Table – 5.1650
Amount Realized under the Head of Sawa Serino in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1766
S . No. Name of Taffa (Sub-Divisions)
Amount of Serino Sawaya in Rs.
Percentage to total realized land revenue
1. Taffa Haveli 214.00 0.717
2. Taffa Pipad 207.75 0.696
3. Taffa Bilada 14.00 0.046
4. Taffa Bahale 7.75 0.025
5. Taffa Rohith 32.75 0.109
6. Taffa Pali 20.00 0.067
7. Taffa Khairve 23.75 0.079
8. Taffa Gundoch 18.75 0.062
9. Taffa Bhadrajan 153.50 0.514
10. Taffa Dunara 191.50 0.642
11. Taffa Kodne 32.50 0.109
12. Taffa Baihlvo 16.75 0.056
13. Taffa Osia 24.75 0.083
14. Taffa Lavere 92.25 0.309
15. Taffa Khivsar 15.50 0.051
16. Taffa Aasop 52.00 0.174
17. Taffa Gajsinghpura
10.50 0.035
50 The above table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi
Bahi, No. 936 , V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
166
10. Ghiyai Bab:
Ghee51 was a major pastoral article in Rathor State Marwar . There was a
tax imposed on ghee production i. e. known as ghiyai bab52. The State used to impose
different rates on ghee prepared from the milk of different animals. In pargana
Siwana, it was exacted from traders who were engaged in trading Ghee transporting it
from one village to another53. The amount of ghiyai bab for pargana Siwana realized
from various villages as to the percentage of the rekh, is given in the following table:
Table – 5.1754
Realization of Ghiyai bab from Jagir Villages in Pargana Siwana
S.No. A
B
C
D
Name of Village Rekh in Rs.
Amount of Ghiyai-Bab in Rs.
C as % of B
1 Sewali 1900 35 1.80 2 Jeedotari 4000 71 1.70 3 Samdari&Bhagawas 3100 108 3.48 4 Teegrti 500 5 1.00 5 Sawarla 2000 48 2.40 6 GhadseeroBaro 1000 5 0.50 7 Ramsen 2000 106 5.30 8 Mogharo 1250 40 3.20 9 Kharvo 1500 23 1.50 10 Umarlai 1800 15 0.80 11 Meethoro 1800 6 0.30 12 Baliano 300 3 1.00 13 Kanivaro 1450 6 0.40 14 Muthali 500 6 1.40
51 The term Ghee is used for Clear fired butter . 52 Marwar ra Pargana ri Farsat, ed. by Hukam singh Bhati, Jodhpur, 2005, p. viii. 53 G.D. Sharma, pp.104 & 148. 54 The table is prepared on the basis of data contained in Mudiyad ri Khyat , edited by the name of
Marwar ra Pargana ri Farsat , Rajasthani Sodh Sansthan , Chopasani , Jodhpur .
167
15 Seenar 1000 6 0.70 16 Ghanano 1250 4 0.32 17 Idrano 1400 12 0.92 18 Seehelo 800 4 0.50 19 Lalano 1000 24 2.40 20 Mokalsar 4300 29 0.65 21 Motisaro 5750 57 0.99 22 Devaro 700 7 1.00 23 Cheerdani 200 18 9.00 24 Thapan 400 6 1.50 25 Uathali 500 22 4.40 26 Laliya 1000 25 2.50 27 Kakaralo 500 10 2.00 28 Keetnod 5000 44 0.88 29 Mokalnamo 621 29 4.66 30 Surpuro 1900 10 0.52 31 Gopadi 1000 48 4.80 32 Kupavas 2500 24 0.96 33 Burd 1000 10 1.00 34 Mehali 1000 33 3.30 35 Devaryali 1000 25 2.50 36 Chhohali 900 24 2.60 37 Kudi 500 7 1.40 38 Patau Vamo 250 13 5.20 39 Khakharlai 500 10 2.00 40 Kotari 4000 86 2.15 41 Makapado 2000 55 2.75 42 Baghalop 500 5 1.00 43 Kuheep 1000 8 0.80 44 Gugrat 500 4 0.80 45 Gheera 700 7 1.00 46 Peeplum 500 3 0.60 47 Padordi Vamo 500 9 1.80 48 Teluado 500 7 1.40 49 Moro 500 5 1.00 50 Devri 500 3 0.60 51 Datalo 500 2 0.40
168
52 Mahagi 400 5 1.25 53 Jeenpur 200 7 3.50 54 Bhagva 500 8 1.60 AVERAGE 70871 1.68
Above table shows that realization of ghiyai in pargana Siwana ranges
between 0.99 to 5.3 % while the State received highest amount from the village
Ramsen that is Rs. 105.50. As the table indicates that the tax ghiyai was realized from
almost all villages of pargana Siwana in Marwar, due to the more production of
sovan (sevan).
Sevan was a kind of grass which was grown mostly in Barmer Siwana. The
Ghee was considered the best quality of the milk of those animals that eat the grass
sevan. The state of Marwar received an income of Rs. 218.00 under this head from
pargana siwana in A.D. 1766, Rs. 153.00 in A.D. 1782, and Rs. 153.03 in A.D.
178455.
11. Tola Chhapai56:
It was just like a registration fee realized from every shop in Marwar at
nominal rate. This tax was imposed for validating or recognizing the weight of
shopkeeper’s articles. Thus it was a fee for stamping weights.
The state of Marwar received Rs. 216.00 In A.D. 1774, Rs. 193.00 In A.D. 1780,
and Rs. 204.00 In A.D. 178357 from Pargana Jodhpur. Our sources provided a lump
sum amount realized under this head, instead of rate of the tax and as we see the
amount realized from the shopkeeper of mahajan community is higher other than in
pargana Jodhpur58. The most possible reason is that the mahajan were the
businessman by the caste or the nature.
55 Pargana Siwana ri Kutchari ra Jama Kharch ri Bahi, No. 1799, V.S. 1841/ A.D. 1784. 56 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 53, Granthank No. 11, p. 6, RSA, Bikaner. 57 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No.890, V.S. 1840 / A.D. 1783. 58 See Table No. 5.18.
169
12. Ghugari :
Ghugari59 was a cess realized in addition to bhog or land revenue, at the rate
of 4 seers per man grain or in cash Rs. 1.25 per man60.
Table – 5.1861
Revenue Realization under the Head of Tola Chhapai
In Pargana Jodhpur
S. No. Name of Aasami
(the Revenue Payers)
In A.D. 1768 In A.D. 1770
1. Mahajan62 ra 117.75 142.75
2. Chhipa63 ra 33.02 37.00
3. Sunar64 ra 27.03 24.00
4. Rangrej65 ra 5.75 5.75
5. Thathera66 ra 1.75 2.00
6. Bad Bhujiyara67 1.25 1.25
59 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 53, Granthank No. 12. 60 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 31, Granthank No. 26, p. 249. 61 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Kotwali Chotra
Jamabandi Bahi , No. 885, V.S. 1825/ A.D. 1768, and Garh Jodhpur re Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 886, V.S. 1827/ A.D. 1770, DAO, Jodhpur.
62 Mahajans were the chief trading class of Marwar. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.128, RSA, Bikaner.
63 Chhipa was the artisan community, engaged in the occupation of printing of clothes. 64 Sunar was the goldsmith, engaged in the manufacture of silver and gold ornaments. 65 Rangrej was the artisan community, who used to dye cloths. 66 Thatheras were also known as kaseras, engaged in the manufacture of utensils of brass, copper and
bronze. 67 Bharbhujiyara were the people who used to roast the grains. Zabar Singh, The East India, p. 149.
170
13. Kharda Kharch ra :
It was a collection to meet the expenses of collecting land revenue. In Mughal
time, such type of expenses included in term of Jihat or Sair - Jihat68. Under this
head the state realized an amount of Rs. 8.00 from Jodhpur in A.D. 1766, and Rs. 7.00
in A.D. 176969.
14. Baghayat70 ra :
The state received sufficient income from the gardens and field’s products.
Despite of a desert area, there were many gardens and field or forest in the state of
Marwar which supplied raw materials for various industries71 as well as for domestic
use72.
The woods, grass, fruits, flowers, leave lac73 were the main products of
gardens and fields. So the state had the sole right over it. The people, who used to
these items for their domestic or commercial use, had to pay some amount as tax of
baghayat ra or the price of the product. Thus the gardens or fields were also great
sources of royal income. The state received an amount of Rs. 848.75 from different
gardens74 in A.D. 176675, and Rs.1226.75 in A.D. 176976.
15. Tali :
The literally meaning of the word tali is threshing floor, a place where the total
produce stored for payment of revenue. It was imposed at the rate of 5 Seers on per
100 Man77 .
68 Norman Ahmad Siddqui, pp. 41-42. 69 Ibid . 70 The word Baghayat is originally made of the term bagh which means gardens. 71 The leaves and flowers of some trees like Mahua, were used for making fans, mats, brooms and
for dying or printing clothes. 72 The people of Marwar had to use the timber mostly for fuel and making of their huts. 73 Lac was used in making bangles, an ornament of women’s hand. 74 There were many gardens namely Bagh Balsamad , Bagh Sursagar , Bagh Raika , Bagh Kaga ,
and Bagh Mandowar in Marwar. 75 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 76 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 937, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769. 77 Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 936 , V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766.
171
The state of Marwar received an income of Rs. 1434.00 from pargana Jodhpur
in A.D. 178078 , and Rs. 1882.00 in A.D. 178479 from tali. And from pargana Merta
it was realized Rs. 168.75 in A.D. 177980.
16. Bera Dithh :
The literally meaning of the term bera dithh was a tax imposed on the wells.
Hence it was an irrigation tax levied upon the peasants for using water from the wells
for their cultivations.
The rate of this tax was Rs. 0.50 per well81 for per crop in Marwar throughout
the areas. The state realized an amount of Rs. 25 from Rathor Kilayansingh of village
Bhadsis of pargana Parbatsar in A.D. 1708 for using the water of eight wells for both
rabi(150 bigha lands) and kharif ( 450 bigha lands) crops82.
17. Kadvi :
It was a tax which realized in addition to land revenue. The rate of kadvi was
different for various grains. Such, it was charged 1.50 dugani83 on per Man juwar and
Moth while 1 dugani for per Man bajri . For dhan (Rice), it was charged Rs. 5.00 for
per 100 Man. According to these charges the state received an income of Rs. 550.50
from pargana Jodhpur84 in A.D. 1766 and Rs. 300.50 In A.D. 1769.
18. Dastoor ra85 : It was a fee paid to the State for preparing and assessing the land revenue
and other taxes. In A.D. 1766, the state received an amount of Rs. 2947 from pargana
Jodhpur86 and Rs. 2063.50 in A.D. 176987.
78 Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 688, V.S. 1837/ A.D. 1780. 79 Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No.890 , V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783. 80 Merta Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 1099, V.S. 1836/ A.D. 1779. 81 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 53, Granthank No. 12, RSA, Bikaner. 82 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 31, Granthank No. 26. 83 Dugani was a coin and 40 duganis are equlevent to one rupee. 84 Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 937, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769. 85 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 53, Granthank No. 12. 86 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 87 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 937, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769.
172
19. Bharoti ra :
It was a fee of the receipts, given to the payers on depositing the amount of the
taxes. In Marwar, each man who paid the taxes was given a sealed receipt88. The
expenses of the receipt and seal and also the person who wrote the receipt and
stamped it, were taken from him in addition to the tax bharoti ra.89 Thus bharoti was
a fee to acknowledge the submission of the taxes.
20. Mahindar -ro- Rozagar :
There were many taxes which were imposed on the peasants to meet the
expenses of the officials such as potdar, siqdar, hazuardar , kanvari , etc., were
known as mahindar-ra-rozagar or muttsadia’s dastur in Marwar.
From pargana Jodhpur an amount of Rs. 2411.00 realized under this tax out of
which Rs. 1359.00 for Hakim Ra , Rs. 3168.00 for karkun Ra , Rs. 540.00 for
navisanda Ra , Rs. 311.00 for potedar Ra , and Rs. 65.00 for chopdar90 .
Kanwari , who was the revenue officer and whose duty was to keep watch on
the crop in the village , was charged Rs. 3.00 per hundred Munn, According to the
rate of Rs. 14.50 was realized under the tax kanwari Ra from pargana Jodhpur
where the total produce was 487.50 man91 . The realization of kanwari Ra was Rs.
36.75 in A.D. 177492, Rs. 27.00 in A.D. 178093, and Rs. 13 in A.D. 1784 from
pargana Jodhpur94.
The remuneration was Rs.2.50 for a Mahindar in pargana Sanchor95 of
Marwar. The State of Marwar received an amount of Rs. 104.00 from pargana
Sanchor in A.D. 1773 as mahindar-ro-rozagar, while it was Rs.256 from pargana
Parbatsar96 in A.D. 1768.
88 G.D. Sharma, p. 49. 89 Marwar ra pargana ri Vigat, Part II, pp. 90-91. 90 Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 91 Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 937, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769, DAO, Jodhpur. 92 Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 887, V.S. 1831/ A.D. 1774, DAO, Jodhpur. 93 Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 688, V.S. 1837/ A.D. 1780, DAO, Jodhpur. 94 Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi , No.890 , V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783, DAO, Jodhpur. 95 Sanchor re Kutchri ri Jamabandi Bahi, No.1737, V.S.1830/ A.D. 1773. 96 Parbatsar ri Kutchri ra Jamakharch ri Jamabandi Bahi, No.1586,V.S.1825/ A.D. 1768.
173
21. Patha ra:
It was the charges to meet the expenses for paper. The state received an
income of Rs. 21.00 in A.D.1774 and Rs. 31.00 in A.D.1780 from a singular pargana
Jodhpur97
22. Bhada ra :
It was a tax to meet the expenses incurred on the transport of grain collected in
land revenue. It was charged at the rate of Rs. 1.00 to 5.00 per hundred rupees98. The
state realized Rs 7.50 from village Khanglo of taffa Pipad of pargana Jodhpur for
bringing rice and cotton, and Rs. 1.26 from village Visalpur of taffa Haveli in A.D,
176999.
23. Baje Rakama :
The literary meaning of the term baje rakama is revenue derived many other
heads. It was a group of miscellaneous taxes realized from the cultivators other than
land revenue. Several taxes like sukanbhent ra,100chojgira,101ambar ra,102 dakh ra etc.
were realized under baje rakama .
97 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 688, V.S. 1837/ A.D. 1780. 98 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 99 Jodhpur hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 937, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769. 100 Rs. 1.00 was charged as sukanbhent in Marwar. 101 Rs. 1.25 was charged as chojigi ra . 102 Rs. 2.00 was charged as ambar ra .
CChhaapptteerr ––66
TThhee NNoonn --AAggrriiccuullttuurraall TTaaxxeess
174
Apart from agriculture taxes, there are several other taxes which were levied
on saleable commodities and articles, like merchant, traders, cattle and non- agrarian
class in Marwar. These were also an important source of royal income or state
revenue.
These taxes may be classified under the category of Non-agricultural taxes.
The Archival Sources such as Hukumat, and Jamabandi bahis, provide the details of
these taxes comprising rates of taxes and the amount of collection under individual
tax.
Our sources furnish huge information about a number of non agricultural
taxes, which seem to have been a considerable bulk of royal revenue resources. These
non agrarian taxes may be further sub classified into the following categories on the
basis of their nature:
A- Tax on services
B- Tax on Army
C- Tax on Trade & Commerce
D- Tax on Cattle
E- Tax on Punishments
F- Religious and Social Taxes
G- Professional Taxes
175
Chart - 6.1
Non – Agricultural Taxes of Marwar State during Eighteenth Century
A. Tax on Service
B. Tax on Army C. Tax Trade & Commerce
D. Tax on Cattle E. Tax on Punishment
F. Social and Religious Tax
G. Professional Tax
1. Amal ri Chitthi 2. Rekh Bab 3. Nazar ro Ghoro 4. Hukumanamah 5. Chaudhar Bab
1. Faujbal , 2. Khichari , 3. Gora Kambal, 4. Rasad Bab , 5. Tagirat Bal
1. Rahdari 2. Dan Tulavat 3. Dan Mapa 4. Khunta Dan 5. Maveshi ra
1. Unt Bab 2. Balad Bab 3. Bhains Bab 4. Evar Bab 5. Bartho Bab 6. Ghora ra Hasal
1. Farohi 2. Gunegari 3. Cham Chori 4. Nata ra
1. Chhaparvasi 2. Ghar-ginti 3. Kansa Lag 4. Chawri Lag 5. Rusanai 6. Mela Padkhati
1. Sal Bab 2. Un Bab or Oon
Aghori 3. Rangrej ra 4. Teliya ri Ghani 5. Pinjar bab 6. Churigar ri chothai
176
A-Tax on Services
Under this category, the taxes which were levied on the services are included.
These have been discussed below.
I. Nazar -ro-Ghoro :
In the State of Marwar, every thakur or pattayat was obliged to pay nazarana1
(offering) to the ruler in kind or in cash. It was known as nazar-ro-ghoro due to the
presenting to the court.
The pattayats had to serve a horse on per thousand rupees of village rekh at
the end of 17th Century but Later during the reign of Maharaja Bijay Singh
(AD.1752-1793), the tax was levied in a cash payment in lieu of presenting horse.
Because at this time Marwar was facing Maratha‘s attacks rapidly. Money was
needed to fight or to pay tributes to the Marathas. And in many cases it (supply of
horse) was also insufficient and badly equipped. So the state started the scheme of
commuting the service in cash payment at the rate 2 of Rs. 25 per thousand of village
rekh, though the charges of the nazar ro ghoro or nazrano was equal to 2.5 % of the
rekh, for all clans of the nobles of Marwar. The realized amount of the tax was highest
from the chamapawats in Jodhpur3, on the other hand, The Bhatis, who held
maximum number of village in pargana Jodhpur but paid the lower amount of nazar
ro ghoro in comparison of other clans. It was due to the lower rekh figures of their
villages.
1 J.S. Gehlot,Rajasthan ka Samajik Jeevan, Jodhpur, 1973, p.106. 2 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No.940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO,Jodhpur (Raj.). 3 See the table No. A –6.1, which shows the number of villages of each clans of Rathor or non Rathor
nobles along with the rekh figures and the amount of the tax nazar ro ghora .
177
II. Peshkash or Hukamanamah:
Peshkash4 or Hukamanamah signifies an offering or present to the ruling
power on receiving an appointment5 or on a renewal6 of a grant or a patta. In other
word, this was a sort of consideration in cash which was received from the noble or
high officers in lieu of favors or as punishment.
At that time of Maharaja Ajit Singh7(1707-1724), the word “hukamanamah”8
was used for peshkashi in Marwar and its general use is evident from the times of
Maharaja Bijay Singh, specifically from A.D. 1765 onwards.9 There was no definite
rule to fix the amount of hukamanamah or peshkash. It was fluctuated according to
the financial position of the jagirdars and thakurs10.
Though in Marwar, hukamanamah , generally, was amounted to one year’s
income of the jagir, but 25 percent of the rekh of the jagir, was paid as hukamanamah
by the jagirdars in Marwar during the 18th century11, Though the successor had an
option to pay it in lump sum or in installments.
The perusal of the table A-6.2 indicates that the realized amount of
hukamanamah in many cases was quite nominal and varied from 0.3 to 14.4 %. 18
and 27 percent appears to be exceptions. In the pargana both of Rathor or non Rathor
clans were held up strong position.
4 Literary meaning of the term Peshkash was a fine or a present to the ruling power. H.H. Wilson, p.
415. 5 Mertia Rathore Hidusingh, s/o Bahadur Singh, paid Rs. 450 as a peshkash for receiving the grant
of village Mamdoli of pragana parbatsar, having a rekh of Rs. 2000, on 23 rd October 1729, Jodhpur ke Puralekhon ka Sangrah , No. 803, p. 76, Shri Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau ( Malwa), M .P.
6 Mertia Rathore Mansingh paid Rs 4001 as Peshkash for renewal the patta of village Sabalpura of
Pragana Parbatsar on 24 April 1718. Ibid, p.117. 7 Walter, Gazetteer of Marwar, p. 28. 8 Hukamanamah was a written order on the free realized by the State on the succession of a new
Jagirdar. Sanad Parwana Bahi No. 71, p. 158, RSA, Bikaner. 9 In V.S.1822, An amount of Rs.886 was paid to the State treasury from the pargana of Jalor and
Sanchor as peshkashi. Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi , No. 797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
10 The term thakur was used for feudal lord in Marwar State. 11 See the table A – 6.2, which shows the amount of the tax hukumanamah in proportion to the rekh
of the village of different jagirdars of pargana Jalor of Marwar in A.D. 1766.
178
The state of Marwar had received an income of Rs.5911.00 and Rs. 1186.00
respectively in A.D. 1768 and A.D. 1769 from the hukamanamah from the pargana
Parbatsar12 and Phalodhi13.
III. Amal – ri – Chitthi :
It was information of revenue and order letter, issued by the state officers to
the jagirdars or pattayats. In other words, during the minority of the prince no
revenue grants or pattas were issued, but such orders issued were called amal-ri-
chitthi14 in the state of Marwar15.
The rates of amal-ri-chitthi varied in all pargana of Marwar. Such as, it was
charged at the rate of Rs. 2.00 in pargana Jalor16 and Rs. 9.00 in pargana Jodhpur17.
In A.D. 1768, from pargana Parbatsar18 the tax amal-ri-chitthi was realized Rs. 32.00
and Rs. 143.00 from pargana Jaitaran19 in A.D. 1792.
Though the rate of the tax was varied in different parganas of Marwar state, but
it was not different for the clans of a pargana, such as all clans and thakurs whether
Rathor or non Rathor were charged equally.20
12 Parbatsar ri Kutchari ra Jamakharch ri Jamabandi, Bahi No. 1586, V.S. 1825 / A.D. 1768,
DAO, Jodhpur. 13 Pargana Phalodi ri Kutcheri ri Jamabandi, Bahi No. 1493, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769, DAO, Jodhpur. 14 Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No.3, p.10, V.S.1820-23 / A.D. 1763-66 , DAO, Jodhpur . 15 Village Vijayasani, taffa Bilada of Pargana Jodhpur was given to Muhnot Manrup, son of
Chhajmal by issuing amal-ri-chitthi in March, 1764. Ibid , p. 100. 16 Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No.797, V.S.1823 / A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 17 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No.935, V.S.1823 / A.D. 1766 , DAO, Jodhpur. 18 Parbatsar ri Kutcheri ra Jamakharch ri Jamabandi , Bahi No.1586, V.S.1825/A.D.1768 .DAO,
Jodhpur 19 Jaitaran Jamabandi Bahi, No. 676, V.S.1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur . 20 See the table A-6.3, which shows the amount of the tax amal ri chitti , realized from pargana
Jodhpur of Marwar state in A.D. 1766.
179
IV. Rekh Bab:
The feudal order, or what is commonly known as jagirdari or pattadari
System, came into being in Marwar along with the advent of the Rathor dynasty. Next
to ruler in importance were the samants or the jagirdars. The jagirdar was thakur or
pattayat who held the land granted to him by his chiefs and performed specific service
at home and outside.
So the jagirdars were also required to pay the State some sort of annual tax
on the basis of rekh.21 Though the real income of the village varied from time to time,
the rekh was fixed once and for ten to twenty years.
The annual recurring payment made by the jagirdars was known as rekh bab-
ra in Marwar.22 It was the cash tribute being paid to the States by the holders of the
lands. In A.D. 1784, the rekh bab was fixed at fifty rupees or 5 % of per thousand in
the pargana Siwana of Marwar.23
Table A-6.4 indicates that, in pargana siwana, the Karnot24 had paid the
highest amount of rekh bab i.e. Rs.600.00 due to the maximum rekh figures of their
villages. Next to them, the Bhatis, Champawat and Mahecha were holding their
respective position in the pargana.
V. Chaudhar Bab:
Chaudhar Bab was a cess realized from the cultivators as a remuneration of
the chaudharies of the villages. In other words it was the fee of a chaudhari’s office.
The state appointed a headman in every village, who was known as chaudhary.25
Chaudhary, who was not only the headmen of a village but also a holder of
landed property, classed with the zamindar and thakur. He received his remuneration
from the cultivators in the form of this cess, in cash.
21 The term rekh was used for the estimated annual income of the village. Marwar ra Pragana ri
Vigat, Part I, p. 581. 22 V.S. Bhati, Madhaykalin Rajasthan Mein, pp.134-135. 23 Siwana ri Kutchari ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1798, V.S. 1841 / A.D.1784, DAO, Jodhpur. 24 Karnot Rathors were the successor of Karan who was the son of Rao Ridmal and younger brother
of Rao Jodha . Rathoran ri Khyat , part I, Granth No. 40210, pp. 13-16, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur.
25 Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, part I, p. 271.
180
The post of chaudhary was not hereditary. The jagirdar or thakur could
nominate any one, whom he considered suitable for the post26. In other words, at the
time of nomination a chaudhary in a village, the thakur kept in view the popularity
and influence of the man in the village. In fact he was deemed to be the representative
of the cultivators.
Our evidences27 do not convey the fix rate of chaudhar bab. It furnishes only
the realized amount of the tax. The amount realized from the chaudharies of the
village28 of pargana Jalor and Jodhpur was quite nominal.
26 R.P. Vyas, Role of Nobility in Marwar ( 1800-1873), Jodhpur, 1969, p. 203. 27 Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No.797,V.S.1823 / A.D. 1766, and Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 935, V.S. 1823 / A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 28 See the table Nos. A-6.5, and A- 6.6, which show the realized amount of the tax of pargana Jalor
and Jodhpur of Marwar state for continuous two years.
181
Table: A-6.129 Amount Realized Under the Head of Nazar Ro Ghoro in Pargana Jodhpur, A.D. 1793
29 The table has been prepared on the basis of the information contained in the Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 940, V.S. 1850 / A.D. 1793, District Archives Office, Jodhpur.
S. No.
A B C D E
Name of Clans
No. of Villages
Total Rekh of the Villages
Amount of Nazarano
in Rs.
D as % of C
1 Champawat 23 49900 1246.24 2.49
2 Jodha 22 38300 957.49 2.49
3 Bhati 25 36000 899.99 2.49
4 Kumpawat 12 34775 869.37 2.49
5 Chauhan 13 29907 747.67 2.49
6 Karnot 06 22907 572.68 2.49
7 Eda 06 18625 465.62 2.49
8 Karamsot 12 17600 439.99 2.49
9 Patawat 07 12525 308.12 2.45
10 Devrajot 01 11055 276.37 2.49
11 Khichi 01 7000 175.00 2.50
12 Udawat 04 6500 162.50 40.12
13 Uhar 02 5000 125.00 2.50
14 Balawat 02 4500 112.50 2.48
15 Sisodiya 02 3250 81.25 2.49
16 Manglia 03 3225 80.62 0.24
17 Rupawat 01 3000 75.00 2.50
18 Ranawat 01 2500 62.50 2.48
19 Beeka 01 2000 50.00 2.50
20 Bheevot 01 1300 32.50 2.46
21 Charan 01 625 15.62 2.40
22 Devra 01 600 15.00 2.50
23 Purbiya 01 500 12.50 2.40
182
Table: A-6.230
Amount Realized Under the Head of Hukamanamah in Pargana Jalor in A.D. 1766
(Rupees in round figures)
S.
No.
A B C
D
E F
G
Name of Pattayats Clans Name of Patta-
Village
Patti
(Sub-units)
Rekh Amount of Hukmanamah in Rs.
F as % of E
1 Rathor Shivdan, Girdhar Champawat Gaudhan & Bundtro Talsar 6500 113 1.73
2 Rathor Mokam Singh Kumpawat Sankrano ,, 1500 77 5.13
3 Rathor Padam Singh Jaitawat Saanthu & Chunra Dhandhar 5000 459 9.18
4 Rathor Udairaj & Biharidas Jodha Dhubdiyo & kanba Talsar 7000 250 3.57 30 The table is prepared on the basis of information contained in Pargana Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, District Archives Office,
Jodhpur.
183
5 Rathor Bhakhar Singh Udawat Ghasdi Bhinmal 1000 36 3.60
6 Rathor Bakhat karan & Chain karan
Karnot Dangro & Narsano Rathorwati 3000 21 0.70
7 Rathor Bisan Singh Bhinwat Khural Dahiyawati 1000 15 1.50
8 Rathor Paim Singh Uhad Raiwado - 1000 273 27.30
9 Rathor Ando Udaisingh Balo Neeblo Talsar 1000 51 5.10
10 Rathor Pabo MohkamSingh Dhavecha Basbaro Dhandhar 2000 288 14.40
11 Rathor Sarupsingh Mahecha Sahlan Dahiyawati 3000 48 1.60
12 Bhati Guman Singh Bhati Padpuro - 1000 187 18.70
13 Chauhan Anupsingh Chohan Lakhani Dahiyawati 1000 110 11.00
14 Balot Siva Peethamvat Balot AgariVagri Daudiyali 3000 100 3.33
15 Kabo Akhairaj Kaba 16 Village Radhra 8000 40 0.50
16 Vyas Sadaram Purohit Dailvado Bhinmal 1000 3 0.30
17 Kazi Husman Joafu Seeya Peechhvadi - 2000 40 2.00
184
Table: A-6.331
Amount Realized under the Head of Amal-ri-Chitthi in
Pargana Jodhpur, A.D. 1766
S. No. Name of Jagirdars or Pattayats Clans Village Amal-ri-Chitthi
In Rs.
1 Rathor Surajmal, son of Kheev
Karan
Jodha Rahocho 09.00
2 Rathor Buchal Singh, son of
Bheev Pratap .
Jodha Bhamilav 09.00
3 Bhati Pahar Singh, son of
Heedu Singh.
Bhati Villages 14 126.00
4 Bhati Chain Singh, son of
Kushal Singh.
Bhati Keejara 09.00
5 Ladhu Singh, son of Kesari
Singh.
Sonagra Kathdarot 09.00
6 Beeja Harbhan, son of Hari
Singh.
Bala Villages 2 18.00
7 Rathor Juo Jogidas, son of
Udar Dasot.
Gogadai Villages 3 27.00
8 Rathor Padmo Juo, son of
Jogidasot.
Gogadai Villages 2 18.00
9 Rathor Naharmal, son of
Bheevavat.
Gogadai Villages 2 18.00
10 Rathor Beeno Singh, son of
Jagat Singh.
Karamsot Villages 2 18.00
11 Rathor Bharath Singh, son of
Jagat Singh.
Karmsot Village 1 09.00
31 The table is prepared on the basis of information contained in Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 935, V.S. 1823 / A.D.1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
185
Table: A-6.432
Amount Realized under the Head of Rekh Bab in Pargana Siwana
A.D. 1784
S.
No.
Clans Name of Jagirdar Patta-
Village
Patta-
Rekh
Rekh-
Bab in
Rs.
A Champawat Rathor Jaitmal, son of Ram Singh,Roop.
Bamsen 4000 200.00
Champawat Rathor Suraj Singh, son of Heedu Singh.
Jeedotari 4000 200.00
B Karnot Suraj karan, son of Ajay Karnot. Kanano 12000 600.00 C Mahecha Mukan Singh, son of Seerdar
Singh. Ramsen Nai- ro
Khro
3250 162.00
D Narnot Rathor Raj Singh, son of Bhom Singh.
Laliya 1000 50.00
Narnot Rathor Dolat Singh, son of Khamid Singh.
Suyali 500 25.00
E Pavar Muhnot Seevdas, son of Sujan Singh.
Junem Rapado
3000 150.00
F Bhati Bhati Devi Singh, son of Seerdar Singh.
Keetnod 5000 250.00
Bhati Bhati Suran Singh, son of Seevdan.
Lalano 500 25.00
Bhati Bhati Anop Singh, son of Ajab Singhot.
Kupavas 2500 125.00
Bhati Bhati Devi Singh, son of Padam Singhot.
Mehali 1000 50.00
Bhati Bhati Devi Singh, son of Heman Singh.
Khurad 1000 50.00
Bhati Bhati Ratan Singh, son of Kadam Singh.
Devliya 1000 50.00
32 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in the Pargana Siwana Ri
Kutchari Ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1798, V.S. 1784 / A.D.1727, DAO, Jodhpur.
186
Table A- 6.533
Amount Realized under the Head of Chaudhar Bab in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1765
S.
No.
A
Name of village
B
Patti
C
Rekh
D
Amount
E
D as % of C
1 Neeblana Talsar 1000 23.00 2.30
2 Meero Viraman Rathorwati 1000 11.00 1.10
3 Naganra Pr. Sena 1000 81.00 8.10
4 Gudo & Charli Pr.Dodiyali 5000 241.00 4.82
Table: A-6.634
Amount Realized under the Head of Chaudhar Bab in Pargana Jodhpur, A.D. 1766
S.
No
A B C
D E F
Name of Chaudharies
Village Taffa Rekh Amount of Chaudhar bab in Rs.
E as % of D
1 Chaudhary Ram Chand Berai Haveli 4000 131.00 3.27
2 Chaudhary Prathavi
Singh
Kathar Haveli 500 13.00 2.60
3 Chaudhary Udar Burchha Pipar 750 19.00 2.50
4 Chaudhary Sadadano Piparvas Pipar 9150 20.00 0.21
5 Chaudhary Durko Barno Bilara 8000 71.00 0.88
6 Chaudhary Bharmal Bugauay Bhadrajan 5000 37.00 0.74
7 Chaudhary Chapo Beeja Bhadrajan 4000 451.00 11.27
8 Chaudhary Kheemo Dahami Aasop 2700 61.00 2.25
9 Chaudhary Rupo Kajari Osia 1000 18.00 1.80
10 Chaudhary Vancho Jakham Osia 2000 225.00 11.25
11 Rathor Chodhara Rania Osia 700 36.00 5.14
33 The table is prepared on the basis of information contained in the Pargana Jalor Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 797,V.S. 1823 / A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 34 The table has been prepared from the information contained in the Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 935 , V.S. 1823 / A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur .
187
B. Tax on Army
There were many taxes which were levied on the villagers to meet the
expenditure of army or military organization in Marwar. The main cesses under this
category are as follows:
I. Fauj Bal :
The most important tax levied, was fauj bal. It was a tax levied on
village inhabitants to meet the expenses of the army of the State.
In other words, it was realized from the jagirdars who had to provide some
cash and food grains to the army, which passed through their villages and sometimes
he also deputed a person to help the army.
This tax was collected from the kharif crop only and was charged at the rate of
Rs.3 per house in a small village and Rs.100 per thousands i.e. 10 % of the village
rekh35 in pargana Jodhpur of Marwar. Under this head, the realization in Pipar, a sub
unit of pargana Jodhpur, was highest i.e. Rs. 6752.5036.
II. Khichari :
This tax was levied to supply food or grain to the army passing through a
village37. It was also used to provide food to officials visiting a village. The rate of the
tax khichari was not fixed38 but sometimes it realized to all villages same such as in
pargana Parbatsar it was realized at the rate of Rs. 2.00 to each village in A.D.
176839.
35 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No.940, V.S.1850 / A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur. 36 See the table B- 6.7, which shows the realized amount under the faujbal from Pargana Jodhpur in
A.D. 1793. 37 Marwar ra Pargana ri vigat, ed. by Narayan singh Bhati, Part III, Jodhpur, 1970, p. 130. 38 See Table No. B- 6.9. 39 Parbatsar Kutchari ri jamabandi Bahi, No. 1586, V.S. 1825 / A.D. 1767, p. 229, DAO, Jodhpur.
188
III. Ghora – Kambal :
It was charged on arranging the warm cloths and fodder for the royal horses
and officers in winter season.40 In other words, it was also a tax which levied in
villages to meet expenditure incurred on the army. To assess the realization under this
cess ghora kambal, see the table no B- 6.10
The State realized an amount of Rs. 2157.00 from pargana Parbatsar under
this head in A.D. 176841 and Rs. 8062.00 from pargana Merta in A.D. 1783.42
IV. Rasad-bab :
In Marwar the village, which did not pay khichdi, had to pay a tax known as
rasad bab, which also known as rasad- parana,43 for the maintenance of the army.
Our evidences did not furnish the rate of rasad bab it provides only the amount of
realization under this head, to seeing the extent form of this cess, see table no. B- 6.11
and B-6.12.
V. Tagirat Bal :
The people of Marwar rendered extra monetary help to their ruler Maharaja
Ajit Singh who had to fight against the Mughal emperor to regain his ancestral throne.
This monetary help came to be known as tagirat bal.44 Ajit singh, however, continued
to levy it even after getting back his throne. This tax was assessed on the basis of the
financial resources of the villages45.
In A.D. 1766, an amount of Rs. 260 was deposited on account of tagirat bal
from the pargana Jalore46 and Rs 1106 from pargana Jodhpur47 in the state treasury.
40 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank No. 53, Granthank No. 11, 11/53, RSA,
Bikaner 41 Ibid , p. 229. 42 Merta Hukumat Jamabandi, Bahi No. 1135, V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783, pp. 192-194, DAO, Jodhpur. 43 Marwar ra Pargana ri Farsat, pp.ix-x. 44 Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, Part II, p. 91. 45 See Table No. B-6.13. 46 Jalor Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 797, V.S. 1823 / A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur . 47 Jodhpur Hukumat Ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766.
189
In A.D. 1769 the amount of tagirat bal from pargana Jodhpur48 was Rs. 481.00 which
was quite less than Merta and Sanchor.
Table B-6.749
Amount Realized Under the Head of Fauj bal in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1793
S.No. Name of Taffas
( Sub-Divisions)
No. of villages Total Rekh of Villages in Rs.
Amount of the Tax
in Rupees
1. Taffa Haveli 31 61,125 6112.50
2. Taffa Pipar 18 67,525 6752.50
3. Taffa Bilara 03 10,000 1000.00
4. Taffa Rohath 13 16,350 1635.00
5. Taffa Kherwa 08 18,300 1830.00
6. Taffa Bhadrajan 48 61,250 6125.00
7. Taffa Bahlo 02 12,000 1200.00
8. Taffa Pali 19 23,175 2305.00
9. Taffa Gundoch 04 14,000 1400.00
10. Taffa Dunara 17 29,240 2924.00
11. Taffa Baihelvara 08 5,950 595.00
12. Taffa Kodhana 21 21,700 2170.00
13. Taffa Gajsinghpura 02 10,000 1000.00
14. Taffa Osia 36 43,215 4321.50
15. Taffa Aasap 13 40,000 4000.00
48 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 937, V.S. 1826 / A.D. 1769. 49 The table has been prepared on the basis of the information contained in the Pargana Jodhpur
Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 940, V.S. 1850 / A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur.
190
Table B- 6.850
Amount Realized under the Head of Fauj Bal in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1766 (Rs. in Round Figures)
S.
No.
A B C D E
Name of the Pattis
(Sub- divisiobs)
No. of
villages
Total of
Rekh
Amount of
tax in Rs.
D as % of C
1 Patti Talsar 24 41,600 464.00 1.10
2 Patti Dhandhar 19 28,000 267.00 0.95
3 Patti Dahiyawati 22 34,375 378.00 1.09
4 Patti Rathorwati 07 17,000 131.00 0.77
5 Haveli Bhinmal 12 20,500 255.00 1.24
Table B- 6.951
Amount Realized Under the Head of Khichari in Pargana Sanchor
A.D. 1766
S. No. Name of Villages Amount of Khichari in Rs.
1. Village Palgira 17.00
2. Village Dilvara 12.00
3. Village Didvara 8.00
4. Village Hakenra 3.00
5. Village Sidho 15.00
6. Village Paldira 5.00
7. Village Mipesar 28.00
8. Village Sandsus 15.00
50 The table is prepared on the basis of the information contained in Pargana Jalor Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 797, V.S. 1823 / A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 51 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Pargana Jalor ri jamabandi, Bahi
No.797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, p. 78, DAO, Jodhpur.
191
Table B- 6.1052
Amount Realized under the Head of Ghora –Kambal in Pargana
Merta
A.D. 1783
S.No. Name of villages Name of Taffa
( Sub-divisions)
Rekh of the
Village
Amount of Ghora –
Kambal in Rs.
1. Pakoia Taffa Haveli 1250 13.50
2. Masari basani Taffa Haveli 1000 19.00
3. Masar dandh Taffa Haveli 5000 10.75
4. Megha dand Taffa Haveli 2000 4.50
5. Maliyabasani Taffa Haveli 1000 20.00
6. Bhirosani Taffa Haveli 500 32.25
7. Prithavipuro Taffa Haveli 1000 19.00
8. Amarpur Taffa Anadpur 1000 10.75
9. Binkavas Taffa Anadpur 3000 30.25
10. Sekhpuro Taffe Bhairudara 2000 19.25
11. Mogul Taffa Bhairudara 1200 14.03
52 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Merta Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi,
No. 1135, V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783, pp 192-205, DAO, Jodhpur.
192
Table B – 6.1153
Amount Realized under the Head of Rasad Bab from Pargana
Jodhpur
A.D. 1769
S. No. Name of Taffas
( Sub-divisions)
Amount of the Tax Rasad Bab
in Rs.
1. Taffa Haveli 62.00
2. Taffa Pipad 256.00
3. Taffa Bilada 53.00
4. Taffa Bahelva 16.00
5. Taffa Setrav 17.00
6. Taffa Bhadrajan 48.00
7. Taffa Kothane 14.00
8. Taffa Dunara 48.00
9. Taffa Khairva 33.00
10. Taffa Ketu 25.00
11. Taffa osia 55.00
53 The table has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 937, V.S. 1826, DAO, Jodhpur.
193
Table B-6.1254
Amount Realized Under the Head of Rasad Bab in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1793
S.No. Name of villages
Name of Taffa ( Sub-divisions)
Rekh of village Amount of the tax in Rs.
1. Moghado Taffa Haveli 2500 2.00 2. Dhavo ’’ 3000 10.25 3. Chambabda ’’ 3000 2.02 4. Shikarpura ’’ 2000 2.02 5. Salvobdo ’’ 1000 2.02 6. Ustara ’’ 4000 3.25
7. Beithvasiyo Taffa osia 20000 6.25 8. Cherai ’’ 7500 21.75 9. Bikunkor ’’ 2000 8.50 10. Jankhan ’’ 5000 14.75 11. Tapu ’’ 2100 5.25 12. Jainivas Taffa Bilada 2000 19.25 13. Barno ’’ 2500 12.75 14. Khariyo ’’ 1250 12.75 15. Biladavas ’’ 20000 131.75 16. Kharda Taffa Rohath 5000 13.50 17. Khanki ’’ 2500 2.02 18. Bithu ’’ 6250 4.03 19. Royalthvas ’’ 5000 70.00 20. Barkh Taffa Bhadrajan 1500 8.00 21. Rahano ’’ 3750 4.50 22. Baihalvo ’’ 1400 9.00 23. Bali sarda ’’ 900 16.50 24. Bhaju ’’ 10000 3.50 25. Dughiya Taffa dunara 1250 4.25 26. Ratdiyo ’’ 1350 2.02 27. Kaluna Taffa pipad 4200 12.75 28. Marav ’’ 2500 13.75 29. Bahalovas Taffa bahala 7000 23.50 30. Ojani ’’ 2500 2.50 31. Ketuvas Taffa ketu 500 16.25 32. Khirach ’’ 500 8.25 33. Kodno Taffa kodane 2500 33.00
54 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi
Bahi, No. 950, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur.
194
Table B-6.1355
Amount Realized under the Head of Tagirat bal in Pargana Merta
A.D. 1783 S.
No.
A B C D
Name of Village
Rekh of
Village
Amount of Tagirat
bal in Rs.
C as % of B
1. Ladsura 4000 371 9.27
2. Nimali 5000 275 5.50
3. Bhalay 3000 71 2.36
4. Makaldevra 3125 55 1.76
5. Dunerira 1000 31 3.10
55 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Merta Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi
No. 1135, V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783, p.194, DAO, Jodhpur.
195
C. Tax on Trade and Commerce
There were many taxes realized from the traders and the merchants for their
commercial activities in the territories of the state. These commercial taxes comprised
with a number of toll taxes or transit duties, known by different names in the entire
area of Marwar, which are as follows:
I. Rahdari :
It was a fee for the protection which the state provided to the traders. This tax
was realized in the form of the transit duty from traders carrying goods through the
territory of the state.
There existed no uniform rate of rahdari in the state of Marwar. It differed
from commodity to commodity, place to place and trader to trader. The amount of
rahdari from pargana Merta to Jodhpur was Rs 385, while it was Rs 357 from Merta
to Parbatsar in the same year of 176956.
An amount of Rs. 16832.00 was charged under the rahdari from pargana
Jodhpur in A.D. 1766,57 and Rs 42903.00 in A.D. 176958.
II. Dan Tulavat :
It was a tax realized from traders when goods were weighed. The rate
of the tax differed from pargana to pargana . It was charged at the rate of Rs.1.00 or
250 gram on per man of weighing wool59 in pargana pali. The state received an
income of Rs. 19.50 In A.D. 176460 and Rs. 329 in A.D. 1765 from pargana Jalor and
Rs. 51 from pargana Sanchor under this head of dan tulavat61 .
56 Jodhpur Hakikat Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1820-30/ A.D. 1763-73, p. 376, RSA, Bikaner. 57 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur. 58 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 937 , V.S. 1826 / A.D. 1769, DAO, Jodhpur. 59 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank No. 31, Granthak 20, p.243, RSA, Bikaner. 60 Jalor ri Kutcheri ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 796, V.S. 1821/ A.D. 1764, DAO, Jodhpur. 61 Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 797, V.S. 1823/ A.D.1766, p. 78, DAO, Jodhpur.
196
III. Dan Mapa :
It was the sale tax or the import duty imposed in village. The thakurs imposed
it on the movement and sale of various articles in their respective jagirs. It was
generally realized from the purchaser and sometime from the seller as well62.
In fact, the tax Dan Mapa was the type of a toll-tax imposed in a town or
village. The rate of this tax was varied, so the realization under this also varied from
village to village63.
IV. Khunta –Dan:
Generally in trades, the mahajans64 and veoparies65 used cattle just like camel,
horse, oxen etc. for loading the goods. So they had to pay a tax to the State for using
the cattle in trades and commerce. In Marwar, such type of tax known as khunta-
dan66.
This tax was imposed according to the number of the khunta of the animals.
Generally the rate of khunta-dan for camel was higher than other cattle in Marwar.
The Evidence 67 did not furnish the rate of the tax only the realized amount under this
head is mentioned68.
V. Maveshi –Ra:
The State used to realize a tax on the sale of animals from the owners i.e.
known as mavesi-ra69 in Marwar. In other word, it was the fee or tax paid to the
62 V.S. Bhati, Madhyakalin Rajasthan Mein, p. 173. 63 See Table No. C- 6.14, which shows the realized amount of dan mapa from the khalsa villages of
various taffas of pargana Jodhpur in A.D. 1766. 64 Mahajan was the trader and money lender in a village or town. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.21, V.S.
1835/A.D. 1778, p. 51, RSA, Bikaner. 65 Veoparies were the big merchants. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1820-21/ 1763-64, pp. 26 &
101, RSA, Bikaner. 66 The term “khunta” means the chain which used to tie animals and Dan was a sale or transit duty. 67 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi,No.935, V.S.1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur . 68 See Table No. C- 6.15, which shows the realization of khunta dan for different taffas of pargana
Jodhpur 69 The term mavesi and halte-pag, used for animal or cattle.
197
government on the sale of domestic agricultural cattle, as cows, buffaloes, sheep and
goats.
Animals were the chief export item of Marwar. Goats and sheep (male only)
were sent to Bombay and Gujarat, while buffaloes, bullocks and cows were exported
to Jaipur and other neighboring territories70.
The State of Marwar had received an income of Rs. 175.00 from pargana
Sanchor71 and Rs. 168.00 from the pargana Jalor72 on account of mavesi-ra in A.D.
1766.
Table C-6.1473
Realization of Dan Mapa from Khalisa village of Pargana Jodhpur
1766 A.D.
S. No.
A B C D E
Name of village
Taffa (sub-divisions)
Rekh of the Village
Amount of Dan Mapa in Rs.
D as % of C
1 Beesalpur Haveli 4000 482.00 12.05 2 Thabukaro Haveli 2500 87.00 03.48 3 Piparvas Pipar 9100 807.00 08.81 4 Gol Pipar 2000 36.00 01.80 5 Khangto Pipar 2500 41.00 01.64 6 Nai Pipar 2750 107.00 03.89 7 Lado Pipar 8600 23.00 00.26 8 Dunara vas Dunara 4100 470.00 11.46 9 Manjal Pipar 5540 134.00 02.41 10 Manaro Osia 1500 3.00 00.20 11 Beekut Kothana 1000 1.00 00.10 12 Badalli Gaudh 2000 3.00 00.15
AVERAGE 45,640 2194.00 04.80
70 K.D. Erskine, p.119; B.L. Bhadani, Peasants, Artisans and, p. 84. 71 Sanchor re Kutchari ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1736 ,V.S. 1829/ A.D. 1772, DAO, Jodhpur. 72 See Table No. C-6.16, which shows the amount of the tax maveshi ra realized from pargana Jalor
of Marwar in A.D. 1766. 73 The table is prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi
Bahi, No. 935, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
198
Table C-6.1574
Amount Realized Under the Head of Khunta Dan in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1766
S.
No.
Name of Taffas
( Sub-divisions)
Number of
Villages
Amount of the tax Khunta
Dan , in Rs.
1 Taffa Osia 11 599.00
2 Taffa Bhaibvara 20 493.00
3 Taffa Kothana 04 543.00
4 Taffa Bhadrajan 05 791.00
Table C- 6.1675
Amount Realized Under the Head of Maveshi Ra in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1766
S. No.
Name of Village
Name of Patti ( sub-divisions)
Name of Cattle Amount of Mavesi-Ra (In Rs.)
1. Jahdi Patti Kaulivara Bullocks, and Buffaloes 11 , 57 = 68.00
2. Bhadula Patti Seerai Cow and Buffaloes 03 , 17 = 20.00
3. Mordo Patti Devlawati Bullocks and Buffaloes 20 , 50 = 70.00
4. Govaro Patti Sanchor Bullocks 10 = 10.00
74 The table has been prepared from the information contained in Pargana Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 935, V.S. 1823, DAO, Jodhpur. 75 The table has been prepared on the basis of information given in Pargana Jalor Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
199
D- Tax on Cattle
Our sources provide the information about the taxes imposed on breeding or
keeping of animals and an income from these. A tentative classification of these cattle
taxes and their population in the state of Marwar, have been worked out that are as
follows:
I.Unt Bab :
The term unt is used for camel. So literally meaning of unt bab was a tax on
camel. The Camel, known as the ship of desert, was another valuable animal which
played an important part in the economy of the desert.
It was not only the chief mean of transportation in desert, but also used in
agriculture and war-fare. The people, who kept Camel, had to pay a tax known as unt
bab in Marwar.
The rate of the tax was varied different for different communities. It was
levied on vishnoi76 at the rate of Rs.2 per Camel and Rs.3 for mahajans77. It seems
that there was a relaxation in rate of unt bab for the vishnoi. Though they were
seasoned agriculturists; many among them were also engaged in trade78.
In Marwar, the people of some areas or sub units had to pay a fixed amount
for unt bab, without having sufficient number of camels in their areas which was
known as asal hisab79.
II. Balad Bab :
The term balad80 means bullocks. The State used to extract a tax on a pair of
bullocks from the owners, who used to breed bullocks for plough-driving as well as
water lifting, which was known balad bab.
76 Vishnoi was a community of Marwar who known as the protector of the trees. 77 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 940, V.S.1850 / A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur . 78 Sanad Parwana Bahi No. 17, RSA, Bikaner. We find the mention of Mala and Harchand Vishnoi
of village Ramda Bas Pargana Jodhpur, who were Camel dealers and used to take camel for sale from Marwar to the Deccan.
79 See Table No. D- 6.17. 80 Sitaram Lalas, Rajasthan Sabad Kosh , Pt III , p. 2915.
200
Generally, it was charged at one rupee81 per head of bullock. The rate of the
tax was in full figure so it easy to count the population of bullocks in the state. In
other words, the realized amount under the head of balad bab for a sub- unit indicated
the number of bullocks in such area82.
III. Bhains Bab:
The term bhains83 means Buffaloes. The people, who used to breed buffaloes
for milk and other dairy products, had to pay bhains bab. The pastoral community of
the State earned their livelihood by selling of Buffaloe’s milk and the Ghee derived
from it. The rate of bhains bab was varied for different kinds of buffaloes in the state.
For dujani, bhains bab was levied on peasants at the rate of Rs.2 per and Rs. 1 per
aahini Buffalo in pargana Jodhpur84.
Dujani and Aahini were the well defined breeds of Buffaloes in Marwar. The
dujani was more mulch than aahini buffaloes. So the people, who had kept this kind
of buffalo, paid one rupees more than aahini.
The statistics of bhains bab indicated that there was more population of aahini
buffaloes than dujani85 in the state.
IV. Evar Bab:
The state used to realize a tax on sheep which was known as evar bab in
Jodhpur. In local language the word evar was used for the herd of sheep86.
Sheep play a very important role in the economy of the state. It was a major
source of livelihood to a large population of the state. They provide milk, ghee, wood,
valuable manure and meat as well. Jaisalmeri, Marwari, and Kheri were the most
popular breeds of sheep87.
81 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi, Bahi, No. 940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793. 82 See Table No. D-6.18. 83 Sitaram Lalas, Rajasthan Sabad Kosh, Pt. III, p. 2919. 84 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi, Bahi, No .940 , V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793. 85 See Table No. D- 6.19, which the number and amount of bhains bab of Pargana Jodhpur of
Marwar. 86 Badri Prasad Sakria, Rajasthani –Hindi Shabd Kosh, Part. I, Jaipur, 1982, p. 174. 87 Pratika Rajasthan Sujas, Jaipur, 1996, p. 5.
201
The tax evar bab was charged at one anna88 per head of sheep. On the basis
of the rate, the population of sheep for pargana Jodhpur can be computed89.
It came out in the study that taffa Haveli has maximum numbers of sheep, on the
other hand taffa Sena which was the smallest unit of the pargana, has only ten sheep.
So the realization of the tax evar bab was highest from the taffa Haveli and lowest
from taffa Sena i.e. Rs. 252.00 and Rs.0.62 despite of the same rate of the tax.
V. Bartho Bab:
The term bartho90 means male buffalo. So the bartho bab was a tax on the
male buffalo. There was a big demand of barthos for carrying goods and heavy loads
to far off places in Marwar during the 18th century. The people, who used to keep
bartho, had to pay bartho bab to the state.
It was charged at the rate of eight annas per head in A.D. 179391. There was
the maximum number of barthoes in tafa osia of pargana Jodhpur92. It is also noticed
that Mura was the main breed of male buffalo in all over the state93.
VI. Ghora-Ra-Hasal :
It was a tax on the field or farm where, the people used to keep their horse. In
other words, the people, who used to breed the horse, have to pay a tax according to
the number of horse to the State which was known as ghora-ra-hasal in Marwar94.
It was Rs. 56 realized in pargana Siwana95 in 1841. The tax ghora-ra-hasal
was charged at the rate of Rs.6. 25 for per head in Marwar.
88 Anna was a fiscal unit equaling to 6.25 paisa or 1/16 of a rupee. 89 See Table No. D - 6.20, which shows the number of villages and sheep along with the realized
amount of the tax evar bab. 90 Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, pp. 91-98. 91 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793. 92 See Table No. D- 6.21. 93 Patrika, Rajasthan Sujas, Jaipur, 1996. 94 Siwana Kutcheri ri Jamabandi, Bahi No. 1798, V.S. 1841/ A.D. 1784, DAO, Jodhpur. 95 Ibid.
202
Table D- 6.1796
Amount Realized Under the Head of Unt Bab in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1793
S. No.
Name of Taffa ( Sub -divisions)
No. of Villages
Total Number of Camels
Total amount of Unt- bab (Rs.)
Vishnoiyara (Mahajanra) Lokara
1 Taffa Haveli 15 26 91 117 325.00
2 Taffa Pipar 06 10 16 26 62.00
3 Taffa Lavairo 08 02 30.5 32.5 95.50
4 Taffa Osia 27 27.5 287 341.5 1226.00
5 Taffa Kodhana 07 31 28 59 146.00
6 Taffa Baihalva 05 _ 11 11 1833.00
7 Taffa Dunara 04 _ 7.5 7.5 22.50
8 Taffa Aasop 03 01 07 08 23.00
9 Taffa Setra 04 8.5 18 26.5 817.00
10 Taffa Bhadrajan 02 03 02 05 12.00
11 Taffa Kaitu 02 * * _ 950.00
12 Taffa Daichhu 01 * * _ 240.00
*The number of Camel is not given in the Bahi for taffa Kaitu and Daichhu
96 The above table is prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur.
203
Table D- 6.1897
Amount Realized Under the Head of Balad Bab in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1793
S.
No
A B
C
D
E
F
Name of Taffa ( Sub- division)
Number of
villages
Rekh Number of
Bullocks
Total amount of the tax
balad bab in Rs.
E as % of C
1 Taffa Haveli 58 98505 2045 2045.00 2.07
2 Taffa Kodhana 19 14000 494 494.00 3.52
3 Taffa Bhadrajan 07 15325 475 475.00 3.09
4 Taffa Pipar 15 40650 394 394.00 0.96
5 Taffa Aasop 08 17250 261 261.00 1.51
6 Taffa Pali 08 11,100 230 230.00 2.07
7 Taffa Khairva 04 8900 178 178.00 2.00
8 Taffa Bhaihalva 03 2150 107 107.00 4.97
9 Taffa Kheevsar 05 20100 79 79.00 0.39
10 Taffa Gudochara 03 7750 78 78.00 1.00
11 Taffa Osia 30 45590 1221 1221.00 2.67
12 Taffa Bilara 01 1000 * 75.00 7.50
*The Bahi does not show the number of bullocks for taffa Bilara.
97 The table is prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No.
940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur.
204
Table D- 6.1998
Amount Realized Under the Head of Bhains Bab in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1793
S.
No.
Name of Taffa
( Sub-divisions)
No. of
Villages
Total No. of Buffaloes
Dujani Aahini Total
Total Amount
(In Rs.)
1 Taffa Haveli 47 99 126 225 324.00
2 Taffa Osia 24 35 64 99 134.00
3 Taffa Kothana 15 22 54 76 98.00
4 Taffa Pipar 11 16 16 32 48.00
5 Taffa Aasop 08 33 39 72 105.00
6 Taffa Bhadrajan 07 37 30 67 104.00
7 Taffa Pali 06 15 19 34 49.00
8 Taffa Kheevsar 03 03 06 09 12.00
9 Taffa Khairva 03 05 07 12 17.00
10 Taffa Bhaihalvra 02 07 03 10 17.00
11 Taffa Gudochara 02 10 04 14 24.00
98 The table has been prepared on the basis of the information contained in Pargana Jodhpur
Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur.
205
Table D- 6.2099
Amount Realized Under the Head of Evar Bab in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1793
S.
No.
Name of Taffa
( Sub –divisions)
No. of
Villages
No. of
Sheep
Total Amount of
the tax (in Rs.)
1. Taffa Haveli 49 4029 251.81
2. Taffa Osia 21 1820 113.75
3. Taffa Dunara 10 1127 74.81
4. Taffa Pipad 13 1093 68.31
5. Taffa Kathena 11 533 33.31
6. Taffa Rohath 05 2212 138.25
7. Taffa Asop 05 1154 72.12
8. Taffa Bhadrajan 05 1116 69.75
9. Taffa Bahelva 02 425 26.56
10. Taffa Kharva 02 225 14.06
11. Taffa Gudochara 02 490 31.00
12. Taffa Gajsinghpura 02 350 21.87
13. Taffa Sena 01 10 00.62
99 The table has been prepared on the basis of the information contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur.
206
Table D- 6.21100
Amount Realized Under the Head of Bartho Bab in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1793
S.
No.
Name of Taffa
( sub-divisions)
No. of
Villages
No. of Male
Buffaloes
Total Amount
in Rs.
1. Taffa Haveli 19 69 34.50
2. Taffa Pipar 03 10 5.00
3. Taffa Asop 02 14 7.00
4. Taffa Kheevsar 03 05 2.50
5 Taffa Kothane 02 08 4.00
6. Taffa Pali 03 05 2.50
7. Taffa Khairva 02 04 2.00
8. Taffa Bhadrajan 04 08 4.00
9. Taffa Osia 11 171 85.50
100 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi
Bahi, No. 940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793 , DAO, Jodhpur.
207
E- Tax on Punishment
The state of Marwar also received a good income or revenue through financial
punishment on committing the crimes or mischievousness. There were a number of
offences punishable in cash, known different names, are as follows:
I. Farohi :
Farohi was a fine known as taksir, and dandpharoi in various Rajput State,
which was imposed on the occurrence of miscellaneous crimes such as theft,101
adulteration,102 illegal grazing of animals, sale of unclaimed belonging,103 sale of
arms, giving shelter to an offender etc.
The sources mention only the realized amount of farohi (tabulated in the
tables104), not the rates of the tax because the charges of farohi was differed from
person to parson and depended on the nature of the crime committed by the
defaulters.
The state realized an amount of Rs. 3873.00 under farohi from pargana
Jodhpur in A.D. 1766,105 Rs. 9979.00 in A.D. 1769,106 and Rs. 1257.00 in A.D.
1774,107 Rs. 2025.00 in A.D. 1780,108 and Rs.10799.00 in A.D. 1784109.
101 In Pargana Merta, Soldier Nahar khan stole the flowers of rose from Malkot , so he was charged
Rs. 7.00 in June,1779. Pargana Merta Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1099, V.S. 1836/ A.D. 1779, DAO, Jodhpur.
102 A. Mochi Narayan of Jalor , used to fight with another Mochi Bhivad . So he was charged Rs. 11 as Genegari. Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No. 800, V. S. 1835/ A.D. 1778.
B. Shrimali Sirdarmal cheated Bapinara Kasim with Rs.30, so he was imposed with Rs. 1.25 under gunegari for such act of cheating. Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No. 797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, p. 134.
103. In Pargana Merta, Singhavi Jeevan took the unclaimed or theft cotton from the thief Madna so he paid Rs. 1.25 as Farohi , similarly Gandhi Manrup took a kanchali and Panch Ramkisan, a pomcha (wearing clothes ) from the same thief Madna , they were charged Rs. 7.00 and Rs. 1.00 respectively . Pargana Merta Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1099, V.S. 1836/ A.D. 1779.
104 See Table No. E-6.22, and E-6.23, which show the amount realized as farohi from the villages of Pargana Jalor in A.D. 1751 and 1764.
105 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 936, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766. 106 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 937, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769. 107 Jodhpur Kutchari Chotra Jamabandi Bahi, No. 887, V.S. 1831/ A.D. 1774. 108 Jodhpur Garh Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 688, V.S. 1837/ A.D. 1780. 109 Jodhpur Garh Chotra Jama Kharch ri Jamabandi Ri Bahi, No.890, V.S. 1840/ A.D. 1783.
208
II. Gunegari:
It was generally realized from the offender or criminal on disobey the royal
commands or orders, abusing someone and using insulting language110. In pargana
Merta, the khatiks were restricted to sell the soil despite of they were brought the soil
from outside the area and sold it in the territory , so they were charged Rs. 51.00
Under gunegari, Similarly, the wife of Kalal Dena, sold alcohol or wine instead of
royal restrictions, so she paid Rs. 1.00 As gunegari111 in April 1779.
III. Cham Chori :
It was a fine or punishment, imposed on sexual offences. The offenders were
required to pay the tax on committing such type of crime112. Chhipa113 Birdha of
pargana Merta committed rape to the daughter of chhipa Bhima so he was charged
Rs. 71.00 under cham chori114 in February 1779.
IV. Nata ra:
It was a fine imposed on irregular marriage. When a man or woman married
second time, they had to pay money or fee under the title of nata ra to their first
husband or wife as compensation115. In other words nata ra was the fee for legalizing
an illegal or second marriage. It was generally charged at the rate of Rs. 1.00 per
marriage.116
110 Surano of Pargana Merta, used to wrong language or abusing to the wife of Jiwan , so he was
charged Rs. 1.00 under gunegari. Similarly Dhobi ( Washerman) Rahman used insulting word of dakan to the wife of dhobi Hamid and charged Rs. 6.00 as gunegari. Pargana Merta Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1099, V.S. 1836/ A.D. 1779, DAO, Jodhpur.
111 Ibid. 112 Mahajan Hema of village Aanadpur of pargana Merta was imposed Rs. 80.00 under chamchori in
March 1764. Sanad Parwana Bahi, No.1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p.56, f.3, RSA, Bikaner. 113 Bajranglal Lohia, Rajasthan ki Jatiya, Calcutta, 1954, p. 181. 114 Pargana Merta Kotwali Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1099, V.S. 1836/ A.D. 1779. 115 J.S. Gehlot, Marwar Rajya ka Itihas, p. 365. 116 The son of Meghwal Hema , village Padiyal of Phalodi, carried the Dauther of Kabriya, village
Jeslara of Phalodi, so the amount of Rs. 1.00 was received from him as nata . Phalodi Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No. 1493, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769, p. 168, DAO, Jodhpur .
209
Table E-6.22117
Amount Realized under the Head of Farohi in Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1751
S. No. Name of Villages Name of Pattis
( Sub-divisions)
Amount of the tax
in Rs.
1. Hathujhar Patti Talsar 12.00
2. Sefadara ’’ 4.00
3. Thanvlara ’’ 1.00
4. Bhaliya ’’ 6.00
5. Unra ’’ 6.00
6. Makvalra ’’ 418.00
7. Aakoli Patti Dhandhar 351.00
8. Churara ’’ 157.00
9. Ghansra ’’ 9.00
10. Vasdara ’’ 54.00
11. Sathura ’’ 11.00
12. Baghara ’’ 232.00
13. Dhandpra ’’ 68.00
14. Surana Patti Dahiyawati 110.00
15. Manglavas ’’ 67.00
16. Chora uddariya ’’ 81.00
17. Nura ’’ 465.00
18. Bapadtaro ’’ 81.00
19. Posan ’’ 35.00
20. Jiwana ’’ 51.00
21. Aathavala ’’ 30.00
22. Paghedri ’’ 6.00
23. Salra ’’ 3.00
24. Tiloda ’’ 4.00
25. Jerniyara Patti Rathorwati 66.00
117 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi
No. 794, V.S. 1808/ A.D. 1751, DAO, Jodhpur.
210
26. Rahasali ’’ 107.00
27. Senghriya Patti Dodiyal 246.00
28. Mohuranen ’’ 31.00
29. Chandna Patti Sen 16.00
30. Kheda Pra. Ramsen 705.00
Table E-6.23118
Amount Realized under the Head of Farohi from Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1764
S. No.
A B C D E
Name of
Village
Name of Patti ( Sub-divisions)
Rekh Amount of Farohi in Rs.
D as % of C
1 Qasba Jalor Patti Jalor 6250 13 0.20
2 Thandapra Patti Dandhar 2000 05 0.25
3 Badagaun Patti Gadau 2000 39 1.95
118 The table is prepared on the basis of information contained in Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi,
No. 796, V.S. 1821/ A.D. 1764, DAO, Jodhpur.
211
F- Social and Religious Tax
There were also some social or religious taxes too in the state of Marwar, which were charged to the people according to their nature and traditions. Some of them are as follows:
I. Chhaparvasi or Jhumpi :
The State used to levy a tax on hut or temporary settlement which was known
as chhaparvasi (Jhumpi)119 in Marwar. The rate of this tax was varied from pargana
to pargana . It was charged at the rate of Rs.1 to Rs. 4 annually for per settlement in
pargana Sanchor, Rs. 0.50 in pargana Jaitaran and Rs. 1 to Rs. 2 in pargana Siwana
during the period of our study120.
The State of Marwar received an amount of Rs.16 on account of chhaparvasi
(Jhumpi) from pargana Sanchor121 and Rs.37 from pargana Jaitaran122 in A.D. 1761.
II. Ghar Ginti:
It was a house tax known as ghar -ginti in Marwar123. There did not existing
uniform rates of ghar-ginti in all parganas of Marwar. The rate of ghar-ginti varied
from year to year124 and pargana to pargana. In pargana Jaitaran it was charged at
the rate of three rupee per house in the year of 1794125, while Rs. 1.00 in 1795 and Rs.
2.25 in A.D.1796126.
III. Kansa Lag:
There was a tradition to arrange a feast on the birth or death of a person in
Marwar. On that occasion the tax payer had to invite the state’s men to dinner or to
119 The term Chhaparvasi (Jhumpi) means a thatched hut-a temporary settlement. V.S. Bhati,
Madhyakalin rajasthan Mein, p. 174. 120 See Table No. F-6.24. 121 Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No.797,V.S.1823/ A.D. 1766. 122 Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No.667,V.S.1818/ A.D. 1761. 123 J.S. Gehlot, Rajasthan ka Samajik, p. 105. 124 See Table No. F-6.25. 125 Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No. 677, V.S. 1851/ A.D. 1794, p. 39. 126 Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No. 678, V.S. 1852/ A.D. 1795.
212
send a fixed quantity of cooked food or to pay an equivalent amount of the cost,
which was known kansa lag in Marwar127.
The rate of this tax was varied from time to time, from place to place, and
from person to person128. There was a realization of 12 men diet as kansa lag from
village Atvado of Pargana Sojhat129 in A.D. 1708, while it was realized equal to 8
people’s diet from village Meals of pargana Sojhat130 in A.D. 1790.
IV.Chavri Lag:
There was also a tradition to pay nazar or offering on the occasion of
celebrating a marriage ceremony which was known as chavri or chavri lag131 in
Marwar. Generally Rs.1.00 was paid under this head in almost pargana of Marwar.132
V. Rusanai :
There was a local deity taxes too in Rathor State which was imposed for the
maintenance of religious place known as Rusanai in Marwar. The tax rusanai was
charged at the rate of Rs.8 .38 for man oil for lightning in temples in Marwar133.
VI. Mela Padkati :
There was also an income from the commercial fairs (Melas) being organized
in Marwar viz “kolayat mela,” “ganesh mela,” fair of “teja ji,” “ramdev ji,”
“mallinath ji” etc. In these fairs, the traders and merchants were invited to bring
agricultural produce and other goods to sell from different parts of the state as well as
outside. The State used to impose a tax on such type of fairs which known as mela-
padkati in Marwar.
127 J.S. Gehlot, op.cit., p. 104. 128 In village Bakho of Pargana Jalor, Kansa Lag realized as 4 people’s diet in the marriage of
Mahajan’s daughter, while it was higher for others in A.D. 1709. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 31, Granth No. 20, RSA , Bikaner.
129 Jodhpur Records; Apuralikhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 31, Granth No. 20, p. 243. 130 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 31, Granthank No. 26, p. 249. 131 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 20/31. 132 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 21/31, p. 244. 133 The State had received an amount of Rs.11 as Rusanai from Pargana Siwana . Siwana Hukumat ri
Jamabandi Bahi No. 1798, V.S. 1841/ A.D. 1784.
213
In A.D. 1768, the state received an amount of Rs. 992 from tejaji mela134 of
pargana Parbatsar,135 under this head of mela padkati.
Table F- 6.24136
Amount Realized under the Head of Chhaparvasi in Pargana Siwana
A.D. 1784
A
B C D E
Name of Clan Name of villages Rekh Amount of Tax In Rs.
D as % of C
Khalisa Village 1 Jeedotari 4000 2.00 0.05
Pattayat village
Champawat 1 Seeraro 4100 2 .00 0.04
Bala 1 Ludrado 300 2.00 0.66
2 Balu 900 1.00 0.11
3 Devado 700 2.00 0.28
Bhati 1 Lalano 1000 1.00 0.1
2 Kupawas 2500 2.00 0.08
134 The fair of tejaji held in honor of local deity of Marwar, Veer Tejaji, at pargana Parbatsar in the
month of August . 135 Parbatsar Kutchari Jamabandi Bahi No. 1586, V.S. 1825/ A.D. 1768, p. 199. 136 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Pargana Siwana Kutcheri Ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1798, V.S. 1841 / A.D. 1784, DAO, Jodhpur.
214
Table F-6.25137
Amount Realized under the Head of Ghar- Ginti in
Pargana Jaitaran
S.No. Name of Villages Amount of the Tax Ghar-Ginti in Rupees
In A.D. 1794 In A.D. 1795 In A.D. 1796
1. Piplia 78.00 16 58.50
2. Rajadandh 87.00 18.00 60.75
3. Deuriya 108.00 70.00 87.75
4. Banjhakudi 78.00 27.00 63.00
5. Karamavas ra 87.00 59.00 85.50
6. Neebedo 126.00 50.00 132.75
7. Ramavas 60.00 20.00 36.00
8. Mahsiyo 114.00 42.00 78.75
9. Takurvas 42.00 8.00 36.00
10. Udesikuvo 15.00 4.00 6.75
11. Unavas vajho 21.00 9.00 26.75
12. Vikarlai 216.00 2.00 9.00
137 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabadi
Bahis, Nos. 677 and 678, V.S. 1851/ A.D. 1794, and V.S. 1852/ A.D. 1795, DAO, Jodhpur .
215
G - Professional Tax
There were some professional taxes too in Marwar, which were realized
annually from persons, who engaged in various professions and were known by
different names according to their profession. Some professional taxes of Marwar, are
as follows :
I. Sal Bab :
There was sal bab in Marwar, which was imposed on meghwal138 community of
Marwar. The meghwal, known as charmars, bhambhi and mochis (Cobblers), were
found in every village and town of Jodhpur. They used to manufacture leather goods
from the skin of dead animals. The rate of Sal bab was Rs.2 for a year in pargana
Jodhpur139 . The table G-6.26 indicates the realized amount of sal bab of pargana
Jodhpur.
The state received an amount of Rs. 97.25 in A.D. 1774140, Rs. 109.25 in A.D.
1780141, and Rs. 101.75 in A.D. 1783142 from pargana Jodhpur under this tax of sal
bab .
II. Un Bab :
In Marwar , people who were engaged in the profession of making wool , had to
pay un bab or oon aghori143. The production of wool constituted an important sector
in the economy of Marwar. This tax was mainly imposed on raibaries, who were
engaged in breeding sheep mostly. It was imposed according to the number of
raibaries houses.
As per the perusal the table G-6.27, it came out that the collection of un bab
ranges between 0.25 to 0.34 % of the total rekh.
138 Meghwal refers to sweeper class or lower class people. 139 Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi,No.940,V.S.1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur . 140 Jodhpur Kutchri Chotra Jamabandi Bahi, No. 887, V.S. 1831/ A.D. 1774. 141 Jodhpur Garh Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 688, V.S. 1837 A.D. 1780. 142 Garh Jodhpur Chotra ri Jama Kharch ri Jamabandi ri Bahi, No.890, V.S. 1840 / A.D. 1783. 143 Marwar ra pargana ri Farsat, p. xiii.
216
The state of Marwar received an income of Rs. 67.50 from pargana
Phalodi144 in A.D. 1769 and Rs. 136.00 from pargana Siwana145 in A.D. 1782 under
this tax of un bab or oon aghori .
III. Pinjar Bab :
It was a tax realized from the people of pinjars who were cotton- carders146.
Generally it was charged at the uniform rate of Rs. 1.25 per year to a family of pinjar
in Marwar. as our evidence provides that mostly the people of Muslim community
were engaged in this profession147 In A.D. 1794 the state received an amount of Rs.
18.75 from pargana Jaitaran under this head of pinjar bab148 .
IV. Rangrej Ra:
The tax charged from rangrej149 was known as Rangrej-ra in Jodhpur. The
rangrejs were the people, who were engaged in the occupation of dying cloths.
V. Teliya Ri Ghani :
The tax which was charged from tellis (oil pressers) engaged in the profession
of extracting oil from seeds, was called teliya-ri-ghani in Jodhpur150.
VI. Churigar ri Chothai :
It was a tax realized from churi or bangle makers. In Marwar the people of
lakheras or Muslim communities were mostly engaged in manufacture of bangles151.
The state received an amount of Rs. 246 in A.D. 1774152 and Rs. 284 in A.D.
1780153 from pargana Jodhpur under this head of churigar ri chothai .
144 Phalodi ri Kutchri ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1493, V.S. 1826/ A.D. 1769, p.141. 145 Siwana Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi No.1799, V.S. 1839/A.D. 1782. 146 Munshi Hardayal Singh, the Castes of Marwar, 1994, Jodhpur, P.175. 147 See Table No. G- 6.28. 148 Jaitaran Hukumat ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 677, V.S. 1851/ A.D. 1794, pp. 20-21. 149 The Rangrejs used to dye cloths, they were found throughout the State. 150 Phalodi-ri-kutcheri-ri-Jamabandi Bahi, No.1493, V.S.1826/ A.D. 1769 , DAO, Jodhpur. 151 Munshi Hardayal Singh, pp.165-66. 152 Jodhpur Kutchri Chotra Jamabandi Bahi,No. 887, V.S. 1831/ A.D. 1774. 153 Jodhpur Garh Chotra ri Jamabandi Bahi, No. 688, V.S. 1837/ A.D. 1780.
217
Table G- 6.26154
Amount realized under the Head of Sal Bab in Pargana Jodhpur
A.D. 1793
S.No. Name of Taffas ( Sub-Divisions)
Number of villages Amount of the Tax (In Rs.)
1 Haveli 31 445.00
2 Pipar 02 08.00
3 Kherva 03 40.00
4 Rohath 01 15.00
5 Dunara 03 05.00
6 Kothana 11 76.00
7 Laverai 01 05.00
8 Osiya 12 161.00
9 Kheevsar 02 20.00
10 Setra 02 44.00
154 The has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Hukumat ri Jamabandi,
Bahi No. 940, V.S. 1850/ A.D. 1793, DAO, Jodhpur.
218
Table G-6.27155
Amount Realized under the Head of Un Bab or Oon Aghori in
Pargana Jalor
A.D. 1766
S.
No.
A B C D E
Name of Pattis (Sub-divisions)
No. of
Villages
Rekh of the
Villages
Amount of the Tax in
Rs.
D as % of C
1. Patti Talsar 28 54000 135 0.25
2. Patti Dhandhar
20 32000 87 0.27
3. Patti Dahiyawati
17 31700 100 0.31
4. Patti Sena 08 15250 53 0.34
155 The above table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jalor Hukumat ri Jamabandi
Bahi, No. 797, V.S. 1823/ A.D. 1766, DAO, Jodhpur.
219
Table G – 6.28156
Amount realized under the Head of Pinjar Bab in Pargana Merta
A.D. 1779
S. No. Name of Aasami (The Revenue Payer) Amount of Pinjar bab in
Rs.
1. Pinara Kusal Chhitar 1.25
2. Pinara Bakhto Jogi 1.25
3. Rahman Alabagas 1.25
4. Viru Algabagas 1.25
5. Jado Esmail 1.25
6. Sawai Dala 1.25
7. Pinara Nandujawla 1.25
8. Dolo Jiwan 1.25
9. Pinara Harmali 1.25
10. Ali Fakira 1.25
11. Jind Sultan 1.25
12. Pinara Mahe Chandra 1.25
13. Jumal Ali 1.25
156 The table has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Pargana Merta Kotwali Chotra ri
Jamabandi Bahi, No. 1099, V.S. 1836/ A.D. 1779, DAO, Jodhpur.
CChhaapptteerr ––77
TThhee RReevveennuuee AAssssiiggnnmmeenntt:: TThhee JJaaggiirr&& PPaattttaa
220
Land ownership was the most important factor for a certain status or dignity,
especially in Rajputana1 of the eighteenth century where the possession of the land
carried several aspects of prestige and honour such as political power, economic
benefit, social and political obligations and control over retainers.
In course of time this kind of structure grew into a well-known term of
nobility association with the words of thakur, sardar, jagirdar, pattayat, and bhupati
in Rajasthan.
During the period of the study, in the state of Marwar, the land was broadly
divided into two categories i. e. khalsa and non-khalsa land. The land, which was
under the direct administration of the state or the ruler himself was its only landlord,
was known as khalsa2land. The income of this land was reserved for the state.
Generally, the most fertile and prosperous lands were kept in the category of khalisa.
Throughout the century i. e. eighteenth, out of 4500 villages3 in Marwar, only
609 were assessed under khalsaor under the direct administration of the state. These
villages in khalisa category occupied about one seventh of the entire area of the state
land. While, the remaining sixth-seventh area was in the possession of jagirdars,
bhomholders, sasandars, and other tenures. The number of khalsa villages in various
parganas of Marwar is considerable as shown in the table, given below4.
In the state ofMarwar, the area was held by grantees or tenures in different
forms5 such as jagir, bhom, sasan, inam etc. which can be included in non- khalsa
land. The following chart-7.1 shows land classification in hierarchial way.
1 V. N. Reu, Marwar, p. 1. 2 Kaviraj Sangarh, Part I, Granth No.73, p. 6A/1, Shree Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau
(Malwa), M.P. 3 Ferisat Bahis of different Parganas of Marwar, Jodhpur Ferisat Bahi, No. 2991, Merta Ra Gaon
Va Ri Feriat Bahi No.85, Jalor ri Fesisat Bahi No.88, Phalodhi Ferisat Bahi No.91, DAO, Jodhpur.
4 See Table No. 7.1. 5 Pashcami Rajputana tatha Marwar Ke Deshi Naresh, Rajkumar Navyuvak Mandal, varanshi,
1942, pp. 34-37.
221
Table -7.16
Total Number of Khalsa Villages in various Parganasof Marwar State
During First Half of Eighteenth Century (1718-28)
S. No. Name of Parganas
( sub-divisions)
Number of
Khalsa Villages
1. Pargana Jodhpur 135
2. Pargana Nagaur 117
3. Pargana Sojhat 81
4. Pargana Merta 74
5. Pargana Pali 51
6. Pargana Jalor 32
7. Pargana Phalodhi 21
8. Pargana parbatsar 20
9. Pargana shivra 17
10. Pargana Siwana 11
11. Pargana Sambhar 8
12. Pargana Dolatpura 8
13. Pargana Sanchor 7
14. Pargana Didwana 7
15. Pargana Jaitaran 7
16. Pargana Bhinmal 6
17. Pargana Maroth 5
18. Pargana Nawa 1
19. Pargana Umarkot 1
6 The table has been prepared from Kaviraj sangrah Granth 73, Part 1; Rathora RI Khampwar Patta
Rekh Evm Gaonva ri Vigat, Shree Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan, Stamau (Malwa), M.P.
222
Chart – 7.1
State Land
Khalsa Land Non-Khalsa Land
A.Jagir Land B. Bhom Land C.Juni Land D.Sasan Land
I.Chakri ka Patta II. Gair Chakri ka Patta
a.Transable Patta b. Non-transable Patta a. Ghar Beitha ri Jagir b. Badhara Jagir
223
A. The Jagir 7or Patta Land
Rao Jodha, the founder of the state, assigned lands exclusively to his blood
relations i. e. called bhai- bant or brotherhood8. But Raja Sur Singh, ruler of Marwar,
replaced it by a new relationship which was based upon a hierarchy of ranks in 1600
A.D., by introducing of the pattadari or jagirdari system9. This system was organized
according to the Mansabdari system of theMughals.
Since the rulers of marwar were the mansabdars of Mughals and were
designated as the jagirdars10 and their territory was designated as their watan jagir.
So they began to sub-assign their rights to their nobles through a patta or assignment.
Actually the patta was a written document which carried the names of villages
as given in jagir, details of the rekh,11 the clan or caste of the assignee, and the rights
of realizing land revenue to the pattedar.
Nainsi uses the term rekh for the figures, which represented the assessed land
revenue of the khalisa or jagir village. On the basis of that the pattas were granted to
the assignees by the ruler12.
The holder of patta was designated as pattayat or pattedar and their grant was
also known as patta jagir. In Marwar, the pattayats were styled as the thakurs or
sardars13 too. They were the master of their estate of pattas, and enjoyed almost all
those rights and privileges within their pattas as the ruler or Maharaja did within their
state. The patta thus was corresponding to jagir and pattayat to jagirdars on the
Mughal pattern.
7 The literally meaning of the word jagir was holding or occupying a place or a unit land granted by
the ruler and the holder also realized revenue from the holding areas. Irfan Habib, p. 257. 8 Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, part I, pp. 36-40. 9 R.K. Saxena, Rathore Nobility, Jodhpur, 2010, pp. 46-47. 10 The term jagirdar was used for a person who held a village or even the portion of a village
hereditarily or otherwise, on one of the jagir tenures. 11 The term rekh used for the expected or assessed revenue of a village. 12 Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, part I, p. 51. 13 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank No. 69, Granthank No.12 (12/69), RSA,
Bikaner.
224
The patta or jagir lands can be divided into two categories14 i.e. chakri ka pattaand gair chakri ka patta:
I. Chakri ka Patta:
Chakri ka Pattas were mostly granted against chakri or service obligations15.
These pattas were granted to those nobles who gave their military and other services
to the state16. They were assigned such types of pattas against their salaries for which
they were entitled soit was also termed as the revenue assignment17.
These assignments or pattas remained with the pattayats as long as they were
in the state service. They were expected to serve the state with their contingent at the
time of requirement. In other words, they were obliged to serve whenever and
wherever required.
At the time of granting an assignment, the pattayat had to pay an offering i.e.
peshkash18 to the state. This practice was introduced by Mota Raja Udai Singh (A.D.
1583-1595) in Marwar following the pattern of the Mughaladministration. Later it
was renamed as hukamanamah19 by Maharaja Ajit Singh (A.D. 1707-24), but its
general and regular uses evident from the reign of Maharaja Bijay Singh especially
from A.D. 1765 onwards.
There were no parameters to fix the amount of peshkash. The pattayats were
usually had to pay it in lump sum. It could be half, equal or full of the village rekh20.
14 G.D. Sharma, p. 118. 15 The word chakri was a Persian word comes from chakr which means servant. Marwar ra Pargana
ri Vigat, part II, pp. 51-52. 16 Jaitawat Rathor Khivkaran was granted village Hasalpur in tafa Bilada of pargana Jodhpur in
A.D. 1730 for his service paying in Gujarat battle. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 31, Granth No. 21, p. 245.
17 W.H. Moreland, the Agrarian System of Muslim India, Delhi, 1968, pp. 209-11. 18 The amount of peshkash was a mark of sub-ordination to the superior. 19 Hukamanamaha was the fee realized by the state on the succession of a new Jagirdar. Shyam
Singh Tanwar, pp. 50-51. 20 A. Rathor Heedusingh, son of Bahadur Singh, Clan Mertia, deposited Rs. 450.00 as peshkash
against a pattaof village Mamdoli of Pargana Parbatsar, having a rekh of Rs. 2000, on Thursday, 22 October 1727. Jodhpur Rajya Ke Puralekhon Ka sangrah, No. 803, p.76, Shree Nat Nagar, Shodh Sansthan, Sitamau (Malwa), M.P.
B. Bohra Bachhraj, son of Suratsingh paid Rs. 31.00 in peshkash for the assignment of village Padiyara of Pargana Siwana, having a rekh of Rs. 1000, on Wednesday 10 August 1726. Ibid, p. 77.
225
It ranged mostlyfrom 10 to 75 % of the rekh21. But usually it was not more than the
rekh, there was hardly an instance to show that the amount of peshkash was more than
the rekh. It seems that the amount of peshkash was fixed according to the position and
the paying capacity of the pattayat which he enjoyed in the social hierarchy.
The pattayats had an option to pay peshkash in cash or in kind together and
sometimes they were given concession or exemption in paying peshkash or
hukananamah22. But all were depended on the will of the ruler.
The pattayats were given some rights, duties, and conditions, which were
mentioned in their pattas. For example, they were neither allowed to assign bhom or
sasan from their patta villages, nor to impose any extra cesses (except of those,
prevalent in assignment), nor to establish a treaty or relation with others, and had to
maintain peace and order in his jagir village.
Apart from these, being supreme in their thikana,23 they were free to manage
their respective territories. They drew their salary from their patta village, so they
were allowed to collect revenue at the customary rates prevalent in their assignment
or patta. The pattedars were also asked to rehabitate the village by establishing new
farmers and encouraging cultivation, and supposed to help the state officials in
realizing the taxes.
Sometimes the pattedars were granted thepatta villages in different parganas
or areas24. Such as, the entire assignments or pattas of a pattayat were given in
altogether different tafas or parganas in place of one particular pargana only25. Such
C. Rathor Anopsinh, son of Harram Singh, clan Jujhania, paid Rs. 201 in pashkash for the
village Thapan ofPargana Siwana, having a Rekh of 200. Ibid, p. 78. 21 S.R. Bakshi & Shrikanta Sharma (ed)., The Great Rajput, Vol. 5, Dehli 2000 p. 278. 22 Champawat Rathor Kansingh was exempted from paying hukamnaha for the village Narnadi of
Pargana Jodhpur. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank No. 31, Granthak No. 21, p. 244, RSA, Bikaner.
23 The term thikana was used for the capital of jagirdars village. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank No.60, Granthank No. 21.
24 The jagir of 12 villages of BhatiRatan Singh, Rekh 19150, was scattered in three different Parganas of Marwar i.e. Jodhpur, Phalodhi, and Sojhat. Jodhpur Patta Bahi , No. 3, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66, p. 84, District Archives Office, Jodhpur.
25 Ibid. The entire jagir ofBhati Pahar Singh, comprising 14 villages, rekh 7225, was located in a single Pargana of Jodhpur.
226
practice was supposed to keep control over the sardars or thakurs and the entire any
sub-clan possessed no equal dominance in all the parganas of Marwar.
The joint assignments were also in practice in Marwar. According to this, a
patta village could be assigned to more than one person as a co-sharer26. The number
of pattayat or assignees could be two27or four28or between these number.
The amount of rekh was specified according to the share of the holders. Such
as, a patta of pargana Jodhpur was divided into three parts. Apart of half village
assigned to Pavar Jago and other two parts i.e. one-fourth assigned to Kesara Harram
and Pavar Megha respectively, so the amount of rekh i.e. Rs.400.00 divided in three
parts separately i. e. 200,100, and 10029.
This practice too served as a control against the dominating power of the
pattayats because they always felt insecure themselves and not to in the position of
over lapsing against the rule.
These chakri ka pattas could be divided into two categories i. e. transferable
and non- transferable or hereditary pattas which are describe separately:
a. Transferable Pattas:
There was the evidence of transferable pattas30 which were in practice during
the period of study in the state of Marwar. According to the pattadari System of
Marwar, the pattas were granted as a reward for military or other services under
certain terms and conditions which had to be fulfilled by the assignees.
Failing in fulfilling these terms and conditions, the pattayats had to be turned
out from their pattas and their jagirs were resumed and transferred to another or
26 Ibid, p.33. A patta of village Uhbar, taffa Baihelva, pargana Jodhpur, had three pattedars. 27 Ibid, p.91. A patta of village Thalvad, patti Dahiyawati, pargana Jalor, having a rekh of Rs. 1250,
was granted to two assignees namely, Bhati Surat Singh, and Keeerat Singh on September, 1766. 28 Bhati Lalsingh, son of Pratap Singh was assigned 4 villages in taffa Lavera and 1 village in taffa
Pipad of pargana Jodhpur on May 1786. Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 10, V.S. 1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, p.132, DAO, Jodhpur.
29 Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 3, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66, p. 33. 30 Jodhpur Patta Bahis, No. 1, 3, and 10, V.S. 1813-16/ A.D. 1756-59, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66,
and V.S.1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, DAO, Jodhpur.
227
reverted to khalisa31. Thus pattayats held the pattas as long as they continued to fulfill
their obligations and served the state faithfully. According to these pattas, the amount
of the patta remained the same but the possession over the villages was subject to
change32. But it does not mean that the pattas were constantly transferred after every
three or four years alike the jagirdari system of the Mughal administration33.
In Marwar, transfer of patta was made only when the pattayats committed any
fault or mistake. Sometimes a new village assigned in place of the old one34. Seerdar
Singh Narawat was granted village Bagarasar in place of Abadriyo in A.D. 1764, with
the rekh of 3000 by Maharaja Bijaysinghji.35 The pattayats remained without any
insecurity of transferring of the villages as long as they were in the state service, not
as the jagirdars of the Mughals.
The holding period of a patta was varied. It could be of one year,36 two years37
or many years. Sometimes it granted only for few days or months.38 The transfer of
jagir was not restricted from one clan to another but it was made in the same clan
too39.
There were several reasons for transferring the jagirs such as, when a thakur
committed any crime or mischief, and failed to supply the contingent which was the
31 The patta of village Munasar, taffa Osia, pargana Jodhpur, carrying a rekh of Rs. 3150, was
transferred to khalisa from Bhati Dolat Singh, son of Anad Singh. JodhpurPatta Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1813-16/ A.D. 1756-59, p. 140.
32 Village Mathaniyo of taffa Haveli, parganaJodhpur was remained under Joshi Kirparam, son of Sitaram in January 1782, while in October 1784 it was granted toBhati Bhavani Singh, son of Aaidan with having the same amount of patta rekh i.e. 2000. Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 10, V.S. 1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, p. 84.
33 R.K. Saxena, Rajput Nobility, Jaipur, 1996, p. 162. 34 Darji Nagji, son of Shivdas was assigned a village of Madhali in A.D. 1789 but later he was granted
the village of Nathal of pargana Sojhat, having a rekh of 625, in exchange of the old village. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 60, Granth No. 24.
35 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 60, Granth No. 24. 36 Ibid, p. 71. Village Ghaday of taffa Haveli, pargana Jodhpur, was assigned toBhati Hathisingh, son
of Nahar Khan in august 1783 and next year it was assigned to Sawai Lal on July 1784. 37 Ibid, p.130. Village Kanavasiyo of pargana Pali, having a rekh of 1600, assigned for two years to
Gumanchand, son of Chothamal from March 1785 to May 1777. 38 Ibid, p.56. Village Goliyo of taffa Haveli, rekh 500, was assigned only for two months to Gahlot
Teevraj Nathmal i.e. February 1783 to April 1784. 39 A village of lakhani, Patti chauhanwati of pargana Jalor, was granted to chauhan Joravar Singh
son of Anopsingh, from chauhan Hathisingh son of Harisingh in July 1764. Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No.3, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66, p. 20, DAO, Jodhpur.
228
most important conditions on which the land tenures were granted to him. Sometimes
for the administrative purpose or for the convenience of assignees the jagirs were
transferred or exchanged40.
b. Non- Transferrable Pattas:
Permanent or hereditary pattas were those assignments which were not
normally transferable or presumable. These non transferrable or hereditary pattas
were assigned some village permanently which were known as thikanas or rajthan41
in the Rathor state of Marwar.
In Marwar, there was a custom or practice that thikana or rajthan always
remained with a pattayat’s descendants42. Sometimes these pattas were not granted to
the son of a descendant while these were given to the brothers43 and other nearer
relatives like uncles44 and nephews45.
The pattayats also developed these villages as their home domain and
constructed a garh or garhi 46(small fort) for the accommodation of their families in
their respective territory.
40 Rathor Kiyamsinh, son of Bhavsinh, clan Mertia Goyandasot, was assigned village Bhatiyani
kotwali in pargana Sambhar in A.D. 1750 from Ajmer Sekh and Sawairam of Jaipur. Jodhpur Rajya Ke Puralekhon Ka Sangrah, Granth No. 803, p. 140, Shree Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau (Malwa), M.P.
41 The word rajthan represents headquarter of a pattayat, later it was referred to thikana. Nainsi ri Khayats,Granth No. 20448, p. 274, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur.
42 The patta of village Paldiyari of taffa Haveli, rekh 300, was assigned to Ida Kaniram from his fatherIda Karmchandra on May 1783. Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 10, V.S. 1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, p. 67.
43 Ibid, p.320. Village Ghavo of taffa Haveli, having a rekh of 6000, assigned to Rathor Jagat Singh, son of Rajsingh from Rathor Ratannsingh, son of Rajsingh, on August 1789.
44 Ibid , pp. 19 & 72. Village Banbralo of taffa Haveli, parganaJodhpur, having a Rekh of 1200, was assigned to Padihar Meghraj, son of Seevdan, grandson of Sawaldas, uncle of Padihar Manrup son of Sagram, grandsonof Sheevdas, on August 1784.
45 The patta of Seerdar Singh, having a rekh of Rs. 625, was given to his nephew Ladhu Singh on July 1766. Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 3, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66, p. 115.
46 Sanad Parwana Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1820-21/ A.D. 1763-64, p. 92, RSA, Bikaner.
229
Numerical strength of the Pattayats or Jagirdars inMarwar
In the Rathor state of Marwar, the pattas or jagirs were assigned both of the
Rathor or Non-Rathor clans. Their numerical position has been analysed in tables’ i.
e. annexures nos., III (A) (B), IV (A) (B), and V (A) (B), prepared on the basis of
information content in our documents.
Among the Rathor clans, Champawats,47 Karmsots,48 Dhavecha49and Jodha50
hold up the highest number of pattas. Their holding position could be tabulated in the
annexures, III (A), IV (A), and V (A).
A perusal of the tables indicate that champawats in pargana Jodhpur, karmsot
in pargana Siwana and dhvecha in pargana Jalor, held the highest number of
holdings or pattas.
Jaitawats,51 Udawats,52 and Balawats53 were the less powerful clans among
the Rathore of Marwar who carried not more than one or two assignments in
apargana.
The dominant Rathor clan of chapawats had 31 villages alone with a rekh of
Rs. 55,550 in parganaJodhpur in A.D. 1782-89. Similarly, karmsot and jodha
maheshdasot carried 11-11 villages respectively having a rekh of Rs. 12,350 and
10,450 respectively in A.D. 1782-89.
It proves that among Rathor, champawat enjoyed a privileged position with
the highest pattas.
47 Champawat was the son of Rinmal Rathor (A.D. 1392-1438) and brother of Rao Jodha (A.D. 1415-
1489), his successors were called Champawat Rathors. Marwar ra Pargana ri Vigat, part I, p. 38. 48 Ibid, p. 39. Karmsots Rathor was the successors of Rao Karmsi, son of Rao Jodha and grandson of
Rao Rinmal. 49 Dhavecha Rathor was the descended of Jaitmal Rathor, who was the son of Rao Salkhaji ( A.D.
1340- 1374) and younger brother of Rao Mallinathji, prior to foundation of Jodhpur in fifteen century. Tejsingh Rathor, Rathore Vansh Ka Itihas, Jodhpur, 1984, pp. 46-47.
50 Rao Jodha, founder of the Jodhpur state, was the son of Rao Rinmal his successors were called JodhaRathore. Rajputon ri Vigat, Granth No. 13502, p. 6, Rajasthani Sodh Sansthan, Chpasani, Jodhpur.
51 Jaitawat Rathor was the successor of Rao Jaita who was the son of Panchayan and grandson of Akhiraj Rathor (son of Rinmal Rathor).
52 Vigat, Part I, p. 39. Udawat Rathors were the successors of Udodasji, son of Sujaji of Rao Jodha and Grandson of RinmalRathor.
53 Tejsingh Rathor, p. 75. Balawat Rathors were the successor of Bala, who was son of Bhakrsi and grandson of Rinmal Rathor.
230
Among non-Rathor clans, Bhati, Chauhan54,Padihar, Gahlot55,and Khici56held
the highest number of pattas, which have been proved by annexures no. III (B), IV
(B), and V (B).
In Marwar, the position of Non-Rathor Clans was also satisfactory in
comparison of the Rathor clans. The bhatis and chauhans came to possess a good
number of pattas. They carried 33 and 39 villages’ assignment with a rekh of Rs.
31625 and Rs. 73425 in A.D 1782-89.
They were followed by padihars and gahlots, carrying 11 and 10 pattas and
rekh worth Rs. 14575 and Rs. 6625 respectively.
The bhatis and chauhans possessed their assignment inpargana of Jodhpur,
Jalor, Siwana, and Merta, while the padihars and khichis had it in the pargana of
Jodhpur alone.
It proves that among Non -Rathor, Bhatis and Chauhans had a favorable time
all through the century.
Analyzing the proportion of the holdings of various rathor or non-rathor clans,
it is clear that near about two-third of the total number of villages and more than 80%
of the land of the state of Marwar belonged to the feudal chiefs.
II. Gair Chakri ka Patta: These patta did not carry any service obligations, which the holder of chakri
ka patta had to observe, so it was known as gair chakri ka patta. These pattas were
more or less hereditary in nature. Normally these pattas were granted for the life time
of the holders and were continued even with their successors.
Such pattas could also be sub-divided in two categories i. e. ghar baitha ri
jagir and badhara jagir. Each can be discussed separately.
a. Ghar Baitha ri Jagir :
In such type of jagirs, the holder was not obliged to perform any service to the
state, so it was called ghar baitha ri jagir57or jivika (lit. home sitter’s patta).
54 Muhnot Nainsi , Nainsi ri Khyat, Granth No. 20448, pp. 85-91, Rajasthan Oriental Research
Institute, Jodhpur. 55 Ibid, p. 121. 56 Ibid, pp. 92-94. 57 G.D. Sharma, p.128.
231
Mostly these jagirs were bestowed on the members of royal family such as
Rajmatas, Patranis, Rani,58 Kunwars59, Baisa,60Khawas,61Dhaibhai62etc. for their
maintenance. These assignees were exempted from paying any tax or dues to the
state.
b. Badhara Jagir :
There was a practice of allotting additional grant against the chakri jagirs. In
other words, these jagirs were granted to those people who already held chakri ka
patta and had shown their meritorious services in the wars63. For example, when a
pattayat who held already some villages in his patta in the first instance by the state,
later he or his successors won favor of the ruler by doing some meritorious service to
the state, then the ruler granted him an extra village. Such extra grants were known as
badhara or inam jagirs due to given as reward for exceptional performance64.
The amount of these badhara or inam jagirs was not included in service or
chakri pattas. These grants were also subject to transfer. These grants were remained
with the pattayats so long as he enjoyed the pleasure of the ruler or till his death.
58 See Annexure – VI. 59 Kunwar Shri Pratap Singhji was given the patta of village thambukado, taffa Haveli of pargana
Jodhpur, having a rekh of 3250 in February 1789. Marwar ke Vibhinn Thikano ki Aay Evam Pattaon ka Vivran, Granth No. 37553, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur.
60 Ibid. Bai Shri Udekawar and Bai Shri Bhankawar (daughters of Raja Rajsingh) were given the patta of village Gujaravas Vado of taffa Haveli of Pargana Jodhpur, having a rekh of 2000, in August 1757.
61 Ibid. Khawas Dhanmidhara was granted a patta of village royal Khurad of taffa Haveli of pargana Jodhpur, having a rekh of 400, in September 1751, and in A.D. 1757 it was given to Khawas Pemaghana.
62 Ibid. A. Dhaibhai Jagnath, son of Badrinath, was given a patta of village Salodi, taffa Haveli of pargana Jodhpur in November 1760.
B. Dhaibhai Rupdan Shyamdan Likhma was granted a village of Dantivado of taffa Haveli of pargana Jodhpur, a rekh of 3100, in July 1795.
C. Dhaibhai Ramkisan was granted a village of Gudovas of taffa Haveli of pargana Jodhpur , a rekh of 5000, in September 1798.
63 Champawat Kushalsingh son of Aaidan, thikana auwa of pargana Sojhat, was granted a village of balotra in badhara jagir for his bravious performance in Ahmadabad battle by Maharaja Abhaysingh in A.D. 1730. Jodhpur records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 60, Granthank No. 21, RSA, Bikaner.
64 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Bandhank No. 60, Ganth No. 23, RSA, Bikaner.
232
The number of Badhara villages ranged between a single village65 to a group
of villages66 and even a part or some lands in term of Bighas67 were also assigned in
Badhara.
It is to be emphasized that these badhara jagirs could be located at one place
or scattered in one68 or two parganas69.
There were a number of instances when the rulers of Marwarreassigned apatta as badhara or increment asdescribed in annexure -VII.
B. Bhom Jagirs
Besides pattas, the rulers of Marwar also granted bhom70 grants to their nobles.
The holder of such bhom grant was designated as bhomia71 in Marwar, who also
happened to be a pattayat or jagirdar.
The bhumia jagirdars were those rajputs sardars who had served the state and
gave up their live for that. Consequently they were given some land in a village for
their livelihood i. e. known as bhom jagirs72 and they were bhomias.
The word bhomia is derived from Sanskrit word Bhumi which meant the
hereditary land73. Thus the bhomias were primarythe jagirdars who held their
hereditary rights over land stretching on some bighas as bhom in a village. The
65 Mertia Seerdar Singh of village Chuno, pargana Merta , granted a village as badhara, of taffa Kod
in pargana Nagaur in A.D. 1760. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 60, Granth No. 24, RSA, Bikaner.
66 Ibid. A. Champavat Aaidanot Jaitsingh, thikana Auwa of pargana Sojhat, was granted seven villaege in badhana jagir.
B. ChampawatAchalsingh of village Dhidhas in pargana Jalore granted six villages in badhana jagir in A.D. 1730.
67 Ibid. MertiaSultan Singh, son of Kesodas , pattayat of village Badu of pargana Parbatsar was granted 3000 bighas as badhara jagir in Parbatsar in A.D. 1758 .
68 Ibid . Sultan SinghBhati, jagirdar of village Gaju granted 4 village of Bhavra, Seenravat, Seengravt Chhoti, and Seel Gaon in pargana Nagaur in A.D. 1752.
69 Ibid. MertiaSundardas of village Chuhi of Merta granted two villages Aakeli in Nagaur in A.D. 1759 and Bhanvad in A.D. 1760 in badhara jagir .
70 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 76, Granth No. 4. 71 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 31, Granth No. 26 , p. 250 72 Mertia Kilayan granted bhom jagir in A.D. 1731 for the help against Subedar Sarbulandkhan in
Gujrat to Maharaja Abhaysingh. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No.21/31, p. 244. 73 H.H. Wilson, p. 82; G. D. Sharma, p. 157.
233
territory or land which was granted in bhom jagir, specified clearly74, so that the
grantees could not occupy excess area.
These bhom jagirs were given as a reward for meritorious services subject to
the loyalty to the state. During the reign of Maharaja Ajit Singh75, Abhay Singh76
and Bijay Singh77, mostly bhom jagirs were assigned to the Thakurs who fought in
favour or by the side of them in the battlefields at the time of instability or adversity.
The bhom jagirs or grants were given in the patta villages and generally in
that territory where a clan had predominance. Giving as a reward, the bhom could
also grant to the sons of those thakurs who served and died in a battle78.
At the time of granting bhom jagir, the bhomias had to pay a fixed amount
known as bhom bab,79 though these were revenue freejagirs. The amount of bhom
babwas varied in different parganas80 or even in the same single pargana81 of the
state. It was fixed according to the availability of cultivation facilities and the revenue
sources of the bhomias, in that territory where irrigation facilities were available
sufficiently, the amount of bhom babwas higher in comparison to the areas where
such facilities were absent.
74 A. Kumpawat Sawaisingh was assigned lands of 150 bighas in bhom jagir in village Chhalo of
taffa Bilada in pargana Jodhpur in A.D. 1730 .
B. Jaitmal Kesodas was granted three wells in bhom jagir in the village Katraan of pargana Jalor in A.D. 1708. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No.20/31, p.243
C. Akhairaj, son of Dhanraj was granted two khets of 50 hals and 100 hals in bhom jagir in A.D. 1730. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 21/31, p.245.
75 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank or basta No. 31, Granthank ( File) No. 20, p. 243.
76 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 21/31, p. 244. 77 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 26/31, p. 249. 78 A. Village Saranvas of Pargana Sojhat was granted to Mansingh in Januarey 1707, in place of his
father Rupsingh who fought bravely in A.D. 1689.
B. Bhadawat Rathor Harnath Singh granted Bhom Jagir in village Chikhatiya of Pargana Sojhat in A.D. 1708, in place of his father who served bravely in Delhi battle of 1679A.D.
79 Jodhpur records; Apuralikhia Abhilekh , Basta No.20/31, p. 243 80 The amount of bhombab was Rs. 165.00 in village Babaliya of Parbatsar in A.D. 1708, and Rs.
139.00 in pargana Jodhpur in A.D. 1708. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 4/76.
81 The amount of Bhombab was realized Rs. 70.00 from Kumpawat Rupsinh of village Dudod of pargana Sojhat,While Rs. 16.00 from Kumpawat Sundardas of village Fadra ra khariyo of the same pargana.
234
Sometimes the bhomias were exempted82 from paying the bhom bab. Such
exemption was made when the bhomia showed his effort in colonizing or populating
the area and other deeds of welfare to the state.
Since the bhomias were hereditary zamindars, they were free to manage their
territory and the state did not interfere in their affairs as long as their conduct was
satisfactory. They were given some rights and privileges such as they had to collect
revenue directly from the peasant at customary rates and could allot the uncultivated
land to the cultivators.
They were also authorized to collect sales tax or toll tax from the traders. But
in case of charging more than the prescribed rates of the tax; they were ultimately
removed from their rights83, although the grant of bhom jagir was considered to be a
special favour of the state.
The bhomias were obliged to serve the state in suppressing Robbers and other
crimes in their villages and to protect the travelers. They had to pay a fixed sum
yearly on the name of faujbal84to strengthen of the state army.
Apart from the bhom jagirs, there was the bhomchara jagirs85 too in the State
of Marwar. In these jagirs or pattas, the entire village was assigned86while in
bhomjagirs some parts of lands in village were assigned. The holder or grantee of
bhomichara jagirs had to pay a sum known as faujbal 87orkhicharo88. Both of these
were military taxes which levied to meet the expenses.
82 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 26/31, p. 250 83 A. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Bandhank or Basta No. 31, Granthank No. 21, p.
245, Gala Rajput Sujan Singh of village Sonai in Pargana Jodhpur was removed and his jagir was confiscated in A.D. 1730.
B. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 23/31, p. 246, MertiaUmaidsingh, s/o Madhodas was removed from his bhom jagir of village Keerad of pargana Merta in A.D.1749.
84 The Bhati Rajput of village Nadu in Pargana Sheev deposited Rs. 125.00 as Faujbal in the reign of Maharaja Bijay Singhji. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 26/31, p. 249.
85 Udesingh Chauhan, son of Jodhsingh was granted a village lyadaro of Pargana Sanchor as Bhomichara Jagir in A.D. 1760. Jodhpur records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 24/60.
86 Ibid. Shindhi Musalman Seth Bhisuji was granted village Udrod of Pargana Sheev in A.D. 1779 as Bhomichara Jagir.
87 Ibid. Slanki Doloji paid Rs. 279.00, an amount of faujbal against his Bhomichara village Sewaro of pargana Jaswantpura of Marwarin A.D. 1753.
88 Ibid. Chauhan Sanwaldas paid Rs. 27.25 as khichro in A.D. 1752 against his bhomichara village Mirpur of Jaswantpura of pargana Jodhpur.
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C. Juni Jagirs There also existed old pattas known as juni jagirs89or old pattas in the state of
Marwar. When a pattadar was removed from his grant and his patta had been
confiscated, at this time the ruler, considering the previous position of the pattayat
and also to save him from being homeless and destitute, permitted him to retain a part
of land from his old patta, such area was called juni jagir90.
But it does not mean that the state was obliged to assign such juni jagirs to all
the thakurs or sardars, whose pattas, were confiscated. It was totally depended on the
will of the ruler.
Generally, some lands or fields,91farms92and wells93were assigned in juni
jagirs but sometimes, the entire patta was bestowed in it.
D. Sasan land or Grant Apart from the revenue assignments, the ruler of Marwar also granted some
alienating land to the learning people or saints in charity to get their blessings, which
was known as sasan or doli94. Assignees were also given the right of collecting land
revenue and other taxes from their sasan grants.
These sasan grants were revenue free grants. In other words, the sasan holder
were entitled not only to enjoy the revenue but also exempted from paying all fiscal
obligations and dues to the state.
89 Jodhpur records; Jodhpur Records- Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 4/76. 90 S. S. Gehlot, Rajasthan mein Jagirdari Unmulan , Jodhpur, 1956, p. 23. 91 Mertia Aaidan was assigned land of 1025 bighas in village Lunsar of pargana Nagaur in A.D.
1730 as juni jagir. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No.22/ 31, p. 245. 92 A. Ibid. Sisodia Samvantsingh, son of Hari Singh was granted 2 khets as juni jagir in village
Sobda of taffa Bilada in pargana Jodhpur in A.D. 1732.
B. Chauhan Mansingh, son of Jalamsingh was granted 2 halwa khets in juni jagir in village of Rudia of pargana Jodhpur in A.D. 1793. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 27/31, p. 250.
93 Kumpawat Baghsingh, son of Harisingh was assigned 6 wells in village Ramadi of taffa Bilada of pargana Jodhpur in November 1707, in juni jagir. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh,Basta No.,19/31, p. 242.
94 Jodhpur Records ; Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 11/53.
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The Charans,95 Bhats,96 Brahmins97, and Naths98 were the dominant classes
who granted sasan or doli lands mostly in Marwar. These classes were incapable of
earning their livelihood through other means.
The sasan or doli grants of Marwar resembled to the Madad-i-Maash99of the
Mughals period. In Mughal administration there were main four classes who were
granted the Madad-i-Maash, i.e. men of learning, religious devotees, destitute persons
and the person of notable lineae. The people of these classes were as important as the
army of the state100.
In sasan grants, generally, the fertile, semi-fertile or even barren or waste
land’s villages were assigned sometimesthe number of wells101 and some bighas102
also mentioned in these grants. There was a reference in the source that a person could
be granted more than one village in different places. Purohit Aakhairaj Dalpat, son of
Manohardas, was granted three villages viz Tiwari & Madiyai khurad in taffa Haveli,
and Bhaisre in taffa osia of Pargana Jodhpur on Monday, 28 July 1707103.
These grants were out of the jurisdiction of the jagir or khalisa areas. So sasan
grants were free from the interferences of any other grantee or pattayats. Only the
ruler had the right of assignment, renewal, extension or resumption of these lands.
The sasan grants were hereditary and considering sacrilegious on resuming it.
It was given by issuing a tamrapatra104 mostly. There was a practice of transferring
95 The Charans was a caste which devoted to literary pursuit through their writings i.e. consisted of
Khyats, Vats, Raso, and Vanshavalis. 96 The Bhats was a caste which performed marriage negotiations and reciting Vamshavalis at public
festivals. 97 The Brahmans were engaged in secular and religious pursuits. Some of them were also offering
their civil and diplomatic services to the states. 98 The naths were the people who did not marray and wear the stone ornament in their ears. 99 R. K. Saxena, The Assignment of Pattas, Jodhpur, 2009, p. 73. 100 Irfan Habib, pp. 310-15; Jigar mohammed, Revenue Free Grants in Mughal India,Delhi, 2002, pp.
32-33. 101 Purohit Mohanlal, son of Nandlal was granted 2 wells in the village of Thanvalra in February
1783. Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 10,V.S. 1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, p. 64, DAO, Jodhpur. 102 Santosh Nath of Pargana Didwana was granted 1501 bighas barren lands as sasan on Sunday, 5
January 1724. Jodhpur Rajya Ke Puralekhon Ka Sangrah, No. 803 p.29, Shree Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan , Sitamau ( Malwa ).
103 Ibid, p. 34 104 Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 4/76, RSA, Bikaner.
237
khalisa lands to the sasan, but a jagir village was never transferred in the sasan grants
in the state of Marwar105.
Generally, these sasan were made in favor of individuals106 but sometimes it
was given to the institution like the temples107, for their maintenances and the family
of the priests108.
Table –7.2109
Total Number of Sasan Villages in Various Parganas of Marwar State
During First Half of Eighteen Century (1718-28)
S. No. Name of Parganas( Sub-divisions) Number of Sasan villages 1. Pargana Jodhpur 269
2. Pargana Merta 66
3. Pargana Nagaur 63
4. Pargana Pali 53
5. Pargana Sojhat 43
6. Pargana Jalor 41
7. Pargana Siwana 39
8. Pargana Shivra 23
9. Pargana Jaitara 22
10. Pargana Parbatsar 22
11. Pargana Sanchor 15
12. Pargana Phalodhi 10
13. Pargana Dolatpur 4
14. Pargana Maroth 4
15. Pargana Koliya 1
Total No. of villages 675
105 Jigar Mohammed, op.cit. 106 A village of Vyasa ri Paladin , patti Bhadana, pargana Nagaur, having a rekh of 1000, was granted
to Balmukan Bhavanidas, son of vyas Kilayandas in A.D. 1717. Jodhpur Rajya ke Puralekhon ka Sangrah , No. 803, p. 22, Shree Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan , Sitamau( Malwa) , M.P.
107 The village of Galavasni was granted as Sasan for the temple in July A.D. 1749 Rekh 300. Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia abhilekh, Basta No. 4/76.
108 See Annexure – X and XI. 109 The table has been prepared from Kaviraj Sangrah Granth 73, Part 1: Rathora ri Khampvar Patta
Rekh Evm Gaonva ri Vigat, Shree Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau (Malwa), M.P.
238
After analyzing the pattadari System of Marwar state, it is concluded that the
feudal lords or chiefs were not like servants who were dependent only on the master,
they were co-sharers of the state priors besides functioning as subordinates to the
ruler.They extended their cooperation not only in military fields, but also in
administrating social, political and economic administration of the state.
239
Annexure – I
Transferable Pattas of Marwar State during Eighteenth Century
S. No.
Name of Villages
Taffa&Pargana Rekh Transferred From
Transferred To
Time of Assignment
Time of Transfer
Period of Tenure
1. Nandan Pipar , Jodhpur 3000 Rathor Mohan Singh, S/O Anoop Singh
Rathor Shiv Singh , S/O Jodh Singh
July, 1756 February,1757 8 Months
2. Tojisa Kodne , Jodhpur 625 Pavo Mohan Singh, S/O Amar Singh
Rathor Joravar Nath
AD.1756 AD.1759 3 years
3. Kharvo Pargana Siwana 1500 Bhati Hari Singh, S/O Mugar Singh
Bhayal Bhavani Singh, S/O Dolat
Singh
AD. 1756 AD. 1757 1 year
4. Kuhip Pargana Siwana 1600 Khichi Bhagwan Das , S/O Dayal
Das
Rathor Mohkam Singh , S/O Amar
Singh
April, 1756 March, 1759 3 years
5. Devsiyali Pargana Siwana 1000 Bhati Umed Singh , S/O Karan Singh
Rathor Jagdup , S/O Aanad Singh
October, 1757 May, AD1758 8 Months
6. Laliya Pargana, Siwana 1000 Bhati Shivdan , S/O Jeevraj
Rathor Raj Sing, S/O Mohkam
Singh
January , 1764 March, 1764 3 Months
7. Dechhu Talsar, Jalor 1000 Rathor Jaskarn Bhivot
Manjhala Mugar , S/O Ghirdhar Das
April, 1765 November,1765 8 Months
8. Beesala Dahiyavati, Jalor 1000 Abhay Singh , S/O Anop Singh
Rathor Har Singh , S/O
Bakhatsingh
May, 1766 September,1766 5 Months
9. Teeloda Dahiyavati, Jalor 2500 Rathor Maha Singh , S/O Tanj Das
Rathor Chatur Singh , S/O Devi Singh
April, 1765 July, 1766 1 year , and 3
Months
240
10. Beesala Dahiyavati, Jalor 1000 Rathor Har Singh , S/O Bakhat Singh
Chuhan Abhay Singh, S/O Anop
Singh
September,1766 June, 1767 10 Months
11. Manthaniya Haveli ,Pargana Jodhpur
2000 Joshi Kiraparam, S/O Sitaram
Bhati Bhavani Singh, S/O Aaidan Sankarnot
January, 1782 October ,1784 2 years And 9
Months 12. Ghaday Haveli ,Jodhpur 700 Hathisingh,
S/ONaharkhan Sawai Lala August ,1783 July , 1784
11 months 13. Baghdo Haveli , Jodhpur 375 Padihar Kusla
Lamura ,S/O Uda Sagla Lamura
Bodhno Sobho Khartara
AD.1785 July , 1785
14. Goliyo Haveli , Jodhpur 500 Gaihalot Teevraj, S/O Nathmal ra
Keertanya Murli February ,1783 April , 1784 1 year And 2 Months
15. Goliyo Haveli , Jodhpur 500 Keertanya Murli Ra Lalsingh S/O Gajsingh , Vijay
singh
April , 1784 February , 1788 3 years And,
10 months 16. Basin lachha Haveli , Jodhpur 700 Meethain
Sirichand ,S/O Devi Chand
Bhati Udre Maniram Nathra
February , 1786 December,1787 1 year And ,
11 months 17. Paldiyavari Haveli , Jodhpur 300 Padihar Kusala
Lamu ,S/O Akhara Uda Sagtari
Bhati Hathisingh, S/O Nahar Khan,
Bhagwan Das
November,1785 January ,1786 2 Months
18. Jatiyavas Haveli , Jodhpur 500 Dhandhal Durju Likhami
Kheechi Jatio Sahib Khan
October , 1784 January , 1785 3 Months
19. Bhumbhu khurad
Haveli , Jodhpur 1000 Rathor Budhsingh, S/O Kusalsingh
Chuhan Umaidsingh, S/O Keeratsingh
January ,1784 July , 1788 4 years And,
6 Months 20. Kanvasiyo Pali , Jodhpur 1600 Guman Chothmal
,S/O Myachand Bhati Bhavani
Singh ,S/O Aaidan
Subhkaran
March ,1785 May ,1787 2 years And,
2 Months
241
21. Chantaliyo Lavere , Jodhpur 2000 Jorawar Singh, S/O Rajsingh Karmsot
Sursingh, S/O Peeragdas Veedavat
November, 1782
October ,1786 3 years and ,
11 Months 22. Gholeriya Bhadrajan, Jodhpur 2000 Joshi Kirparam,
Sitaram Ra.Hathi Singh, S/O Amarsingh
Chapavat
December,1781 April , 1782 4 Months
23. Gholeriya Bhadrajan ,Jodhpur 1250 Ra. Hath Singh,
S/O Amar Singh Joshi Kirparam,
S/O Sitaram April , 1782 October , 1784 2 years
And , 6 Months
24. Goleriya Bhadrajan ,Jodhpur 1250 Joshi Kirparam, S/O Sitaram
Paniyaidan Laghu Sukhdev
October ,1784 July , 1785 10 Months
The annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Patta Bahis No. 1, 3, and 10, V.S.1813-16/ A.D. 1756-59, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D.1763-66 and V.S.1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, District Archives Office ,Jodhpur.
242
Annexure – II
Non- Transferrable (Hereditary) Pattas of Marwar during Eighteen Century
S. No.
Name of Village
Taffa & Pargana Rekh of Village
Transferred From
Transferred To
Year of Assignment
Remarks
1. Kupavas Pargana Siwana 2500 Bhati Ajab Singh, s/o Lakam Singh
Bhati Anoop Singh , s/o Ajab Singh
July, 1756 To Son
2. Bhurda Pargana Siwana 41000 Bhati Ram Singh , s/o Nahar Singh
Bhati Haivat Singh, s/o Ram Singh
July, 1756 To Son
3. Keenod Pargana Siwana 5000 Bhati Mahesh Das, s/o Nahar Singh
Bhati Sher Singh, s/o Mahesh Das
July, 1756 To Son
4. Lalano Pargana Siwana 1000 Bhakhar Shivdari Das Bhakhar Keelam, s/o Shivdari Das
July, 1756 To Son
5. Tanbhav ..9 Villages
Pargana Siwana 6750 Rathor seerdar Singh, s/o Karan Singh
Rathor Jai Singh, s/o Seerdar Singh
August,1756 To Son
6. Patodi …3 Villages
Pargana Siwana 2700 Rathor Abhay Singh , s/o Durjan Singh
Rathor Jod Singh , s/o Abhay Singh
January,1758 To Son
7. Mehakosar Qasba
Pargana Phalodhi 500 Rathor Kesari Singh, s/o Aalan Singh
Rathor Anoop Singh , s/o Kesari Singh
September,1756 To Son
8. Ghatiyali Pargana Phalodhi 4000 Rathor Shivdan Singh, s/o Suraj Mal
Rathor Sangram Singh, s/o Shivdan Singh
September,1756 To Son
9. Bohravas Haveli , Jodhpur 3000 Rathor Seerdar Singh, s/o Karan Singh
Rathor Jai Singh, s/o Seerdar Singh
August,1756 To Son
10. Kurchi Haveli , Jodhpur 5000 Rathor Surat Singh , s/o Jag Singh
Rathor Bagh Singh, s/o Surat Singh
March,1756 To son
11. Basani khet Osia , Jodhpur 2500 Bhati Fateh Singh , s/o Keelam Singh
Bhati Shiv Singh, s/o Fateh Singh
AD. 1757 To son
12. Kaba Talsar , Jalor 2000 Rathor Shivdan Nathavat Rathor Dolat Singh, s/o Shivdan
July,1757 To Son
13. Baharovajho Osia , Jodhpur 1500 Bhati Dan Singh , s/o Jhuar Singh
Bhati Umed Singh, s/o Dan Singh
September,1764 To Son
243
14. Seenlo Pipar , Jodhpur 2500 Rathor Man Singh, s/o Hathi Singh
Rathor Jorawar Singh, s/o Man Singh
December, 1764 To Son
15. Bodli Haveli , Jodhpur 800 Bhati Jai Singh, s/o Akhairaj Singh
Bhati Prathvi Singh, s/o Jai Singh
March, 1764 To Son
16. 42 Villages Pargana Sanchor 46450 Chauhan Mohkam Singh , s/o Lal Singh
Chauhan Raijalim Singh, s/o Mohkam Singh
October , 1765 To Son
17. Rakhaji Pargana Siwana 4000 Chapawat Lal Singh, s/o Mohkam Singh
Chapawat Pratap Singh, s/o Lal Singh
April , 1765 To Son
18. Marodithana Dhandhar, Jalor 1000 Rathor Kani Ram, s/o Indrabhan
Rathor Surat Singh, s/o Kani Ram
April , 1766 To Son
19. Paldiyavari Haveli , Jodhpur 300 Ida Karamchand, s/oTaramdas
Ida Kaniram, s/o Karamchand , Taramdas
May , 1783
To Son
20. Bambralo Haveli , Jodhpur 1200 Padihar Manrup, s/o Sagram, Seevdan
Padihar Meghraj , s/o Seevdan, Sawaldas
August ,1784 To Uncle
21. Basani Kadvad
Haveli, Jodhpur 150 Chauhan Lala ra, s/o Salam Khan
Chauhan Manara , s/o Salar Khan
December, 1785 To Brother
22. Bhadavasiyo Haveli, Jodhpur 100 Adholiya Gjaman , s/o Sukhar
Adholiya Sagram Mana , s/o Sukhar
February ,1787 To Brother
23. Ghavo Haveli, Jodhpur 6000 Rathor Abhay Singh , s/o Raj Singh
Rathor Ratan Singh, s/o Raj Singh, Hathi Singh
September,1787 To Brother
24. Ghavo Haveli ,Jodhpur 6000 Rathor Ratan Singh , s/o Raj Singh
Rathor Sagat Singh , s/o Raj Singh ,Hathi Singh
June, 1789 To Brother
25. Chhachhelai Vajho
Kodne , Jodhpur 2000 Rathor Nahar Khan, s/o Dolat Singh
Rathor Jawan Singh, s/o Nahar Khan, Dolat Singh
August, 1783 To Son
26. Aasrabame Chuhana ro Vas
Kodne , Jodhpur 550 Rathor Beehari, s/o Guman Karnot
Rathor Nathu Singh, s/o Beehari , Guman Karnot
March ,1784 To Son
27. Chhachhelai Vajho
Kodne , Jodhpur 2000 Rathor Jawan Singh, s/o Nahar Khan, Dolat Singh
Rathor Bheev Singh, s/o Nahar Khan , Dolat Singh
June, 1788 To Brother
28. Aak Pipad , Jodhpur 5000 Bhati Rup Singh, s/o Kisan Singh
Dal Singh , s/o Rupsingh, Kisan Singh
July, 1788 To Son
244
29. Kailavo Khurad
Laver , Jodhpur 650 Bhati Dolat Singh, s/o Aanad Singh
Bhati Jai Singh , s/o Dolat Singh, Aanad Singh
February ,1783 To Son
30. Hars Bilada, Jodhpur 375 Bhati Guman Singh , s/o Seerdar Singh
Bhati Sagram Singh, s/o Guman Singh , Seerdar Singh
March ,1783 To Son
31. Jaitivas, Aadho
Bilada , Jodhpur 1000 Bhati Jalam Singh, s/o Sur Singh
Bhati Sohit Singh , s/o Jalam Singh, Sur Singh
September,1784 To Son
32. Jaitivas, Aadho
Bilada , Jodhpur 1000 Bhati Jodh Singh , s/o Amar Singh
Bhati Lal Singh , s/o Jodhsingh , Amarsingh
December,1786 To Son
33. Hars Bilada, Jodhpur 375 Bhati Sagramsingh, s/o Gumansingh
Bhati Verisal, s/o Sagramsingh, Gumansingh
AD.1787 To Son
34. Bhaldaro Bado
Dunara Jodhpur 3000 Jhujhar Singh , s/o Lal Singh
Jawansingh, s/o Jhujharsingh , Lalsingh
June, AD.1786 To Son
35. Tapu one-fourth
Osia , Jodhpur 525 Bhati Suratsingh, s/o Meghraj
Bhati Mohansingh, s/o Suratsingh ,Meghraj
April, 1786 To Son
36. Tapu one-fourth
Osia , Jodhpur 525 Bhati Mehkaran, s/o Jeevandas
Bhati Bhomsingh, s/o Mehkaran , Jeevandas
A.D.1787 To Son
37. Seermandi Osia , Jodhpur 500 Bhati Pahadsingh, s/o Heedusingh
Bhati Jeevraj, s/o Heedusingh November,1789 To Brother
The above annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained inJodhpur PattaBahis, No. 1, 3, and 10, V.S 1813-16 / A.D. 1756-59, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66 and V.S. 1839-1846/ A.D. 1782-89, DAO, Jodhpur.
245
Annexure – III A110
Pattas of RathorSub-Clans inParganas of Marwar
AD.1756-59
S. No. Name of Sub-Clans No. of Villages Assigned Patta Rekh (in Rs.)
A Pargana Jodhpur 1.Karamsot 6 14550 2.Champawat 6 10850 3.Jodha 6 4500 4.Dhavecha 6 4125 5.Mahecha 4 2750 6.Karnot 2 3700 7.Narawat 1 800 8.Jaitawat 1 500 9.Udawat 1 500 B Pargana Siwana 1.Dhavecha 9 4700 2.Karnot 6 20000 3.Jaitawat 1 500 4.Champawat 1 200 C Pargana Jalor 1.Dhavecha 4 9000 2.Kumpawat 1 1000 D Pargana Jaitaran 1.Jodhawat 1 4000
110 The above annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Patta
Bahi, No. 1, V.S. 1813-16/ A.D. 1756-59, DAO, and Jodhpur.
246
Annexure - IV A111
Position of the Dominate Sub –Clans of Rathor in Parganas of Marwar
During AD.1763-66
S . No. Name of Sub-Clans of Rathor
No. of Villages
Total Assigned Patta Rekh
A Pargana Jodhpur 1.Chapawat Rathor 11 22400 2.Jodha Maheshdasot Rathor 8 6600 3.Jodha Ratansinghot Rathor 5 8150 4.Kumpawat Rathor 2 5250 5.Idawat Rathor 2 4200 6.Dhandhal Rathor 2 2050 7.Beedawat Rathor 1 2600 8.Jodha Rathor 1 750 B Pargana Jalor 1.Chapawat Rathor 4 6625 2.Dhavecha Rathor 4 5750 3.Jodha Maheshdasot Rathor 2 4000 4.Uhad Rathor 2 3500 5.Karnot Rathor 1 3000 6.Idawat Rathor 1 1000 7.Balawat Rathor 1 500 C Pargana Siwana 1.Chapawat Rathor 3 8151 2.Jodha Rathor 1 2000 3.Idawat Rathor 1 1000 4.Narnot Rathor 1 1000 D Pargana Merta 1.Kumpawat Rathor 1 3000 E Pargana Pali 1.Chapawat Rathor 1 500
111 The annexure has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 3, V.S.
1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66, DAO, and Jodhpur.
247
Annexure - V A112
Position of the Dominate Clans of Rathor in Pargana Jodhpur of Marwar during AD.1782-89
S. No. Name of Sub –Clans of Rathor
No. of Villages Total Rekh of villages
1. Chapawat Rathor 31 55,550
2. Karmsot Rathor 11 12350
3. Jodha Mahesdasot Rathor 11 10450
4. Kumpawat Rathor 10 19650
5. Dhavecha Rathor 9 12625
6. Dhandhal Rathor 9 9325
7. Jodha Ratandasot Rathor 8 19000
8. Patawat Rathor 4 5925
9. Mahecha Rathor 4 5225
10. Uhad Rathor 2 4000
11. Udawat Rathor 2 3000
12. Karnot Rathor 2 1350
13. Jaitmal Rathor 2 500
14. Balawat Rathor 1 4000
15. Rupawat Rathor 1 2000
16. Mertia Rathor 1 2000
17. Jodha Gangawat Rathor 1 1250
18. Jetawat Rathor 1 1000
112 The annexure has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 10, V.S.
1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, DAO, Jodhpur.
248
Annexure -III B113
Pattas of Sub-Clans of Non-Rathor in Parganas of Marwar during AD.1756-59
S .No.
Name of Sub-Clans No. of Villages Assigned Patta Rekh (inRs.)
A Pargana Jodhpur 1.Bhati 8 12500 2.Khichi 2 2500 3.Shinghavi 1 3100 4.Gahlot 2 1750 5.Manglia 1 1250 6.Panwar 2 1250 7.Kachhwaha 1 1000 8.Rana 1 750 9.Bhayal 1 500 10.Parihar 1 500 11.Bhakar 1 225 12.Nayak 1 1250 B Pargana Siwana 1.Mechari 9 6750 2.Bhati 4 10000 3.Chaunhan 1 2000 4.Bhakhar 1 1000 C Pargana Merta 1.Panwar 1 3750 2.Bhati 1 2500 D Pargana Jalor 1.Bhandari 1 2000 E Pargana Phalodhi 1.Bhati 1 4000 F Pargana Nagaur
1.Mehchanu 1 4000
113 The annexure has been prepared fromthe information contained in Jodhpur Patta Bahi , No. 1, V.S.
1813-16/ A.D. 1756-59, DAO, Jodhpur.
249
Annexure – IV B114
Dominant Position of Non-Rathor Clans in Parganas of Marwar during AD.1763-66
S .No. Name of Non-Rathor Clans No. of Villages
Total Assigned Patta Rekh
A Pargana Jodhpur 1.Bhati 33 31625 2.Chauhan 2 6000 3.Pavar 2 1200 4.Johri 1 5000 5.Bhayal 1 3000 6.Pancholi 1 1200 7.Mu. 1 1000 8.Darji 1 800 9.Bhivari 1 500 10.Vaide 1 500 11.Nazar 1 400 B Pargana Jalor 1.Chauhan 4 3625 2.Maher 1 1250 3.Manjhala 1 1000 C Pargana Siwana 1.Bhati 2 2000 D Pargana Merta 1.Bhati 1 625 E Pargana Sojhat 1.Bhati 1 5000 F Pargana Sanchor 1.Chauhan 42 46450
114 The annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Patta Bahi ,
No. 3, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66, DAO, Jodhpur
250
Annexure – V B115
Dominant Position of Non-Rathor Clans in Pargana Jodhpur of Marwar during AD.1782-89
S. No.
Name of non- Rathor Clans
No. of Villages
Total Rekh of Villages (in Rs.)
1. Bhati 39 73425
2. Chuhan 11 14575
3. Padihar 10 6625
4. Joshi 5 8500
5. Gahlot 5 3050
6. Shinghavi 3 5500
7. Ida *** 3 1350
8. Mithen 2 1200
9. Sonagra 2 1125
10. Khichi 2 1000
11. Ojha 1 1500
12. Chhangani 1 1250
13. Pathan 1 1000
14. Bhaiya 1 600
15. Kuchhwaha 1 500
16. Chaudhary 1 250
17. Sobhawat 1 250
18. Vaide 1 250
115 The annexure has been prepared on the basis of information given by Jodhpur Patta Bahi, No. 10,
V.S. 1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, DAO, Jodhpur.
251
Annexure -VI
Royal Families Members‘s Pattas in Marwar during 18th Century
S .No. Name & designation of Royal Family Members
Patta- Village Taffa & Pargana of the State
Rekh of Village
Time of Assignment
1. Maharani Shri Jaderi Ji Heeradesar Haveli, Jodhpur
1200
August, 1756
Gujaravas vado Haveli, Jodhpur 2000 November, 1752
2. Rani Shri Devi Ji Bukiya Haveli ,Jodhpur 3000 November, 1758 Jajival Haveli ,Jodhpur
3000
April, 1758
Bhakhr vasani Haveli , jodhpur 2000 September, 1759
Heeradesar Haveli ,Jodhpur 1200 July, 1766 Salodi Haveli ,Jodhpur
1500
July,1766
Thambukado Haveli , Jodhpur 3250 July 1767
3. Rani Shri Hadi Ji Thambukado Haveli, Jodhpur 3000 July, 1764 Molsoni Bahailva ,Jodhpur 7000 July, 1764 Beelavas Pargana Sojhat 5000 August, 1764
4. Maharani Shri Ranawat Ji Kakelav Haveli , Jodhpur 2500 June, 1761 Devikhedo Haveli , Jodhpur 4750 January, 1762 Salavas Haveli , Jodhpur 5000 November , 1764
252
Khedjali Haveli, Jodhpur 4700 November , 1764 Buchajo Pipar , Jodhpur 3000 November , 1764 Satsen Pipar , Jodhpur 7000 November, 1764 Jariyo Bilara, Jodhpur 3000 November, 1764 Suhadiya Pargana Nagaur 3000 November 1764 Ramsadi Pargana Sojhat 4000 November, 1764 Kalarvas Pargana Merta 6500 November, 1764 Jhajhiyana Pargana Merta 8000 November, 1764
5. Maharani Shri Shekhawat Ji Thambukad Haveli , Jodhpur 3250 August,1756 Bagariyo &Neharsune Pipar ,Jodhpur 1250 April,1766
6. Rani Shri Idar Bhanot Kakelav Haveli, Jodhpur 2500 March, 1766 Heeradesar Haveli , Jodhpur 2000 March,1766
7.
Bahu116 Shri Chundavat Ji Kharo Jajival Baindhan
Lavere , Jodhpur Haveli , Jodhpur Haveli , Jodhpur
1000 1200 3750
November, 1782 September , 1792 September , 1794
8. Bahu Shri Chujhavat Ji Bohra Vas Haveli, Jodhpur 3000 December, 1782 9. Bahu Shri Chauvan Ji Vairavas
Heeradesar Thambukado
Haveli ,Jodhpur Haveli , Jodhpur Haveli , Jodhpur
3000 2000 3250
1783 A.D. June , 1788 September , 1792
10. Bahu Shri Bhatiyani Ji Heeradesar Vanbhor
Haveli , Jodhpur Kodne , Jodhpur
2000 1100
February , 1783 1785 A.D.
11. Devdi Swai Singh Kulthano Bhadrajan , Jodhpur 2000 March ,1784 12 Bahu Shri Kachhwahi Baidu Haveli , Jodhpur 2200 September, 1792 13. Mazi Shri Sanchori Ji Naharnadi Haveli , Jodhpur 3000 July, 1796
116 The term Bahu was used for the wife of prince.
253
14. Bahu Shri Devdi Ji Heengoli Aasop, Jodhpur 5000 July, 1788
15.
Rani Shri Virpuri Ji
Chopado Haveli , Jodhpur 35000 August, 1762
Salva Haveli , Jodhpur 4000 1768 A.D. 16.
Rani Shri Tunvar Ji
Salodi Haveli , Jodhpur 1500 August, 1764 Khatasani Haveli ,Jodhpur 1500 May, 1765
Dantivado Haveli , Jodhpur 3100 July, 1766
Devikhedo Haveli , Jodhpur 4750 July, 1796 15. Kunvar117Karansingh, son of
Surtansingh,Joravar Singhot Kailavo Levere, Jodhpur 2500 November, 1782
16. Kunvar Shri Jalamsingh Ji Salavas Haveli, Jodhpur 5000 October, 1784 Devikhedo Haveli, Jodhpur 4750 October, 1784 Khariyo Bilada, Jodhpur 3000 October, 1784 Chagelav Bhadrajan, Jodhpur 1500 July, 1786
The annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in the Patta Bahis of No. 1, 3, and 10, V.S. 1813-16/ A.D. 1756-59, V.S. 1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66, and V.S.1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, District Archives Office, Jodhpur .
117 The term was used for the prince
254
Annexure -VII118
Badhara or Inam Jagirs in Marwar during Eighteenth Century
S . No. Name of Pattayats Patta Villages Badhara Villages Year of Assignment
1. Mertia Chandawat Abhay Singh Aauladan, Merta Aakhvan and Sirighano Undated
2. Mertia Joravar Singh , s/o Visandas Tilnis, Merta Chuni Singh ra Garh A.D.1730
3. Rinchhod das Aahor, Jalor Gudachirdi A.D.1730
4. Chapawat Kusal Singh, s/o Aaidan Singh Auwa, Sojhat Balotra A.D.1730
5. Jodha Abhay Singh Bala , Jalor Neelkanth A.D.1732
6. Mertia Seerdar Singh Chuno , Merta Kod, Nagor A.D.1742
7. Mertia Kayam Singh , s/o Goyandas Panchota , Shambhar Merrajad & Rahami A.D.1750
8. MertiaChandawat Jalamsingh Nokha, Nagaur Baluda A.D.1750
9. Mertia Nawal Singh Bhakri , Parbatsar Rabdiyad and Rajlot A.D.1757
10. ChapawatGajram Singh Gadhiya, Merta Didiya Undated
118 The annexure has been prepared on the basis of data contained in Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta No. 60, Granthank No. 21, 22, 23, and 24 , RSA,
Bikaner.
255
11. Thakur Sangram Singh Eidva , Merta Khatukhurd A.D.1759
12. Bhati Arjan Shubhkarn Todiyana , Jodhpur Mokh, Phalodhi A.D.1760
13. Mertia Fatehsinh Manlana , Parbatsar Jajvano , Merta A.D.1766
14. Kupawat Shimbhu Singh Seevas , Desuri Godwad Ghanlo & Surapura A.D.1770
15. Thakur Biramdev , s/o Mertia Pratap Singh Ghanerao, Desuri Godwad Kaplano A.D.1772
16. Mertia Visan Singh Chanod , Bali Godwad Hasalpur and Bhagesar A.D.1772
17. Mertia Nawal Singh Suriyavas , Merta Samddelav A.D.1778
18. Udawat Seerdar Singh Sesaro, Merta Itavad A.D.1782
19. Kisansingh , s/o Jodha Bakhat Singh Agrotia , Didwana Seekrali, Nagaur A.D.1782
20. MertiaRidmal Singh Keray, Didwana Seeravo & Sardarpura A.D.1792
21. Chapawat Ram Singh Chau, Nagaur Golasani A.D.1792
256
Annexure - VIII119 Some Bhom Villages and Bhomia (Holders) of Marwar State
S.
No. Name of
Bhom- jagir Village
Name of Pargana
Clan or
Sub- Clan
Name Of Bhom Holder
Year of Assignment
Reign of the Ruler
1. Gonardi Merta Mertia Eisrot Mertia Bhan Singh, Mertia Anup Singh
A.D.1713 A.D.1749
Maharaja Ajitsinghji, Maharaja Ramsingh
2. Keerad Merta Mertia Madhodasot Ratan Singh , Umaid Singh
A.D.1713 A.D.1750
Maharaja Ajitsinghji, Maharaja Ramsingh
3. Gol Merta Kupawat Deep Singh, Nar Singh, Anar Singh, Hathi Singh
A.D.1708 A.D.1710 A.D.1749 A.D.1754
Maharaja Ajitsingh, Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Ramsingh, Maharaja Bijaysingh
4. Hasalpur Jodhpur Jaitawat Rathor Partap Singh , Lal Singh, Shiv Singh
A.D.1719 A.D.1751 A.D.1755
Maharaja Ajitsinghji, Maharaja Bakhatsingh, Maharaja Bijaysinghji
5. Sarangvas Sojhat Jaitawat Rathor Man Singh, Dolat Singh
A.D.1707 A.D.1798
Maharaja Ajitsinghji , Maharaja Bhivsinghji
6. Bachhujiro gudo Pali Kupawat Rathor Heerderam , Mokham Singh, Kesari Singh
A.D.1705 A.D.1750 A.D.1754
Maharaja Ajit singh , Maharaja Ramsinghji, Maharaja Bijay singhji
7. Medri Pali Udawat Rathor Dalpat Singh, Prathivi Raj
A.D.1706 A.D.1707
Maharaja Ajit singhji ‘’ ‘’
8. Ravar Jodhpur Bhadawat Rathor Bhagwan Das , A.D.1707 Maharaja Ajit singh ,
119 The Annexure has been prepared on basis of data contained in Jodhpur Records ;Apuralekhia Abhilekh , Basta No. 31, Granthank No. 19, 20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, and 29 , pp. 242-252, RSA, Bikaner.
257
Vitthal Das, Surajmal, Sarup Singh
A.D.1730 A.D.1751 A.D.1769
Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Ramsingh, Maharaja Bijaysingh
9. Kesarisingh ro gudo
Sojhat Kupawat Rathor Dawarkadas , Mahasingh
A.D.1714 A.D.1756
Maharaja Ajitsinghji, Maharaja Bijaysinghji
10. Chirpatio Sojhat Bhadawat Rathor Harnath Singh, Kirat Singh
A.D.1706 A.D.1751
Maharaja Ajitsingh, Maharaja Bakhat singh
11. Saikhavas Sojhat Kupawat Rathor Maha Singh , Rup Singh
A.D.1707 A.D.1751
Maharaja Ajitsinghji, Maharaja Bakhatsingh
12. Madalo Sojhat Bhadawat Rathor Padam Singh, Guman Singh
A.D.1705 A.D.1730
Maharaja Ajitsinghji, Maharaja Abhaysinghji
13. Dudod Sojhat Kupawat Rathor Rupsingh , Jagmal , Rinchhod Das
A.D.1707 A.D.1730 A.D.1751
Maharaja Ajitsinghji, Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Bakhatsingh
14. Aatvado Sojhat Jaitawat Rathor Kisan Singh , Karan Singh, Lal Singh
A.D.1708 A.D.1730 A.D.1751
Maharaja Ajitsinghji, Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Bakhatsingh
15.
Melav
Sojhat
Jaitawat Rathor
Eisari Singh, Gordhan , Surat Singh
A.D.1709 A.D.1730 A.D.1760
Maharaja Ajit singhji , Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Bijaysingh
16.
Dovo
Merta
Mertia Rathor
Kilyand Das, Bagh Singh
A.D.1731 A.D.1790
Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Bijaysingh
17. Bhojasar Sojhat Kupawat Rathor Sayab Singh, Dugar Singh
A.D.1726 A.D.1756
Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Bijaysinghji
18. Hariyamali Sojhat Kupawat Rathor Sagat Singh , Guman Singh
A.D.1732 A.D.1754
Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Bijaysinghji
258
19. Khariyo Sojhat Kuwpawat Rathor
Harnath Singh, Chhatr Singh
A.D.1732 A.D.1760
Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Bijaysinghji
20. Sonai Jodhpur Gala Rajput Sujan Singh, Narayan Das
A.D.1731 A.D.1751
Maharaja Abhaysingh , Maharaja Bakhatsingh
21. Paladi Singhri
Jodhpur Abe Singh , Gaj Singh
A.D.1731 A.D.1790
Maharaja Abhaysingh, Maharaja Bijaysinghji
22. Gangane ro Gudo
Bali- Godwad
Kupawat Rathor Amar Singh ’’ ’’
A.D.1760 A.D.1797
Maharaja Bijaysinghji, Maharaja Bhivsinghji
259
Annexure - IX120
Some Important Juni Jagir Villages of Marwar during the Eighteenth Century
Reign of Maharaja Ajit Singh Ji
S. No. Juni Jagir
Village Name of Pargana Clan or Sub-
Clans Name Juni Jagir Holder Year of
Assignment 1. Hungaon Bilada, Jodhpur Kalawat Rathor Narayanji, s/o
Manohardas A.D.1707
2. Chhaplo Bilada, Jodhpur Kupawat Rathor Jujharsingh 3. Bhaniya Bilada , Jodhpur Kupawat Rathor Raghunath ,s /o
Sadulsingh A.D.1707
4. Digai Pali Dugrot Rathor Fatehsingh 5. Goban Merta Chandawat Mertia Chandawat bhojraj 6. Ramasadi Bilada, Jodhpur Kumpawat Baghsingh , s/o harisingh A.D.1707 7. Bhagtasani Jodhpur Umedsinghji 8. Sevaki khudai Jodhpur PanwarRajput Ratansinghji A.D.1715 Reign of Maharaja Abhay Singh Ji 1. Lunsaro Nagaur Mertia Aaidan singh A.D.1730 2. Chhaplo Bilada, Jodhpur Kupawat Sawaisinghji A.D.1730 3. bhaniya Bilada , Jodhpur Kupawat Rughnathsingh A.D.1730 4. Sopadara Bilada , Jodhpur Gahlot Harisingh A.D.1732 5. Murdavo Jaitaran Udawat Rathor Sawaisingh , s/o
Idarsingh
120 The annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Records; Apuralekhia Abhilekh, Basta or Bandhank No. 31, Grantha No. 19, 20,21,22,
23, 24, 27, and 28, RSA, Bikaner.
260
Reign of Maharaja Ram Singh Ji 1. Paldi ranavat ri Aasop , Jodhpur Ranawat Rajput A.D.1754 Reign of Maharaja Bakhat ingh Ji 1. Hungaon Bilada , Jodhpur Kalawat Rathor Seerdarsingh A.D.1751 2. Bhamvada Nagaur Karmsot Rathor Joravarsinhji A.D.1751 3. Paldi singhji ri Bilada , Jodhpur Joravarsingh A.D.1751 Reign of Maharaja Bijay singh Ji 1. Hungaon Bilada , Jodhpur Kalawat Rathor Seerdarsingh A.D.1754 2. Chhaplo Bilada , Jodhpur Kupawat Rathor Simbhusingh A.D.1754 3. Digai Pali Dugrot Rathor Sagram singh 4. Sar Jodhpur Chauhan Rajput Fatehsingh A.D.1754 5. Sadap Siwana Bala Rajput Suratsingh A.D.1791 6. Dudiyo Jodhpur Chauhan Rajput Bhagsingh A.D.1754 Reign of Maharaja Bhiv Singh Ji 1. Hungaon Bilada, Jodhpur Kalawat Rathor Ganesingh A.D.1795 2. Seengravad Didwana Shankhala Rajput Jujharsingh 3. Bhavdiyo Didwana Shankhala Rajput Jujharsingh
261
Annexure –X121 Sasan Grants of Marwar during the first half of Eighteenth Century
S . No. Name of Sasan Village Name of Pargana
Name of Sasan Holders Time of Assignments
1. Surpuroi Taffa Degana, Merta Sadhu Tezsingh, s/o Sanwant singh Saturday , 28 September 1706 2. Modi vadi Taffa Haveli, Jodhpur Purohit Geerdhar Monday , 12 May 1707 3. Samdadau Pargana Phalodhi Charan Sundar Sunday , 24 August 1707 4. Marli Taffa Lavere, Jodhpur Charan Shimbhuram, s/o Nahartan
Jogidas Friday , 19 December 1707
5. Godelav Pargana Sojhat Khadiya Bijaysingh Wednesday , 2 February 1708 6. Nokhadi Pargana Phalodhi Aasia Dharmdas Nathdas Monday , 18 October 1708 7. Godaran Patti Bhadana, Nagaur Ratnu Aberam Mahesdas Saturday , 26 January 1717 8. Surpalia Patti Bhadana, Nagaur Charan Nathumal Sunday , 10 February 1717 9. Nosriyo Patti Jakhedar, Nagaur Barahath Jagnath Kaisandas Sunday , 10 February 1717 10. Kodia Patti Jakheda, Nagaur Barahath Raghunath , s/o Isardas Sunday , 10 February 1717 11. Dagaro Pargana Merta Basuli Akhiraj Peethawat Sunday , 10 February 1717 12. Bugadi Patti Jakheda, Nagaur Khadia Khetsingh Kisordas Thursday , 21 February 1717 13. Goreni Patti Ladnu, Didwana Gokuldas Suratram Monday , 10 March 1718 14. Vedavadi khurd Pargana Merta Gusaiji shri Jagpatji, s/o Gokal ji Sunday , 15 November 1719 15. Hadecho Pargana Sanchor Swami Jaitpuri, s/o Nahr puri Thursday , 11 June 1724
121 The annexure has been prepared on the basis of information contained in Jodhpur Rajya Ke Puralekho Ka Sangrah, No . 803, Shree Nat Nagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau
(Malwa) , M.P.
262
Annexure – XI122
Revenue Grants as Sasan in Marwar during 18th Century
S. .No. Name of Bhramin & Charan Grant –Village Taffa&Pargana Rekh Time of Grants
1. Vyas Sant Shri Ram, S/O Bajai Ram Aagoli Bahailva,Jodhpur 600 October, 1756 Basali ’’ ’’ 200 ’’ Udlighavas ’’ ’’ 250 ’’
2. Shreemali Vyas Harkaran , S/O Rishikesh
Golayabasani Haveli , Jodhpur 400 December, 1766
3. Bhat Jeevandas , S/O Harnath Nandan Pipar , Jodhpur 3000 May, 1766 4. Nat Brajnath , S/o Kisanchand Bhubhadro Pali , Jodhpur 1000 June, 1766 5. Vyas Shridatt , S/O Chimnaram Veerami Haveli,Jodhpur December, 1776 6. Gusain Shri Raghunath Ji Maharaj Sevki Vajhi Haveli , Jodhpur April, 1782 7. Gusain Ji Maharaj Budkiyo Haveli,Jodhpur 3000 1784 A. D. 8. Gusain Ji Maharaj Surpuro Bohra ra Haveli, Jodhpur 2500 1784 A. D. 9. Vidha Daveram , S/O Sarjagesar Chirdani Pipad , Jodhpur July, 1785 10. Shrimali Bhatt Kirparam, S/O Bagsi
Ram Beerani Lavere , Jodhpur June, 1786
11. Gusain Ji Maharaj Lunavasiyo Haveli ,Jodhpur 1000 January, 1787 12. Shri Gusain Ji Maharaj Beejva Bilada , Jodhpur May, 1788
13. Sakarn Charan Chachlavo Bahailva , Jodhpur March, 1789
122 Above annexure has been prepared on the basis of information given by Patta Bahis , No. 1,3, and 10, V.S. 1813-16/ A.D. 1756-59, V.S.1820-23/ A.D. 1763-66, and V.S.
1839-46/ A.D. 1782-89, DAO, Jodhpur .
CCoonncclluussiioonn
263
The work aims to study ‘’ The Revenue Administration in the State of Marwar
during 18th Century ‘’ which could be considered a politico- economic history of
Marwar during 18th century when many far –reaching changes were introduced.
The state of Marwar was formed on the basis of clan-kinship that means the
territory over which Rathors or their sub-clans claimed domination by right of
occupation or conquest. The Rathor state, though subordinate to the Mughals or
accepted the suzerainty of the Mughal emperors, was autonomous in its territories. Its
administration was run on a mixed pattern of the Indian system as well as of the
Mughals. The Mughal impact was too powerful to have been resisted so the
administration was affected and reoriented. Broadly speaking the Rathors adopted the
same pattern of administration at their capital as was practiced by the Mughals .
The study includes all the important department of administration which
functioned in Marwar. The chapter second, emphasizing that the state administration
was a dominant factor in the economic life of the region, is full of information.
There was the pradhan , the diwan, the bakshi who headed the central revenue
administration . The office of the diwan was divided into two viz, desh-diwan and
tan- diwan , who managed the finances of the state. They were held personally
responsible if the realization was low, they thus were held guilty for corruption or
mismanagement. Another official of centre was the bakshshi who was the paymaster.
The significant feature of the high level officials of the diwan, tan –diwan,
bakshshi, subedar, was that the appointees had to pay a lump-sum amount to the state
as peshkash on their appointment and on the occasions of committing a guilty or
mischief or not paying their duty with loyalty.
It has to be notice that the offices of centre always remained with the non-
Rathor sardars, particularly those who belonged to the vaishya community of the
bhandaries, the pancholies, the muhtas etc. These people formed an important link
in the administration because they were known for their political wisdom and
administrative ability.
The revenue administration at the pargana level had the various office &
officials such as hakim, potedar, qanungo, sayer darogha, kotwal etc. Hakim was the
highest rank officer of the pargana administration. Karkun was dealing with clerk
264
work. Kotwal was incharge of the city administration. The sayer darogha was the
head of custom office, while qanungo was the accountant cum clerk also.
The appointment of these pargana’s officials was made by the central
government on the recommendation of the hakim of respective pargana. The various
offices of parganas generally remained in the hands of both the rathor and non-rathor
clans of Marwar. An important feature of Marwar‘s revenue administration was that
all civil officers, irrespective of being placed high or low, were the holders of jagirs.
In other words, they were granted the jagirs or pattas along with their salary and other
privileges according to their status and ranks.
The Mughal contact might have led to certain changes but it is notable that the
functions of various revenue officials remained the same i.e., all were responsible for
the realization & the collection of state revenue from the peasantry and other classes.
Infect, the cultivators were concerned with the lowest official such as the
chaudharies, the sahna, the tafadar, kanwari, hawaldar etc., who worked in the local
revenue departments.
The most prominent feature of the Rathor‘s revenue administration was the
land revenue system. It was mostly traditional. Revenue had continued to be assessed
and collected according to the old way till the contact of Mughals. The Mughal
impact might have led to certain changes and modifications in their system especially
in the rate of revenue realization. The traditional land revenue rate was one-sixth of
the land produce but latter it was realized at the rate of one-fifth to one-eighth and
sometimes even to half of the produce. There was no major difference in the scale of
revenue demand whether in the cultivated or dry zone of the state. It was more
moderate.
The crop –pattern of the state was either single or double. Kharif and rabi
were the two major harvest of the state. Wheat, millet, maize, pulse, oilseed were the
main agrarian products which grow under these two crops. Different rates were fixed
for the different kharif or rabi crops.
Whenever double cropping was feasible our records show that it was confined
to a very limited area. In the kharif harvest, the crops were assessed mostly with jinsi
– batai or kankut. In the rabi harvest, the crops were generally assessed under the
265
kunta or lata mode. In the state, the state demand for revenue was fixed on the basis
of the fertility of the soil and available irrigation facilities. The cultivators employed
indigenous methods of irrigation and agriculture, because being a dry zone; they
suffered from droughts and famines mostly.
Certain taxes other than those connected with land revenue, were also realized
from the agrarian class as a result of Mughal impact during this period under the
study. These taxes were known as agricultural tax. Most significant of them was
being ghasmari or pancharai. These two were the grazing taxes imposed on the cattle
owners according to number of animal.
There is an intimate association between agriculture and pastoralism, In other
words, the high population of cattle led larger extent of cultivation. The livestock of
the region which was the real wealth of the people consisted of cows, buffaloes, goats,
sheep etc. They played an important role in the state economy. These desert animals
were primarily needed for tillage, water lift, milk, wool, and other products. Single
household possessed hundreds of heads of cattle and some large dealers, several
thousands. As for the number of sheep, it was about 69% of the total in 1773 in
pargana Jodhpur. Similarly, that of camel was 4%, bullocks were 21%, buffaloes
were 4%, and male buffaloes were 2 % of what it was in the year 1773. There were
other agricultural taxes such as serino, ghiyai, kharda kharch, majindar-ra-rozgar
etc. which were also levied relating to agriculture or the land revenue.
The non- agrarian taxes and duties formed important sources of royal revenue
in the state of Marwar. Numerous taxes were imposed on artisans, craftsmen,
merchants, and common people as also on sale of good, on committing a crime or
theft and on celebrating social custom.
The rulers of Marwar were assigned jagirs on the basis of jama figures by the
Mughal emperors. But in their watan territory ( Marwar) these rulers assigned the
pattas to their sardars or thakurs on the basis of rekh figures. Rekh was an
assessment of the land revenue demand of a village or a particular area. It was made
by the rathore rulers for the purpose of internal administration of the state such as that
to the Mughals.
266
These pattas were chakri-oriented so the sardars or nobles were obliged to
accept some kind of obligation of service to the state; in return the state granted an
area in lieu of salary, which yields the revenue equivalent to the sanctioned salary.
These pattas were might be granted permanently or hereditary, but in practice, it were
mostly permanently or hereditary. The nobles worked within the frame work of
pattadari. They were generally granted to collect revenue and taxes from their
specified areas or pattas. The introduction of well defined obligations on the part of
the pattadars was the result of the influence of the Mughal administration.
Over and above the revenue assignments, the rulers of Marwar also allotted
inam or sasan grant and bhom lands too. The inam or sasan were revenue free grants,
given to Brahmans, priest, or men of letters for religious and literary purposes, while
bhom grants were given as compensation for the losses sustained in war or as a
reward for meritorious services.
While closing the study, it seems obligatory to make a survey of the revenue
condition of the state. On the basis of data of revenue realization for the pargana
Jodhpur for the year 1766, 1769, 1774, 1780, and 1783 provided by our sources,
showed that the state revenue was meage but there was an upward trend in the budget
after second half of eighteenth century. For example, the pargana‘s total revenue
realization in the year 1766 was Rs. 104102 out of which the pargana ‘s expenditure
was Rs. 95040 ( 104102- 95040 = 9062) . Similarly in the year 1774 the total
realization of the pargana was Rs. 11167, out of which the expenditure was Rs. 1248
(11167-1248= 9919). Thus it concludes the apparent economic prosperity of Marwar
state.
BBiibblliiooggrraapphhyy
293
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