Iraq 2003

Claudia De Araujo Dominguez Akimi Miki

Maria Yamaguchi

Historical Background

Saddam Hussein’s Rise to Power

- Hussein leading Baath Party rose to power in 1968.

- Murdered some quarter of a million Iraqis during his reign.

The Anfal Genocide (1988)- The Iraqi government slaughtered an estimated 100,000 Kurdish people

Gulf War (1990-1991)- Iraq invaded Kuwait- Economic sanctions on Iraq by UN Security Council - Collective armed interventionachieved

Uprisings in Iraq (1991)- Iraqi forces vs. Kurds (North) and Shi’ites (South) rebels- Hussein suppressed the rebellion- Ten of thousands of civilians were killed- Over two million refugees fled Iraq

After 9/11 - Fear of terrorism (War on Terror)- More aggressive foreign policy - President George W. Bush’s showed his intentions on going to Iraq in 2002

Bush Doctrinehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ed6ORug6rxI

It initially described the policy that the U.S. had the right to secure itself from countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.

Actions Taken by the International Community

On September 12, 2002 U.S. President George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly and outlined a catalogue of complaints against the Iraqi government

Resolution 1441• Adopted unanimously by the United Nations

Security Council on 8 November 2002, offering Iraq under Saddam Hussein "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" that had been set out in several previous resolutions.

Hans Blix and Mohamed El Baradei presented several reports to the UN detailing Iraq's level of compliance with Resolution 1441

At the Azores conference on March 16, 2003 Tony Blair, George W. Bush, and Spanish Prime minister José María Aznar announced the imminent deadline of March 17th 2003 for complete Iraqi compliance.

Operation Iraqi Freedom

The U.N. wanted to have a small role in Operation Iraqi Freedom

Coalition of Provisional AuthorityWas established as a transitional government following the invasion of Iraq.

The CPA vested itself with executive, legislative, and judicial authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on 21 April 2003, until its dissolution on 28 June 2004.

Consequences of Iraqi Freedom• Many tactics were used against the U.S and

allied militaries such as sniping, suicide bombers.

• Insurgencies became a huge problem very quickly after the occupancy began and accounted for many lives, most of them being Americans.

http://www.icasualties.org/Iraq/

Documented civilian deaths from violence115,294 – 126,511

http://www.iraqbodycount.org/database/

Operation Red DawnOn December 13, 2003 Saddam Hussein was captured in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq near Tikrit.

Saddam Hussein’s Trial

The New Way Forward

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rw2nkoGLhrE

Change in LeadershipJanuary 20, 2009 President Barack Obama was inaugurated.

Withdrawal of TroopsIn late February 2009, newly elected U.S. President Barack Obama announced an 18-month withdrawal window for combat forces, with approximately 50,000 troops remaining in the country "to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide intelligence and surveillance"

Failures of International Community

Criminal Prosecution -No attempted criminal prosecution -International indictment in a long-term approach -Allowed Hussein to rule without the disapproval of indictment for genocide and crimes against humanity .

The Problem of Understaffing Troops

- Failure to deploy an adequate number of troops trained in policing.- Troops trained in policing: trained to use lethal force as a last resort and police an occupied nation. - Civilians were mistakenly attacked by coalition troops.

Bombing on Wrong Targets- The U.S failed to predict leaders’ presence - The foreseeable loss of civilian life

Iraq Today

(photo: LA times)

Politics Federal Parliamentary Constitutional Republic

Talabani al-Maliki

- Corruption- Military Intimidation

(Reuters / Mohammed Ameen)

EconomyCentrally planned economy -> Free Market

Living Conditions

- Poverty- Water Shortage- Security issues

“What in fact happened, which was unanticipated...is that when [we] decapitated the regime, everything below it fell apart”

- Lt. Gen. William S. Wallace

R2P Criteria

Just Cause (0/5) “large scale loss of life”“large scale ‘ethnic cleansing’”

Right Intentions (0/5) “the primary purpose of the intervention...must be to halt or avert human suffering.”

Last Resort (1/5)“...when every non-military option...has been explored”

Proportional Means (0/5)“The scale...should be the minimum...to secure the defined human protection objective”

Reasonable Prospects (1/5)“...with the consequences of action not likely to be worse than the consequences of inaction.”

Right Authority (0/5)“SC authorization should in all cases be sought prior to any military intervention...”

Bibliography Bellamy, Alex J. “Ethics and Intervention: The ‘Humanitarian Exception’ and the Problem of Abuse in the Case of Iraq” 2004

Journal of Peace Research, vol. 41, no.2, 2004, pp.131- 147.

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html>.

Human Rights Watch, Hum an Rights Watch World Report 2004 - War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention. 1 Jarnuary 2004. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=402ba99f4.

Parker, Ned. "The Iraq We Left Behind." Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations, Mar.-Apr. 2012. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137103/ned-parker/the-iraq-we-left-behind.

Rathmell, Andrew. Planning Post-conflict Reconstruction in Iraq: What Can We Learn?. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2005. http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1197.

Roth, Kenneth. “Was the Iraq War a Humanitarian Intervention?” Journal of Military Ethics, Vol.5, No.2, pp.84-92, 2006.

Sanford, Jonathan E. "Iraq's Economy: Past, Present, Future." ReliefWeb. N.p., 3 June 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. <http://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraqs-economy-past-present-future>.

Weiss, Thomas G. “The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention? The Responsibility to Protect in a Unipolar Era.” 2004. Security Dialogue. . vol. 35. no2.135-153