Irish TIMES

Built Environment Sector Overview

Document DD1.5

Contents

1 TIMES .......................................................................................................................................................................3

1.1 Tool overview ............................................................................................................................................3

1.1.1 Model structure ....................................................................................................................................4

1.1.2 Inputs .......................................................................................................................................................5

1.1.3 Functionality .........................................................................................................................................7

1.1.4 Outputs ....................................................................................................................................................8

1.1.5 Strengths ................................................................................................................................................9

1.1.6 Limitations .............................................................................................................................................9

2 Built Environment as currently is in Irish TIMES .................................................................................. 11

2.1 Overview................................................................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Residential Sector .................................................................................................................................. 11

2.2.1 Residential Energy Demands........................................................................................................ 11

2.2.2 Residential Demand Drivers ......................................................................................................... 12

2.2.3 Residential Technologies ............................................................................................................... 14

2.3 Services Sector ........................................................................................................................................ 16

2.3.1 Commercial Energy Demands ...................................................................................................... 16

2.3.2 Commercial Demand Drivers ....................................................................................................... 16

2.3.3 Commercial Technologies ............................................................................................................. 17

1 TIMES

The TIMES model is a linear optimisation model with an objective function to minimise total

system cost (maximizes the total discounted surplus) subject to imposed constraints.

Mathematical equations describe the relationships and interaction between the many

technologies, drivers and commodities in TIMES. While it is tempting to think of the TIMES model

as a simple ‘merit type’ model that chooses technologies simply from the least expensive to the

most expensive to meet certain demands this is an oversimplification that leads to an incorrect

understanding of the model value and dynamics. The richness of the TIMES model is that it

optimises across all sectors of the energy system for the full horizon and thus captures the

interaction between sectors. The model simultaneously solves for the least cost solution subject

to emission constraints, resource potentials, technology costs, technology activity and capability

to meet individual energy service demands. In this way the TIMES model allows technologies to

compete both horizontally across different energy sectors and vertically through the time

horizon of the model.

1.1 Overview of TIMES Modelling Tool

The TIMES (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) model generator was developed as part of

the IEA-ETSAP (Energy Technology Systems Analysis Program), an international community

which uses long term energy scenarios to conduct in-depth energy and environmental analyses

(Loulou et al., 2004). The TIMES software combines two different, but complementary,

systematic approaches to modelling energy: a technical engineering approach and an economic

approach (Gargiulo and Gallachoir, 2013). TIMES is a technology rich, bottom-up model, which

uses linear-programming to produce a least-cost energy system, optimized according to a

number of user constraints, over medium to long-term time horizons. In a nutshell, TIMES is used

for, “the exploration of possible energy futures based on contrasted scenarios” (Loulou et al.,

2005).

The Irish TIMES model was originally extracted from the Pan European TIMES (PET) model and

then updated with improved data based on much extensive local knowledge (Ó Gallachóir et al.,

2012). The Pan European Times (PET) Model is a multi-regional TIMES model of Europe built

comprised of 36 European regions (EU27, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and six Balkan

countries) (Gargiulo and Gallachoir, 2013). The PET model from which the Ireland sub-model

was taken was calibrated with 2005 Eurostat as a base year. The Irish TIMES project has focused

on the Irish energy system and the potential for Ireland to make large cuts in CO2 emissions

within the modelled time horizon of 2005-2050 (Ó Gallachóir et al., 2012).

1.1.1 Model structure

The TIMES model encompasses all the steps from primary resources through the chain of

processes that transform, transport, distribute and convert energy into the supply of energy

services demanded by energy consumers (Loulou et al., 2005). On the energy supply-side, it

comprises fuel mining, primary and secondary production, and exogenous import and export.

The “agents” of the energy supply-side are the “producers”. Through various energy carriers,

energy is delivered to the demand-side, which is structured sectorally into residential,

commercial, agricultural, transport and industrial sectors. The “agents” of the energy demand-

side are the “consumers”. The mathematical, economic and engineering relationships between

these energy “producers” and “consumers” is the basis for the TIMES model.

All TIMES models are constructed from three basic entities (Loulou et al., 2005):

Technologies

Technologies (also called processes) are representations of physical devices that transform

commodities into other commodities. Processes may be primary sources of commodities (e.g.

mining processes, import processes), or transformation activities such as conversion plants that

produce electricity, energy-processing plants such as refineries, end-use demand devices such as

cars and heating systems, etc.

Commodities

Commodities are energy carriers, energy services, materials, monetary flows, and emissions; a

commodity is either produced or consumed by some technology.

Commodity flows

Commodity flows are the links between processes and commodities. A flow is of the same nature

as a commodity but is attached to a particular process, and represents one input or one output of

that process.

These three entities are used to build an energy system that characterizes the country or region

in question. All TIMES models have a reference energy system, which is a basic model of the

energy system before it is substantially changed either for a particular region or for a particular

scenario. The Irish TIMES reference energy system, which represents the Irish energy system in

2005 and its possible long-term evolution (Ó Gallachóir et al., 2012) is shown in Figure 1. The

blocks are the technologies, the writing outside the blocks (e.g. OIL, GAS, COA, ELC) are the

commodities and the lines connecting the blocks are the commodity flows.

Figure 1: Schematic of processes and commodities in TIMES; source: (Ó Gallachóir et al., 2012)

1.1.2 Inputs

There are a large number of exogenous inputs to the TIMES model. Many of these are

characterizations of technology or commodity entities. There are also a number of endogenous

inputs that are calculated by the TIMES and which are used in the final calculations for the model

outputs. These inputs are described below.

Technologies

In the Irish TIMES model, there are approximately 1600 technologies for the supply-side and

demand-side sectors of the economy (Ó Gallachóir et al., 2012). Each of these technologies has

detailed technical parameters that can be changed and set by the user; some of these parameters

include technology efficiency (e.g. heat rates, learning curves), technology lifetime, emission

factors (CO2 and non-CO2) and availability. The data sources for most of these technologies are

the IEA databases that were used to build the reference energy system. For Irish TIMES, the

technologies parameters were all reviewed and revised, as appropriate, for Irish conditions. Each

of these technologies also has associated costs (e.g. capital costs, O&M costs, discount rates). In

most instances, these costs are input in the form of curves, i.e. as elasticities and as such, they are

described as demand curves in that they can meet varying levels of energy demand at varying

levels of cost (Loulou et al., 2005).

Resource potential and Prices

The resource potential applies mostly to commodities and supply curves, i.e. what is the cost of

each commodity at various levels of supply. The resource potential also applies to technologies,

particular renewable energy technologies and their resource. For example, there is a limit to the

amount of onshore wind power that can be constructed in Ireland. The commodity supply curves

and renewable resource for Irish TIMES have been carefully scrutinized and updated based on

most recently available data, local knowledge, policies (e.g. subsidies, targets) or known technical

limits (Ó Gallachóir et al., 2012).

Projections for future fuel prices for key fuel commodities (e.g. coal, oil and gas) are taken from

IEA world energy outlook (IEA, 2012).

Given the importance of renewable energy for the achievement of mitigation targets, Ireland’s

energy potentials and costs are based on the most recently available data. The total resource

capacity limit for domestic bioenergy has been set at 1,964 ktoe for the year 2020 and at 3,747 ktoe

by 2050, based on the estimates from SEAI, Smyth et al., 2010 and Coford. The upper capacity limit

for other renewable resources such onshore and offshore wind energy, ocean and hydro energy are

summarized in Ó Gallachóir et al., 2013 and Chiodi et al., 2013. The use of geothermal energy in

Ireland is limited only to small installations in the residential and services sector mostly for space

and water heating purposes. Because solar and geothermal energy contribute marginally to

scenarios outputs, no maximum potentials have been provided in the model.

The cost assumptions for domestic bioenergy commodities are based on McEniry et al., 2011 for

biogas from grass, Kent et al. 2011 for forestry, Clancy D. et al. 2008 for willow and miscanthus crops

and Clancy M. et al. 2013 for wheat crops. Cost estimates on bioenergy imports are based on an SEAI

report by Clancy M. et al., 2013. Cost assumptions for bulk renewable energy technologies were

recently updated based on studies by DECC (Parsons Brinckerhoff 2011 and Radov D et al., 2012)

(for wind energy) and Parsons Brinckerhoff 2012 (for solar). Other model reviews focused on

conventional generation technologies of heating technologies are based on the values from (Parsons

Brinckerhoff 2009).

Electricity prices are calculated endogenously in the model.

Macro-economic drivers

Key data behind the Irish TIMES model projections are the macro-economic projections of GDP,

GNP, private income, population and number of households that is generated as the output of the

Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) long-term macro-economic model. These

parameters are used to generate energy service demand parameters, which are the key

quantities that the Irish TIMES model must produce an energy system to satisfy. In total, there

are 60 different types of energy services for the transport, residential, agricultural, commercial,

industry and non-energy sectors. Some examples include residential space heating (PJ),

commercial refrigeration (PJ), industry iron & steel (Mtonnes), transport car distance

(Mpassenger km) and transport road freight (Mtonne km). For each modelling period out to

2050, energy service demand parameters are input and the Irish TIMES model must meet these

parameters at least cost.

Scenarios

The reference energy system includes a reference energy scenario, which is the scenario against

which the results from other scenarios are checked. The reference scenario is generated by

running the model in the absence of any policy constraints. It will not normally be completely

aligned with national energy forecasts that are generated by simulating what the future energy

use is anticipated to be, mainly because TIMES optimizes the energy systems providing a least

cost solution. When a (single of many) policy constraint is imposed on the model (e.g. minimum

share of renewable energy, maximum amount of GHG emissions or minimum level of energy

security), the model generates a different least cost energy system. When the results are

compared with those from the reference scenario, the different technology choices can be

identified that deliver the policy constraint at least cost (Ó Gallachóir et al., 2012).

In the Irish TIMES model, there are two key modelling time-horizons: 2005-2020 and 2005-

2050.

1.1.3 Functionality

Once all the inputs, constraints and scenarios have been put in place, the model will attempt to

solve and determine the energy system that meets the energy service demands over the entire

time horizon at least cost. It does this by simultaneously making equipment investment decisions

and operating, primary energy supply, and energy trade decisions, by region. TIMES assumes

perfect foresight, which is to say that all investment decisions are made in each period with full

knowledge of future events. It optimizes horizontally (across all sectors) and vertically (across all

time periods for which the limit is imposed).

The results will be the optimal mix of technologies and fuels at each period, together with the

associated emissions to meet the demand. The model configures the production and

consumption of commodities (i.e. fuels, materials, and energy services) and their prices; when

the model matches supply with demand, i.e. energy producers with energy consumers, it is said

to be in equilibrium. Mathematically, this means that model maximizes the producer and

consumer surplus. The model is set up such that the price of producing a commodity affects the

demand for that commodity, while at the same time the demand affects the commodity’s price. A

market is said to have reached an equilibrium at prices p and quantities q when no consumer

wishes to purchase less than q and no producer wishes to produce more than q at price p. When

all markets are in equilibrium the total economic surplus is maximized (i.e. the sum of producers’

and consumers’ surpluses)(Loulou et al., 2005). This is represented graphically in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Achieving market equilibrium in TIMES; source: (Loulou et al., 2005)

1.1.4 Outputs

The main TIMES model output is an energy system, which services the end-use energy service

demands at lowest cost while adhering to the various constraints (e.g 80% emissions reduction,

40% renewable electricity penetration). In the first instance, the TIMES model provides an

answer to the question: is the target feasible? If an energy system is possible, it can then be

examined, at what cost? The model outputs are energy flows, energy commodity prices, GHG

emissions, capacities of technologies, energy costs and marginal emissions abatement costs.

Figure 3 has a schematic of the TIMES model along with outgoing white block arrows that show

the model outputs.

Figure 3: Schematic of TIMES inputs and outputs; source: (Remne, 2007)

1.1.5 Strengths

Something of the usefulness (and strength) of TIMES can be gleaned from its popularity: it is

currently in use in over 70 countries. This is also strength of the model since it has a world-wide

community engaged in maintaining and updating the modelling tool. The main “selling point” of

TIMES is that it combines a detailed technology rich database with an economically optimizing

solver. It is able to generate robust energy policy scenarios over long time horizons and it is able

to offer strategic insight into long-term policy formation. This is especially important for the

energy sector, which has such large capital investments with long project lifetimes.

The challenge of decarbonizing the energy system is an enormous and expensive one so the

insight that TIMES gives is unique.

It produces energy pathways over multiple time slices for a long-term time horizon and the

solution in the model is in terms of technology choice; it also provides indicative results for the

carbon price required to achieve certain reductions which can in turn be useful to inform policy

design.

1.1.6 Limitations

Like all energy models, TIMES has a number of limitations. In some instances these are simply

limitations born of the structure of the model; they are inevitable based on the way the model is

built. In other instances, they could be considered weaknesses and in these cases, work is on

going to make improvements:

Macro-economic assumptions: This is a limitation of the model. The results of the scenarios are

tied to the assumption and results of the macro-economic model, which by themselves are

inherently uncertain. While scenario analysis, by its nature, tries to counteract this uncertainty

by producing a range of results, this uncertainty is nevertheless present.

Limited macro-economic feedback: This is a current weakness in the Irish TIMES model: there is

currently no demand response between the macro-economic drivers and the output energy

system. However, work is ongoing in UCC to improve this feedback response.

Time resolution: For the electricity sector, there are 12 time slices (seasonal, day, night and peak);

these are inadequate to capture daily supply and demand curves. For the rest of the TIMES

system, there are only seasonal time slices. This is a limitation of the model. It would become

computationally unwieldy if the model had to make decade long decision as well as hourly

decisions. A working solution to this shortcoming is model soft-linking to more specialized

energy models which has been pioneered by UCC.

Behaviour: A further limitation of the TIMES model is the low capacity to simulate behavioural

aspects. This is a limitation of most energy models, in that consumer behaviours such as the

rebound effect, which are known to be significant in reality, are ignored in energy system

modelling.

2 Built Environment as currently is in Irish Times

2.1 Overview

The Built Environment is split into two subsectors in the TIMES model: residential buildings and

the services sector. Of the two the residential sector is considered in more detail. Note that for all

sectors of the economy in TIMES, including residential and services sector which make up the

built environment, all electrical loads, including plug loads (e.g electric kitchen appliances and

electric office equipment) and also electric heating and cooling loads are accounted for in the

electricity sector.

The commercial and public services sector1 (hereafter referred to as the services sector) is the

most heterogeneous of all sectors of the economy and includes both commercial service activities

(including banking, cinemas, hotels, retail outlets, swimming pools, etc.) and public services

(universities, hospitals, local authorities, Government departments, etc.) A summary of all sectors

of the economy (categorised according to the international NACE code) is contained in Appendix

1, where the service sector comprises sections G – U (NACE codes 45 – 99). The predominant

point of energy consumption within this sector is energy use in buildings (for space heating,

lighting and water heating), the balance being mainly represented by certain municipal and civic

facilities.

2.2 Residential Sector

2.2.1 Residential Energy Demands

A list of the residential energy demands contained within the TIMES model is given in Table 1

below. There are two main divisions of residential energy demands in TIMES based on the

drivers for energy consumption. Firstly there are space and water heating and cooling which are

driven by the numbers of dwellings and an exogenously calculated value of PJ/dwelling/annum

for each energy service demand. Secondly there are household appliances and other electric

demands, which are driven by GNP along with individual demand elasticities.

1The services sector is also sometimes referred to as the tertiary sector with the primary sectors being agriculture and

resource extraction and secondary referring to manufacturing.

Description Code Drivers

Space Heat.Multi.All.Existing. RHME

Number of Dwellings & Energy Requirement per Dwelling

Space Heat.Multi.All.New RHMN

Space Heat.Single.Rural.Ex RHRE

Space Heat.Single.Rural.New RHRN

Space Heat.Single.Urban.Ex RHUE

Space Heat.Single.Urban.New RHUN

Water Heat.Multi.All.Existing. RWME

Water Heat.Multi.All.New RWMN

Water Heat.Single.Rural.Ex RWRE

Water Heat.Single.Rural.New RWRN

Water Heat.Single.Urban.Ex RWUE

Water Heat.Single.Urban.New RWUN

Clothes Drying RCDR

GNP

Cooking RCOK

Clothes Washing RCWA

Dish Washing RDWA

Lighting RLIG

Other Electric ROEL

Refrigeration RREF Table 1: Residential Energy Demands

2.2.2 Residential Demand Drivers

Household Numbers

In Irish TIMES household projection numbers come from ESRI projections. These figures are then

broken down into either Rural, Urban, or Multi (Apartments) and again into Existing and New

dwellings. The current model values for each type are shown in Table 2.2

Existing Rural Existing Urban Existing Multi New Rural New Urban New Multi

2005 521 749 147 0 0 0

2006 515 746 146 26 26 35

2010 487 732 142 83 83 110

2015 451 714 136 113 113 150

2020 414 696 129 161 161 214

2 This will be updated based on the revised ESRI macro-economic forecasts.

2025 374 676 123 210 210 280

2030 332 655 116 301 301 402

2035 307 630 82 425 425 567

2040 253 602 73 486 486 648

2045 196 574 64 542 542 723

2050 196 574 64 592 592 789

Table 2: Number of household projections

Energy Per Dwelling

Each dwelling type has a space heat demand, water heat demand and a typical floor area as

shown in Table 3. For ease these values are shown in PJ and kWh/Dwelling.

Rural Urban Multiple

Floor Area M2 131 121 48

Energy Required for Heating

GJ/m2 0.3600 0.3600 0.3600

kWh/m2 100 100 100

Heating Demand (PJ/1000 Dwelling) 0.0471 0.0435 0.0172

(kWh/Dwelling) 13,077

12,072

4,769

Hot Water Demand

(PJ/1000 Dwelling/yr) 0.0144 0.0135 0.0053

(kWh/Dwelling/yr) 3,992

3,763

1,479

Table 3: Energy Demand per dwelling for space heating and cooling and water heating.

GNP

Projections of GNP are taken from the ESRI Medium term review 2013, recovery scenario.

Elasticities

Irish TIMES can be operated with or without elastic demands to incorporate consumer response

to price signals (Gargiulo et al., 2012).

2.2.3 Residential Technologies

Overview

There are currently 484 technology options available in the Irish TIMES residential sector alone.

A full list of these technologies is provided in Appendix A and also in the accompanying Excel

sheet.

Inputs

Each technology has an associated investment cost as well as fixed and variable operational and

maintenance costs. Fuel costs are also accounted for but these are endogenous to the model and

are not classed as inputs. The technology costs can be arranged in order to give a cost curve of

various technology options which can help identify which technologies will be chosen before

others in the times model. A sample of such a cost curve for select technologies is given in Figure

4 below. Other typical inputs for each technology include fuel type and efficiency.

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Figure 4: Cost curve for select residential technologies

Outputs

The outputs from the residential model include the list of selected technology options in each

time period for the given constraints; the associated cost of investment in this suite of

technologies; the resulting fuel costs, which are calculated endogenously within the model and

are an outputs rather than inputs; The results can distinguish between new and existing

dwellings as well as ETS (i.e. electric) and non-ETS (i.e. non electric) energy demands

2.3 Services Sector

2.3.1 Services Sector Energy Demands

The commercial and public services sector3 (hereafter referred to as the services sector) is the

most heterogeneous of all sectors of the economy and includes both commercial service activities

(banking, cinemas, hotels, retail outlets, swimming pools, etc.) and public services (universities,

hospitals, local authorities, Government departments, etc. Buildings are the predominant point of

energy consumption (for space heating, lighting and water heating) within this sector, the

balance being mainly represented by certain municipal and civic facilities. Within the Irish TIMES

model the sector is currently modelled at a high, aggregate level, and has not been disaggregated

to the level of individual NACE categories. For space heating and cooling and water heating the

model considers two building categories, large and small. The remaining energy demands are

aggregated for the sector as a whole. The full list of energy demands is shown in Table 4.

Description Code Driver

Commercial Space Heat Small Existing CHSE

GVA in Commercial Sector

Commercial Space Heat Large Existing CHLE

Commercial Space Cool Small Existing CCSE

Commercial Space Cool Large Existing CCLE

Commercial Water Heat Small Existing CWSE

Commercial Water Heat Large Existing CWLE

Commercial Lighting Existing CLIG

Commercial Cooking Existing CCOK

Commercial Refrigeration Existing CREF

Commercial Public Lighting Existing CPLI

Commercial Other Electric Existing COEL

Commercial Other Energy Existing COEN Table 4: Energy Demands in the Commercial Sector

2.3.2 Services Sector Demand Drivers

All energy demands in the commercial sector in Irish TIMES are driven by growth, positive or

negative, in the Gross Value Added for the commercial sector, as per the latest ESRI projections.

For each energy demand the driver is multiplied by a demand elasticity, as for the elasticities in

the residential sector

3The services sector is also sometimes referred to as the tertiary sector with the primary sectors being agriculture and

resource extraction and secondary referring to manufacturing.

2.3.3 Services Sector Technologies

Overview

There are currently 186 technology options available in the Irish TIMES to satisfy the commercial

sector energy demands. A full list of these technologies is provided the accompanying excel

spreadsheet..[ Built Environment Overview.xls]

Outputs

As for the Residential sector, results in the Services sector can be disaggregated by individual

energy demands (commercial space heat small existing etc) and also by energy demand which

falls in the ETS and Non-ETS sectors.

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VGB Powertech. Investment and Operation Cost Figures – Generation Portfolio. Survey 2011. Essen,

Germany2011.

.

Appendix A

Full list of residential technologies is included in the accompanying Excel Spreadsheet [Built

Environment Overview.xls]

NACE Classification –All Sectors

Section A Agriculture, forestry and fishing

01 Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities

02 Forestry and logging Forestry and logging

03 Fishing and aquaculture

Section B Mining and quarrying

05 Mining of coal and lignite;

06 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas

07 Mining of mineral ores

08 Other mining and quarrying; extraction of peat

09 Mining support services

Section C Manufacturing

10 Manufacture of food products

11 Manufacture of beverages

12 Manufacture of tobacco

13 Manufacture of textiles

14 Manufacture of wearing apparel;

15 Manufacture of leather and related products

16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials

17 Manufacture of paper and paper products

18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media

19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products

20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

21 Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations

22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products

23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products

24 Manufacture of basic metals

25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment

26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products

27 Manufacture of electrical equipment

28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.

29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

30 Manufacture of other transport equipment

31 Manufacture of furniture

32 Other manufacturing

33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment

Section D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning

35 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply

Section E Water Supply, sewerage and waste management

36 Water collection, treatment and supply

37 Sewerage

38 Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery

39 Remediation activities and other waste management services

Section F Construction

41 Construction of buildings

42 Civil Engineering

43 Specialised construction activities

Section G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

45 Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles

47 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles

Section H Transport and storage

49 Land transport; transport via pipelines

50 Water transport

51 Air transport

52 Warehousing and support activities for transportation

53 Postal and courier activities

Section I Accommodation and food service activities

55 Accommodation

56 Food and beverage service activities

Section J Information and Communication

58 Publishing activities

59 Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities

60 Programming and broadcasting activities

61 Telecommunications

62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities

63 Information service activities

Section K Financial and Insurance Activities

64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding

65 Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security

66 Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities

Section L Real estate activities

68 Real estate activities

Section M Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities

69 Legal and accounting activities

70 Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities

71 Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis

72 Scientific research and development

73 Advertising and market research

74 Other professional, scientific and technical activities

75 Veterinary activities

Section N Administrative and support activities

77 Rental and leasing activities

78 Employment activities

79 Travel agency, tour operator and other reservation service and related activities

80 Security and investigation activities

81 Services to buildings and landscape activities

82 Office administrative, office support and other business support activities

Section O Public administration and defence; compulsory social security

84 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security

Section P Education

85 Education

Section Q Human health and social work activities

86 Human health activities

87 Residential care activities

88 Social work activities without accommodation

Section R Arts, Entertainment and Recreation

90 Creative, arts and entertainment activities

91 Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities

92 Gambling and betting activities

93 Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities

Section S Other services activities

94 Activities of membership organisations

95 Repair of computers and personal and household goods

96 Other personal service activities

Section T Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel; Undifferentiated goods-

and services-producing activities of private households for own use

97 Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel

98 Undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of private households for own

use

Section U Activities of extra-territorial organisations and bodies

99 Activities of extra-territorial organisations and bodies