29
CJIAP!EB 2 ..
CJIAP!EB 2
..
( 27 )
2 I 1 -- ~ ... m :s> iltfiCAL .,. --- -----~-
ud 1be aw4eDta of Jablio law sre afaD'teA la ille Pl"J-bl• ~
ua4erataJui1Da Ule bellanoar o~ •• ~ad:lcd.lll. qa-t••• t1ret, iD tile
·ooatext ot tbe1r OWD ll011 'tiioal ••' a 'dld, aeeo 4, 111 '\beir :rel -
t1oaab1P to 1beir ooaterJRrla ot th __ r I»li tioal atat a • Ia
att•pt to d..U w1 tb tb1a· ~'bl•, a l~trge YU'i- t7 ot 8.78 o~
JR11Jo rl"t7 o t 1b reaearcb a ooll41lct 4 1D r11er erto 4a • a 4eao -
:rJ.~1 Ye im Dawr aa-d 48ftl. t w11h 1b Judic:lar, 1.D ieaa of 1 ta
oomaUtutioalll 10wera 4 fuot1oaa u4 ia tema ot 11le fo~
OJ"CAD1aR1iioaa ud proee • •
Ia 1be u.S.A. , a 1 rse ao1eDt1ata bRa exPlored 1be Jb_..... t ~1ulto1al. beh.s·ttoar •
••• aobol&ra baTe Rtt•Pted to a1;u4J ~u41c1RJ7 iD tb e atu
of e totallt7 of 1b ~11 UCRl e7at • ib 7 Ye so tri 1e
GD4erataad 1h 1AterrelRt1onlh1P o:r b ckgroed taotora
~u41 cd.Rl 'b "f'io r •
~e queatioD 1ab ia DOw 8 1a DO loager
aoneen~ins· bo the Juclici&:r¥ ope.rste , but bow Juctsea bebaYe
1 tb1n the ~ue11oial a7at aa a llllb - 1at of 'the politiCAl
7 ,_.
It ia eu eral.lJ ali eYe 1b t tb e Juqe' •
wUa.; is 1Dtl eDoed by aeYe:ral. t. ciora • ihe7 •&7 bro1un7-
( ~ )
o1Aadt1e4 UDder '-o
"*•J'O 4
1bel
lueDoe ot tbe Preaaare In ~. 4 _.y
'b.Dt.
nt._ t • , eta • aoac
:I.e~ J atlee, tile 1at -
era. re at ia~r-
Apin . Rl ~---
aourta 11 t1 1 or 1101:1.
t aonat4 rea tbe J')l1 tieRl :fR
o fll. 110 4 a rel1eA too b 'ft17
_ _ _____;_ pl. nf\to r1 r1R'bl • It
•
cleat, be a ort Ueia ~r m Ua& troll
llfl U daoto r7 uPl Uoa• r • rtt •
1104el• were 4ea:lpe4 to • t10JI8 1'or clecti OD Of Jacl&ea •
t
WI 1
___ ... 1bat
...... u,, ~·27
. -· -
-
c. Be a Pft.tob tt' • Die oa Yelt Ooart a
A tuq in Ju41oinl ol1 t1oa 4 Yfll.u , 1937- 1947 " ( 1) relll -
:p 4 e WU of OODSti. tuUo lill. lRW • Aa R D8 qa 0 ,a'tllc11e8 Of
judioial « a ciaion - allltin aP 1t1cAJ.l7 , ad pa'blie 1 •
& e 117, 'took OrJ a D llf d w •
li.tcb tt ooncentl'flted on IUUlY non - unMi-
mou · deei aiona of SUpr e Co rt srJd 'tbrou bloc nnR~.,eis
eRlil'l of the 10 tea , 11111 tra ted bo tb e Justices r veal e4
' info tioJJ ~tbo t th r "tti tud c1 1 eir ...U.ue • ' ( 2)
( 29 )
Pritcbett DOted tbat oour't 4ee1Jd.oDa olee.:r17 4.-ozaat_ratu thAt
e'YeD Ju4cee' bepD w1 th cli~ferent Raa•Pt1ona. &Dd 1ib eir ~1l •1 -- - -
ai£Wa are 41tferenU7 oo:aaU.o'te4 ud we:tptej;.--. Oo:a-aeqaentl.71
'1be1r PD11U.Ml, eooaoaio aad 1Do1ftl 'Yiewe ooD'trRat • ud :lnfiuaoe
1be1r 4ecia1oDe • But at t rliea those wt-u- the J11aUoea
Attituclee RDd ..Uuee oonaU~a'te 11le exP18DatorJ aDA pr.e41-ctiYe
el•eDta ot 1he 4eo1e1oDal approatb • AtU tudea. ideologt_e--.!:o~:r~-~-::::;::::::::::::;;:::;-i
YRluee of Juc~Bea lteooae • :111
BDd deci eiOD 8 •
J1o itt clec1a:l.oD - a&kina aodela Plre forila of
StnroLUS - OB)AJUSJI- USfOB ( 1- 0- A) _.4e1_ noaaoD to ~ ..... -~~
abolocy • ( l) U:ader 1be ela .. 1t1eaUoa 8eb o'l 1111 aolle11 lepl
~l.1o1ea { 4ec1s1olla ) are reprde4 • IMrJlO .. a . OrulaUtatUoaa ,
statutes , case l~w , alld court 1'\ll.ea, aloJJC with 1Dta:naal •••
aueh ae ousto•a, lepl treetiaea,ana eonoeP"ta ef ~ua'tloe,are recardecl ae oDe kind of atiaul1 • l't14eaoe, ei:raaatlmeH t *• ••• tb nature of 1:be P&rtiea to 1ihe clie.PUte, oonat1iute tb8 'facta• ot
1ibe oaae and nre reprde4 aa uotber kin4 o,t e'tl.aul1 • !be 1a41ft -
41lftl alun~oteriaUoa ( at"tributea ad atU tudes ) o:t 1ibe .Jatce•
and their P»ld.tioD 'Yie- a- Y.la otber Judgea ~tnd pnrt1e1:pmta1•
the oou.rt reoa are 1b.e releftl'lt cUJaeneion s of Ut orpni• • !tie
ao4el 1a aeebanla'tl.o ud 1be al1raear in 1.be sEllae 1b<1t DO 1Da
h&PPeDs \mlees a aUaulua ie Preaent &Dd the •equ~nee 1 f:rea • S •
througb ' .o • to • • •
( )) )
SIIIFLI DECISIOB MAIIB&J MODEL - - ..._ __
snMULI --------·-------- o•••I ---- -I ·-· -- Biii'C>IISA
----
!oJ1Ut.l. ADdlJJ~a JtJm
.._. (a) ATU •• ttrlll 'tee
(2) Faata aDd oiroaat - ( I 1)
---- •~ •-0~ the ae. ( ) t1on
w1 o1ber
--------
1he • t • B • ( of 1be aodel,1ncreald.Dsl1, e 1 0 • bRa
------ 4ea --- lllbiab abnp-ea • oat.aoae ot Judi -
cial c1 1 • a • '·
----~~---- ------ --- ·-- ... ·- ·-- --- -- ---------
---
llElEREJlCE --- ---
2. Ibid • P. ll.l •
( 31 )
- 1b • lbo aevel ~ Q)urt 1 A Stucl7 in
Ju41oiRl l 'ol1 Ucs ud VRluea ,
1937 - 19 47 • l l'ew Iork 1 lhu•i
llu, 19 48 ) •
- A ConcePtuAl SchEJDe of the Ju41c1Rl
Proeeae • 1be AJi er1CRD BtbA~ol"'fll
Scif!ll~iat • Vol. 7 , :Dec•ber 1963 ,
P. 7 •
( J2 )
2 a 2 ( DUIJfi TIOI 0 l CO. C'EP!S ) ~~-- ----·- . --- ·--JUDICIAL :BlBAYIOUR --------- t - _, __
Juts.cd.al ~•aYiour i s ""-'r't o:f' tbe 'Droacler
apProaeb tn ~11 tical 1101••• 'tllat laaa ooae t. la e 0Rlle4 'btbaY -
i ourali• • ( 1) Die &ill .. ••n aa~ aetbo4a of '&b e atu47 of
Ju41oiRl ~•a"fiollr 11re,1• a••n1.1:lle -• "• 1bose dida cba:raot-
!...-==~uJ.~•""""•""'--_:IIla~el~ o-t ~li.Uoal -•auoar a tlla't Uatlaptllaea ~at -
d8l. beba'd.our troa ···~o•raU• c••rallJia ita el)eeiftc
toou• ••• 11ae 4ecr1atoa - aatiac e:r Jutcea •
»•n'f'ioanl a}i,Pftaail is ftD Rpp:roaola tc» 1Jbe
Mlll.7s1u ~4 .X:i;l.11Dnt1on ot IGl1 UOHl ~ei)O.ells • . wbi• 1• .-.--
"1~es r~ferred to aa b tha'Yio\&ral1• • I-t 1a •••ti.Al.l.J a potmt et
v.Lew nl'ld an approach- to- the study ot inl1Uea • Dle pl"iDeival att
of 8128l7a1s i s not tbe 1Dat1 tn'tion, but tbe 1nd1udunl "• he ltebAYe
" in smups aDd ill l'e~fttion i.o o ther indi "f1 dwlls.
ifh& belHlv10UrRl &PJ/l'Oflcb to Ju41oiRl"'J a•elta to - ~
exPlain l egal l11<:0011ena in te1•s of oPerRtionAllJ 4ttf1.De4 ooaceP'a
and aP.il'ioRll¥ veritiRble h1i0ih eees conoe~ing buaf\l'J bebAuoar. ( 2)
Jlore PrftCtiCflllJ' t ~udioia.l b.Oaviour is R.D RpPJ'08cb 'to 1tle abq
of Aaer1co PI--cUe lm• whi~ •lhaaisea tbe dalyaf.-8 ot--4ec11d.oD -
makin& beba'Viour of ~e Juqea • { l) Und erl11ng ~1s approaeb- ~ 1a
tb(' asewaption that discoYe.ra'ble wufona1 iiea 1n ~11 tiORl. b•••iour ,n.'th J-redictive 'Yalu• ena'\s a't leBa'\ 1:n Fl •'"UstiOI\1 ••"
( .3.3 )
And nl.!O that e1h1CRl. eftltlat1oa Rllcl •Piri.Oill uli.RMtioaa ••at be keP' sei;llll'flte • !be • eeienUfto approAcb • a7s'tMRU waUoD ,
integrntion w11:b other $c1al atd.•oe tecb»iqaea , Slid q-.aUft -
ell\tion , a:re streese4 •
l.D \Ia e Pn-'t a~dy, 1b e tem ~uctl c1al 'b eba -
T.lour )uaa be• uee4 1o aeaa t:be wtilig bebanoar ot t.be Ju&~eee u tb e oa ••• ( DOJJ - •uuaa111011 a ) 1iba t oaa e to tile SUpr•e Collrl
4urJ.ag 1b e J>eriocl 1967 tD 1976 in relation to R"udaaeai.A'l JH ........ . _. ·-&'l&l'IIDtee4 1o tile cd.t1zeaa l»y the ConsU tu'b.on of India • ••
•ttng beban.our bne been Mf\l.Jrse4 in terms ot ' 11laeftl. 1 •4
•mnae:rvat1ve 1 ; 1.e. , pro- ind1T.t.d\lsl ""d ;pro- p-naa•t
e71 tel~rt •
DmiSIOll - • .,'\XIBG ----- -- ·- --~
»eei81oa - aRkilla et:uaiea sre ataatiee tbllt
t'ooua ea illl ~Rotor• releftllt 'o " ~1107 ebo1ee aa4 DOt ~uet ••
1be tomfll - lep.l relaUonabi.Pa ot decision aAk:era • Ia JlllrUet
ular , tbey teDd 1o 1Dalule ~ unlJsia of tb~ toraftl. rel.Rtioa -
tll1P• aoag 4eoiad.oD - aakere, 'ttle rolf' of aetore outa14e 11le
OJ"WUli~JA.tioD, ADd fll.l tbe DOD - l"ftt1onal aa 11ell as rauoaal
ooDid.4eraUoaa 'Ula't bfiueuced 'Ule bebn'YioU-1 .. ,of All CCJ ••re ill•olYe41Jl_aak1D&:---1be-4eo1aioD • !he .Present -sud)" :foot&aei att•
tinn on both 1Dtemi'Jl. ud extenaal ta•'tora • '-'le 1•fl•••• ot ••
Cllief Juatioe baa bee.D ooDid.4ered aa aD iDtemRl. 1•fl••••... •
( 34 )
decision- aAking process and 1be role PlA7e4 'b7 'tbe Pre•ure
groups.,hRs been cona14ere4 as AJ3 eztemal influence • B7 intemal
factors ~ 1ibe influence of tbe CJlie~ JuaUoe baa 'beeD oonddere4 Aa
8 fActor wi 'tbib tile court rooa aDd 'b7 tbe eztemRl fllctora ae
influence of "tbe preaaure groapa baa lie• ooadlere4 aa a taoier
ou'ts14e the courl rooa •
VALUES ·--Yaluea Rre -elieta alloat wllAj 1a deld.ra'ble or
'tpo41 Rlld what ia uncletd.rabl.e or • lla4 ' • Yalaea reflect 1be CJUl
ture of a aooiev aad are 'Ai4el7 llbare4 'b7 ••~era ef 1ihe oul. tare •
Ja-ea ORDDO't 'be w1tbou1 the intlu•aoe of 1he 1irA41'tioma IUid ~••s
of tbe aoa1e't7 in wbiob 'they bllYe been relllre4 • Jus'tl.oea are pro4-
ue~a of 1beir eaY.t.romutn'l, .Paat aad prea•t, ftlld it is B larce PB" --- - --
of tbeir 'tallit 1o aP.Pl7 tbe 'mluea 4er1Ye4 froa these ea.pel'teDeea
te reao-1-Y.I.nc e&aea before ~1ea. <•> the personAl ~uee of 1ibe
JuaUcea ,la&J AD Wl4eniably illl}:Orbn't role in the deo1a1oD - auiDC
PrOcess • ( 5)
' ' Since jud1c1nl bebAuour r•tdDs hUII8D b•a - , .... ,
uour , ju41oia1 decisions oftP.n re:tleot the eaaotionRl b1Aae .. '¥Bltaea
8Dd :rolic7 p:recJilections o f 1ncliuclu8l Judges. ( 6) BYe17 Juqe
re~ ects certain ~uee in his 4ec1 sionRl bebsuo~-~ . _ f~cl&e1 follow
Jt menW--Pn>-e.eaa.-aD-d 4eo1des A case in B aore :or i-eaa--ae'tbo-41-eal
wa3 wbicb beooaes a bRbi t wi tb hia • In deoicUag Cftaea Judges au at
cbooae. 1heJmust cboose betweeD epposiDB 11Upnta, between
( 35 )
ooap~tine clRiaff to sbe'tl'flc't JueUce, be-tween oonflic'ting Pr1Dci -
ples of jurittPrUdtrnett, betweeD ~tterea't public llOliciea tbR't aR7
flow fro• R decieioa, ADcl.. 1bua otteD between sPecific ftl.uea • ( 7)
1be s'tft tu"tea, execli't! Te orders, flnd CODifti tut 1orml
proVi:Jions 1bllt Judges 8pPl7 Rre rarel~ so clear aa not tCJ adlllit ot
'two or aore reR.,IIable iD'Cerpre'tRUoDa in 41fticW.t ensea. T!lue ,
iD deci eding cases, tbe woridna of lepl docuaeiJto c reFt tea R "id e
r&nge of ehoice tor Judges • lbere aeneral Princi pl es of JuriaP
rG4eDce Are unc1.-r, ooDaUtlltionAl,a~:iutory,or admini atrRtive ~
lbmson VRpe, preoeaD'a uniapreaa1Ye B.Dd bia'tor,y Ullcertaill , a
JU<'J8 P.' 8 Pfl"riiODII\1 ~lues CflDno't helP ba't baYe a areAt iap:tct .Indee4
a Juc!ge• s "Ye'r1 percepti.on of hi,. al'teraaUYea --- or eYeD 1D
reslizatilln tbBt , in tact , al tensati.Yea Rre opea - will iDe
n t!\b~y b fk beRYil1 1nfla•oecl laJ bla ~·•• •
a&Pr•e Cou1"'t clecifllons Rre tb E' vroducta of tbe
ooas~nt -m• toreet\11. interaction of JudiciAl minds And JJersoaRli .
ti es. o f pr eceden-ts 8Jld 't:rRdi tions o f 1b e PRet and PeroepUons of •
the f't1ture, And of the eon1'11o'ts Rlld l~ntorcflllenis wbiob de'Yetlop
i n its l"elntionflliP to other ~l1tical1nstitut1ons. (S)
•.
In the preaent s1iUcl7, 1ihe ~uea of ihe Juatioea
have been eons1dere4 in ihe deoiaion.U. proceaa of 1i1e Suprane
Court •
.AC'!IYI~ --- Jucl1c1a l act1~• is used to describe ibe
( )6 )
T.l.proua uae of JucUcial ~wer 1o &4YRDoe ~1107 ooaatderaUoDa
ot 1be s'tnte ud protect 1be l'wldfta•tal Rl&bta of the o1Us•• (g)
ihe llloi1T.I.ata ltelieYe 1bat 1be ooan llaould lte w1111Dc 1ID ~~PIG.•
boldl7 with aAJor pron•• ud 1•••• ~4 te Mke el•~••'*
4ef1D1 te 4eo1doDa tbR't fP to tibe beart ot 1be 1 ..... ( 10) l• .. •• .
ot tbie Peri!WlsloD J ciD DOt 4•7 tbetr .. '*7 et tete~•• to ....,..1-
t7 ~luea wile Ute lRw ie clubioaa • 21le7 ••• lloweYer, te llllYO a
ePeoial 1nc•1l1 t7 tor 41atJ1PRUna doubt ... ere otbera are •na
'between Rl.temnUYea. 1ib07 Rre R.Pi 1ID fta4 ~atua-le pitaao-.
in tb e w1adoa an 4 ~rp:, se o t 1b • toua.a& 1'R 1lh era or iD •••
" bigber lA• " • It ie tbe williD&Deaa of .Jadaea to ... 1be1r ~·
era either to exP8Jld Pre~tent .PDlle7 or eY• or•te 1011o7 • ( 11)
Apia, Ja41cd.al. aoU'ftata * 1D8iat 11uat liOll'
itml oboioe ia iDeYi t"ble u4 iDbereut iD JucJc,lDa ua 1bftt "T• .. ••
lbo1ll.d aAke DO tlllae Preieaae of obJeoU'ft 't7 • •LU:ler , tbQ lboal4
reoopiae ibRt 1be7 r.rc mnkill& r.olic;r and 'Ule1 lbould ooaao1oual7
exere1se tb~>1r jud1e1al. ~wer to Rcltiev~ social Ju s tice. ( 12) 1"
is th e duty- o f th e oourts to do all in llleir 10we1· to IJxotec~ tboae
:treedoae wh:J.oh are gunl'I'Ulteed bl• our eontlti tution • T.tle courta OfUI
not ne the colll)eti ve oon s ei enoe of a ao"fel"eigD .Peo.Ple 'e W1 tb
aou1-wts pertotming their dUty or J.lrocl..f\ilaina 1ibe etemal :rigbta aDd
l.ibcrtiee o-£ the ~Iile,the J.Jeovlc w111 not b-e alow to Cletea4 U.e
the bRnners rnlee~ y th e oourte. 1he Jud;ea auat ciD , accordina •
to thn judietiAJ. act1"fisto,1D deciding enses and eont11>Vera1ee
1D-.olnng 1b e :risbta ot bUilan bein&a.
( 37 )
In o'*h erworde, it 4eDOtea a alflrdl for aD
abaolute lll8f1Dina of tbe worcta in 1ibe oonaU illtioDAl text aa 1be
goYerning teat in 1be OODsU illtioDal interpretaUona • Ia 'tile
Preaent s_.q_, 'tile tea RoUu• baa lte• aae4 1D 41Dete 1bat 11le
Juqea who take a liberal atRJat 1D fawar of 1be 1Dd1u4ul' • -
rigbta in tbe.csaea wbere 1ibe pYena•t • a 1Dtereat ia 111W1Ye4.
SEL:P REST.RAIJ! ______ .._..............._,_
==~--~----
tbe queaUoD wbetber a a~'Qlte 1a fPOd 01• laa4 "' aolel7 a aatter
tor leclelRUYe 4e'\eaiDfltion,ud Ulat his J'Ole Ra R Judge ia
ae~el7 1'o 4eci4e wbe1be.t' 1ibe ac't is con:1U tutioDRl • Jutic1&1 aelf-
reatnliDt Preauppo aes an atti. tude of DOD - iD"ffl VEDellt ill repl"d te
pv~mmen'tal AoUon touohill& on Pl-o,t~erv or ciftl liberti es or U7
•cb eontroYereial aatter • It 1apl1ea 8D acce;a>'tence 1bR't 1be 'baa:l.o
taete~ l~gislat1Ye or exeout1Ye wiadoa in policy mAkina 8l'l41-e 3
4eterent to 'tbe tendeDC7 of the JucJ1c1Rr7 to enter 'the a reD& of
P,li cy .. •Rk1ng •
Ja.dicial s el:f - .res1.1-a1nt 1 u l=l ~ s1 tion wh1ob
counael.a Ute liaited and infrequcont u se of judi~inl. llJv"el'. {1
3)
AdWCRtea &Dd prncti t i on ai's of judie'.iHl s~lt- rest:rnjnt :t\lr1ber
beli eTe Uurt 1be cour-ts ~o~ld })lay a more ltcilest role nnd awid
aa~ probleia ~llDleas Uleae ars \that it narrowl¥ define.s a_a__Jll~ -
1o1Rble queaUon•. :cbet;y f,=,'tfOu.r mnld.ng decisions on I'Ftrl'Ow g:roWlds
and to AW1.d broad sweePing deciaiona • ( 14) In oth erworde , the
( 38 )
Pro}.X)nents of Jucltciftl self reatnlint woUld tr7 to iaauai•e tbe
court from tile probl•• of ftl.ae abeioe lt7111Diaislllc 1be oppor
tuni t1 ea tor 1b e OOll rt• • rul.1D& OD •b atRati Ye ian •• , ia.S. atlD&
on ve17 stn.ot obaenRDOe ot Pl'Oee .. ral retur.a•"• lt7 11ae PlrU.ea
to n Cftse bdore tile oourt will nl.e oa a JD11o7- 4eo1aioa • ( 1 5)
ilae PJ'O._aiata ot 't111a 1illeor7 reeop1 .. ••
Juqe' a d11't1oQJ. t7 in rtdllc ANYe Ilia •• lt1••• , bat 'llq 1aa -
1st 'Chat o'bJeoU"f1't7 1a 1be aoal tllat be .. 1114 a.1& tor • Aa \he
P•~ '• ~lltioal nPre.-tatlYe., tbe lq.tal.a1ora aa4 a-t:l
Yea , tbef llrpe , IUlYe ibe ebiet rea.PDadltill t7 tor •rld.D& oat
1be aeeoaoc1Rt1on of 1ntereata, 1bat 1a 1be •••••• ot leaialRU.oD •
•• adwOAte• of aelt- reatl"'lint al• 1Ds1at 1bftt Juqea must be
YeJ7 CAreful. to a•14 iDJecU.as 1ibe1r on wilhea 1Dto 1be Ju41c1 -
Rl.. pr&ee• , -ainoe 1 t ia the reall0Ds1'b111 t7 of otbeJ' b~ohea,
&nd DOt 1be1r rea~na1bil1 t7 to dete:ra1De Potbl1c ~1107 • ( 16)
In tile ~reaen t .5"tud7 , by ael!' - restn11n!d
Jud&e a bs.Te been .aef•D t tho ee Ju.dgee who ar" USU.fllly oonsermtt ve
1D tll &r attitude , 1. t:. , tb ey are pro - &Q'Ye1!14lent wh1l e
4ec1ding a CRee between an 1nd1Y1.dual. Fllld. the- gove~Dlent •
LIB £RALI :Jl ._.._._._._....._...._.....
~ 'Br lib-erali(fll is aeru'lt • -a state--o.t r&Adiness
to nccePt • ni.t • -constitutionAl. interPretAtions ~ It is uae4 to
identify Juaticea wbo tAke n libel'fltian atniJd on ci 'Yi~ Uberties
( 39 )
CR ••• , o r 1n o 1b erwo rcla , 1 i • Mae 4eo1 diJa& tor 1:b e 1D d1 Y1 cblAl
apinat 1he .,Yel'Dileat • It 1• oDe tbat tRwara tb e 11tUe peoJQ.e,
•Rll bua1Jieae ••raaa laig lnaldaeaa , aor ••r•• dell , tree aHeeb
ADd eqllftl1 iJ , eto • Dae tea • U-eral. • 1a al• aPP11e4 111
JuaUoea wbo "PProTe a w1te naae et ••~•tal lloU..S.Uea 1Ja
eooaouc ad aocdlll IIJIIerea • ( 11) Ia 11le ••ten ot ftlllaaUq
Suw•• Court JJ011e1•• t u-.~- ·-· .... ulll.l7 ...... fer
tbe 11uliT14Rill aptzat 'tile pYe~~a•t, er •werUq ..... _...,
HOIIOII1C repl.AUOB apiaat •.s.aeaa elaiaa • ( 18) Stal•ta et
~a4101Al a tUta4ea llRYe toad two tn»ea of Ullel'll1•- ..
eaoaoa1c 11bel'ftl1• ud J.011t1oal 11lteftl1• • Pol1t1eel. 11ltera-
11• •"• u wa4erlJ1na fActor 1D e~taea 1D •• Rreaa •• tree ...
of aPeedl , or1a11aRl. procedure , RDil equAl Proteaiion for at.o -
r1t1ea •
Boonollic lib e:r&li• bAa, na 1~s ..m - ooa~zu•ta,
fiecFll cln'illa t &QVerDilal'tftl replfltiOD Of busille ell t UlliOD aftlltl&
a en t di s~tea, freedoa of ooapet1 tion , ll!ld oon s ti tut1on.U.1 t7 of
s'ta t e taza iion •
I n 1b e pr eaent stud7 , ih e tera lib t-r&l1• hAa
b een u ae4 to denote 1h e lib ernl a tt1 tude o t ""e J udgea tor 1b e ~ ..... 1.
1nd1V1 dUAl 1n the enacs o f' ~dAaeD'tRllt,Rlgbta 1DwlY1ng 41aJUte
be'tween 1h e 1nd1'1'1duAla and "til e aovemsea't •
( «> )
to accept ' new • oonaU tuUona1 1JaterPre1RU.ona • Co•aenRU•
ia APPlied to 'tboae Juqea •o take a 1eaa 11lteratartu atRDt aa4
restrict ID'YemaeDtft1 ROUY1Uea 1D eeo•ldo ud •cd.al •lll•n• ( 19)
1be oonaerYRt1Ye Juqea llre 1eaa 11kel7 to take a atAIIt 1a fllw•r . of 1be 1DcUY141lftl. • lb11e 'tbe 11lteral l•ctc•• tftke" 4efta1te
oourae of RoUoD in tbe Ollaea Wlllere 1be 1Jit1Y148al 1Jatereat 1a 1a -
-.o1Ye4 , t.tle ooDaerwtUYe JacScea ell Mt •
Ia tb• Pr•-" ••47 "' ....... u. 1• ---~-C:::I .... l.
1bRt 1D 1be ORaea rel.RUD& 1e ._.,_.'\81-t-ll&bta , " Ja._e tue•
1:be et4e of 1be p'Yema•t apinat 1be 11141Y1t1DR1 •
PRESSURE Gli)UP -------- -·--Preaaure £11)Up ia RD OJ1PU1i8R't1on of PeOPle ,
w1 tb a certAin BIIOUD't of fol'lll.Rli 't7 , bAaed upon aoae aort of oo -
11110n interest 011 R aet of closelY related OOIUIIOD 1ntereata ,
boUJid 1oge'tber b,y ebRred goAla and ntti tudea , wbo Rttspt io
obtain dec1s1ona t R'tOUl'Able to their PreferreCi Taluea by All
aMDa at 'their diaiOIIfll • Preaaure groupe seek to Pll)aote Ptrt -
1cU1Rr intereats w1 thin the aocietJ by exercising 1 ts coliecUYe
1ntluenoe on 'fflrious sepenta of aoo1et7 • (a>) It R'ttEapts 1D
control or 1Dtltaen-e-e -tb e fonau.J.n -don o-r -ex-ecution o.f Jbli o.Y ADd
the making ot lQblio de-cisions in order tO- protect Alld E-..DhflDoe
ita interset •
' 41 )
groupa aa is &DJQ'tb er R»li tiCf\1 bocl7 • ( 21 ) Ia Rill tom ot IDTe -
r.ent , one cAD Pre41ot 1bat wbereTer 'tbere ia A. 4ee1a1oa- aaki
ng bod¥ 1ib8t aRltea 4eo1a1oaa iawlYiDC 1be 11Tea of auJ p.ople ,
aDd wben 11leae 4ee1Jd.oaa atfeot tittuwat peo.P).e tiffereaU7 , 11lere
will be att•Pta_,'-7 at 1*'•" ... of 1be .PeOJO.e 1aw1Ye4 iJa tbe
1asae; to re•lYe 1t 1a 1be1r OWJI fll'tOUr • aat 1ibe OJ1PID1ae4 CJG8Pa
tllU to cet tbmu&b '&:be leglal.A'hre 8114 ezeout1Ye , 1bq 4edre it
to 'be doae tb:roup tbe ~u41o1R~ PrOcess, keeMng in Y.lew t:be t'ao't
Uut.t tbe ~ud1o1RJ7 ia tbe ultimate pRrdian -ofthe- r.tgt&Ta of tbe
PeoPle aDd 1be Protector of the constitution • Hence tbe Penetra-
11on of 1011 tics of interest groups in a Juc11cinl a;rst• 1a iDea
ca)flble 4eaP1 te eTel"J! fO asible arrang•ent of main tninlng 11le 1D4e
»endenoe of Juctaea •
lD 'tbe Present s1D4J, 't!be in:tlu~nce of Preaeure
crou.Ps on the decision - aRld.ng proceaa baa been 'CAll: en j;JJto~--
oun 't •
AIICU S ClTmAE .__.._...._ . ------
It ia a Latin IilrBse meaning "' tri~.lld o:r tbe
court • • ( 22) In AD&lo - Alleri~ jurisprudence , a Judge 4lall-
81~7 hl=l.a cttseretionart rower to pe:nait pe.raona who Are not netual
PArti.ea in R l:eSEU ,Pl'Oeeeding to P!'ettent brie'ta---J.n whi.ch the7
arglle s 1..oa1-tion -r -eJ.it-ttYe to a PeDUnc oa·e-e -and- -seek--to tnna--
enoe tbe decision • In this aFllllter , 'libe Judicial systEII .re®g -
Diaes thnt a aPeoit1c cAse aRy baY~ social implioA'tiona
( 42 )
ex'teDding b~JoDd 'tile PFLrt1ea cl1reoU7 1DW1Ye4.
~. iDtereat anupa ooae t.e :th e ld.oture n a ua
aid 1e 1b e J18r't7 iawlY.a 1D 1tl • OA •• a a " t:rt ea 4 b eOAua~ 1la • . PRrti.ea ooaoeme4 lRok 1ibe aeee88AJ7 Ulltt , eltill Rlld aoae1 • In
1be preaeat sWQ , 'tile allODIIOrllbiP et 1be Oftaee by Pre-re &r-
8Pa bAa be• tllkeD 1Dto ftOOOUDt •
LMDEB:IIIP -----A leAder is A PertOn who intluencea tbe ROU -
ut1ea o! the croup to which hE! beloaga aDd wbo PlA.T a a•tJWl
role ( 23) in lib APing group aot1 Y1 t1ea • LeAderabiP 4eDO'tea ibe
o coupnnoy o t n sts tu a and tb g aot1 ve Perfo 111nno e o t R role 1ba t
aobiliaea aore or leas orgR.Diaed , oolleot1ve Rnd wllUIWrJ
~forl towArd tbe attaiDJieat of lbRred pale ADu ob~eotivea. ( 24)
fwo t.rPes ot leRderahi~ aa7 be defined -
'"* leAdenbiP And Soaif\l leAdership • ( 25) D&Delaki •uea
t eet thRt 1be tRek -l.eA4er of the con:terenee 1e :thflt meJiber tlbo
i s ooncemed with cetting tbe Jolt done and who conaequenU7
"atU:ea aore .uuea'Uona , SiTes more oPinions , orients 'tbe
41souss1oD aore trequeDl.ll , tmd neceasari1T deteDda his 1defla
aore often tbRn th e oth ers • He ia beld 1D high eate• b7 llia
ooll&-"'\gues . !b e aoc1Al. leAder of 'tbe coDlerence is eoneeraed
w11b th e an1JltAin1ng friendl7 relntions within the grou~ • .tie 1•
1be d1Ploafl't wbo s trive• to lessen tension nnd to promo'te eons
IDIIUa. He " a ttends to the Sllot:ionnl needs of his aasocintea bJ
( 43 )
atf1m1ng 1be1r ftluea Re 1n41Y1411Rla ud oourt aellbera • ua4
oonaequenU7 1• well - liked •
ID 1b e. present stud7 , 1b e tem l-"4e!Wa1p laaa
'be• uae4 to 1D41cAte 1b e atatua ADd ~s1~1on ot 1be Cbiet Jaa
t1oe wbo pln7 " ke7 role in tb e decillion a.atns Prooeaa of 1ilae
911 Pr•e Court •
c.
•
( 44 )
1. Schubert, GleDdoD
3. D.anner, Jo aelb ( ed)
4. Gro ••AD, J o el B.
5. Ibid • P. 1069 •
6. Iri sb, MnriRD D. and
Jaa9a w. Prothro
•
- lad1a1ftl. Btbsnor • 1n IntenaRUoDAl
-.aoJO].o·Je41" ot Soe1Al Sot•o•• • .
Yol. 8 • P. J) 7 •
- Publio Lftw a 1'be fte14 • IntemRUODal
1Do7cloped1R ot Soo1Rl So1eaoea •
Vol. 13 • P. 119 •
- D1oti.ODRJ7 of Poli titml Sci•oe •
( w .. Dttlbi 1 Philo aolb;y Libmry ,
1964 ). P •• 5 •
- DiaaeDUng Blo ca oD ill e Wnrren Court a
A S'WQ of JudiciAl :Beibf\UOr • !be
JounaRl ot Poliiioe • Vol • .J) • •o. 4
1968 • P. 1068 •
- Dle Pol1 Uos of J\ll~ricmn D•oe~ey •
( W ew J erae7 1 Prenti oe Hnll. , Inc •
1965 ) • P. 477 •
- tludioial VAluea • IntemRtioDRl Eno7 -
clopedia oi SoCiAl. Sciencea • 'fol. 8 •
• 315 •
( 45 )
8. Gro ••an, Joel B. - op. oi 't • P. 1068 • . - Judic1Rl. Be'rin RDd Ule Supr•e Court
o:t Iatia • AIJt 1969 , Joul'tllll SeeUoD ,
P. 12J •
10. MoDIIRI\1 StelbeD T. - AaericaD Poll tics I A Srattaa APitrORola •
( l'ew York & Holt B:I.DebBrt llD4 W1Jaa1DD
Ir;c • 1969 ) • P. 225 •
11. ?!AnaD, V1o1ior L RDd CrA1&
B. INcf\' - foWf\rd 1\Jl Integrf\tlon of PubUo
LAw lll!d Jucl1c1fll. Btbi\Ylor • Dle
Joan'lllll. ot Politics • Yol. 29 ,
... 1 , 1977 • P. 53 •
12. Bunaa, J.M. ud JAck
w. Pel'ta.ou
1). I'J.RD&Ot Y'1o1or i. aDd
Craie i. D~oat
14. Mon .-Jt, St eib en '· 15. :iDCJOloPe4i& <Bri iru:wica
16. :Bums , .r.•. aDd
J. • Pel tll.OD
- GcYeraaec't by the PeoPl• • ( ...
J erae7 a Pren'ti c e Hflll IDo. 198 )
P. 521 •
- Op. o1 '*· P. 52 •
It 0 p. 01 t • I?. 225 •
- Vol. 3 ' P. 173 •
- op. cit. P. 521 •
( 46 )
- OP. e1:t. P. 225 •
- CoDUDU tJ aD4 CJuua~e I ~ tb e
""rrea Coun to tbe Bursar Oouri •
( C11t11to1111a I Qoo4 l•r hbl1.ta1BI
Co. IDo. 1976 ) P. 6 •
3>. !be Colb'b1R BDcwclope41a - P. 173> •
21. lroaan , Lewia A. Jr.
22. Adr.l.an, CbRrl ea B.
- Peo ltte and l'oli tics : ktA ADA17s1a
o f 1be AllerJ.OAn P.oli t10fll S7at•.
( Rew J ersQ a Prentic-e HRll lao.
1962 ) P. 90 •
- The Aae r10RD l?ol1 tienl Prooeaa •
( McGI'ftw Bill 1\ook Co. Inc. 1965 )
, • 8~ •
- 1'b e WAture ot LeAderiJliP a A PJ"f\o -
1:1onl APProRM •
- A DiOti013Rr)' O f SociAl Soienoea •
( 1 .. lork ' The .i'ree }Jreaa , 1965)
P • .380 •
- In:nuence of tb P. Chief Justice iD
tile Dec1 sionRl Pro a ess of :til e SUPJ"eotni
( 47 )
Court • iD llurJby, fll ter r. aDd c. B era&D Pri tell ett ( e4s) .
Oourta , Juqea and Poli tica • ( ••
York a BuadDa Bouse , 1961 ) •
....
t.
< e >
!be PreaeDt atu~ • SaPr•• Cou~ in 111ft lDtiRD
l»oli ticAl S7at• a A S"tud.J o-r Judicial Btbanour ud JuclieiAl
Decision llflkinc , 1967 - 1916 ·~ auea u R't"tapt 'to a'tud7 tbe
wting bebaYlour of tbe Judges adorains 'tbe B•cll dul"iJJa 'tbe Per
iod 1967 to 1976 in :relation :to luaciNleDtftl Rl&bta &QRI'RD'tee4 to
'tile ci tisens 8Dd Peraoaa by tb e Const11.tation of IndiA •
Th e aAJor :tooue bAa beeD giYeD on the iDYeeU
g Ation o t the w t ing ~ecorda o ! 1ihe Judgea ADd their direction aa
pro - indindunl or pll) - &OYe l"Dle.nt, and their attitude or disposi tion as libe_al or conservative , in tte traditional and modern ~en~e
In addi t1on 'to tali a, 'this study aeeka to 'tbrow
lisbt on tbe backgro~d obBmcteriatioa of 1be Juqtta of tbe
SUPr.e Court iliirlag til e .,..e Period •
APRr't troa tb eae, tills stu d7 aeelt a to -.row
lisbt Rlao oD itie 4ecd.aion - aRk1ng prooeea of 1be &apr•• Court •
Whil e etudylag 1be 4eoision -aRkins PrOceaa , tb e 1ntlueaoea of
tb e Cbi et Just1oe , Pre.sure groupa aDd alao 'tbe in:tl.D PJlce of ~l -
1 tics bAVe b een tueD into accout •
'· tbia atud.J, t1nall71 &like• an att•pt 1lo
udertRlt e RDd e&ITJ out an oPinion -.n87 of 'the iudgea w11b 1be
belp o f A qu e at1onnR.1re on clifferent llaPecta of Ju41c1nl beba~ -
o u r flBd judi c1&l clec1 don - aski ng •
---
( f3 )
A •rYe7 of 1be 11 'teJ"R"ture on 1b e la41Aa Sap
r•• Court wll.l leilA ••• w *• 1DeY1 'tal»le oonolusioD tllat Ye'J:7
little llBYe l»eea wr.l tt• on ttl e ID41RD Jud1o1al. bdlB'Yiour u4
Ju41oial. 4ee114oD- aA.tinc • Bebauoural s~d¥ ot tbe Juctce• ot
'tbe lDcJ1RD S.Pr•• Court r•RiDed a De&].eote4 aspect of JUl»l1o
law aUl receat17 • lo works baYe been done iD India 1D 1:b1a
naPeot exoePt lty a foreip acbolar ( 1) &D4 BD Ind1RD eoholRr. ( 2)
1be etllclies 10 tar oonducted, relating to the
S.prae Court of In41a, baYe lteeD aR1Dl7 on tracU tionRl linea
ud 'the tocua WRa •Rinly on the inet1tut1oD • 1be Juclgea wbo
ooaPriae 1be •encb of 1be SUPr•e Court 41d DOt a'ttl"flot 1be
attention of 1be Ia411Ul acbolara wbile , on 1ibe otber hand •
'the llllnl82 bebanouml. atud¥ of 'the .Tt.ac1gea of 1b e AmeriOIUI
SUprae Court e18ried in th e 19«> • s witb 1be pJ.oneeriDa woJk
of c. HemAn Pr1 tobe'tt , ( 3) and since 'tiben , there bRa been a
Pletbol"ft of wol'K• • Ooa])Ared to 'tbe AaeriCAn stud1ee , 1tae
auaber of atad1ee conducted 1n In41a se•s to be Yeey inaip -
iftcaat. Viewed ~1'0• this ugle , tbis study td.ll , to a greAt
extent , fill a reeearcb gAP in an im.sortant segment of 'tibe
Indian l»lil~l aJstfll! ~
XoreoYer, this is PerlHl.Pa 1ibe first study 'lilicil
baa been oonducted through ~neJmethod tor aupplementing tbe
111118 of wt:I.Dg recorda oollec'ted fro• law reports like 'tibe
( 50 )
Dae •••J'R•• o~ 'tile Pel"io cl o f 1be w.••t •tad~' i s tma 1967 to 1976 • Dae 7•r 1967 blla beea Clbo••• lae-
.,. ... o t :tb • tAot itlA t tb1a leAr •"*• a Wfl~er - · • ecl 1n 1b e
111a'tor7 of IaU&D ~udto1&J7 •
tile QolAiaM1b CAM ( 4) 1a~ro4uoe4 a .tp1t1out
alu,ace 1D tbe eoart' • ale u4 aet 1Ja uttom a Dew treD4 • Co••••c==-.o- 16 all 11ae .. tlaPeO'ta , tb1 a at1147 UJ 4_,..4 a OODaicleJ~A-le
o-... aou't o t J•aUft81lUOD 11114 areRt 4Ml o z 111-Pr)~cte •
It'
( 51 )
REl.ER.EtfCE --~ - --1. (a)
(W). ---...~----- ---~
(a) -
2. Bamn11 1:b , v. S. 1:.
). Pri tell ett , c. H e:rmAn
SeleoUou, BRo&croa4 CJla:raot -
er.l.aUca u4 VoUD& Btbauor et
1Dcl1u S.praae Court lata ...
1950 -59 • 1D Sobubert, Gleaa.•
and D&Yid J. DRDP~ak1 ( e4-' Q,a}lR:tft t1 Te Judicial BebRY1or •
( •ew Yorlt a O~rcl Un1Yer•t7
Preas, 1969 ) •
- ID41AD Judi a1Al 1lebRT.l.our •
Eoonom1c And Political l'eeklJ.
Vol. ). Almufll Jlhaber, 19 70.
BnDRJ"R • LBw J oumRl • Yol. 10 •
1974.
SUpr•e Court of IndiA a AD
•Pi r1 Ofll ::QJ q\11 r1 irl1iD Ju 41 oial
BtbaYiour • 1950 -19 "' • Jounutl
o! Const1. tuUonal And l?RrliAilezS
•17 Studies • Vol 7 , lo. 4 ,
1973.
- !be lbo s eTelt Court a A SiudJ iD
JudiciAl Politics nnd YFlluea ,
1937 -1947. ( :lew lotk a ••cai
( 52 )
- llan , 1948 ) •
4e Golruma1b '· State of PunJab • AIR 1961 sc 1643 •
-- ·---
( 5l )
!be tollo,.,in& b~1bcaea will be teatecl 1D
a • prea•t reaearob •
-bail ~· well - 1D - do t .. 111ea •
( 2 ) lloat of 1:be ID41u ~Pr•• Court Judgea
are fa:reip e4DORte4 •
( 3 ) 1h e Ju4&ea o t 1b e IDdiAD SUPrfllle Court
sre aboYe t1tt7 JMra of aae •
( 4 I !be Cbie:t JusUoe bas a breRt ill:PRot OD
the deed Siol! a.cilr:illC prooeaa •
( 5 ) ~ • .11011 Ue8l IRrlY iD ~wer bna M 1Df
laeaoe on Ule 4ea1s1oD - allkiDC PJ'OO~a• •
( 6 ) Dl e PJ'eaeure croupa eXert 1ntlue~~oe oD
tbe d ec1 e1on Nking proaeea of the Suprsae Court •
( 54 )
ID tbe Preaat at1147 , the Juqea bRYe beea
COD81dere4 sa depeadeat ftr1altlea • tlae 1D4a~4eat 'Wlr!Rblea are
clittereat lmokcroUDd obRJ'F.lo1er1aUoa 1aol.a41ac rel1&1on , ••"••
Pl teml\l OCOUllftti.OD t aDd 1be1r i&ooae t a•d.U.o quA11f1CIIlUOD t
eta . , wbiob aipt 1:iltl.UeDce 1be 'bebauoar ot Juqea ill 'their tRail
o t 4eo1 ai.OD - •Akinc •
lD R441 UOD to tbeH t 1tle 8CJRle Of ftlu~a U4*
1:be IIOciAl Jll1lo110lll7 of Juqea llaYe beaD "reA1e4 •• 1Ddel'endent
YHriBblea on wbiah clePeDcl the a" Iii t\&4e ftD4 wtin& bebAYiour of tbe
Juqea tlbo "" 4ePen4te1 ~rtablea in tb e present stud7 •
AlaD , Poll 1:1081 Rtuabaeat ot 'tile l•dc••
bRa been OODa14ere4 sa an 1D4ePeD4eD't ~r1Rble wbiob U7 al110
influence Ju4ce' • behsnour 1D deciding a CS\ae •
-- '·
