Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. इंटरनेट मानक “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda “Invent a New India Using Knowledge” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Jawaharlal Nehru “Step Out From the Old to the New” “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS 4155 (1966): Glossary of terms relating to chemical and radiation hazards and hazardous chemicals [CHD 8: Occupational Safety, Health and Chemical Hazards]
Transcript
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
इंटरनेट मानक
“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru
“Step Out From the Old to the New”
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
है”ह”ह
IS 4155 (1966): Glossary of terms relating to chemical andradiation hazards and hazardous chemicals [CHD 8:Occupational Safety, Health and Chemical Hazards]
IS: 4155 - 1966(Reaffirmed 1995)
<EAFF1RMEOIndian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDSAND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
( Third Reprint DECEMBER 2004 )( Including Amendment No. I )
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
l007
Gr 6 September 1967
IS : 4155 -1966
Indian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDSAND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
Chemical Hazards Sectional Committee, CDC 18
Chairman RepresentingSHin N. S. MANKIKBR Directorate General of Factory Advice Service &
Labour Institutes ( Mipistry of Labour, Employment & Rehabilitation ), Bombay
( Continued onpage 2 )
SecretaryDR A. K. BHATTAOIiARYA
Deputy Director (Chern), lSI
DR SADGOPAL,Director (Chem)
SHRIS. C. Roy ( Alternate )S:!iRI C. C. MANIAR . Indian Chemical Manufacturers' Association,
BombayDR V. C. MANKODI Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
DR B. N. CRAB;RAVARTY ( Alternate )SHRIM. N. KHANNA (Alternate'
DR C. N. K. MURTHY Ministry of Defence ( DGI )SHRIR.S.AoARWAL(Alkmate)
SHRINARENDRA SINOH Minis.try of Defence ( R&D'DR K. J. BALAKRISRNA ( Alternate:) .
REPRESENTATIVE Indian Institute of Petroleum ( CSIR ,. Debra DunSHRIM. VENUOOPAL The Western India Match Company Limited,
BombayDirector General, lSI ( Ex-o.fji&io Memlm )
SHRIS. N. LARIRI
DEPUTY DIRECTOR,(GENERAL)
SHRIJ. M. GUHA Ministry of Petroleum & ChemicalsDR G. JAYARAUA RAo (Alternate) .
DRJAGDlSH SHANKAR Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay, BombaySHRIJOGINDER SINOH Directorate General of Technical Development
(Ministry of Industrial Development &Company Affairs)
Department of Explosives (Ministry of Works,Housing and Rehabilitation )
Members5HRIJ. D. ADHIA Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd, Bombay
SHRIS. M. MAOHIRAJU ( Alternate) . .SHRI S. K. BORXAll. Directorate General of Health Services (Ministry of
Health & Family Planning)SHRI P. S. RAMAOHANDRAN (Alternate)
SHRIJ. M. DAVE Central Public Health Engineering ResearchInstitute ( CSIR ), Nagpur
TRAFFIO Railway Board (Ministry of Railways)
BUR E A U 0 FIN D I AN' S T fA N DAR D SMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS I 4155 • 1966
Department of Explosives (Ministry of Works,Housing lit Rehabilitation )
Directorate General of Factory Ad"ice Service &Labour Institutes ( Ministry of Labour, Employment & Rehabilitation), Bombay
Ministry of Defence ( R lit D)Directorate General of Health Services (Ministry of
Health lit Family Planning)Indian Chemical Manufacturerl' Association,
.Bombay
SHRI S. R. BHIBE ( AltmIDte )SHRI NAllBNDRA SINGHSBRI P. S. RAllACBANDRAH
SBRI P. R. SATBB
Smu C. C. MANtAll (Altmrau)
( Continuedfrom pagl I )
DefiUition and Glassification of Chemical Hazards and HazardousChemicals Subcommittee, CDC 18: 2
Re/JruentingAtomic Energy Eatablishment, Trombay, Bombay
SHRI S. C. Roy ( Alternate)SHRI N. S. MANKlKER
CotWl1lMDR JAGDIIH SHANKAR
Memb"6Smn S. N. LABIRI
2
AMENDMENT NO. 1 SEPTEMBER 2002TO
IS 4155: 1966 GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TOCHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS AND
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS( Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Absorption' ) - Insert the following after
'Absorption':
'Absorbed Dose - The fundamental dosimetric quantity, D defined as D =de/dm, where, de is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter in avolume element, and dm is the mass of matter in the volume element. The energycan be averaged over any defined volume, the average dose being equal to thetotal energy imparted in the volume divided by the mass in the volume. The SIunit of absorbed dose is joule per kilogram (Jzkg) termed as gray(Gy).'
( Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Acute' ) - Insert the following after 'Acute':
'Action Level - The level of dose rate or activity concentration above whichremedial actions or protective actions should be carried out in chronic exposureor emergency exposure. '
'Entrance Surface Dose - Absorbed dose in the centre of the field at thesurface of entry of radiation for a patient undergoing a radiodiagnosticexamination, expressed in air and with backscatter.'
( Page 10, clause 2, heading 'Exposure' ) - Insert the following after'Exposure':
'Exposure Pathway- The routes by which radioactive material can reach orirradiate humans. '
( Page 13, clause 2, heading 'Ignition' ) - Insert the following after'Ignition' :
'Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) - An IDLH levelrepresents the maximum airborne concentration of a substance to which ahealthy person can be exposed for as long as 30 minutes and still be able toescape without loss of life or irreversible organ system damage.'
1
Amend No.1 to IS 4155: 1966
( Page 15, clause 2, heading 'LD 50' ) - Substitute the following for theexisting:
'Lethal Dose - The quantity of material administered orally or by skinabsorption by which 50 percent of the exposed population will be fatallyinjured.'
( Page 15, clause 2, heading 'Lesion' ) - Insert the following after'Lesion':
'Lethal Concentration LCso - A concentration of airborne material by which50 percent of the exposed population will be fatally injured.'
( Page 17, clause 2, heading 'Polycythemia' ) - Insert the following after'Polycythemia' :
'Potential Exposure - Exposure that is not expected to be delivered withcertainty but that may result from an accident at a source or owing to an event orsequence of events of a probabilistic nature, including equipment failures andoperating errors.'
( Page 18, clause 2, heading 'Radioactivity' ) - Insert the following after'Radioactivity' :
'Radioactive Material- Any substance or material which spontaneously emitradiation at a rate corresponding to not less than 0.1 microcurie or any substanceor material in which the radiation emission rate per gram corresponds to not lessthan 0.002 microcurie shall be deemed to be radioactive substance.'
(CHD 8)
2Printed at Simco Printing Press, Delhi
AMENDMENT NO.2 DECEMBER 2006TO
IS 4155,: 1966 GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TOCHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDS AND
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
[Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Absorbed Dose' (read with AmendmentNo.1)] - Insert the following after 'Absorbed Dose':
'Activity - The quantity A for an amount of radionuclide in a given energystate at a given time is defined as:
A =dN/dt
where dN is the expectation value of the number of spontaneous nucleartransformations from the given ener~ state in a time interval dt. The 81unit ofactivity is the reciprocal of secondts' ), termed the Becquerel (Bq).'
(Page 4, clause 2, heading 'Airdose') - Insert the following after"Airdose':
'ALARA - An acronym for 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable'. A conceptmeaning that the design and use of sources, and the practices associatedtherewith, should be such as to ensure that exposures are kept as low asreasonably practicable, with economic and social factors taken into account'
(Page 5, clause 2, heading 'Analgesic') - Insert the following after'Analgesic':
'Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) - The intake by inhalation, ingestion orthrough the skin of a given radionuclide in a year by the reference man, whichwould result in a committed dose equal to the relevant dose limit. The ALI isexpressed in units of activity.'
(Page 7, clause 2, heading 'Closed Cup Method') - Insert the followingafter 'Closed Cup Method':
1
Amend No. 2 to IS 4155 : 1966
'Collective Dose - An expression for the total radiation dose incurred by apopulation and defined as the product of the number of individuals exposed to asource and their average radiation dose. '
(Page 8, clause 2, heading 'Deramatosis) - Insert the following after'Deramatosis':
'Deterministic Effects - A radiation effect for which generally a thresholdlevel ofdose exists, above which the severityof the effect is greater for a higherdose.'
(Page 8, clause 2, heading 'Dosage') - Insert the following after'Dosage':
'Dose - A measure of the radiation absorbed by a target The quantities termedabsorbed dose, organ dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, committedequivalent dose; or committed effective dose are used, depending on the context.The modifying tenns are used when they are not necessary for defining thequantity of interest. '
(Page 9, clause 2, heading 'Electron Capture') - Insert the followingafter Electron Capture':
'Effective Dose - The quantity E is defined as a summation of the tissueequivalent doses, eachmultiplied by the appropriate tissue weighting factor:
E = EWTXHTT
where HT is the equivalent dose in tissue T and WTis the tissue weighting factorfor tissue T.'
(Page 9, clause 2, heading 'Epilation') - Insert the following after'Epilation' :
'Equivalent Dose (HT~ - The quantity HT,Ris defined as:
2
Amend No.2 to IS 4155 : 1966
where DT,R is the absorbed dose delivered by radiation type R averaged over atissue or organ T and WR is the radiation weighing factor for radiation type R.When the radiation field is composed of different radiation types with differentvalues of WR, the equivalent dose is:
(Page 20, clause 2, heading 'Stimulant') - Insert the following after'Stimulant' :
'Stochastic Effects of Radiation - Radiation effects generally occurringwithout a threshold level of dose whose probability is proportional to the doseand whose severity is independent of the dose.'
'Supervised Area - Any area not designated as a controlled area but for whichoccupational exposure conditions are kept under review even though specificprotective measures and safety provisions are not normally needed.'
(CHD 8)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
3
IS : 4155 • 1966
Indian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION HAZARDSAND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
o. FOR E W 0 R D
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institutionon 1 November 1966, after the draft finalized by the Chemical HazardsSectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Council.
0.2 Realising the rapid pace of industrialisation within the country it wasconsidered expedient to take up formulation of standards on definition andclassification of chemical hazards; laboratory and industrial chemicalhazards including air pollution. The concerned committee, while formulating standards on different aspects covered under its scope felt thatformulation of a standard glossary of technical terms relating to chemicaland radiation hazards and hazardous chemicals was necessary. Commonlyused scientific terms may have a different import when specifically used inrelation to different types of chemical hazards. That such a need forstandardization of terminology for avoiding ambiguity and confusion inthe use of the terms is vitally called for has been amply borne out throughexperience gained in the formulation of Indian Standards relating tolaboratory, industrial and air pollution hazards.
0.2.1 This standard covers terms relating to chemical and radiationhazards and hazardous chemicals. Terms relating to air pollution havebeen covered separately. Terms relating to the principal chemical hazards,such as corrosive, explosive, flammable, oxidizing, poisonous and radioactive substances, have been included in this standard.
0.3 In the preparation of this standard assistance derived in defining termsused in nuclear science, from B.S. 3455: 1962 Glossary of Terms Used inNuclear Science, British Standards Institution, is gratefully acknowledged.
I. SCOPE
I.l This standard defines technical terms relating to chemical and radiationhazards and hazardous chemicals.
1.1.1 It does not include terms relating to air pollution.
IS: 4155 - 1966
2. T.ERMINOLOGY
A
Abel Heat Test - British official heat test which is generally applied tonitro-explosives. The principle of the test is to note the time required toproduce a standard tint on a potassium iodide-starch paper when the explosive is heated under.specified conditions.
Absorption - As applied to. chemical hazards, refers to the process ofpenetration of a position into the body. A material is said to be absorbedonly when it has gained entry into the blood stream and consequentlymay be carried to all parts of the body. This requires that substances passthrough the skin, mucous membrane or air sacs of the lungs.
As applied to radiation hazards, refers to processes by which radiationimparts some or all of its energy to any material through which itpasses.
Acute - In the medical sense it means' of short duration", As appliedto materials inhaled or absorbed through the skin. it refers to a singleexposure. As applied' to materials ingested, it refers to a single dose.
Aerosol- A colloidal system in which the dispersion medium is a gas.
Airdose - X-ray dose expressed in roentgens delivered at a point in freeair. In radiological practice it consists of the dose due to the radiations ofthe primary beam and to that scattered from surrounding air.
Allergen - The agent, the presence of which in the body gives rise toallergy.
Allergenic Potential - A qualitative term that gives an idea of theallergic action of a material. . A substance is said to have a high allergenicpotential, if, even very small amounts of that substance give rise to symptomsof allergy.
Allergy - A state in which the cells, of the body are hypersensitive tocertain substances ( allergens), usually proteins, introduced into it. Thereactions of the. body exhibit themselves as oedema, inflammation anddestruction of tissue.
Alpha-Particle (IX-Particle) - A helium nucleus (consisting of twoprotons and two neutrons) having a mass of 4 units and 2 units of positivecharge. It is a fundamental particle.,
Am.m.unition - Explosive substances when enclosed in any case or contrivance or otherwise adopted or prepared so as to form a cartridge or chargefor small arms, guns, rockets or other weapons and components thereofsuch as 'caps, detonators, primers, boosters, fuzes. shells, warheads, etc.
IS: 4155 • 1966
Aaaesthetic - A substance which produces insensibility to touch, painand temperature with or without loss of consciousness.
Analgesic - A chemical, inorganic or organic, which relieves pain.
Aatibiotic - A substance produced by micro-organisms which inhibitsthe growth ofor destroys other micro-organisms.
Aatidote - A substance given to a patient to counteract the effectsproduced due to ingestion of a poisonous or toxic chemical or radioactivematerial.
Aplastic Anaemia - Anaemia not followed by ordinary regeneration ofthe blood. .
Asphyxiant - A substance ( gas) exposure to which leads to a morbidcondition caused by the failure of the tissues to receive or utilise oxygen,the fault occurring in the lungs, blood or tissues or caused by dilution ofatmospheric oxygen. .
Atomic Mass - The mass of an atom usually expressed in atomic massunit.
Atomic Mass Units ( AMU ) - One "Sixteenth the mass of one neutralatom of oxygen equivalent to 1·66 X 10-24 g, 931 MeV, 1·49 X 10-8 ergsor 0·999 728 atomic weight units ( symbol amu ) ~ Recently atomic masseshave been expressed adopting 0-12 unit according to which one amuequals one twelfth the mass of a neutral atom of Carbon-12.
Attenuation - The process by which a beam of radiation is reduced inintensity when passing through some material. It is the combination ofabsorption and scattering process and leads to a decrease in the flux densityof the beam, when projected through matter.
Attenuation Factor - The ratio of the incident intensity of a beam of.radiation to the transmitted intensity.
Auto Ignition Temperature - The temperature at which a material( solid, liquid or gas) will self-ignite and sustain combustion in the absenceof a spark or flame.
Autoradiograph - A self portrait of the radioactive material in an objectmade by placing the object close to photographic plates or films which arethen developed.
B
Background Radiation - Radiation arising from radioactive materialother than the one directly under consideration. Background" radiation"due to natural radioactivity and cosmic rays is always present. There mayalso be background radiation due to the presence ofradioactive materials inother parts of the building, and in the building materials themselves.
5
IS: 4155-1966
Ballistic Pendulum - An apparatus for measuring the relative power ofdifferent explosives as compared to a standard explosive by, determiningthe weights of different explosives, which when fired will produce similardeflection of the pendulum.
Ballistics - That branch of applied physics which deals with the motionof projectiles and the conditions governing that motion, commonly calledthe science of shooting.
Beta-Particle ( ~-Particle ) - Charged particle, emitted from the nucleusof an atom and having a mass and charge equal in magnitude to those ofthe elctron.
Binary Explosives - Mixtures of TNT with another explosive, such asRDX, PETN or with another explosive and a non-explosive material suchas ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder.
Blasting Fuse - A device consisting of a length of slow burning composition which delays the firing of an explosive charge sufficiently to allow theperson firing it to get out of danger.
Bone Seeker - An element which tends to be deposited in the bones of thebody because it is either chemically similar to calcium or takes part inbone-forming processes.
Booster - An intermediate high explosive charge in an ' Explosive Train',. which is easily initiated by the primary charge and detonates at high speed,
thereby imparting sufficient impulse to the main explosive charge to detonate completely.
BreDlsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation resulting from interactionbetween two charged particles ( usually an electron and a nucleus).
Drisance - Used for shattering power of an explosive as distinguishedfrom its total work capacity and indicates its ability to shatter and fragmentsteel, concrete and other very hard structures and is dependent upon itsvelocity of detbnation.
C
Cancer - The common term for malignant neoplasms or tumours. Neoplasias are new growths which occur in some organ or tissue. These can beroughly divided into benign and malignant forms, though in certain casesthe distinction Is unclear.
Cap - That part ofa cartridge or shell which is filled with a detonative. composition and is fired by a percussion strike. I t ignites the propellantcharge in gun and small arm ammunition.
CarcinogeD - Any agent responsible for causing cancer.
6
IS 14155.1966
Characteri.de ( Discrete) Radiation - X:'radiation consisting ofdiscrete wavelengths which are characteristic of the emitting element.Chronic - In the medical sense, this term is used' in contrast to ' Acute',and means ' of long duration'. As' applied to materials inhaled or absorbed through the skin, it means exposure times of long duration. Asregardsmaterial ingested, it refers to repeated doses.
Cleveland Open Cup Method - A method for determining the flashpoint of a liquid. In this the vapour being experimented upon has freeaccess to' air and thus is slightly less concentrated than the one in the'Closed Cup Method' (see also. ' Closed Cup Method' ).
Closed Cup Method - One of the methods for determining the flash pointof a liquid: In this method, measurements are made on a saturated vapourair mixture obtained in a closed cup.Combustible - Any material capable of combustion.Combustion - The action or the process of burning, usually associatedwith the development of light, heat and chemical combination.Contact Dermatitis:"'- Inflammation of the surface of the skin orepidermis due to physical contact with an allergy producing material.
"Qontact Radiation Therapy - X-ray therapy with specially constructed
,tul/les in which the target-skin distance is very short ( less than 2 em}. Thevoltage employed is usually between 40 to 60 KV.
Contaminant - The substance giving rise to a contamination.
Contamiuauon- The objectionable presence ofsubstances which may beeither' poisonous or radioactive in nature. ' ,
Controlled Area - Area in which the occupational exposure to radiationor .radloactive material of personnel is' under the supervision of a safetyofficer. '
Core ~'The part of a nuclear reactor containing the fissionable material.Corrosive - Chemicals which readily tend to attack materials in contact.
Cumulative Effect ( or a Poison) - The effects of certain poisons dependnot only on the dose, received at a particular time but also on, the doses ofthe poison previously received. Thus a quantity of such a poison, innocuous in the first instalment, mayp'l'ove to be dangerous in subsequent ones.Such an effect is said to be ' cumulative' in nature and is termed' Cumulative Effect' as such. Sometime such cumulative effect, will occur withradiation,
Curie - The unit of radioactivity. It is the quantity of a radioactive isot'ope which disintegrates at the rate 9£ 37 000 millions disintegrations persecond. The activity of a gram of'radium is approximately equal to one curic.
7
IS : 4155 • 1966
DDaughter - A synonym for 'Decay Product'
Decay Constant - The fraction of the number of atoms of a radioactiveelement which decays in unit time.
Decay Product - A nuclide resulting from the radioactive disintegrationof a radio nuclide, formed either directly or as a result of successive transformations in a radioactive series. A decay product may be either radio-active or stable. .
Decay, Radioactive - Disintegration of the nucleus ofan' unstable elementby the spontaneous emission of charged particles, or the nuclear capture orejection of orbital electrons of fission.
Decontallliaanon Factor - Ratio of the initial concentration of contaminating radioactive material to the final concentration after a separationprocess.
Depth Dose - The radiation dose delivered-at a particular depth beneaththe surface of the body. It is usually expressed as a percentage of surfacedose or as a percentage ofair dose. .
Dermatosis - An affliction or inflammation of the deeper parts of the skin.
Detonation - The brisant explosion of a high explosive ( see' Brisance ' ).
Detonator - A device containing primary explosives with or without abooster charge employed to bring about the detonation of more insensitiveexplosives. The simplest form of a detonator consists of a drawn metallictube closed at one end and-filled with mercury fulminate or like explosivewith or without a~ooster charge.
Direct Radiation - Obsolete term for all radiation other than the usefulbeam; now designated as leakage radiation (see' Leakage Radiation' }.
Dosage -..:. i) In the medical sense; a measure of any material, expressed insuitable units, that gains entry into the body, and ii) in the radiation sense,the amount of radiation to which the body or any material has been exposed.
Dose Rate - Radiation dose delivered per unit time.
DosiJDeter - Instrument used to detect and measure an accumulateddose of radiation; in common usage it is a pencil size ionization chamber withbuilt in self-reading electrometer, used for personnel monitoring.
Dry CheJDical - One of the many types of fire extinguishers. Thecomposition depends on the type offire being fought against. The usualones encountered are sand, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, graphite,magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide or a mixture ofany or all of these,
8
IS: 4155 • 1966
E
Electron Captnre - A mode of radioactive decay involving the capture01 an orbital electron by its nucleus. The mode is further designated asK.~lectron capture, L-electron capture, etc, depending on whether the.eapture is from the K-shell, or L-shell, etc. This is followed by emissionof X-rays..
Electron Volt { eV) - A unit ofenergy equivalent to the amount gainedby an electron in passing through a potential difference of one volt. Largemultiple units of the electron volt are frequently used, such as KeV for kiloelectron volts ( 1 000 eV ). MeV for million electron volts ( 106 eV ), andBeV for billion electron volts (10' eV).
Energy Spectrnm - The orderly separation of the components of a beamof radiation according to their wavelengths, frequencies for quantumenergies.
Enriched Material - i) Material in which the relative amount of oneor more isotopes of a' constituent has been increased, such as enricheduranium, in which the abundance of U235 isotope is increased abovenormal.
Epilation - The temporary or permanent removal of hair.
Erethism - An abnormal excitement of an organ-or tissue. A symptomof mercury poisoning.
Erythema - An abnormal redness of the skin, due to distension of the.capillaries with blood. It can be caused by many different agents, such asheat, certain drugs, ultraviolet rays, and ionizing radiation.
Esop Test - A test in which an explosive, such as picric acid, is mixed witholive oil or cottonseed oil and trials are made in order to determine thehighest proportion of oil which may be present without causing failure todetonate by the initiating explosive present.
Ezcitation - The addition of energy to a system by high energy particlesor radiations, such as an atom or nucleus thereby transforming it from itsground state to an excited state, each different state being associated witha definite excitation energy.
EKflosive - Substance, which under certain conditions of temperature,shock or chemical action can decompose rapidly to evolve either largevolumes of, gases or so much heat that the surrounding air is forced toexpand very rapidly.
Explosive Range-- This is the range of concentration over which a parti.cular vapour or gas will be conducive for propagation of flames ( see also'Flammability Limits'). .
9
IS I -1155- 1966
Esplosi"es, Classification of- Explosives may be classifiedinto threedistinct classes of materials according to their functioning characteristics,such as:
a) Primary Explosives or Initiatory Explosives are those which explode ordetonate on application of smaIl external energy produced byfriction, sudden impact, or heat, for example, mercury fulminatelead azide, lean styphanate, etc.
b) Low Explosives or Propellants are those which undergo auto-combustion at rates that may vary from a few centimetres per minuteto 400 metres per second. Examples of these are gunpowder,NC powders and colloidal propellants containing nitrocelluloseand nitroglycerine with or without other ingredients;
c) High Explosives - These explosives are comparatively less sensitivethan primary explosives but when suitably initiated, undergovery rapid, almost instantaneous, decomposition, with velocity ofdetonation which may vary from I 000 to 8 500 metres per second.Common example of these are TNT, cyclonites, dynamites, etc.
Esplosi"e Train - Series of explosive substances arranged according todecreasing sensitivity and increasing power or brisance so as to enable aSIDal1 impulse from an Initiator explosive develops into a sufficient powerfulimpulse through the medium of intermediate explosives which will be sufficient to cause detonation of the main explosive filling or explosive charge.
I5sposare - The state of being subjected to the action of a poison orroldiation.
Esternal Radiadon - That radiation reaching a given point in thebody or the irradiated material which is due directly or indirectly to a sourceof radiation outside the body of material.
Esdngaisher - Any agent used to fight fire with a view to put it out.
Estremities - The hands, forearms and (with restrictions)· the head andthe feet are considered extremities. The permissible exposure of thesearea'll to radiation is greater, chiefly because they include lessblood-formingmaterial and have smaller volumes for energy absorption than other partsof the body.
F
Fertility -- The ability to produce offsprings.
Fibrosis - The formation of fibrous tissue as a result of injury or inflammation of a part or of interference with its blood supply.
Film Badge - A pack of photographic film or filmsrequired to be worn byradiation workers for assessment of personal radiation exposure.
10
IS I fl55.196&
FDter, Primary ( Radiology) - A sheet of material usually metal, placedin the path of a' beam of radiation to remove as far as possible the lesspenetrating components. .
Filter, Secondary ( Radiology) - A sheet of material of lower atomicnumber relative to that of the primary filter placed in the path of the filteredbeam of radiation to remove characteristic radiation produced by theprimary filter. .
FJre - The chemical combination of oxygen with fuel accompanied byevolution of thermal energy, indicated by incandescence or flame.
Fire Hazard - A term that connotes all the implied risks associated withthe start and spread of'fire,
Fi••ion - The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two ( or very i-areIy more)approximately equal fragments, fission fragments. Fission is accompaniedby the emission of neutrons and the release ofenergy. It can be spontaneousor it can be caused by the interaction of neutrons, or fast charged partidaor high energy proton.
F.UOD Products - Stable and unstable nuclides resulting from fission.
F.sloD Ylelcl - The fraction of fissions giving rise to one particular groupoffissionproducts all having the same mass number.
Flammability Limit - A flame can propagate in a mixture ofcombustiblegas and air ( or oxygen) only if the concentration of the gas is betweentwo limits known as the lower and upper flammable ( exposure) limits.
Flaahles. Powders - ExploSivesubstances which give no visible Bash indaylight and only a red glow at night. The flashlessness is· effected byreducing the explosion temperature by the addition of DNT, powdCredmetal, metallic salt, etc.Flash POiDt - The lowest temperature of a liquid at which a ftame can bepropagated across·the surface of the liquidwhcn a standard ignition·soUrceis applied.Plus - In nucleonics, the product of the number of particles per unitvolume and their velocity. . .Foam - A suspension, often colloidal, ofa gas in a liquid. In fire-fightingterminology, a type of extinguisher, produced. by bubbling carbon dioxide orsome .other gas (which is not a supporter ofcombustion) through a liquidcontaining foam producing material.Fue1- Material which either by a process of combustion or nuclear chainreaction is capable of liberating utilisable thermal energy.Fumigaat - Substance used in the form ofvapour and aerosols for destroying microbes and insects.
II
IS: ,4155• 1966
Fase - A tube, casing or cord, etc, filled with combustible material orexplosive material by means of which an explosive charge is initiated.
Faze - A mechanical device containing primary explosives with or withoutbooster explosive charge designed to function a projectile, a bomb or amine at a predetermined time and place.
G
Gaine - A device used for converting the flash produced by an igniferousfuze into a detonation wave required to accomplish complete detonation ofthe high explosive charge in a shell.
GallUDaRay (')' -Ray) - Electro-magneticradiation emitted by the nucleiof radioactive substances during decay; similar in nature to X-rays.
Ga. Flow Coanter - A counter ( for measuring radioactivity.) in whichan appropriate atmosphere is maintained "in the counter tube by allowinga suitable gas to flow slowly through the sensitive volume.
Geiger Muller CouDter - Highly sensitive gas filled device for countingphotons or charged particles by means of ionization they produce in a gas.The voltage is maintained in the Geiger region.
Geiger RegioD - The operation voltage interval in an ionization detector,in which the charge collected per ionizing event is essentially independent ofthe number of primary ions produced in the Initial ionizing event.
CeDe - One of the factors or determinants responsible for,the inheritance ofspecific character-differences between individuals. . .:
Genetics - The branch ofbiology dealing with the phenomena of heredityand variation.
Ground State - The state of a nucleus, an atom or a molecule, of thelowest energy. All other states are termed C excited'.
H
HaJ£·Lit'e ( Biological) - The time required for the body to eliminateone half of an administered' dose of any' substance by regular process ofelimination. This time is approximately the same for both stable andradioactive isotopes of a particular element.
Balt.Life ( Effective) - Time required for a radioactive element absorbedin the tissue ofan animal body to be diminished by half as a result of thecombined action of radioactive decay and biological elimination.
'. lf lffi Biological half-life X Physical half-lifeEffective ha • e = Biological half-life + Physical half-life
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IS : 4155 • 1966
n.tt.Lite ( Physical) - The time taken for the activity of a radioactivesubstance to tlecay to half its original value, that is, for half the atomspresent to disintegrate. Also termed' Half-Life, Radioactive', or merelyhalf-life.
Half Value Layer - The thickness of any particular material necessary toreduce the int~nsity of an X-ray or y-ray beam to one-half'its original value.
Health Physics - The branch of radiological science dealing with theprotection of personnel from harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
HeDlolytic AnaeDlia- Anaemia accompanied by destruction of redblood corpuscles.
Heredity- Transmission of characteristic and trains from parent tooffspring. .
High Explosive...,... See' Explosives, Classification of'.
Hold Back CarrieI' - The inactive isotope or isotopes of a radioactiveelement of similar properties, or some reagent, which may be used to diminishthe amount of a radionuclide coprecipitated or absorbed in a chemicalreaction.
I
Igniter - A device filled with combustible or explosive material used forigniting safety fuse or initiating an explosive charge. .
Ignition - The initiation of an explosive or flammable mixture of 'gases,v~pours or other substances. .
laduced. &dioactivity - Radioactivity caused in a substance afterbombardment with neutrons, charged particles, .y-rays, etc.
lagestion - The act of swallowing materials so that they pass into the body•.
Inhalation - As applied to chemical or radiation hazards the act ofbreath.ing in or taking into the lungs harmful chemicals, toxic or radioactive, inthe form of vapours or fine dust or spray. ..
laitiating Explosive - Compounds that aresufficiently sensitive to friction, heat or impact, to underg9 detonation' or Combustion. under suchphysical causes. These possessmore or less capacity to transmit a detonationwave to less sensitive explosives. . , .
Integral'Dose - A measure of the total energy absorbed by a patient orany object during exposure to radiation.· According to British usage th~
Integral dose ofX-rays or y-rays is expressed in gram-roentgens.
I.tennediaries - High explosives used to pickup the small but concentrated shock given by the initiator and transform it into a violent impulse to
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IS : 4155 - 1966
detonate the shell. filling. Their sensitiveness lies between that of theinitiators and of bursting charges.
mternal Conversion - A transition between two energy states of anucl~us 'Yhere the energy difference is.not emitted as a photon (gaJ?lma ray) .but 18 grven to an orbital electron In the K- or L-shell which 18 therebyejected from the atom.
Internal Radiation Hazard - Possible adverse health conditionsattributable to radiation damage to an individual from internally depositedradioactive materials.
Ionization Chamber - A device designed to measure the quantity ofionizing radiation in terms of the charge of electricity associated with ionsproduced in a defined volume. .
IoDizing Radiation -Any electro-magnetic or particulate radiationcapable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage throughmatter.
·lrracUation - The exposure of materials to radiation.
Irritant - Any substance that causes local irritation when it comes intocontact with the skin or the mucous membranes.
&obar - One of two or more different nuclides having the same massnumbe~ ..
Isopaer - One of two or more different nuclides having the same massnumber, and the same atomic number but differing radioactive propertiessuch as different half-lives due to difference in energy levels and to thepossibility of different decay patterns.
Isomeric Transition ( IT) - The process by which a nuclide decays toan isomer of a lower energy state. .
Isotone - One of two or more nuclides having the same number ofneutrons in their nuclei.
Isotope - One of two or more nuclides having the same number of protonsin their nuclei, and hence having the same atomic number, but differingin the number of neutrons .and hence in the mass number or in energy content ( isomers}. Almost identical chemical properties exist between isotopes.
K
K-C.pture - A·common term for capture of an electron from K-shell ofan atom by the nucleus ( a mode ofradioactive decay).
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IS : 4155 • 1966
L
Labelled Compound - A compound consisting in part of labelled molecules (see' Labelled Molecule • ).
Labelled Molecule - A molecule containing one or more .atoms, radioactive or stable, characterized by non-natural isotopic composition.
Laukocytheuda - See' Leukaemia '.
LD59- The amount of poison (or the radiation dose) which will killone-half of a group of experimental animals. 'LD' stands for 'lethal dose'.Lead Equivalent - The thickness of lead affording the same reduction inradiation dose rate under specific conditions as the material in question.
Leakage Radilittion - See' Direct Radiation'.
Lesion. - Damage, injury, especially morbid change, in functioning ortexture of organs.
Leakaeuda - Adisease in which there isa great over production of whiteblood cells or a relative over production of immature white cells, and greatenlargement of-the spleen. It is almost always fatal. It can be produced insome animals by long, continued exposures to low intensities of ionizingradiation.
Local- This term refers.to the site of action ofa poison and means that theaction takes place at the point or area of contact. The site may be theskin or the mucous membranes.
Lower Explosive LiD1it ( L~L ) - The minimum percent by volume offlammable vapour in air below which flame will not propagate in the mixture. See also' Explosive Range' and' Flammability Limit '.
Low Explosive - See' Explosive, .Classification of '.
MMass NUD1ber- The number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) inthe nucleus of an atom.
Maximum At;I~wableConcentration ( MAC) - The concentration ofa poison or toxic substance in air, expressed in suitable units, above whichits presence becomes harmful. -
MaXimum Permissible Dose ---: The maximum permissible dose for anindividual is that dose, accumulated over a long period of time or resultingfrom a single exposure, which, in the light of present day knowledge carriesa negligible probability ofsevere somatic or genetic injuries. Furthermoreit is such a dose that any effects that ensue more frequently are limitedto those of a minor nature that would not be considered unacceptable bythe exposed individual and by competent medical authorities.
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IS I 4155. 1966
Median Lethal Dose - See ' LD 50'.
Milli Roentgen - 10-3 of a roentgen.
Monitoring - Periodic or continuous determination of the amount ofionizing radiation or radioactive contamination or toxic substances presentin an occupied region as a safety measure for purposes of health protection.
Mono-Energetic Radiation- Radiation of a given type, [alpha (IX),beta (~), neutron, gamma ..cY), etc] in which all particles or photons originate with, and have, the same energy.
Mortar Test - A test employed for measuring relative power of an ex-plosive in comparison with a standard explosive. .
Mutation - A change in the characteristics of an organism produced byan alteration of the usual gene pattern. . .
N
Narcotic - A substance which produces drowsine8!l, sleep, unconsciousness, etc, through its effect on the nervous system.
Neutron - Elementary nuclear particles with a mass approximately thesame as that of a hydrogen atom and having no electric charge.. Its mass ii1·008 986 mass units. .
Nitrating Mixture - Mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid with orwithout varying amounts of water, used in the manufacture of explosivesby nitration process.
Nu.clear Fission ...... See' Fission'.
Nuclear Reactor - An assembly in which controlled fission chain reactioncan be maintained and controlled. It usually incorporates a fuel, coolantor moderator and other control mechanisms and most often surrounded bya concrete biological shield to absorb neutrons and ionizing radiation.
. .Nucleon - A constituent of the nucleus, that is, a proton or a neutron.
Nucleus - The core ofan atom in which' the total positive electrical chargeand most of the mass of the atom are concentrated.
Nuclide - A species of atom characterised by its mass number, atomicnumber and itS nuclear energy state, provided the mean life in that statei.long enough to be observable.
p
Percussion - Initiation of primary explosive charge by impact striking toproduce a spark or an initial impulse to explode an explosive charge.
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IS I 4155 -1966
Permililsible Explosives - Explosives permitted to be used in gassymines.Pernicious AnaelDia - Macrocytic anaemia associated with gastrointestinal and neutral disturbance and due to nutritional deficiency basedon defects in gastric secretions, marked by pallor, weakness, yellowishcolour of the skin, dyspnoea, palpitation and fever.
Photon~ A quantum of electromagnetic energy whose value (E) in ergs isthe product of its frequency (v) in cycles per second and planck'sconstant (8). The equation is E = hv,Poison - Substances, assimilation' of which in small quantities, throughinhalation, ingestion or absorption results in systemic injury, acute toxicconditions or death within a reasonable time following exposure.
PolycytheJDia - A disease characterised by over production of red bloodcells.
Prbaary Protective Barrier - Barriers sufficient to reduce the usefulX-ray beam to the permissible dose rate.
PrilDary Radiatiou - All radiation coming directly from the target of aX-ray tube. .Prhner - A device containing explosives used to ignite a secondary explosive, etc.PropeDant -A low explosive in which the rate ofenergy release by autocombustion can be controlled within limit (which may vary from a fewcentimetres per minute to 400 metres per second) and which will thusproduce moderately high and sustained gas pressure for imparting acceleration to the projectile or the missile.Proportional Counter "- Gas filled radiation detection device, in whichthepulse produced is proportional to the number of ions formed in gas bythe primary ionizing particle.
Protective Barriers - Barriers of radiation absorbing material, such aslead. concrete and plaster that are used to reduce intensity of radiation.
Proton - Elementary nuclear particle with a positive electric charge,equal numerically to the charge of the electron and having a massof 1·007 594 mass units.
Q.uanmlD - Se.B • Photon '.R
ltacl- This is the unit of absorbed dose of any ionizing 'radiation andcorresponds to the absorption of 100 ergs/g of the absorbing medium. Theroentgen and the rad (in soft tissues) .are approximately equivalent inmagnitude.
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IS I 4155 - 1966
Radiation - A term which embraces electro-magnetic waves, in particular X-rays and y-rays, as well as streams of fast moving charged particles{ electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc) and neutrons ofall velocities, thatIS, all the waves by which energy is given offby an atom.
Radiation Hazard - The risk to health arising from exposure to ionizingradiation. It may be due to external radiation or due to radiation fromradioactive materials within the body.
Radiation Hygiene - A term synonymous with C Radiological' Health '.
Radiation Sickness - A self limited syndrome characterized by nausea.vomitting, diarrhoea and psychic depression following exposure to appreciable doses of ionizing radiation, particularly of the abdominal region.
Radiation Therapy - Treatment ofa disease with any type of radiation.
Radioactivity - Phenomenon, wherein, certain' nuclides undergo spontaneous disintegration, in which energy is liberated, generally resulting in theformation ofnew nuclides. ' The process is accompanied by the emission ofone or more types of radiation such as lX-particles, (i-particles and ~rays.
Radioautograph - See' Auto Radiograph '.
Radiological Health - The art and science of protecting human beingsfrom injury by radiation.
Radiological Survey - Evaluation of the radiation hazard incident to theproduction, use or existence of radioactive materials or other sources orradiation under a specified set of conditions.
Radiology- The medical science of-radioaai-ve .substances, X-rays andother ionizing radiation and the application of the principles of thisscieace..to diagnosis and treatment of disease. '
Recovery (Radiology) -,- The return towards normal of a particularcell, tissue or organism after radiation injury. ,
Relative Biological Eft"ectiveness (RBE) - The ratio ofy-ray or X.~aydose to the dose that is required to produce the same biological effect bythe radiation in question.
Roentgen - The quantity of X-radiation or gamma-radiation such thatthe associated corpuscular emission per 0'001 293 g of air produces, in air,ions carrying 1 esu ( electrostatic units) of quantity of electricity of eithersign.
Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM) - That quantity of any type ofionizing radiation, which, when absorbed by man, produces an effect equivalent to the absorption by man of one roentgen of X-radiation or gammaradiation.
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IS : 4155 - 1966
Roeotgeo Equivaleot Physical (REP) - The amount of ionizingradiation which will result in the absorption in tissue of 93 ergs per g.
Roeotgenography - Radiography by means of X-rays.
Roentgenology - That part of radiology which pertains to X-rays.
Roentgen Rays - X-rays.
Rotation Therapy - Radiation therapy during which either the patient isrotated before the source of radiation or the source is revolved around thepatient. In this way, a larger dose is built up at the centre of rotationwithin the body of the patient than on any area of the skin.
Rutherford - a) A unit of radioactivity equivalent to lOll disintegrationsper second.
b) A quantity of a nuclide having an activity of one Rutherford.
S
Safety Fuse - It consis~of a train of slow burning gunpowder enclosed inwaterproof covering andusedfor initiation of a detonator or an explosivecharge from a safe distance.
Sarcoma - See' Cancer ',
Scattered R,adiation - Radiation, which, during its passage through asubstance has been deviated in direction. . It may also have been modifiedby increase in wavelength. It is one form of secondary radiation.
Sc:iotillation Counter - The combination of phosphor, photomultipliertube and associated circuitry for counting light emissions produced in thePhosphorby radiation.
Secondary Protective Barriers- Barriers sufficient to reduce strayradiation to the permissible dose rate.
Secondary Radiation - Radiation originating as the result of absorptionof other radiation in matter. It may by electromagnetic or particulatein nature.
Sedative - A drug possessing the property of producing soothing effect.
Shock Wave - A compression wave caused by sudden rise of pressuredue to release of large quantitr of gaseous products at high temperatureresulting from decomposition 0 the explosive material. .
Sigmoid 'Curve - S-shaped curve, often characteristic of· a dose-effectcurve in radio-biological studies.
Skin Dose ( Radiology) - Dose at centre of radiation field on skin.It is the sum of the ail' dose and that due to the back scattered radiation.
19
IS 14155 • 1966
Softness - A relative specification of the quality or penetrating power ofX-rays. In general, the longer the wavelength, the softer the radiation.
Soporific - A substance that causes sleep or drowsiness.
Specific Activity CODlpound - Total radioactivity of a given isotopeper gram of a given compound.
3pecific Activity EleDlent - Total radioactivity of a given isotope pt<rgram ofelement.
Specific Activity, Isotope - Total radioactivity of a given isotope pergram of the radio isotope.
Specificlonization-'- Number of'ion pairs produced by the ionizing radiation when passing through matter per unit length of the tract of radiation.
Spontaneous Ignition - Many substances combine with .atmosphericoxygen at ordinary temperature and liberate heat. If the heat is liberatedfaster than it is dissipated, a fire can start. This process is called spontaneousignition.
Stabilizer - Substances, such as diphenylamine centralites which areadded to explosives, such as nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine to prevent themfrom gradual decomposition due to storage. .These additives neutralize the
·nitric acid produced thus preventing enhanced degradation rates.
Sterility ( Biological) - Temporary or permanent incapability to repro-duce. .
StiDlulant - A substance that temporarily quickens some vital process orthe function of an organ.
Stray Radiation - Radiation not serving any useful purpose. It includesdirect radiation and secondary radiation from irradiated objects.
Susceptibility to Spontaneous Ignition (SSI) - The tendency toundergo spontaneous ignition ( see' Spontaneous Ignition' ).
SYDlpathetic Detonation -'Detonation caused by transmission of a highenergy shock wave through air emanating from one explosive charge toanotherexplosive charge at some distance resulting in the detonation of thelatter.
Sym.ptODl - Evidence of a disease or disorder as experienced by a patient.
SyndroDle -:- A concurrence of several symptoms or signs in a diseasewhich are characteristic of it.
SysteDlic - Effect of a poison at a site of action other than the paint ofapplication. This presupposes that absorption has taken place.
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IS: 4155-1966
TTeletherapy - A technique of using a radioisotope as a radiation sourcein which the radio element is shielded on all sides except one, thus giving adirectional beam ofradiation directed at the. area to be treated.
Threshold Dose -The minimum dose that will produce a detectabledegree of any given effect.
Threshold Limit Value - The concentration ofa contaminant or toxicsubstance in air at which, on the basis of present day knowledge, workersmay be repeatedly exposed without any perceptible adverse effect on theirhealth during the life time. . This value should be used as a guide in thecontrol of health hazards and should not be regarded as a fine line betweensafe and dangerous concentrations.
Tissue Dose - Dose received by a tissue in the region of interest. In thecase X-rays and y-rays, tissue doses are expressed in roentgens.
Tolerance Dose - The amount of radiation which may be received withexpectation of no significantly harmful result. A more acceptable term is• Maximum Permissible Dose'.
Tosicity-The poisonous nature ofa substance (see also 'Poison').
Tosicology -.,... That branch of science which deals with the nature andeffect of poisons.
Tracer, I&otopic - The isotope or non-natural mixture of isotopes of anelement which may be incorporated into a sample to make possible observation of the course of that element, above or in combination, through chemical, biological or physical processes. The observations may be made bymeasurements of radioactivity or by isotopic abundance.
Trauzl. Lead Block Test - A test based on the volume of the cavityproduced when a given weight ofan explosive is fired in a bore-hole in alead block of specific dimensions.
Tumour - Generally refers to abnormal tissue growth in the body, oftenassociated with swelling.
VVelocity of Detonation - The speed at which detonation travels throughthe mass of the explosive and depends upon a number of factors such asdensity, degree of confinement and temperature.
X
X-Rays - Electromagnetic radiation resulting from extra nuclear loss ofenergy of charged particles ( namely, electrons) and having shorter wavelength than ultraviolet radiation.
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