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I S7113 : 2003

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(W@7pi%H-@Indian Standard

SOIL-CEMENT LINING FOR CANALS CODE OF PRACTICE

(First Revision )

ICS93.160

Q BIS2003BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

January 2003 Price Group 3

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Canals and Cross Drainage Works Sectional Committee, WRD 13

FOREWORDThis Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized bythe Canals and Cross Drainage Works Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources DivisionCouncil.Lining of canals is considered an important feature of irrigation projects which not only minimizes loss of waterdue to seepage but also helps in achieving consumptive use of water for cultivable land and minimizes risk ofwaterlogging due to rise inwater table. Further, the water, thus saved, can be usefully employed for the extensionand improvement of irrigation facilities. Lining of water courses in the areas irrigated by tube wells assumesspecial significance as the pumped water supplied is relatively more costly. Further, lining of canals permits theadoption of high velocities resulting in savings in the cross-sectional areas, the cost of excavation and masonryworks, which may in certain cases offset completely the extra cost of lining. Also, the lining ensures stability ofchannels sections thereby reducing the maintenance cost. Due to comparative flatter bed slope which can beprovided in lined canals, command or the culturable command area would improve. The benefit that accruefrom lining of canals generally justify the initial capital cost and because of this there is now a better appreciationof the need for lining of canals.Judicious selection of serviceable and economical lining at the first instance and subsequently proper executionof the work while laying the lining results in achieving considerable overall economy in the project .Soil-cement lining is one of the cheaper types of canal lining which has been used successfully in other countries.Its use as an economic water-proof membrane ispossible where soil characteristics are favorable to stabilization.While the lining will minimize absorption losses and give reduced section of the canal, it can suffer fromdamage from cattle trespass, weathering action and low resistance to subgrade pressures occurring due tosudden closures of the canal.In many areas local soils mixed with water and cement maybe used to construct adequate soil-cement linings.Soil-cement mixtures are relatively dry mixtures of soil, cement and water, compacted to a maximum density.The suitability of the soil and the proportions of the mix to be used shall be determined by laboratory tests beforeany work is undertaken.This standard was first published in 1973. This revision of the standard has been taken up to incorporate thelatest technological changes in this field as well as to account for the experiences gained during the last fourdecades.There is no 1S0 Standard on the subject. This standard has been prepared based on indigenous data/practicesprevalent in the field in India.The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.

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IS 7113:2003

Indian StandardSOIL-CEMENT LINING FOR CANALS

CODE OF PRACTICE(First Revision )

1SCOPE1.1 This standard lays down general guidelines forlining irrigation canals with 100 to 150mm thick soil-cement lining.1.2 The use of soil-cement lining for irrigation canalsshall be restricted to small and medium size irrigationcanals with capacities up to 10 cumecs and in whichthe velocity of water does not exceed 1m/s.2REFERENCINThe following standards contain provisions, whichthrough reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis standard. At the time of publication, the editionsindicated were valid. All standards are subject torevision, and parties to agreements based on thisstandard are encouraged to investigate the possibilityof applying the most recent editions of the standardsindicated below:IS No.269:1989455:1989456:20001489(Part l):1991(Part 2): 1991

2720 (Part7):1980

3037:1986

4332 (Part3):1%7

4558:19955256:1992

TitleSpecification for 33 grade ordinaryPortland cement ~ourth revision)Specificationfor Portland slagcement~ourth revision)Plain and reinforced concrete Code of practice ~ourth revision)Specification for Portland pozzolanacement:Flyash based (third revision)Calcined clay based (third revision)Methods of test for soils : Part 7Determination of water content-drydensity relation using lightcompaction (second revision)Specification for bitumen mastic foruse in water-proofing of roofs (f2rstrevision)Methods of test for stabilized soils :Part 3 Test for determination ofmoisture content-dry density relationfor stabilized soils mixturesUnder drainage of lined canals Code of practice (second revision)Sealing expansion joints in concretelining on canals Code of practice

ISNO. Iitle8112:1989 Specification for 43 grade ordinary

Portland cement (first revision)12269:1987 Specification for 53 grade ordinary

Portland cement3TERMlNoL0GY3.0For the purpose of this standard, the followingdefinitions shall apply,3.1 Soil-Cement Lining Lining constructed bycompacting soil-cement mix at optimum moisture,content.3.2 Optimum Moisture Content The moisturecontent at which the soil-cement mixture can becompacted to the maximum dry density by a givencompactive effort in a specified manner.3.3 Maximum Dry Density For a given compactiveeffort the dry density of a soil-cement mixture variesas the moisture content of the mixture varies. If themoisture contents are plotted against thecorresponding dry densities, the points will normallyform a parabolic curve the peak of which will indicatethe maximum dry density as illustrated in Fig. 1.3.4 Subgrade Subgrade is the specially preparedsurface against which the soil-cement lining shall belaid.3.5 Lip Cutting The extra width provided at theinner face of the bank under compaction to allow forany laps in compaction due to inability of sheep footrollers to cover the edge of the bank.4DATAREQUIREDDetailed soil survey shall be carried and the followinginformation shall be obtained for the entire length ofthe canal before the commencement of the work:

a)

b)c)

1

. .Chmacteristics of soils and extent of varioustypes of soils encountered on the project andthe likely presents and nature of injurious saltsin them.The position of sub-soil water level and rangeof variations, andThe capacity of the irrigation canal and thevelocity of flow.

http://../link/31to60/455.Bishttp://../link/31to60/456.Bishttp://../link/15to30/2720_7.Bishttp://../link/15to30/3037.Bishttp://../link/31to60/4332_3.Bishttp://../link/31to60/4558.Bishttp://../link/31to60/5256.Bishttp://../link/61to88/8112.Bishttp://../link/12/12269.Bishttp://../link/31to60/5256.Bishttp://../link/31to60/4558.Bishttp://../link/31to60/4332_3.Bishttp://../link/15to30/3037.Bishttp://../link/15to30/2720_7.Bishttp://../link/31to60/456.Bishttp://../link/31to60/455.Bishttp://../link/12/12269.Bishttp://../link/61to88/8112.Bis

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IS 7113:2003

MOISTURE CONTENT (PERCENT)FIG. 1RELATIONSHIPBETWEENDRY DENSITYANDMOISTURE CONTENTOF SOIL-CEMENT

5MATEIUALS5.1CementThe cement shall conform to the requirements of IS 269orIS455 orIS 1489(Part l)or IS 1489(Part 2),1S 8112orIS 12269.5.2 SoilSandy soil or soil 100percent passing 1.0mm IS Sievecontaining not more than 20 percent material passinga 75-micron IS Sieve shall be used for soil-cementlining. It should not contain injurious salts likesulphates, and should not have more than one percent(by weight) of organic matter.

NOTEThe liquid limit of the soil shall not normaIlybe above40 and the plasticity index not more than 18.5.3 WaterWater to be used for soil-cement lining and itssubsequent curing shall conform the requirementsspecified in IS 456.6 LABORATORY TESTS FOR SOIL ANDSOILXEMENT6.1 Sieve analysis of the soil shall be conducted toverify the acceptability of the soil. Laboratory testsshall also be carried out to determine the optimummoisture content and maximum dry density inaccordance with IS 4332 (Part 3).

NOTE Light compaction shall be used in the test for thedeterminationof the moisture content-drydensity relation.6.2 The cement content of the soil-cement mixture

shall be such that the mix after being compacted atoptimum moisture content, satisfies the followingrequirements:

a)

b)

c)

It shall have a minimum compressivestrength of 20 kg/cm2at the age of 7 days,the test specimens being moist cured duringthe period;Test specimens shall effectively withstanderosion by the continuous lateral action ofjets of water with a velocity of 1.5 m/s for atleast 150 h; andThe permeability of test specimens shall notexceed 105 cmh.

NOTE For guidance the permeability values of soil-cementmixes with different types of soil for certain values of cementcontent aregiven inTable 1.

7 PREPARATION OF THE SUBGRADE7.1 Reaches with Expansive SoilsLining should be avoided, as far as practicable, onexpansive clays. But, if the canal has to traverse areach of expansive clay and no alternate route orconstruction type is economically feasible any one ofthe practices detailed under 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 shall beadopted to reduce the damage to the lining dependingupon the swelling properties of the soil encountered.

NOTEClays vary somuch incharacteristics that the pressurerequired to prevent expansion may be less than 0.07 kg/cm2insome types and as much as 10.5kg/cm2or higher in others. Inmany cases thepractices recommended in 7.1.1 and7.1.2maybea practicable solution.

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IS 7113:2003Table 1Permeability Values (Laboratory) of Some

Soil-Cement Mixtures[Clause 6.2c) (.Note)]

SINo. Type of Soil

(1)i)ii)iii)iv)v)vi)

(2)Fine sandSandGravelly coursesandy loamLoamy fine sandSandyclay loamLoam fine sand

CementContent,Percent byWeight

(3)9881089

emls

(4)97 x 10-758 X10-758 X10-719 x 10-74.9 x 1(3-70.9 x 10-7

spraying bitumen, In case such situation is encounteredonly in small pockets the replacement of subgrade upto suitable depth by suitable earth from adjoiningreaches should be considered, if economical.7.3.1 Before spraying crude oil, subgrade shall beperfectly dry, clean and free from dirt and crude oilshall be allowed to penetrate the subgrade surface.Bitumen shall be heated to a temperature of 175 Cand applied to the subgrade by a suitable sprayer.Immediately following the application of bitumen, drysand shall be uniformly spread. Lining should bestarted 6 to 12 h after spraying.7.4The subgrade shall be prepared, dressed and rolledtrue to the level and the grade required.

7.1.1 If the expansive clay is in thin layer or in small 7.4.1 Initial excavation shall be carried out to at leastpockets in an otherwise suitable subgrade it shall be 300 mm below the final section and the cutting toover-excavated and replaced with a suitable non- final shape shall be done just before laying lining.expansive soil with selected material, moistened as 7.4.2 Sample profiles true to the cross-section of thenecessary, and thoroughly tamped and compacted. Ifthe refilling is more than 150 mm thick, it should be canal shall be made at intervals of 3.5 m to ensurefilled and compacted in layers not exceeding 150mm. correct formation of the subgrade. Suitable woodentemplates may be used to spread the soil and check7.1.2 If the swelling of the clay encountered can be the profile.controlled by loading the surface with a non-expansivecompacted soil or gravel, the expansive clay bed shallbe over excavated to a depth of about 600 mm andfilled to the grade of the underside of lining with gooddraining material leading away the seepage water tospecially constructed points either to the outside ofthe canal or releasing it into the canal by provision ofsuitable pressure relief valves. However, the excavatedsurface of expansive clay shall be given a coat ofasphalt with a minimum thickness of 20 mm beforeloading it to prevent the entry of water into the clay.The asphalt used shall conform to IS 3037.7.2 Under-drainagePressure relief arrangements for under-drainage shallbe provided as given in IS 4558 for a lined canal wherethe ground water level is higher or likely to be higherthan water level inside the canal so as to causedamaging differential pressures on the lining orwherethe subgrade is sufficiently impermeable to preventfree drainage of the underside of lining in case of rapiddraw-down.7.3 Anti-salt TreatmentSoil in all reaches shall be tested for salt contentsbefore the lining is started. Where the salt content isover 1.00 percent or sodium sulphate is over0.36 percent, the subgrade shall be first covered withabout 2 mm thick layer of bitumen obtained by evenlyspraying bitumen at a rate of about 2.35 l/m2. To get agood bond between bitumen and soil, crude oil at arate of 0.5 1/m*shall be sprayed over it in advance of

7.4.3 If at any point material of the prepared subgradeis excavated beyond the neat lines required to receivethe lining, the excess excavation shall preferably befilled with the same soil-cement mix as for the liningor any other suitable material and thoroughlycompacted at the time of laying the lining inaccordance with 7.4.5.7.4.3.1 When partial filling of an existing canal isnecessary to reduce the cross-sectional area to thatrequired for lined canal the fill shall be placed andsuitably compacted to avoid its settlement and ruptureof the lining.7.4.4 To cover up any lapses in the compaction of theinner core of the banks near the edges and to allowsufficient width for a labourer to work conveniently alip cutting width of not less than 600 mm horizontallyshall be provided.7.4.5 The compaction of the subgrade shall be done atoptimum moisture content in layers not exceeding150 mm thick to a density which will not be less than95 percent of the maximum density obtained inaccordance with IS 2720 (Part 7), The compactionshall be effected by means of smooth wheeled rollers,tampers or similar suitable equipment.7.4.5.1 Where the dry bulk density of the natural soilis equal to or more than 1.8 g/cm3 the proceduredescribed in 7.4.1 shall be followed.7.4.5.2 BedWhere the dry bulk density of the natural soil is less

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IS 7113:2003than 1.8 g/cm2 and the subsoil water is near thesubgrade, the compaction shall be done by undercutting the bed by 75 mm and then ploughing up to150 mm below the subgrade level. The loosened soilshall then be recompacted with sheep foot rollers orother suitable devices. Where the subsoil water is low,requiring no dewatering and the dry bulk density ofthe natural soil is less than 1.8 g/cm3, consolidationshall be done by digging the canal up to subgrade leveland after that loosening the earth below subgrade upto 150 mm by disc harrows, or ploughing andcompacting the same to a layer of 110 mm. After that,the second layer of 150 mm of earth shall be laid overthe compacted layer by taking earth from lip cuttingand compacting this to depth of 110 mm. Thecompacted layer of 70 mm above the subgrade levelshall be removed and the subgrade brought to designprofile before laying the lining.7.4.5.3 SidesCompaction on sides shall be done by manual labouror suitable compactors to a depth of 300 mm to obtaina minimum dry bulk density of not less than 90 percentof the density at optimum moisture content obtainedin accordance with IS 2720 (Part 7).8 CONSTRUCTION8.1 Pulverizing the SoilThe soil shall be pulverized manually or mechanicallyto make sure that there are no clods and the soilconforms to 5.2.8.2 Mixing Soil and CementThe required quantity of cement shall be thoroughlymixed with the dry soil either mechanically or by hand-mixing through manual labour. The mixing shall becontinued till the soil-cement mix acquires uniformcoloration which can be examined under a magni~ingglass. The required quantity of water will be added andmixing continued to ensure uniform distribution of themoisture throughout the soil-cement mass.8.2.1 Batching of the materials shall be by weight.The appropriate quantities of soil and cement requiredfor one batch shall be measured out after making dueallowance for the moisture present in the soil. Thecorrect amount of water to bring the moisture contentof the mix to the optimum giving due allowance forevaporation shall be then added.8.3 PlacingThe mixed material shall be discharged uniformly onto the prepared subgrade and distributed to a uniformloose layer by means of shovels and rakes. Care shall

be taken to obtain uniformity in depth. Sufllcient depthof loose material to give the required thickness atlercompaction shall be spread in one operation. Thethickness of the soil-cement lining should be 100 to150 cm. Generally, it is necessary to process 130 to150 mm of loose soil to obtain a compacted thicknessof 100 mm.8.4 Compaction of the Soil-Cement MIXCompaction shall be carried out continuously as themixed material is spread, but the equipment shall bekept sufficiently far back from the free edges of thelayer to prevent lateral movement of the mixedmaterial. The compaction shall be effected by meansof a smooth wheeled roller, vibratory roller, tampersor any other type of equipment capable of achievingthe desired degree of compaction.8.4.1 The time between preparation of the soil-cementmixture and the commencement of the compactionshall be as short aspossible, and inno case shall exceed30 min. Compaction of any portion of the layer torequired density shall be completed within 1%h afterthe material has been spread.8.5 CuringAfter final compaction and finishing, the surface shallbe allowed to harden and soon afier it shall be keptcontinuously damp for at least 14 days. This may bedone by any suitable method, such as fog-spraying withwater or covering the surface with damp hessian, strawor sand maintained moist throughout the period ofcuring.8.6 JointingA straight transverse construction joint shall be formedwherever there is a break of work (of even a few hours).Such joints shall be sealed leak tight with sealingcompound conforming to the requirements givenIS 5256 after the expiry of the curing period. As analternative, the edge surface of the previous lining maybe roughened with 1:3 cement sand grout not morethan 12mm thickness applied and the lining operationcontinued.9 FIELD CONTROLThe following factors shall be checked for controllingfield operations during the progress of the work:

a) Subgrade Condition Prior to placing ofthe soil-cement the conditions of the subgradeshall be checked to ensure that it is wellcompacted (to a density not less than95 percent of the standard maximum for thesoil) clean and the surface moist.

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IS 7113:2003b) Cement Content An adequate cement

content is a primary control factordeserving maximum attention in the field.Samples of the mixed materials from abatch shall be frequently examined toensure that they are uniform in colour andtexture.

c) Moisture Content The moisture content ofthe soil and soil-cement mixture shall bechecked at regular intervals prior to batchingand whenever the source of soil is changedfrom one stock-pile to another and aftermixing.

d) Compaction of the Soil-Cement Mix Thedry density of the compacted soil-cementmix shall be measured at intervals of1000 m along the length of the canal at pointswidely distributed across its bed and slopes.In no case shall be measured dry density fallbelow 95 percent of the maximum drydensity obtained in accordance withIS 4332 (Part 3).

e) Thickness of Processed Layer This shallbe checked continuously during theconstruction to ensure that the correctthickness is being laid.

f) Surface Finish There shall not be anyundulation in the level of the final surfaceeither transversely or longitudinal y of morethan 5 mm under one metre template ofstraight-edge.

g) Curing It shall be ensured that surface ofthe soil-cement is maintained moistcontinuously throughout the curing period bychecking at frequent intervals.

h) Compressive Strength When it is desiredand when time permits the compressivestrength test may be used as an additionalfield control measure. The compressivestrength of soil-cement specimens mouldedfrom field samples should not be less than,15 kglcmz at the age of 7 days, thespecimens being moist cured during thisperiod.

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IS 7113.:2003ANNEX A(Forewor~

COMMIITEECOMPOSITIONCanals and Cross Drainage Works Sectional Committee, WRD 13

OrganizationSardar Sarovar Narrnada Nigam Ltd, Gandhi Nagar, GujaratBhakra Beas Management Board, Nangal Township, PunjabCentral Board of Irrigation & Power, New DelhiCentral Water & Power Research Station, PuneCentral Water Commission, New DelhiConsulting Engineering Services (India) Ltd, New DelhiContinental Construction Ltd, New DelhiIndira Gandhi Nahar Board, PhalodiIrrigation Department, Government of Karnataka, BangaloreIrrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra, Nasikirrigation Department, Goyemment of Punjab, ChandigarhIrrigation Department, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur

Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, LucknowIrrigation Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, HyderabadIrrigation Department, Government of Haryana, ChandigarhNarmada & Water Resources Department, Government of Gujarat,

Gandhi NagarPublic Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, ChennaiReliance Industries Ltd. New DelhiSardar Sarovar Narrnada Nigam Ltd, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat ,, University of Roorkee, RoorkeeWater and Land Management Institute, LucknowWater Resources Department, Government of Orissa, BhubaneshwarBIS Directorate General

Representative(s)SHRJG. L. JAVAChairman)DKWTOR(WR)

EXSCOTJVENOINEERAlternate)SHRJT. S. MURTHY%mrwmV.K.APmxrrrrAN

SHRJM. S. SHITOLEAlternate)DIRECTORBCD N & W & NWS]

DnWLTORSSD & C) (Alternate)SHRIS. P. SOBTI

DEPUTYPROJECTMANAGERAlternate)SHRIP. A. KAPUR

SHRJ.T. B. S. RAO(Alternate)SHRIR. K. GUPTACHIEFENGINEERDESIGNS)sop SaUmENOtNONOtNSERGATRS)

EXECOTWENOINEERCSI) (Akerrrafe)CHIEFENGINEERLININO& PLANNING)

DIRECTORAlternate)DW.CTORD & R)

DIRECTORI& S) (Afternafe)CHIEFENGINEERDIRECTORAlternate)CHJEFENGINEER

SUPERINTENDINGNGINEERAlternate)CHIEFENGINEERPROJECTS)

DIRECTORENGJNEERJNG)Ahernafe)SUPERINTENDINGNGJiWERCDO)

EXECUTIVENGINEERUNITG) (Alternate)ENGtNEER-IN-CHtSFDRV. K. SARCOP

SHFGAVINESHUBEY(Alternate)DIRECTORCANAN)

CHIEFENOJNEERCDiW) (Akernate)SHRINAYANELU@PROFP. K. SM+A :$,CHIEFENGtNEERD & R)SHRIS. S. SETHI,Director& Head (WRD)[Representing Director General (Ex-ojflcio)]

&/ember SecretarySHRIR. S. JUNEJA

Joint Director (WRD), BIS

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Bureau of Indian StandardsBIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promoteharmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goodsand attending to connected matters in the country.CopyrightBIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any formwithout the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course ofimplementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS,Review of Indian StandardsAmendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewedperiodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes areneeded; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision, Users of Indian Standardsshould ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue ofBIS Catalogue and Standards: Monthly Additions.This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. WRD 13(3 13).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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