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Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical...

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is the Gruneisen "constant” C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy, is converted in a local heating of the medium: δ T = δ E ρ CV 0 δ p = γ δE V 0 γ = α Y ρC
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Page 1: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

is the Gruneisen "constant”

C is the specific heat

Cosmic ray in the bar:Thermo Acoustical Conversion

under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy, is converted in a local heating of the medium:

δ T =

δ E

ρ CV0

δ p = γδ E

V0

γ =α Y

ρ C

Page 2: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Cosmic ray interaction in the bar

Thermo-Acoustic Model:

the energy deposited by the particle is converted in a local heating of the medium:

= Gruneisen "constant”

δ T =

δ E

ρ CV0

δ p = γδ E

V0

γ =α Y

ρ C

Excitation of the longitudinal modesof a cylindrical bar

A resonant gw detector used as aparticle detector is different from

any other particle detector

Page 3: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,
Page 4: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Al 5056; L= 3m; D=0.6 mM=2300 kgT= 0.1 Kf±=907 Hz, 922 Hz

h= 3 x 10-22 Hz-1/2

hpulse= L/L = 4 x 10-19

E = 2 mK = 0.3 eV

Nautilus is equipped with 7 layers (3 over the cryostat - area 36m2/each - and 4 below -area 16.5 m2/each) of Streamer tubes.

The cosmic ray effect on the bar is measured by an offline correlation, driven by the arrival time of the cosmic rays, between the observed multiplicity in the ST detector (saturation for M≥103 particles/m2) and the data of the antenna, sampled each 4.54 ms and processed by a filter matched to δ signals

Page 5: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Al 5056;

L= 3m; D=0.6 m

M=2300 kg

T= 0.1 K

f±=907 Hz, 922 Hz

h= 3 x 10-22 Hz-1/2

hpulse= L/L = 4 x 10-19

E = 2 mK = 0.3 eV

Page 6: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Il rivelatore di raggi cosmici di NAUTILUS (1993)

10

-6

10

-4

10

-2

10

0

10

-1

10

0

10

1

10

2

10

3

10

4

Expected rate

EAS rate s^-1

EAS event rate (s

-1

)

Multiplicity (particles/m

2

)

• 116 camere 8 tubi streamer (regime di scarica limitata) da 600x3x3 cm2 3 strati sopra 4 strati sotto• lettura analogica della carica==>> numero di particelle• saturazione a circa 500 particelle per camera da 1.44 m2

• 15 canali ADC attenuati 1/10 per aumentare la dinamica

QuickTime™ e undecompressore TIFF (Non compresso)sono necessari per visualizzare quest'immagine.

Page 7: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Raggi cosmici simulazione µ

v a c u u m

c a n

b a r

i r o n

d i s k s

c o a x i a l

i r o n

t u b e s

b o t t o m L S T

m o d u l e

Simulazione con il codice Geant con la descrizione dei materiali attorno all’antenna

Page 8: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

104

10-7 10-6 10-5 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

Energia (Kelvin)

Raggi Cosmici in Nautilus Eventi/giorno

Limite quantistico ~ 10-7 K

Page 9: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

1998 primi cosmici visti in NAUTILUS

• miglioramento sensibilità di NAUTILUS

• tecnica di analisi “cumulativa” a zero soglia

Page 10: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Ricerca segnali senza soglia

Selezione degli eventi ad alta densità (>600 particelle/m2)

Somma dei segnali dell’antenna prendendo i tempi rispetto al tempo d’arrivo dello sciame cosmico (uscita del filtro “matched” a 220 Hz)

• Per segnali molto piccoli questo metodo è più sensibile di quello basato sulla ricerca di coincidenze

• questa tecnica fu proposta a priori prima di guardare i dati

• tecnica usata anche in altre analisi (ad esempio gamma-burst)

Page 11: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Ricerca segnali senza sogliafiltro matched

Weighted average in

Kelvin over 92

events with

threshold > 600

particle/m2

E

w

=

E

i

T

ii

1

T

i

i

Ti= T noise <5m Kelvin

Risultati simili con altri filtri ma segnale meno evidente

Page 12: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,
Page 13: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Then : the detection of several unexpected very large amplitude events

The largest : 58 Kelvin <==> 80 TeV

P.Astone et al. : Energetic cosmic rays observed by the resonant gravitational wave detector NAUTILUS - Physics Letters B499, 16-22 (2001).

One of the largest events with the 5 kHz ADC9 Kelvin (June 2000)• GPS timing : 200µsec precision• The event is so big that no sophisticated filtering is necessary

Page 14: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Small events (zero thresh analys)

Big events (coincidence analys)

Correlazione non evidente ma statisticamente significativa

Nessuna correlazione

Sciami estesi non spiegano questi eventi

Eventi inattesi - correlazione con densità di particelle

Page 15: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Hadrons as measured in the Cascade experiment

Calculation (Corsika +Geant)

Nautilus data

Integral Distribution as function of energy calculated with the themo-

acustical model

• Our calculation is in agreement with the direct measurement (Cascade experiment) taking into account the small energy contaiment in the antenna (a few percent at the energy of interest) ==>>a)Event Rate 2 order of magnitude higher than expected orb) Energy 2 order of magnitude higher than the one computed with the thermo-acustical model

• Hadrons + thermo-acustical model unable to explain the data

Page 16: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

How can we explain these data?1) Something wrong in the calculations: there could be mistakes, but not such to account for a factor 100.

2) Something strange in the cosmic rays at the energy of interest (energies in the region of the knee of the cosmic ray)

3) Something strange in the Nautilus detector:a) the cosmic rays could trigger a release of non elastic audiofrequency modesb) effects related to superconductivity:the normal assumption is that the passage of a particle breaks Cooper pairs (0.34 MeV in Al) and therefore in the thermo-acustical model is assumed normal Alluminium, but there are no experimental data for this model

orthe cosmic rays trigger some sort of metastable state due to superconductivity

Page 17: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Comportamento di Nautilus nel 2000- 2001a T=1.5 kelvin

Solo 1 evento con analisi in coincidenza (T=0.5 Kelvin ~ 8 TeV)

Page 18: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

The Superconductivity is now the preferred origin of the anomalous

events•After August 2000 Nautilus is running at 1.1 Kelvin

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

T= 0.1 Kelvin(AL Superconductor)

2000

1998

T=1.1 KelvinAl normal

20002001

Sept- Dec 1998 Mar- Jul 2000 Aug 2000- June 2001

Data: T noise < 0.01 Kelvin

Particle density > 300/ m 2

Page 19: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

2002 Rivelatori di sciami su EXPLORER (CERN)

Page 20: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Study of this effect in a controlled environment:

the RAP experiment

• of interest to understand the limitations in the sensitivity of the gravitational bar detector (not a problem for the current sensitivity)

• useful for the future generations of gw detectors, including interferometers

• of general interest to understand the effect of particles on a superconductive medium

• we plan to excite vibrations of a small aluminium cylindrical bar at temperatures below and above 1 Kelvin, using the 500 MeV electron beam of the DAFNE BTF in Frascati

Page 21: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Sommario dati coincidenze raggi cosmici 1998 ad oggi

Explorer ev/giorno tutto 2003predizioniEXPLORER 2002 >600 P M2Nautilus 2003 ev giornoNautilus 2000-2001 ev/giornoEv/Giorno Nautilus 98Nautilus 2000 T<1 K

Sqrt(kelvin)

Sommario di tutti i dati

Explorer 2003 aggiornato a metà Dicembre

Nautilus 2003 a Settembre

Work in progres

s!!

predizioni

Page 22: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Solo T < 1 Kelvin

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Solo T < 1 Kelvin

predizioni

Ev/Giorno Nautilus 98

Nautilus 2000 T<1 K

Eventi /giorno distrib integrale

Sqrt(Kelvin)

Work in progres

s!!

Page 23: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Solo T > 1 Kelvin

Work in progres

s!!

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Explorer ev/giorno tutto 2003

predizioni

EXPLORER 2002 >600 P M2

Nautilus 2003 ev giorno

Nautilus 2000-2001 ev/giorno

Sqrt(Kelvin)

Solo T > 1 Kelvin

Page 24: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Sommario e conclusioni(??) eventi strani nei raggi cosmici

• osservato l’effetto dei raggi cosmici sulle antenne a barre

• effetto osservato è sulla barra (non SQUID, Trasduttore ecc)

• segnale >= uguale di quello previsto

• limitazione della sensibilità delle future antenne a barre ==>> Gran Sasso o altro laboratorio sotterraneo

• utilizzo dei segnali dei raggi cosmici per calibrazione “sul campo” : risoluzione temporale.., verifica di algoritmi per la ricerca di segnali (esempio: gamma burst)

Conclusioni sicure:

Ma…..

Page 25: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Conclusioni (?) e sommario eventi strani• eventi con energia più grande dell’atteso (o frequenza maggiore)

Possibili spiegazioni:

a) predizioni errate. Grande incertezza negli eventi attesi, ma non di un ordine di grandezza. Si sta facendo nuovo calcolo (Cafagna, Battistoni, Montaruli ).

b) particelle esotiche nei raggi cosmici.. Rivelatori acustici molto differenti da rivelatori a ionizzazione. Nessuna soglia netta in Rivelatori a gas tipicamente 10-3. Candidati: monopoli, nucleariti... Due candidati nucleariti trovati come coincidenza tra sismografi. TWO SEISMIC EVENTS WITH THE

PROPERTIES FOR THE PASSAGE OF STRANGE QUARK MATTER THROUGH THE EARTH.By David P. Anderson, Eugene T. Herrin (Southern Methodist U.),

Vigdor L. Teplitz (Southern Methodist U.), Ileana M. Tibuleac (Weston Geophysical),. May 2002. 18pp. e-Print Archive: astro-ph/0205089

Energie in gioco attorno al “knee” dei raggi cosmici, dove si sa succede qualcosa di strano

effetto raggi cosmici - Pro

Page 26: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Unfiltered signal (V2)

The signal after filtering (kelvin)

Burst event for a present bar: a millisecond pulse, a signal made by a few millisecond cycles, or a signal sweeping in frequency through the detector resonances. The burst search with bars is therefore sensitive to different kinds of gw sources such as a stellar gravitational collapse, the last stable orbits of an

inspiraling NS or BH binary, its merging, and its final ringdown.

Time of arrival uncertainty ~ 1 ms

Real data: the arrival of a cosmic ray shower on NAUTILUS

Page 27: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

This unexpected result was obtained with a NAUTILUS bar temperature of 0.14 K.The are no anomalous large signals if the bar temperature is 1.5 K (above the s.c. transition temperature).

Summary of results

1999-2001

Page 28: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Raggi Cosmici: il ginocchioA circa 1015 eV brusco cambiamento della pendenza.

Non spiegato

Probabilmente associato a cambiamento meccanismo di produzione e o cambiamento composizione

La maggior parte dei cosmici visti nelle antenne viene dalla regione del ginocchio

Page 29: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Conversione termo- acustica Energia nel modo n approccio semplificato 1

Se sbarra infinitamente sottile e il deposito di energia e’ tra x1 e x2

∂2Φ(x, t)

∂t 2= c 2 ∂ 2Φ(x, t)

∂x 2Equazione delle Onde

∂ Φ(x,t)

∂x= 0Condizioni al contorno a -l/2 e l/2

Φ(x,t) = Ann=1

∑ cos2nπx

l

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟cos

2nπct

l

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟+ Bn

n=1

∑ sin2n +1)( )πx

2l

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟cos

2n +1)( )ct

2l

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

Soluzione generale:

Page 30: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Conversione termo- acustica approccio semplificato 2

∂ Φ(x,t = 0+ )

∂x=

αW

CρA(x1 − x2 )Condizioni iniziali

x ∈ [x1,x2 ]

W : energia depositataA : sezione

C calore specifico densità

B0 =2αWl

πCMcos

πx1 + x2

2

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

l

⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜

⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟

sin πx1 − x2

2l

πx1 − x2

2l

⎜ ⎜ ⎜

⎟ ⎟ ⎟

Ampiezza modo fondamentaleparticella singola x1=x2=x

B0 =2αWl

πCMcos

πx

l

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

Sciame distribuito uniformementex1=-l/2 x2=l/2 B0 =

2αWlπCM

Page 31: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Conversione termo acusticacaso generale 3

En =1

2

l2

V

Gn2

ρv2γ 2 dE

dX

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟2

Allega A.M. & Cabibbo N. Lett Nuovo Cim 38 (1983) 263-A. De Rujula & B. Lautrup, Nucl Phys. B242 (1984) 93-144

Gn fattore di forma del cilindro e al primo ordine in R/L ( Barish-Liu Phys Rev Lett 61 1988)

Teff = 2.75*10−9 dE

dX

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟2

sinπz

L

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟sin

πl0 cosθ

2L

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

πR cosθ

L

⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜

⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟

2

Verificata per tracce non assiali e ordini maggiori in R/L

Page 32: Is the Gruneisen "constant C is the specific heat Cosmic ray in the bar: Thermo Acoustical Conversion under the hypothesis that all the deposited energy,

Il parametro di Gruneisen nei superconduttori 1

Nell' energia libera di un metallo alle basse temperature e' rilevante il contributo degli elettroni di conduzione. In particolare, sono allora prevedibili differenze tra stati normale (n) e superconduttivo (s) in relazione a volumi, coeffcienti di espansione termica e calori specifici. Queste variazioni sono esprimibili attraverso relazioni termodinamiche che coinvolgono la dipendenza del campo critico Hc dalla pressione e dalla temperatura.

N ormal

Superconductor

Non esistono misure dirette di in Al superconduttori

Calore specifico in Alluminio

Calore Specifico==> 0

=αY

ρC


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