12/3/2015
Is the Hyperloop Worth it?
An investigation of the Hyperloop when compared to current transportation
Darius KhademiKyra LagunillaJonathan LeeHaRim Bong
Engineering Design 100 SECTION 20
Abstract
Global is this generation’s favorite word that envisions success and progress in the world.
As the world becomes more globalized, people need faster transportation to meet the
expectations of their hectic lives. Starting from the car, we developed the ship, train, and airplane
to travel around the world faster The Airplane, for now, is the fastest mode of transportation but
passengers have to spend money on expensive tickets. The train is a decent form of
transportation, but it takes longer to get to a destination. Now, new technologies have been
developed that allows a vehicle to be fast like an airplane but no more expensive than a train.
The answer to our transportation needs is the Hyperloop.
The Hyperloop is a high speed train that can reach 750MPH due to its structural
advantage. The cost of building the Hyperloop is much cheaper than building a high-speed train.
Building the Hyperloop from San Francisco to Los Angeles would cost around $10 billion for
capsules and two-way tube railways.
In terms of energy, time, and cost, the Hyperloop is better than current modes
transportation. On the other hand, since it is potentially the best transportation, it might have a
large initial demand and be semi-exclusive once opened to the public.
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Table of ContentsSummary pg 4
Introduction pg 6
Methods of Investigation pg 7
Results Section
Travel Time pg 9
Energy pg 10
Cost pg 12
Counter Arguments pg 13
Conclusion pg 15
Appendix pg 16
Bibliography pg 19
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1.0 SUMMARY
1.1 The Problem
After a thorough investigation of the California “high speed” railway system, along with
a look at other statewide travel, our group determined that the California high-speed
railway is the most inefficient solution, in terms of safety, speed, cost, convenience,
weather immunity, power sustainability, resistance to earthquakes and to not be
disruptive to those along the route.
1.2 Method of Investigation
Four different types of statewide travel systems were selected, Elon Musk’s Hyperloop system,
and either bus, flight, or railway. However, in order to prove that Elon Musk’s Hyperloop would
work in a certain niche area, the travel effectiveness of each was analyzed and compared to the
Hyperloop. Railways were deemed to be the main competitor to the Hyperloop due to their
similar design of riding on a rail, and for most, a train or similar would be used for the route from
San Francisco to LA instead of an airplane due to the relatively short distance/cost of travel.
1.3 Conclusion
Elon Musk’s Hyperloop is the most efficient solution, in terms of safety, speed, cost,
convenience, weather immunity, power sustainability, and resistance to earthquakes and
to not be disruptive to those along the route. Costing only $20 a ticket, to travel 350 miles
in just 35 minutes. Making the Hyperloop the most feasible mode or transportation
between densely populated cities.
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1.4 Recommended Solution
California’s government should abandon the California high-speed railway project,
saving the state billions dollars, and replace it with Elon Musk’s Hyperloop.
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2.0 Introduction
2.1 Subject
The Hyperloop is designed to be faster than all public ground transportation of today, this new
technology shall be investigated and related to the public transportation system that is currently
in place, California passenger trains. The new technologies may imply that the Hyperloop
system more efficient and effective than the current railway system, however, new technology
has downsides as well.
2.2 Purpose
To discover if the new Hyperloop design is significantly better than the railway. Both the
railroad and the Hyperloop shall be evaluated for travel time, energy consumption, and overall
cost.
2.3 Scope
The Hyperloop and Railway systems will be evaluated on a route from LA to San Francisco. The
railway will be evaluated by using the current route along the Coast Starlight Track and the
Hyperloop will be evaluated along its proposed route along the California Interstate 5 highway.
Energy consumption by the Hyperloop shall be evaluated through proposed numbers where as
the California Railway system shall be evaluated by current statistics by the US EPA. Cost
comparisons for both the Hyperloop and Railway systems shall be evaluated through 3 primary
aspects, transportation, cost of production, cost per ticket, and annual profit.
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3.0 Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures
First we selected 4 different types of statewide travel systems, between major cities such
as San Francisco and Los Angeles, and compared each of them in terms of Energy
consumption, cost and time of travel. The control was that the trip was from San
Francisco to LA.
Bus travel was determined to be the most economically efficient costing just $15 a ticket
with minimal upkeep and maximum track efficiency. Although trips range from 11 to
11.5 hours, making it the longest time. While buses have been innovated to be more
environmentally friendly with natural gases and electric busses, they still are nowhere
near self-sustaining. A bus gets on average 6.3 miles per gallon, with the price for gas
being $2 a gallon. Making it very inefficient in terms of fuel.
Traveling via flight is currently the fastest terms of travel, but also the most expensive per
unit. A single plane ticket to go from San Francisco to Los Angeles would cost around
$140 with an average 1.5-hour flight time. However the issue with plane travel is that
fuel consumption is dependent on weight, although on average planes get around 80 mpg
of fuel, making it very fuel efficient, and some of the newer models can even get
120mpg. The cost for jet fuel per gallon is $5.21 making it much more effective than a bus
because the price per gallon is high, and miles per gallon are much more than on a bus.
Passenger Trains (California high speed railway) receive an average 70mgp making them
very fuel-efficient but nowhere near the most. The travel time between San Francisco and
Los Angeles would be between 2.5-3 hours making it more time effect than a bus or car.
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But the cost of land to lay the track is very expensive. The biggest issue with any railway
is the rail itself, the upkeep and maintenance required is costly and time consuming. The
project was projected to cost $67.6 billion, but yields a 2 billion annual profit.
The Hyperloop statistics were gathered from Elon Musk’s original design. While there
may be changes in the future, the report is very detailed and contains all of the aspects that will
be compared in this report. Namely travel time, cost, and energy consumption. The Hyperloop is
compared using these proposed statistics because it has not been built yet.
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4.0 Results and Discussion
4.1 Travel Time
When comparing overall speed and travel time of the Hyperloop to the California
Railway, it appears that the Hyperloop is the clear leader. It is faster, has less stops, but most
importantly, it is built on different transportation system than the standard train. While the train
has to travel with other trains on the track and multiple stops, the Hyperloop would have little to
no delays. (Musk)
The main issue with trains today is that there are a lot more freight and generally more
traffic on these rail lines than there were previously. The freight system is severely harming the
public transportation of trains due to the fact that they have no set schedule and passenger trains
must yield to freight trains. (Vanderbilt) The yielding to freight trains means that the passenger
trains take around 12 hours to complete the journey when compared to 7hr for highways (see
appendix Figure B) and a proposed 30min via Hyperloop (Hargreaves) (see appendix Figure A).
The Hyperloop is built in a vacuum sealed, low pressure tube where the car/capsule
houses a vacuum engine that pulls the capsule with passengers along a magnetic rail. On straight
sections it is possible for the Hyperloop capsule to reach up to 760mph. The key is that the
Hyperloop is a separate enclosed system which not only allows people to get to their destination
faster but to also have more departures. If running at capacity, the Hyperloop should be able to
support capsules leaving every two minutes. (Musk)
The Hyperloop not only blows away the train system at speed, its main factor is that it is
the only type of train running on its enclosed track. Therefore, making it much faster than current
train transportation.
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4.2 Energy
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the transportation
sector accounted for approximately 31% of annual CO2 emissions in the United States in 2014
compared to 27% in 2013 (Hanner). It is not surprising that transportation is starting to account
for more and more pollution in the United States as more and more people are travelling further
distances on a daily basis. There is an ever growing need for transportation from various
locations all over the United States. In one way or another, all of the current modes of
transportation rely heavily on fossil fuels. At the current fossil fuel consumption rate, the current
modes of transportation will not be able to be supported at some point between 2050 and 2080.
As the second worst carbon emitting state, California needs to provide a more energy conscious
form of transportation (Bünger). The corridor between San Francisco and Los Angeles is one of
the most frequently traveled distances in the Western United States. Elon Musk’s plan for the
Hyperloop “assumes the energy requirements of the system could be met by solar energy”
(Bünger). Relying solely on solar power is of course an unrealistic hope due to the need for
transportation at night as well as unforeseen weather conditions. It would be extremely risky for
the Hyperloop to not have another source of power should the solar energy not be enough.
However, the Hyperloop would use primarily solar power. The large amount of solar energy
needed to meet the energy needs of the Hyperloop would have to be stored in grids. It would
store solar power in onboard batteries to also allow operation during cloudy conditions. The
initial acceleration of the Hyperloop would come from “external, stationary linear electric motors
and their energy sources” (Bünger). These other energy sources have yet to be determined
although it has been speculated that wind turbines could be the the complementary energy
source( Hanner).The primary source of energy for the Hyperloop will be the sun, still making it
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significantly more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than any other current main
form of transportation. Additionally, the on large electric compressor fan located at the front of
the Hyperloop would be powered by onboard batteries that “account for less than 0.1% of the
total cost of the project.” (Bünger).
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4.3 Cost
There are 3 primary aspects of cost that must be examined while comparing modes of
transportation, cost of production, cost per ticket, annual profit. The California high-speed
railway system has a project development estimated cost of $67.6 billion dollars over the next 12
to 13 years. (Anguera) These development costs area collaboration of many different branches,
most importantly maintenance costs, property for track, raw materials, construction permits, and
labor. The cost of a single ticket from LA to San Fran on this train would be around $50 (Musk).
This project is projected to annually gross over 2 billion dollars a year. The hyperloop on the
other hand would only gross around $300 million, but with an initial investment of only $6
billion. “The hyperloop would be self-sustaining and the most energy efficient means of travel to
date.” (Musk). The hyperloop is able to conserve millions of dollars in property costs because it
is above ground development. These millions saved can be invested in many different branches
of the government that lack in funding. Elon Musk’s Hyperloop is the most efficient solution, in
terms of safety, speed, cost, convenience, weather immunity, power sustainability, and resistance
to earthquakes and to not be disruptive to those along the route. (See Chart A in appendix)
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4.4 Counter Argument - Is it worth building the Hyperloop?
The Hyperloop isn’t finished, but theoretically it should work well. Elon Musk designed
the Hyperloop and included possible problems with solutions in his design. One problem is how
much G-force would apply to people inside of the Hyperloop. G-force is an acceleration force
relative to gravity. Usually, we have an average 1G, or one gravitational force, for simply
standing on the ground. The Hyperloop is supposed to be capable of 700MPH. When there is low
acceleration and the Hyperloop Capsule is moving straight, people inside of the train will only
have 0.5- 1G. (Musk) However, when the train either accelerates too quickly or the track turns
with high speed, it is possible to have more G-force applied to the passengers and possibly make
them faint or vomit. G-force can affect the flow of blood in the human body by reducing blood
flow to the eye and brain. At certain levels of G-force, the blood flow into brain is significantly
decreased and could result in death. (Duncan) (Banks) In the case of the Hyperloop, it would not
be fatal, but its acceleration has the potential to induce vomiting, which is not a pleasant
traveling condition.
Cost of building the Hyperloop is another problem. Since there are airplanes that fly
around 500 to 600 MPH and other high-speed trains that can travel around 200 MPH. It may not
be worth to spend billions of dollars to build a new theoretical ground transportation. According
to Elon Musk, building a Hyperloop capsule where 28 passengers can board is around 54 million
dollars. The weight of the capsule including passengers and their luggage, it would reach 26,000
kg. (Elon) It is not a light capsule and cannot be easily enlarged to get more passengers per
capsule. This means more capsules are needed to operate Hyperloop at its full potential.
Compared to other trains that can hold about 150 people per car with more than 10 cars, the
Hyperloop would not be able to satisfy people’s demand of using it due to lack of seats. If they
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use Hyperloop to go somewhere, it would save them hours. However, they might have to wait in
a huge line or reserve a seat a week before to get in this train. Who would want to wait for long if
they already have high speed train that doesn’t have long line. Also Elon Musk said that around
7.4 million of passengers could use Hyperloop train per year. (Elon) On the other hand, other
trains, like the Euro tunnel, has more than 50 million passengers per year. (Ricard) It clearly
shows that not everyone would be able to use the Hyperloop train at a standard-cost.
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4.5 Conclusion
The Hyperloop model is the most economically feasible in terms of time, energy
consumption, and cost when compared to the diesel locomotive for passenger travel. The
Hyperloop can transport passengers from San Francisco to Los Angeles in only 30 minutes
compared to the 12 hours it takes the Amtrak Coast Starlight route (Musk). This huge reduction
in travel time is due to the Hyperloop’s speed, lack of stops, passenger exclusive track, and
frequent departures. The energy requirements of the Hyperloop will be met almost exclusively
by solar power making it self sustaining with a low environmental cost. The proposed high speed
railway system in California has a development cost of $67.6 billion whereas the cost to build
the Hyperloop is only $6 billion (Musk). Additionally, passenger tickets for the Hyperloop will
be significantly less than tickets for the rail system. When evaluated in terms of time, energy
consumption, and cost for passenger transportation from San Francisco to Los Angeles, the
Hyperloop is more efficient and economical than a rail system. However, further investigation
would be required to assess the feasibility of the Hyperloop for transportation between other
cities of varying distances. The Hyperloop may or may not be the best choice for other cities
depending on the cost and time it would take for the infrastructure to be built. The Hyperloop
could also potentially be a more efficient way of transporting freight between cities.
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5.0 Appendix
Figure A (Hyperloop Route) (Musk)
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Figure B (Train) (Google Maps)
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Unit Item $USD in Millions
Chart A
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6.0 Bibliography
Anguera, Ricard. "The Channel Tunnel—an Ex Post Economic Evaluation." Transportation Research
Part A: Policy and Practice 40.4 (2006): 291-315. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.
<abstracts.aetransport.org/paper/download/id/2071>.
Banks, Duncan, Dr, and Mike Leahy, Dr. "The Science of G-force." OpenLearn. The Open University, 1
July 2006. Web. 01 Dec. 2015.
Bünger, Mark. "Analyzing the Hype of Musk's Solar-powered Hyperloop Transportation System."
Renewable Energy World. Renewable Energy World, 20 Aug. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
“California.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 3 December 2015. Web. 3 July 2015.
Hargreaves, Steve. "Hyperloop: San Francisco to L.A. in 30 Minutes." CNNMoney. Cable News Network,
July-Aug. 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2015.
Hanner, Ian. "Why the Hyperloop Is the Answer to a Lot of Our Problems." Energy Digital. Energy
Digital., 29 Apr. 2015. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
Musk, Elon. "Hyperloop Alpha." (2013): 1-57. 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.
Vanderbilt, Tom. "Why Trains Run Slower Now than They Did in the 1920s." Slate. TheSlateGroup, 15 May 2009. Web. 03 Dec. 2015.
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