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SEXUAL COMPATIBILITY AMONG Anastrepha fraterculus WILD POPULATIONS FROM BRAZIL Vanessa S. Dias 1 ; Clarissa S. C. D. Petitinga 1 ; Beatriz A. J. Paranhos 2 ; Jair F. Virginio 3 & Iara Sordi Joachim Bravo 1 1 Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; 2 Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil; 3 Biofábrica Moscamed Brasil, Juazeiro, Bahia, Brazil • Cáceres C, Segura DF, Vera MT, Wornoayporn V, Cladera JL, Teal P, Sapountzis P, Bourtzis K, Zacharopoulou A, Robinson AS. 2009. Incipient speciation revealed in Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) by studies on mating compatibility, sex pheromones, hybridization and cytology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 97: 152–165. • Hernández-Ortiz AV, Bartolucci AF, Morales-Valles P, Frías D & Selivon D (2012) Cryptic Species of the Anastrepha fraterculus Complex ( Diptera : Tephritidae ): A Multivariate Approach for the Recognition of South American Morphotypes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 105(2): 305-318. • Hernandez-Ortiz, V., J. A. Gomez-Amaya, A. Sanchez, B. A. McPheron, and M. Aluja. 2004. Morphometric analysis of Mexican and South American populations of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) and recognition of a distinct Mexican morphotype. Bull. Entomol. Res. 94: 487-499. • Morgante, J. S., A. Malavasi, and G. L. Bush 1980. Biochemical systematics and evolutionary relationships of Neotropical Anastrepha. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 73: 622-630. • Selivon D & Perondini ALP 1998. Eggshell morphology in two cryptic species of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91: 473–478. • Selivon D, Vretos C, Fondes L & Perondini ALP 2004. New variant forms in the Anastrepha fraterculus complex. In: Barnes BN, ed. Proceedings of the sixth international fruit fly symposium, Irene: Isteg Scientific Publications, 253–258. • Selivon, D., A.L.P. Perondini, and J. S. Morgante 2005. A genetic-morphological characterization of two cryptic species of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 98: 367-381. • Steck GJ (1991) Biochemical systematic and population genetic structure of Anastrepha fraterculus and related species (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84: 10 – 28 • Stone A (1942) The fruit Flies of the genus Anastrepha. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. Nº. 439. • Vera MT, Caceres C, Wornoayporn V, Islam A, Robinson AS, de la Vega MH, Hendrichs J, Cayol JP. 2006. Mating incompatibility among populations of the South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99: 387–397. INTRODUCTION RESULTS CONCLUSION The preliminary results suggest that A. fraterculus populations from southern and southeastern Brazil may not belong to the same biological entity. REFERENCES Mechanisms of reproductive isolation pre- and post- zygotic have been demonstrated in populations of Anastrepha fraterculus from South America (Vera et al., 2006; Cáceres et al., 2009). Studies showed population differences in morphology, isozymes, karyotypes, morphometry, and egg morphology (Stone 1942, Morgante et al., 1980, Steck 1991, Selivon et al., 1998; 2005; Hernández-Ortiz et al., 2004; 2012), leading to the consideration that it may be a complex of cryptic species. In Brazil, there are at least three species within the complex: A. sp.1 aff. fraterculus, A. sp.2 aff. fraterculus, and A. sp.3 aff. fraterculus (Selivon & Perondini 1998; Selivon et al. 2004, 2005). However, little is known about the sexual compatibility among different populations of this complex in Brazil. Studies to clarify their status are important for SIT application and understanding of speciation processes in the complex. In this study the sexual compatibility of populations from southern and southeastern Brazil was evaluated. SOURCE OF FLIES Sexual compatibility tests, involving pairwise comparisons among populations from two different origins, were carried out in field cages (3 x 2m) containing a tree of Ficus benjamina. 25 marked pairs of each population with 10 to 20 days of age were released into the cage early in the morning (7 A.M.) and observed until 11 A.M. Sexual compatibility was analyzed through ISI index (Index of Sexual Isolation), and mating propensity of males and females were evaluated through MRPI (Male Relative Performance Index) and FRPI (Female Relative Performance Index). Departure from random mating were assessed by estimating confidence intervals at 95% to see if zero was included in the interval (Rull et al., 2012). COMPATIBILITY TESTS MATERIALS AND METHODS SITE GEOGRAFIC COORDINATES HOST ALTITUDE (m) Bento Gonçalves - RS 29° 10' 15" S 51° 31' 08" W Feijoa sellowiana and Pisidium cattleianum 7 Pelotas - RS 31° 46' 19" S 52° 20' 34" W P. cattleianum 750 São Joaquim - SC 28° 17' 38" S 49° 55' 55" W Campomanesia xanthocarpa 1360 Piracicaba - SP 22° 43' 30" S 47° 38' 56" W P. guajava 547 COMBINATIONS TESTED ISI MRPI FRPI (95% CI) (95% CI) (95% CI) Pelotas - Bento Gonçalves 56.3 ± 9.6 0.14 ± 0.07 (-0.04 to 0.32) 0.05 ± 0.06 (-0.12 to 0.23) 0.06 ± 0.07 (-0.12 to 0.24) 6 Bento Gonçalves - São Joaquim 70.0 ± 4,4 0.14 ± 0.07 (-0.05 to 0.33) 0.04 ± 0.05 (-0.10 to 0.20) 0.07 ± 0.08 (-0.17 to 0.32) 5 Piracicaba - Bento Gonçalves 68.3 ± 4.2 0.56 ± 0.05 (0.41 to 0.71) -0.12 ± 0.03 (-0.21 to -0.04) -0.08 ± 0.08 (-0.29 to 0.12) 6 Piracicaba - São Joaquim 55.6 ± 3.6 0.55 ± 0.09 (0.31 to 0.78) -0.45 ± 0.09 (-0.69 to -0.20) -0.31 ± 0.07 (-0.51 to -0.10) 6 Combination tested PM # replicates Fig. 1: Mean (± SD) number of couples for different mating combinations among the different A. fraterculus population: (1) Pelotas (PEL) vs. Bento Gonçalves (BEN) (F 3,23 =0.524, p=0.671); (2) São Joaquim vs. Bento Gonçalves (F 3,19 =1.74, p=0.197); (3) Piracicaba vs. Bento Gonçalves (F 3,23 =28.43, p< 0.0001); (4) Piracicaba (PIRA) vs. São Joaquim (F 3,23 =33.23, p<0.0001). Columns with different letters are statistically different at the 0.05 level (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer comparison of means). * PM = Percentage of mating * Acknowledge: IAEA for supporting researches.
