Islam in Yemen

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Islam in YemenFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen

Islam was introduced into the region in about 630 when Prophet Muhammad was still alive. Itwas during this period that the mosques in al Janad and the great mosque in Sana were built.Virtually all citizens in Yemen today are Muslims, either of the Zaydi order of Shi'a Islam or the Shafi'i order of Sunni Islam, representing approximately 35 percent and 65 percent of thetotal population, respectively. There are also a few thousand Ismaili Muslims, mostly in thenorth.The Zaydis of the northern highlands dominated politics and cultural life in northern Yemenfor centuries; with unification, and the addition of the souths almost totally Shafi'i population,

the numerical balance has shifted dramatically away from the Zaydis. Nevertheless, Zaydis arestill overrepresented in the government and, in particular, in the former North Yemeni unitswithin the armed forces. However, there are no reported incidents of violence or discrimination between the adherents of the two main orders of Islam, Zaydi and Shafa'i, inYemen. Except for a small politically motivated clerical minority, religiously motivatedviolence is neither incited nor tolerated by the Islamic clergy.Status of Religious Freedom The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects thisright in practice; however, there were some restrictions. The Constitution declares that Islam isthe state religion. Followers of other religions are free to worship according to their beliefs andto wear religiously distinctive ornaments or dress; however, the Government forbidsconversions, requires permission for the construction of new places of worship, and prohibitsnon-Muslims from proselytizing and holding elected office. The Constitution states thatShari'a is the source of all legislation.Under Islam as applied in the country, the conversion of a Muslim to another religion isconsidered apostasy, a crime punishable by death. There were no reports of cases in which thecrime has been charged or prosecuted by government authorities. Public schools provideinstruction in Islam but not in other religions. However, almost all non-Muslims are foreignerswho attend private schools.The Government monitors mosques for sermons that incite violence or other politicalstatements that it considers harmful to public security. Private Islamic organizations may

maintain ties to pan-Islamic organizations and in the past have operated private schools.However, in May 2001, the Government mandated the implementation of a 1992 law to unifyeducational curriculums and administration of all publicly funded schools. Publicly fundedIslamic schools will be absorbed into the national system.Men are permitted to take as many as four wives, although very few do so. By law theminimum age of marriage is 15. However, the law largely is not enforced, and some girlsmarry as early as age 12.

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Mosque of Jibla

Cemetery in Sa'dah

Islam was introduced into the region by Ali ibn Abu Talib in about 630 when ProphetMuhammad was still alive. It was during this period that the mosques in al Janad and the greatmosque in San'a were built. Yemenis are divided into two principal Islamic religious groups:50-55% Sunni and 42% [1]-47% [2] Shi'a. The denominations are as follows: 50-55% primarilyof the Shafi'i and other orders of Sunni Islam. 40-45% of the Zaidi order of Shi'a Islam, 2-5%of the Ja'fari and Western Isma'ili orders of Shi'a Islam. The Sunnis are predominantly in thesouth and southeast. The Zaidis are predominantly in the north and northwest whilst theJafaris are in the main centres of the North such as Sana'a and Ma'rib. There are mixedcommunities in the larger cities.The Zaidis of the northern highlands dominated politics and cultural life in northern Yemenfor centuries; with unification, and the addition of the souths almost totally Shafi'i

population, the numerical balance has shifted dramatically away from the Zaidis. Nevertheless, Zaidis are still overrepresented in the government and, in particular, in theformer North Yemeni units within the armed forces. However, there are no reported incidentsof violence or discrimination between the adherents of the two main orders of Islam, Zaidiand Shafa'i, in Yemen. Except for a small politically motivated clerical minority, religiouslymotivated violence is neither incited nor tolerated by the Islamic clergy. However, Wahhabiand Salafi influences from Saudi Arabia and anti-Shiite rhetoric from Iraqis who supportSaddam, are causing clashes between the government and primarily Zaidi forces.

Public schools provide instruction in Islam but not in other religions, although Muslimcitizens are allowed to attend private schools that do not teach Islam. In an effort to curb
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ideological and religious extremism in schools, the government does not permit any coursesoutside of the officially approved curriculum to be taught in private and national schools.Because the government is concerned that unlicensed religious schools deviate from formaleducational requirements and promote militant ideology, it has closed more than 4,500 of these institutions and deported foreign students studying there. [3]

YemenFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Republic of Yemen

Al-Jumhriyyah al-Yamaniyyah

Flag Coat of arms

Motto : "Allah, al-Watan, at-Thawra, al-Wehda""God, Nation, Revolution, Unity"

Anthem : United Republic

Capital(and largest city)

Sanaa1521 N 4412 E /

15.35N 44.2E / 15.35; 44.2

Official language(s) Arabic

Demonym Yemeni , Yemenite

Government Republic

- President of YemenAli Abdullah Saleh (GPC)

- Vice PresidentAbd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI [1] (GPC)

- Prime MinisterAli Mohammed Mujur (GPC)

- Deputy Prime Minister Abdulkarim Ismail Al-
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for Economic Affairs Arhabi

Establishment

-North Yemen independence from theOttoman Empire

November 1, 1918

-South Yemen independence from theUnited Kingdom

November 30, 1967

- Unification May 22, 1990

Area

- Total527,968 km 2 (49th )203,849 sq mi

- Water (%) negligible

Population

- 2009 estimate 23,580,000 [2] (51st )

- July 2007 census 22,230,531

- Density44.7/km 2 (160th )115.7/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate

- Total $55.393 billion [3]

- Per capita $2,410 [3]

GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate

- Total $26.909 billion [3]

- Per capita $1,171 [3]

HDI (2007)

0.575 [4] (medium ) ( 140)

Currency Yemeni rial (YER )

Time zone (UTC+3)

Drives on the right [5]

Internet TLD .ye

Calling code 967
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Yemen (Arabic: al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen (Arabic: al-Jumhuuriyya al-Yamaniyya) is a country located on the Arabian Peninsula in SouthwestAsia. It has an estimated population of more than 23 million people and is bordered by SaudiArabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden to the south,and Oman to the east.

Yemen is just under 530,000 km 2 in land area. Its territory includes over 200 islands, thelargest of which is Socotra, about 415 kilometres (259 miles) to the south of mainland Yemen,off the coast of Somalia. Yemen is the only republic on the Arabian Peninsula, and one of eight in the Arab World . Its capital is Sana'a.

Contents[hide ]

1 History 2 Politics

3 Governorates and districts 4 Geography 5 Economy 6 Foreign relations and wars 7 Demographics

7.1 Religion 7.2 Health

8 Human rights 9 Languages 10 Culture

10.1 Qat 10.2 Cinema 10.3 Education

11 World Heritage sites 12 International rankings 13 See also 14 References 15 External links

[ edit ] HistoryMain article: History of Yemen

Between 2200 BC and the 6th century AD, Yemen was part of the Sabaean, Awsanian ,Minaean, Qatabanian, Hadhramawtian , Himyarite, and several other kingdoms, whichcontrolled the lucrative spice trade. It was known to the ancient Romans as Arabia Felix ("Happy Arabia") because of the riches its trade generated. Augustus attempted to annex it,

but the expedition failed.

In the third century and again in the early seventh century, many Sabaean and Himyarite people migrated out of the land of Yemen to North Africa and the northern part of the Arabian
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Peninsula following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam ( sadd Ma'rib ). In the 7th century,Islamic caliphs began to exert control over the area. After the caliphate broke up, the former

North Yemen came under the control of imams of various dynasties, usually of the Zaidi sect,who established a theocratic political structure that survived until modern times.Egyptian Sunni caliphs occupied much of North Yemen throughout the eleventh century. Bythe sixteenth century and again in the nineteenth century, North Yemen was part of theOttoman Empire, and during several periods its imams exerted control over South Yemen .In 1839, the British occupied the port of Aden and established it as a colony in September of that year. They also set up a zone of loose alliances (known as protectorates ) around Aden toact as a protective buffer. North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918and became a republic in 1962.In 1967, the British withdrew from Aden. After the British withdrawal, the former Aden

became known as South Yemen. The two Yemeni countries were formally united as theRepublic of Yemen on 22 May 1990.

[ edit ] PoliticsMain article: Politics of Yemen

Yemen ( Yaman ) is a Presidential republic with a bicameral legislature. Under the constitution,an elected president, an elected 301-seat House of Representatives, and an appointed 111-member Shura Council share power. The president is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of the government.The constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from at least twocandidates endorsed by at least fifteen members of the Parliament. The prime minister, inturn, is appointed by the president and must be approved by two thirds of the Parliament. The

presidential term of office is seven years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is six

years. Suffrage is universal for people age 18 and older but only Muslims may hold electedoffice. [6]

President Ali Abdullah Saleh became the first elected President in reunified Yemen in 1999(though he had been President of unified Yemen since 1990 and President of North Yemensince 1978). He was re-elected to office in September 2006. Although he stated his reluctanceto run again, popular demonstrations and editorials offering support in major newspapershelped persuade him to run. [citation needed ] Saleh's victory was marked by an election thatinternational observers judged to be "partly free", though the election was accompanied bysome violence, violations of press freedoms and allegations of fraud by the opposition. [7]

Parliamentary elections were held in April 2003, and the General People's Congress (GPC)maintained an absolute majority. There was a marked decrease from previous years inelection-related violence. [citation needed ]

The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and southern legalcodes have been unified. The legal system includes separate commercial courts and aSupreme Court based in Sana'a. Since the country is a Muslim state, Sharia is the main sourceof laws. Indeed, many court cases are debated according to the religious basis of law, andmany judges are religious scholars as well as legal authorities. Unlike Saudi Arabia and other Islamic states, however, consumption of alcohol by non-Muslims is tolerated. [citation needed ]

[ edit ] Governorates and districts This section requires

expansion .Main articles: Governorates of Yemen and Districts of Yemen
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Further information: Historic Governorates of Yemen and List of cities in Yemen

As of February 2004, Yemen is divided into twenty governorates (muhafazah ) and onemunicipality .[8] The population of each governorate is listed in the table below.

Governorates of Yemen

DivisionCapital

City

Population2004 Census

[9]

Population2006 est.

[10]

Key

'Adan Aden 589,419 634,710 1

'Amran 'Amran 877,786 909,992 2

Abyan Zinjibar 433,819 454,535 3

Ad Dali 470,564 504,533 4

Al Bayda' Al Bayda 577,369 605,303 5

Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah 2,157,552 2,300,179 6

Al Jawf Al Jawf 443,797 465,737 7

Al Mahrah Al Ghaydah 88,594 96,768 8

Al Mahwit Al Mahwit 494,557 523,236 9

Amanat AlAsimah

Sanaa 1,747,834 1,947,139 10

Dhamar Dhamar 1,330,108 1,412,142 11

Hadramaut Al Mukalla 1,028,556 1,092,967 12

Hajjah Hajjah 1,479,568 1,570,872 13

Ibb Ibb 2,131,861 2,238,537 14

Lahij Lahij 722,694 761,160 15

Ma'rib Ma'rib 238,522 251,668 16

Raymah 394,448 418,659 17

Sa'dah Sa`dah 695,033 746,957 18

Sana'a San`a' 919,215 957,798 19
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Shabwah `Ataq 470,440 494,638 20

Ta'izz Ta`izz 2,393,425 2,513,003 21

The governorates are subdivided into 333 districts ( muderiah ), which are subdivided into2,210 sub-districts, and then into 38,284 villages (as of 2001).Before 1990, Yemen existed as two separate entities. For more information, see HistoricGovernorates of Yemen .

[ edit ] GeographyMain article: Geography of Yemen

Map of Yemen

Yemen is in the Middle East, in the southern half of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering theArabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea. It lies west of Oman and south of Saudi Arabia.

Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha

A number of Red Sea islands, including the Hanish Islands, Kamaran and Perim, as well asSocotra in the Arabian Sea belong to Yemen. Many of the islands are volcanic; for exampleJabal al-Tair had a volcanic eruption in 2007 and before that in 1883.At 527,970 km (203,837 sq mi), Yemen is the world's 49th-largest country (after France). Itis comparable in size to Thailand, and somewhat larger than the U.S. state of California .Yemen is situated at 15N 48E / 15N 48E / 15; 48 .

Until recently, Yemen's northern border was undefined; the Arabian Desert prevented any

human habitation there.The country can be divided geographically into four main regions: the coastal plains in thewest, the western highlands, the eastern highlands, and the Rub al Khali in the east.The Tihamah ("hot lands") form a very arid and flat coastal plain. Despite the aridity, the

presence of many lagoons makes this region very marshy and a suitable breeding ground for malarial mosquitoes. There are extensive crescent-shaped sand dunes. The evaporation in theTihama is so great that streams from the highlands never reach the sea, but they do contributeto extensive groundwater reserves. Today, these are heavily exploited for agricultural use.

Near the village of Madar about 48 km North of Sanaa dinosaur footprints were found,indicating that the area was once a mud flat.
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The town of Hajarin

The Tihamah ends abruptly at the escarpment of the western highlands. This area, now

heavily terraced to meet the demand for food, receives the highest rainfall in Arabia, rapidlyincreasing from 100 mm (4 inches) per year to about 760 mm (30 inches) in Ta'izz and over 1,000 mm (40 inches) in Ibb.Agriculture here is very diverse, with such crops as sorghum dominating. Cotton and manyfruit trees are also grown, with mangoes being the most valuable. Temperatures are hot in theday but fall dramatically at night. There are perennial streams in the highlands but these never reach the sea because of high evaporation in the Tihama.The central highlands are an extensive high plateau over 2,000 metres (6,560 feet) inelevation. This area is drier than the western highlands because of rain-shadow influences, butstill receives sufficient rain in wet years for extensive cropping. Diurnal temperature rangesare among the highest in the world: ranges from 30 C (86 F) in the day to 0 C (32 F) atnight are normal. [citation needed ] Water storage allows for irrigation and the growing of wheat and

barley. Sana'a is located in this region. The highest point in Yemen is Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb ,at 3,666 meters (12,028 ft).The Rub al Khali in the east is much lower, generally below 1,000 metres, and receivesalmost no rain. It is populated only by Bedouin herders of camels.

[ edit ] EconomyMain article: Economy of Yemen

Further information: Telecommunications in Yemen , Transportation in

Yemen , and Internet usage in YemenYemen is the poorest country in the Arab world, with 40% unemployment as of 2007,dwindling natural resources, and rapid population growth .[11] Yemen has a weak economycompared to other Arab states, mainly due to Yemen having relatively little oil.Yemen's economy depends heavily on the oil it does produce, and its government receives thevast majority of its revenue from oil taxes. But Yemen's oil reserves are expected to bedepleted by 2017, with fears of a resulting economic collapse. [12] Yemen does have large

proven reserves of natural gas.[13] Yemen's first liquified natural gas (LNG) plant began production in October 2009.Rampant corruption is a prime obstacle to development in the country, limiting localreinvestments and driving away regional and international capital. The government hasrecently taken many measures to stamp out corruption, but efforts have been met with only

partial success. Foreign investments remain largely concentrated around the nation'shydrocarbon industry.Substantial Yemeni communities exist in many countries of the world, including Yemen'simmediate neighbors on the Arabian Peninsula, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Horn of Africa, theUnited Kingdom, Israel, and the United States, especially in the area around Detroit,Michigan, and in Lackawanna, New York . Beginning in the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union andChina provided large-scale assistance. For example, the Chinese are involved with theexpansion of the International Airport in Sanaa.

In the south, pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city of Aden. The seaborne transit trade, which the port relied upon, collapsed with theclosure of the Suez Canal and Britain's withdrawal from Aden in 1967.
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Since unification, the government has worked to integrate two relatively disparate economicsystems. However, severe shocks, including the return in 1990 of approximately 850,000Yemenis from the Persian Gulf states, a subsequent major reduction of aid flows, and internal

political disputes culminating in the 1994 civil war hampered economic growth. As the fastestgrowing democracy in the Middle East, Yemen is attempting to climb into the middle human

development region through ongoing political and economic reform.

In the late 20th century Sanaa s population grew exponentially, from roughly55,000 in 1978 to more than 2 million in the early 21st century. [14] Sana'a may bethe first capital city in the world to run out of water. [15]

Since the conclusion of the war, the government entered into agreement with the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF) to implement a structural adjustment program. Phase one of the IMF

program included major financial and monetary reforms, including floating the currency,reducing the budget deficit, and cutting subsidies. Phase two will address structural issuessuch as civil service reform.In early 1995, the government of Yemen launched an economic, financial and administrativereform program (EFARP) with the support of the World Bank and the IMF, as wellinternational donors. The First Five-Year Plan (FFYP) for the years 1996 to 2000 wasintroduced in 1996. The World Bank has focused on public sector management, includingcivil service reform, budget reform and privatization. In addition, attracting diversified privateinvestment, water management and poverty-oriented social sector improvements has beenmade a priority for the implementation of the programs in Yemen. These programs had a

positive impact on Yemens economy and led to the reduction of the budget deficit to lessthan 3% of GDP during the period from 1995 to 1999 and the correction of macro-financialimbalances. [16]

In 1997, IMF and the Yemeni government began medium-term economic reform programsunder the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and Extended Fund Facility(EFF). This program was aimed at reducing dependence on the oil sector and establishing amarket environment for real non-oil GDP growth and investment in the non-oil sector.Increasing the growth rate in the non-oil sector was one of the government's most importantobjectives. Programs also focused on reducing unemployment, strengthening the social safetynet and increasing financial stability. To achieve these reforms, the government and IMFimplemented containment of government wages, improvements in revenue collection with theintroduction of reforms in tax administration, and a sharp reduction in subsidies bills throughincreased prices on subsidized goods. As a result, the fiscal cash deficit was reduced from16% of GDP to 0.9% from 1994 to 1997. This was supported by aid from oil-exportingcountries despite the wide-ranging fluctuations in world oil prices. The real growth rate in thenon-oil sector rose by 5.6% from 1995 to 1997. [17]

[ edit ] Foreign relations and wars

A village on Hajjaz Mountains in Yemen.

Main article: Foreign relations of Yemen
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The geography and ruling Imams of North Yemen kept the country isolated from foreigninfluence before 1962. The country's relations with Saudi Arabia were defined by the Taif Agreement of 1934, which delineated the northernmost part of the border between the twokingdoms and set the framework for commercial and other intercourse. The Taif Agreementhas been renewed periodically in 20-year increments, and its validity was reaffirmed in 1995.

Relations with the British colonial authorities in Aden and the south were usually tense.The Soviet and Chinese Aid Missions established in 1958 and 1959 were the first importantnon-Muslim presence in North Yemen. Following the September 1962 revolution, the YemenArab Republic became closely allied with and heavily dependent upon Egypt. Saudi Arabiaaided the royalists in their attempt to defeat the Republicans and did not recognize the YemenArab Republic until 1970. At the same time, Saudi Arabia maintained direct contact withYemeni tribes, which sometimes strained its official relations with the Yemeni Government.Hundreds of thousands of Yemenis found employment in Saudi Arabia during the late 1970sand 1980s.

The old town of Aden , Yemen, situated in the crater of an extinct volcano .

In February 1989, North Yemen joined Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt in forming the ArabCooperation Council (ACC), an organization created partly in response to the founding of theGulf Cooperation Council , and intended to foster closer economic cooperation and integrationamong its members. After unification, the Republic of Yemen was accepted as a member of the ACC in place of its YAR predecessor. In the wake of the Persian Gulf crisis, the ACC hasremained inactive. Yemen is not a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council.British authorities left southern Yemen in November 1967 in the wake of an intense rebellion.The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen , the successor to British colonial rule, haddiplomatic relations with many nations, but its major links were with the Soviet Union andother Communist countries. Relations between it and the conservative Arab states of theArabian Peninsula were strained. There were military clashes with Saudi Arabia in 1969 and1973, and the PDRY provided active support for the Dhofar rebellion against the Sultanate of Oman. The PDRY was the only Arab state to vote against admitting new Arab states from thePersian Gulf area to the United Nations and the Arab League. The PDRY provided sanctuaryand material support to various insurgent groups around the Middle East. [citation needed ]

Yemen is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, and the Organization of theIslamic Conference , and also participates in the nonaligned movement. The Republic of

Yemen accepted responsibility for all treaties and debts of its predecessors, the YAR and thePDRY. Yemen has acceded to the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. The Persian Gulf crisisdramatically affected Yemen's foreign relations. As a member of the United Nations SecurityCouncil (UNSC) for 1990 and 1991, Yemen abstained on a number of UNSC resolutionsconcerning Iraq and Kuwait and voted against the "use of force resolution." Western andPersian Gulf Arab states reacted by curtailing or canceling aid programs and diplomaticcontacts. At least 850,000 Yemenis were expelled from Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf.Saudi Arabia has begun construction of a separation barrier between its territory and Yemento prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods into and out of the kingdom.Subsequent to the liberation of Kuwait, Yemen continued to maintain high-level contacts withIraq. This hampered its efforts to rejoin the Arab mainstream and to mend fences with its

immediate neighbors. In 1993, Yemen launched an unsuccessful diplomatic offensive torestore relations with its Persian Gulf neighbors. Some of its aggrieved neighbors actively
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aided the south during the 1994 civil war. Since the end of that conflict, tangible progress has been made on the diplomatic front in restoring normal relations with Yemen's neighbors. TheOmani-Yemeni border has been officially demarcated. In the summer of 2000, Yemen andSaudi Arabia signed an International Border Treaty settling a 50 year old dispute over thelocation of the border between the two countries. Yemen settled its dispute with Eritrea over

the Hanish Islands in 1998.After the departure from the Persian Gulf Arab states, as many as 15,000 Yemenis migrated tothe U.S. Many Yemenis can be found in the south of Dearborn, Michigan . In the early 1990s,Yemenis went in search of manufacturing jobs. They continue to work in the U.S. androutinely send money back to their families.Kidnapping of foreign tourists by tribes has been an ongoing problem throughout the modern

period.[18] In many instances, the kidnappers attempted to use hostage taking to gain leveragein negotiations with the government. One victim of kidnapping was former German Secretaryof State Jrgen Chrobog, a man who himself had conducted negotiations with kidnapperswhile in office. [19] In June 2009, a group of nine foreign tourists were kidnapped near the cityof Saada. Seven were killed and two children survived .[18]

Yemen has historically enjoyed good relations with Somalia, its neighbour to the south andfellow Arab League member. Ethnic Somalis for the most part blend in well with Yemenisociety, as they share centuries of close religious, commercial and social ties. Following theoutbreak of the civil war in Somalia, Yemen unconditionally opened its borders to Somaliasylum seekers. The World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, estimates that 110,600 Somali refugees lived in Yemen in 2007, [20]which is a fraction of the estimated 700,000-strong Somali nationals already living andworking in Yemen. [21] There are also many Somalis who have received Yemeni citizenshipdue to marriage with Yemenis as well as through service to the nation over the years. Inaddition, Yemen and Somalia have a long history of trade and inter-action, with many of Somalia's Sultans, such as Yusuf Ali Kenadid and Gerad Ali Dable, often being exiled to andrecruiting troops from Yemen's Hadhramaut region. Somalia has also over the centuries seensuccessive waves of immigration from Yemen, with Hadhrami settlers being instrumental inhelping to consolidate the Muslim community in the coastal Banaadir region in particular. [22]During the colonial period, disgruntled Yemenis from the Hadhrami wars additionally soughtand received asylum in various Somali towns. [23]

Yemen also maintains good relations with Djibouti, its other Somali neighbour to the westacross the Red Sea. With a rapidly expanding economy, a stable government, hugeinvestments from fellow Persian Gulf Arab nations, and a strategic maritime location in theRed Sea and the Gulf of Aden, Djibouti stands as an important ally. While Djibouti is largelyinhabited by Somalis, it is separate from the Somali Republic and holds its own seat in the

United Nations and the League of Arab States . On February 22, 2008, the BBC reported that acompany owned by Tarek bin Laden was planning to build a bridge across the Bab elMandeb, linking Yemen with Djibouti. [24][25]

Since 2004, a civil war is being fought in Northern Yemen between Yemeni forces and ShiiteHouthi rebels. In 2009, it spilled over into the neighbouring border region of Saudi Arabia.This conflict is increasingly becoming a danger to regional stability according to news reports

by CNN[26] and the BBC[27] as various countries are said to be involved, e.g. Iran, SaudiArabia, Egypt and Jordan.[28] The United Nations [29] and UNDP Yemen report about a growing

problem of civilians fleeing from the region. Yemen is said to have more than 60 millionguns.[30] The 2009 South Yemen insurgency has further destabilized the country.Some news reports have suggested that, on orders from President Barack Obama, USwarplanes fired cruise missiles at what officials in Washington claimed were Al Qaedatraining camps in the provinces of Sanaa and Abyan on December 17, 2009 [31]. Other reports
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suggest that the airstrikes were carried out by Yemeni Mig-29 aircraft, probably helped by USintelligence [32], or that cruise missiles were launched from warships offshore [33]. Officials inYemen said that the attacks claimed the lives of more than 60 civilians, 28 of them children.Another airstrike was carried out on December 24. [34]

On January 3, 2010 the US and British embassies in Yemen closed for security reasons after the failed plot to bomb a plane in Detroit and after reports of eight individuals planning anattack on the embassy itself. One was arrested with a suicide vest, while three others werekilled. Four remain at large as of January 4, 2010. [35]

Despite these tensions between the US and Yemen, as well as increasing worries aboutterrorism in Yemen, President Obama has stated that he has no plans to introduce US militaryforces into the country, a sentiment that was echoed by US General David Petraeus. Instead of military intervention, the US government intends to increase military aid to $140 million in2010.[36]

[ edit ] DemographicsMain article: Demographics of Yemen

The population of Yemen was about 28 million according to July 2005 estimates, with 46% of the population being under 15 years old and 2.7% above 65 years. In 1950, it was 4.3 million.[37][38] By 2050, the population is estimated to increase to about 60 million. [39]

Yemen has one of the world's highest birth rates ; the average Yemeni woman bears sixchildren. Although this is similar to the rate in Somalia to the south, it is roughly twice as highas that of Saudi Arabia and nearly three times as high as those in the more modernized PersianGulf Arab states. Yemen's population is increasing by 700,000 every year.Yemenis are mainly of Arab origin. [1] Arabic is the official language, although English isincreasingly understood by citizens in major cities. In the Mahra area (the extreme east) and

the island Soqotra, several ancient south-Arabic Semitic languages are spoken.[40][41]

When theformer states of north and south Yemen were established, most resident minority groupsdeparted. [42] Yemen is still a largely tribal society. [43] In mountains of northern Yemen livesome 400 Zaydi tribes. [44] The African-descended group known as Al-Akhdam form a kind of hereditary caste in Yemen .[45] Yemen officially abolished slavery in 1962.[46]

High-rise architecture at Shibam , Wadi Hadramawt

Yemenite Jews once formed a sizable Jewish minority in Yemen with a distinct culture. [47]They also occupied key industries including silversmiths, and their influence on Yemeniculture is still discussed within the souks. However, most of them emigrated to Israel in themid 20th century, following the Jewish exodus from Arab lands and Operation Magic Carpet .[48] In the early 20th century, they had numbered about 50,000; they currently number only afew hundred individuals and reside largely in Sana'a. The original Jews' village is now leftabandoned and is popularly known as "Bait-baws".Arab traders have long operated in Southeast Asia, trading in spices, timber and textiles. Mostof the prominent Indonesians , Malaysians and Singaporeans of Arab descent have their origins in southern Yemen in the Hadramawt coastal region.[49] As many as 4 millionIndonesians are of Hadrami descent and today there are almost 10,000 Hadramis inSingapore.[50] The Hadramis emigrated not only to Southeast Asia but also to East Africa andthe Indian subcontinent .[51] Maqil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes of Yemeni origin
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who migrated westwards via Egypt. Several groups of Yemeni Arabs turned south toMauritania and by the end of the 17th century century, they dominated the entire country. [52]

According to the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Yemen hosted a populationof refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 124,600 in 2007. Refugees andasylum seekers living in Yemen were predominately from Somalia (110,600), Iraq (11,000)and Ethiopia (2,000). [20] There are also about 70,000 Iraqis presently living in Yemen. [53]UNHCR estimates that in 2008 more than 50,000 Somalis reached Yemen. [54] Yemen's civilwar has forced at least 175,000 Yemenis to flee their homes .[55]

The Yemeni diaspora is largely concentrated in the United Kingdom, where between 70,000and 80,000 Yemenis reside, also just over 15,000 - 20,000 Yemenis reside in the UnitedStates and 2,000 live in France.[56] Saudi Arabia expelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991to punish Yemen for its opposition to the Gulf War against Iraq.[57]

[ edit ] ReligionMain article: Religion in Yemen

A non-operational old church in Aden .

Religion in Yemen consists primarily of two principal Islamic religious groups. 53% of theMuslim population is Sunni [58] and 47% is Shi'a. [58][59] Sunnis are primarily Shafi'i, but alsoinclude significant groups of Malikis, and Hanbalis. Shi'is are primarily Zaidis, and also havesignificant minorities of Twelver Shias [60] and Musta'ali Western Isma'ili Shias (see ShiaPopulation of the Middle East ).

The Sunnis are predominantly in the south and southeast. The Zaidis are predominantly in thenorth and northwest whilst the Jafaris and Ismailis are in the main centers such as Sana'a andMa'rib. There are mixed communities in the larger cities. Less than 1% of Yemenis are non-Muslim, adhering to Hinduism, Christianity ,Judaism and Atheism.[61]

[ edit ] Health

Despite the significant progress Yemen has made to expand and improve its health caresystem over the past decade, the system remains severely underdeveloped. Total expenditureson health care in 2004 constituted 5 percent of gross domestic product. In that same year, the

per capita expenditure for health care was very low compared with other Middle Easterncountries US$34 according to the World Health Organization . According to the WorldBank , the number of doctors in Yemen rose by an average of more than 7 percent between1995 and 2000, but as of 2004 there were still only three doctors per 10,000 persons. In 2005Yemen had only 6.1 hospital beds available per 10,000 persons. Health care services are

particularly scarce in rural areas; only 25 percent of rural areas are covered by health services,compared with 80 percent of urban areas. Most childhood deaths are caused by illnesses for which vaccines exist or that are otherwise preventable. [62] According to 2009 estimates, lifeexpectancy in Yemen is 63.27 years. [1]

[ edit ] Human rights The neutrality of this section is disputed . Please see the discussion onthe talk page . Please do not remove this message until the dispute isresolved. (April 2009)
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Main article: Human rights in Yemen

The government and its security forces, often considered to suffer from rampant corruption,have been responsible for torture, inhumane treatment and extrajudicial executions. There arearbitrary arrests of citizens, especially in the south, as well as arbitrary searches of homes.

Prolonged pretrial detention is a serious problem, and judicial corruption, inefficiency, andexecutive interference undermine due process. Freedom of speech, the press and religion areall restricted.[63]

Human Rights Watch reported on discrimination and violence against women as well as onthe abolition of the minimum marriage age of fifteen for women. The onset of puberty (interpreted by some to be as low as the age of nine) was set as a requirement for marriageinstead. [64] Reports of other forms of hostile prejudice directed towards disabled people, andethnic and religious minorities were also reported. Censorship is actively practiced and in themid-2000s legislation was passed requiring journalists to reveal their sources under certaincircumstances, and the government has raised the start-up costs for newspapers and websitessignificantly. In violation of the Yemeni constitution, the security forces often monitor

telephone, postal, and Internet communications. Journalists who tend to be critical of thegovernment are often harassed and threatened by the police. [65]

Since the start of the Sa'dah insurgency many people accused of supporting Al-Houthi have been arrested and held without charge or trial. According to the US State DepartmentInternational Religious Freedom Report 2007, "Some Zaydis reported harassment anddiscrimination by the Government because they were suspected of sympathizing with the al-Houthis. However, it appears the Government's actions against the group were probably

politically, not religiously, motivated". [66]

The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants reported several violations of refugee andasylum seekers' rights in the organization's 2008 World Refugee Survey . Yemeni authoritiesreportedly deported numerous foreigners without giving them access to the United NationsHigh Commissioner for Refugees , despite the UNs repeated requests. Refugees further reported violence directed against them by Yemeni authorities while living in refugee camps.Yemeni officials reportedly raped, beat and camp-based refugees with impunity in 2007 .[20]

[ edit ] Languages

While the national language is Arabic ( Yemeni Arabic is spoken in several regional dialects),Yemen is one of the main homelands of the South Semitic family of languages, whichincludes the non-Arabic language of the ancient Sabaean Kingdom. Its modern Yemenidescendants are closely related to the modern Semitic languages of Eritrea and Ethiopia.However, only a small remnant of those languages exists in modern Yemen, notably on the

island of Socotra and in the back hills of the Hadhramaut coastal region. Modern SouthArabian languages spoken in Yemen include Mehri, with 70,643 speakers, Soqotri, with anestimated 43,000 speakers in the Socotra archipelago (2004 census) and 67,000 worldwide,Bathari (with an estimated total of only 200 speakers), and Hobyt language.Foreign language in public schools is taught from grade seven onwards, though the quality of

public school instruction is low. Private schools using a British or American system teachEnglish and produce proficient speakers, but Arabic is the dominant language of communication. The number of English speakers in Yemen is small compared to other Arabcountries such as Egypt, Lebanon, the UAE and Saudi Arabia. Private schools have alsostarted to teach French alongside Arabic and English.There is a significant number of Russian speakers, originating from Yemeni-Russian cross-marriages occurring mainly in the 1970s and 1980s. A small Vietnamese-speaking
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community is found in the capital city of Sana'a, originating from Yemeni immigrantsexpatriated from Vietnam after the Vietnam War in the 1970s.

[ edit ] Culture

The National Museum in Sana'a

Main article: Culture of Yemen

Yemen is a culturally rich country with influence from many civilizations, such as the earlycivilization of Sheba.

[ edit ] QatMain article: Khat

Qat, also known as Khat (Catha edulis ) is a large, slow growing, evergreen shrub, reaching aheight of between 1 and 6 meters; in equatorial regions it may reach a height of 10 meters. [67]This plant is widely cultivated in Yemen and is generally used for chewing. When Khat juiceis swallowed, its leaf juice has a amphetamine-like effect.

[ edit ] CinemaMain article: Cinema of Yemen

The Yemeni film industry is in its early stages, only two Yemeni films have been released asof 2008. In 2005, A New Day in Old Sana'a deals with a young man struggling between

whether to go ahead with a traditional marriage or go with the woman he loves.

Dance in Sa'dah , northwestern Yemen.

In August 2008, Yemens Interior Minister Mutahar al-Masri supported the launch of a newfeature film to educate the public about the consequences of Islamist extremism. "The LosingBet" was produced by Fadl al-Olfi. The plot follows two Yemeni jihadis, who return fromyears living abroad. They are sent home by an Al Qaeda mastermind to recruit new members

and carry out deadly operations in Yemen.[68]

[ edit ] Education

In the strategic vision for the next 25 years since 2000, the government has committed to bring significant changes in the education system, thereby reducing illiteracy to less than 10% by 2025. [69] Although Yemens government provides for universal, compulsory, freeeducation for children ages six through 15, the U.S. Department of State reports thatcompulsory attendance is not enforced. The government has developed the National BasicEducation Development Strategy in 2003 that aimed at providing education to 95% of Yemeni children between the ages of 614 years and also to decrease the gap between malesand females in urban and rural areas. [70]
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Islam in Yemen

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