ISLAMIC EMPIRESAP World History

Mr. Charnley

Ottoman Empire

Mongol Invasions 13th century Collapse of Seljuk

Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor in 14th century

Ottomans 14th -20th centuries Turkic peoples migrated

to Asia Minor from Central Asia

Osman (founder) Mehmed II the

Conqueror wiped out Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantines)

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire Eastern Europe, Asia

Minor, Middle East, and North Africa

Powerful military Rivaled Italian naval

power in Mediterranean

Besieged Habsburg Vienna in 16th and 17th centuries Distracted Charles V

from Protestant Reformation

Ottoman Empire

Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 Golden Age Roxelana Social, educational, and legal

reform Conquests

Expansion into Europe halted by Austrian Habsburgs

Defeated at Battle of Lepanto in 1571 and Siege of Vienna in 1683

Conflict with Safavid Empire in Persia

Conquered much of Middle East

Ottoman Empire

Imperial Organization Sultan

Bureaucracy = Grand Vizier Harem = concubines

Warrior aristocracy Timar = land for military service Regional and decentralized

Devshirme Ghulam Janissaries

Dhimmis ‘People of the Book’ Merchant class

Ottoman Empire

Military Decline Army

Inferior technology Janissaries refused to adapt Europeans developed new

weapons

Navy Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Spanish and Italians weakened Ottoman influence in Mediterranean

Maritime trade Indian Ocean trade =

Portuguese cut out Ottoman middlemen

Trans-Atlantic trade = Spanish silver caused inflation

Ottoman Empire

Decline Overexpansion Oversized government

Corruption Expensive Militarisitic

Weak leadership Issues of succession Janissaries

Safavid Empire

Origins 16th-18th

centuries Turkic people Mongol and

Timurid invasions of 13th and 14th centuries

Sufi mystics Sail al-Din Red Heads

Safavid Empire

Expansion Conquered Persia Battle of Chaldiran

Defeated by Ottoman Empire

Inferior technology Prevented spread of Shia

Islam beyond Persia Tahmasq I

Feudalistic system = land grants to warrior elites for military service

Persian bureaucracy Slave class

Safavid Empire

Abbas the Great 1587-1629 Slave class

Eastern European captives converted to Islam

Ghulam = Elite military forces and government officials comprised of slaves

Militarization Adopted European military

technology and strategies Built up large, modern

army

Safavid Empire

Culture Shifted from Turkish to Persian language Forced citizens to convert to Shia Islam Padishahs adopted Persian culture

Economy Abbas the Great

Encouraged international trade with Ottomans, Chinese, Indians, and Europeans

Worked to improve infrastructure of empire

Safavid Empire

Decline Succession problems

Abbas executed all potential rivals for fear of rebellion

Foreign conflicts Wars with Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire,

Turkic tribes, and local warlords Economy

British and Portuguese merchants in India cut out Safavid Empire from regional trade

Conquered by Turkic Afghani tribes in 18th century

Mughal Empire

16th-18th centuries Babur

Descended from Mongol leader Genghis Khan and Turko-Mongolian leader Timur

Raided India from Afghanistan

Set up capital at Delhi in 1526

Humayan Driven out of India by

rival warlords Reconquered Delhi in

1556

Mughal Empire

Akbar Cultural Tolerance

Abolished jizya Allied and intermarried with Hindu

princes Din-i-Ilahi = religion combining

Hindu and Islamic principles Warrior aristocracy

Granted peasant laborers in exchange for maintaining standing armies

Modernized military with Ottoman and European assistance

Local warlords were granted direct control over their lands

Social reforms Abolished sati and purdah

Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Shah Jahan Successors of Akbar Very little territorial

expansion Cultural contributions

Taj Mahal Blended Muslim domes,

arches, and minarets with Hindu ornament, marble, and reflecting pools

Tomb for Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shah Jahan

Gender roles Imperial court women had

expanded roles Common Indian women’s

rights were restricted

Mughal Empire

Aurangzeb Decline

Corrupt bureaucracy Undisciplined military Mistreated peasantry

Overexpansion Economic exhaustion Governmental corruption Persecuted Hinduism and

Sikhism Rebellion Regionalism

Officially dissolved by British in 1858 after Sepoy Mutiny

Islamic Society

Society and Gender Warrior elites Slavery Economic expansion

Trade technology

Public works projects Palaces mosques

Cultural Diffusion Patriarchal

Seclusion and veiling of women