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ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER
EMPIRES
Reasons for Rise Reasons for fall
DO NOW: RISE AND FALL OF EMPIRES
AGE OF GUNPOWDER EMPIRES 1450 – 1800
CHANGED THE BALANCE OF POWER
This term applies to a number of states, all of which rapidly expanded during the late 15th and over the entire 16th century. Most significant were Portugal, Spain, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire but also included England, France, Tokugawa (Japan), Romanov Russia, and Ming/Manchu (Qing) China
THE ISLAMIC EMPIRES 1500-1800
Three Islamic Empires dominate from southern Europe to Northern India from 1500-1800
Ottoman Empire (Balkans, Middle East, North Africa, & Eastern Europe)
Safavid Empire (Persia); Shia Islam
Mughal Empire (Northern India)-had lasting Islamic cultural impact
Religion (of the rulers at least…)All three Islamic empires were military creations
GoverningAutocratic: emperors imposed their will on the state
Ongoing problems with royal succession Ottoman rulers legally killed brothers after taking the throne
Influence of Royal and Upper-Class WomenHaremHarem politics: women often influenced policies, selections
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Founded in 1289 by Osman Later Expand into outer
regions of Byzantine Empire Successful b/c of gunpowder in
early sieges Use of Janissary Corps
Christian troops raised by Ottomans Were slaves, but paid well Provided for by Gov – Loyal Gunpowder weapons
14th-15th centuries: Expand into South Eastern Europe
1453: Conquer Constantinople Under the leadership of
Mehmed II (r. 1451-1481) Absolute monarchy;
centralized state
RISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Sultans control politics and economy
Promoted religious toleration to “People of the Books”
Separate themselves from the masses
Sultans will promote cultural heritage and development Architecture Coffeehouses
POLITICS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Four Main Social Groups:Men of the penMen of the swordMen of negotiationsMen of husbandry
Social Mobility becomes more rigid over time
Women had no rights aside from tradition, class, husbands’ wishes
OTTOMAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Millet System: Different communities based on religion throughout the empire
Each millet was headed by its own religious dignitary
Advised sultan on affairs in the community Was punished by sultan for problems of the community
In the millet system each community was responsible for
Taxes Education Legal Matters: Marriage, Divorce, Inheritance
THE OTTOMAN MILLET SYSTEM
Empire at its height under Suleyman Reigned 1520-1566 Conquered lands in Europe, Asia, Africa Syria, modern-day Israel, Egypt Hungary, Croatia, Rumania Siege of Vienna (Austria) in 1529 failed
Built powerful navy to rule Mediterranean
Encouraged development of arts Beautified Constantinople with mosques
Empire began a slow decline after Suleyman
SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF OTTOMAN DECLINE IN THE 17TH
CENTURY?
Reached limits of expansive power
early on
Too large to be maintained
High taxes on peasantscorruption of govt. officials & weak
rulers Rebellions
Declining position of women
Math and Astronomy Indian System (0-9) Algebra Maps Sunrise/sunset times
Physics in Chemistry Optics Alchemy
Biology and Medicine Opened body for study Hospitals (Free)
Medicine Kept records Trained physicians Medical Encyclopedias TOOK GREEK
KNOWLEDGE FORWARD – RENAISSACNE
ACHIEVEMENTS OF MUSLIM EMPIRES
SAFAVID PERSIA(1501-1736)
Founder: Shah Ismail (r. 1501-1524)
Conquers much of modern-day Iran and Iraq
Title “Shah” was originally used by ancient Persian dynasties
Shi’a Islam Religiously
intolerant – forced conversion
Tries to convert Sunni Muslims in Ottoman Empire
ORIGINS OF THE SAFAVID EMPIRE
Greatest of all Safavid leadersWent to war with Ottoman
Empire to regain territories lost in earlier battles Safavids fail at this effort BUT,
they sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans (1612) and regain some territory
Modernized militaryMade Alliances with Europe Invited European merchants into
countryCreated strong bureaucracy
SHAH ABBAS THE GREAT(R. 1588-1629)
SOCIETY
Traditional Social Structure
Women are forced to wear the veil and live in seclusion
Young boys kidnapped and enslaved (like Janissaries)
Strong emphasis on artisans, engineers and merchants
ECONOMY/CULTURE
Main Exports: Silk items and Persian rugs
Government invests money in cultural achievements Isfahan (capital) Architecture (City
planning; mosques) Literature, poetry and
music
SAFAVID SOCIETY AND ECONOMY/CULTURE
Leaders kept in seclusion from the people
Inept leadershipInvaded by nomadic tribes in 1722Gets caught in the middle of many territorial and political battles
DECLINE OF THE SAFAVID EMPIRE
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur) invaded northern India in 1523
Descendant of Chinggis Khan Conquered Delhi in 1526
Controlled empire extending from Afghanistan to most of India
Mughal Empire expanded under Akbar the Great (r. 1556-1605)
Established Mughal (“Mongol”) Dynasty Ruled with absolute powerEstablished a centralized government Took personal power
Expanded empire into southern India Tolerant of many religionsTried to reduce tensions between Hindus and Muslims Encouraged “Divine Faith”
which focused on the emperor
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Empire reached peak under Aurangzeb (r. 1659-1707)Expanded Mughal Empire to its greatest extentAlmost all of India except southern tipDid not follow Akbar’s policy of toleration
Imposed Islam on empire Destroyed Hindu temples
Taxed HindusCaused further resentment among Hindus
Akbar’s tolerant policies helped unify the empire.A conflict of cultures led to the end of this empire,
but resulted in a culture unique to the Mughal Empire.
Cultures that blended in the empire included Muslims
Hindus
Persians Indians
MUGHAL CULTURE
After Akbar needed reforms ignored
Government bureaucracy corrupt
Army behind in weaponry & tactics technology too many
building projects
Less religious tolerance Empire becomes too large internal
rebellions
Rulers extravagant & pleasure seeking
FAILURE OF MUGHAL DYNASTY
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
WHAT WERE THE SIMILARITIES &
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE THREE
MUSLIM EMPIRES?
OTTOMAN-Anatolia Peninsula, Europe & Nth Africa-religious fervor & zeal for Islamicconversion-Sunni Muslim
SAFAVID-Persia (Iran)-religious fervor & zealfor Islamic conversion-mostly Muslim-Shi’ia (Shiite)Muslim
MUGHAL-Northern India-rule pre-dominantlynon-Muslim population
CONTINUITIES-origins in in Turkic nomadic raiders of Central Asia based on military conquest-effective use of firearms and siege warfare – “Gunpowder Empires”-ruled by a succession of absolute monarchs
DIFFERENCES-Sunni/Shi’ia enmity (hatred) meant warring over territory & persecuting adherents of rival brand of Islam- leads to varying religious practices, legal codes & social organization
succession problems
imperial central power weakens
failure to adapt Western military & scientific advances
rulers better at conquests than administration
rulers too interested in pleasure seeking
too much building
peasants not taken care of-taxes
COMMON WEAKNESSES
Sponsored arts and public works Golden Age of Islamic art, architecture Mosques, palaces, schools, hospitals, caravanserais
Istanbul Ottoman capital, a bustling city of a million people Topkapi palace housed government, sultan's residence Suleyman blended Islamic, Byzantine architecture
Isfahan Safavid capital The "queen of Persian cities“ The central mosque is a wonder of architecture
Fatehpur Sikri, Mughal capital, created by Akbar Combined Islamic style with Indian elements Site abandoned because of bad water supply Taj Mahal, exquisite example of Mughal architecture
CULTURE