Islamization, Ethics and Values in Science
and Technology
ByIslamic Value....· and Ethic.'i in Engineering Sciences Research Group
(IVEES-RG)
International Islamic l'nhel-sity 'lalaysia (II L 1\1)
Editors
Suleyman Aremu 'Iuyibi
Waleed Fckry Faris
Jamal Ibmhim Daoud
]\Iohamed Elwathig Saeed 'Iirghani
Abdi Omar Shul+iye
'la'an Fahmi R. Alkhatib
.lalel Chebil
I IU;\l IJress
Published by:IlLM Press
International Islamic University \1alaysia
First Edition. 2011'£IlL\l Press, IIU:'v1
All rights resened. :\0 pan of this publication may be reproduced. stored in aretrie\al sY5lem, or transmitted. in any form or by any means. electronic,
mechanical. photocopying, recording. or othef\\ise. without any prior \\Tillenpermission of the publisher.
Perpustakaan :\c'gara \Ialaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Suleyman Aremu MuyibiIslamization. Ethics and Values in Science and Technology
Suleyman Aremu \luyibi ... let aL].ISB~ 978-967-022:'-S2-1
IS 8"\' : 9'x-lJ6 7-022:'-82-1
T'v1ember of\1ajlis Penerbitan llmiah 1\blaysia - \lAPI\l(l'\'lalaysian Scholarly Publishing Council,
IIV\} PRI"lTI'IG SD:\.RHD.1\ o. I. Jalan Industri Balli Ca\es l.~
Taman PerinduSlrian Balu CavesBallI Caves Centre Point
68100 BallI Caw5Selangor Darul Ehsan
Tel: -60:3-6188 1542/44.1 45 Fax: -603-6188 1."4:3EMAIL: iillmprinting~[yahoo.com
Islamic Values and Ethics in Engineering Sciences Research Group (IVEE-RG)Members
Abdi Omar ShuriyeAhmad Tariq JameelJalel ChebilJamal Ibrahim DaoudMa'an Fahmi R. AlkhateebMohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani (Secretary)Mohammed Saedi Jami (Coordinator)Nassereldeen Ahmed KabashiParveen JamalRaed KafafyShihab A. HameedSouad A. Mohamad Albat'hiSuleyman Aremu MuyibiWaleed Fekry Faris
Authors:
Abdelaziz BerghoutAbdi Omar ShuriyeAbdul Haseeb AnsariAhmad Tariq JameelIbrahim M. ZainJalel ChebilJamal Ibrahim DaoudMa'an Fahmi R. AlkhateebMohamed Elwathig Saeed MirghaniMohammed Saedi JamiMuaz HawariNassereldeen Ahmed KabashiOmar H. J. HajjajOthman Omran KhalifaParveen JamalRaed KafafySayed Desouky HassanShihab A. HameedSouad A. Mohamad Albat'hiSuleyman Aremu MuyibiWaleed Fekry Faris
v
Short Bio-data for Authors
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shihah A. Hameed
Is currently Associate Professor in depal1ment of electrical and computer engineeling IlUI\I
University J\lalaysia. He is Senior \lemher II::J:::r: (Computer & Communications) and member of
sewral Intemational and Local professional societies. He is a member of cuniculum committee
and developing course outlines for many ne\v courses in Computer and soft\\are engineering. He
obtained his PhD in Soft\\are Engineering tl'om UK\1. He has three decades of industrial and
educational experiencc. His research interest is mainly in the software engineering. Professional
Ethics. Software quality. suneillance and monitoring systems. healthcare and Telemedicine. Dr.
Hameed supervising many PhD and \laster Students. Leading many funded research projects as
well as leader or member of se\ eral research groups or unites. He published more than 100
papers in various intel1lational and national referred joumals and conferences. Dr Hameed
obtains Tens of \ledals and re\\ards tbr his innovation and advanced research work. He is
member of se\cral editorial boards for refened joumals as \\ell as membtT of several organizing
committees t()r intemational conferences.
Assoc. Prof. DL Waleed F. Faris
Waked F. FallS is the Deputy Dean in the Otticc of Corporate Strategy & Qualit\" Assurance in
the Intemational Islamic Universit: .\lalaysia (IlU\II. and also holds an appointment as an
Associate Professor in the r-.1cchanical Engineeling Department and \Iechatronics Dcpal1ment of
the same University since 2004. He obtained his SSe in \kchanieal Engineering ii'om Zagazig
Uni\ersily. Egypt. in 1989. his .\ISc rrom the same uni\ersilY in 1996. and his PhD from
Virginia Tech, USA. in 2003 in l\on-linear Dynamics. He has to his credit thrcc books and more
than 90 tt'chnieal papers in reputed joumals and rett:'reed confert'nees in Vehicle. structuraL and
Systcm Dynamics and Control and ,\/VH and management and Islamization. He is a member of
the Japanese Society of ~c\utomoti\t' Engineers. and a technical committee mcmber and re\ ic\\er
ofscvcral international joumals and conferences \\orld-\\ide.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. 'lohamed Elwathig Saeed \lirghani
vi
A Sudanese. currently Associate Protessor in the Department of Biotechnology Engineering.
Kul1iyyah (Faculty) of Engineering. IIUvI. He obtained his firsl degree fi·om Cairo Lni\crsity,
Cairo, EgYVt: the .:::nd degree Ii-om Lni\ersity of Gezira. \lcdani. Sudan and the PhD ti'om
Lnivcrsity Putra \lalaysia (LJ P\l). He is member of sc\(~ra1 Inte1l1ational and Local professional
societies such as AOeS. AFOCS. SCS. etc. He is registered as consultant for Sudanese
Agricultural Engineers Lilian. He honoured mally awards locally and at inkmational level. Ife
published more than 90 papers in various international and national rdelTed joumals and
conte-rences proceedings. He is member of several editorial hoards and organizing committees
t(H intemational conle-rences.
PI'of. Dr. Abdul Haseeb Ansal-j
Prole-ssor Dr. ,'\bdul Hasceh Ansari ohtained his B.Sc. f)'om Gorakhpur Uniwrsity. India and
LL.I\L Ph.D. from Banaras Hindu Lniversity. India. He has special interest in re\'Cnue !a\\.
emironmental law. inte1l1ational la\\ and comparative jurispmdenee. He has C\:tensively
contributed on different aspects or environmental Ll\\. He has a long C\:perienee of teaching and
guiding research in these subjects. lIe has extensively contributed to the knowledge by
publishing eighty O\er articles and a book. He is Editor-in-Chief of Jouma1 of Islamic La\\
Review. Prolessor Ansari has membership of sOl11e of the intemational institutions of high
repute. He is presently \\orking as a Prolessor at the lntemational Islamic Lniversity, \lalaysia.
In ':::005, he got the best researcher award of the university. In 2008. was honored \\-ith the
outstanding researcher a\\'ard of the university'.
Assoc. Prof. Dr-. Paneen Jamal
Associate Professor Dr. Paneen Jmal obtained her degrees fi'om /\.ligarh lvluslim Lniversity.
India. She joined lntemational Islamic University in 1997_ Her areas of expertise are: natural
product processing. optimization for bioactive compounds. secondary metabolites and their
applications. biocomersions of natural product and organic residues to value-added products. In
these areas. she has completed se\eral projects and has published a large number of articles in
various national and intemationaljoumals.
Prof. Dr. Abdelaziz Berghoutvii
Abdelaziz Berghout. an Algelian. is a Professor of Civilization. Islamic Studies and Creative
Thinking. Faculty of Re\ealed Knowledge and Human Sciences. International Islamic
Cniversity. \lalaysia. He has obtained the Best Lecturer A\\ard (2003), Best Researcher Award
(2006) and Outstanding Researcher A\\ard (200f). Currently. serves as the Dean. (Corporate
Strategy and Quality Assurance), International Islamic Uni\ersity l\falaysia. He also served as
Director of Co-cunicular Activity Centre Covering Director of Student Developmenl Di\ision.
He senes as advisor and consltant to many organisations in \1alaysia. LSA. Jl,.1orocco. Turkey.
Australia and Singapore ... etc. He published many books, among which are. Prophetic
.\ltthodology and Social Change (1995) . Ci\ ilizational Thought: 1\eed for Transftmnation of
.\l3n, Thought, Educ.lt ion and Culture (2003 j, Islamic Discourse in a !\1uIti -Re ligious and \1 uhi
Cultural Society (2005 2008). Foundations of Civilizational Renewal and its lniversal
Dimensions: A Study on Malik Bennabi·s Thought (1006), The Islamic WorIdvie\\ and
Renewal: A Civilizalional Approach (2006), To\\ards an Islamic Theory ttlr Ci\'ilizational
Dewlopmenl: the Contribution of Said :\ursi (20U6). Islam and the Ci\'iliztional Project in
contemporary World, (20C)7). Strategic Thinkjng to Enhance Human Capital De\elopment. Co
author, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2009. He also published many al1ic1es in local and
International Journals. He Lecutred e.\.tensively throughout the world. among other places. the
UK. Holland, Australia. Algeria. I\lalaysia. Singapore. Turkey, the Phillipiccns, Brunie-. Saudi
Arabia. Qatar. K3\vait Syria. United Arab Emarates, Bahrin, Oman. Jordan ...etc. The scope of
his lectures cover area such 3..<;, Islamic thought, culture. civilisation. globalisation. cducation,
quality . strategic planning Il1 higher education. world view. creati\'t~ and critical thinking.
ci\ilisational dialogue ... etc.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Jamal I. Daoud
Dr. Jamal I. Daoud obtained his B.Sc. (1981) degree from lniversity or Baghdad. Iraq. PhD
(1992) ii'om State Academy of J\1anagcl11cnt. \loscow, Russia. His interests arc in Regression
Analysis. Experimental Design and Statistical Inference. He has published a number of papers on
the application of regression and cxpclimental design and many other papers in statistics and
mathcmatics as \vell. Dr Jamal is co-author of four books in experimental design. intercntial
viii
statistics and regression analysis, He has presented papers at several intemational conte-rences,
He is presently working at the Intemational Islamic Lni\ersity I\lala\'sia.
Professor Eng... Dr. Suleyman Aremu 'luyibi
He eamed his BS Engineering (cum laude) with maJor In environmental control from the
University of Central Florida LSA. l'vIEng (Civil Engineering) majoring in Water Resources and
Environmental Engineering from the University of Benin. '\igeria PhD in Environmental
Engineering II"om the Uniwrsity of\lewcastk. UK and Diploma in Islamic Studies (DIS) from
the Intcmational Islamic University \Ialaysia, He is a member of Islamic Values in Engineering
and Ethics in Engineering Research Group. a member of the ;\igerian Society of Engineers
(NSE). a Registered Civil Engineer (CORE'\. 1'\igeria), a member of the \Jalaysian \lational
Committee on lITigation and Drainage (!\IA'\CID), a member of1'\igcrians in Diaspora Science
and Technology Committce(DI1'\ISAn, member of \Ioringa ]\e\\s Network. Coordinator of the
Bioel1\ironmental Engineering Research Unit (BERL) at the International Islamic University
\lalaysia and member of \Ialaysian Water Association (1\'1\\'.\), His area of expel1ise and
interest is in water resources and environmental management with special emphasis on Islamic
perspectives. He have authored and co-authored morc than 150 publications in joul11als.
conferences, technical reports. and a book.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Harnzah 'Iohd. Salleh
Hal11zah .\lohd. Salleh received his tertiary education from the Lniverslly of Waterloo. Canada
from 1982-1986 (BSc), 1986-1988 (\lSc) and 1989-1994 (PhD). He completed his post
doctoral training at the Lniversity of\'1ichigan. USA in 1995. He has c:\lensively contributed in
the dewlopment of the Faculty of Engineering by' serving in different committees and holding
administrative positions from 1995 to 2008. Ilis CU1Tent interests inc1ude biological and cataly-tic
properties of enzymes including enzyme technology and engineeling~ biotransfi..,mlation; values
and ethics in science and tcchnology~and halal science.
ix
Associate P"ofessor Dr. '\assereldeen Ahmed Kabbashi Abuelfutouh
Dr. i\assereldccn Ahmed Kabbashi Abuelfutouh obtained his PhD from Lniversity of Putra
\lalaysia 2002 in Em iron mental Engineering. Dr. Kabbashi area of interest is in Composting;
Process C(11ltrol: Strategic planning and \lanagemenL Biocthaonol and Biodiesel production and
\lanagcment; Environmental Engineering: Technology \lanagemcnt: Solid Waste Management:
Production & Application of '\anotechnology f()r \\aste\\-ater treatment; and Water and
Waste\\ater Treatment and \lanagement. Dr Kabbashi is a member of Biotechnology
Engineering Research Cnit ill the Biotechnology Engineering Depal1ment under Kulliyyah
Engineering IlU\l.
Assistant Prof. DL Souad A. \'lohamad
Assistant Prof. Dr. Souad A. \lohamad IS currently an academic staff at department of
manufacturing and materials engineering. faculty or engineering. IILI\1. She obtained her SSe.
from Basra Uni\Crsity. Iraq. \1.Se. Baghdad Lniversity. Iraq and PhD. \lala)a Lniversity. Kuala
Lumpur. \lalaysia. in materials science. Her area of interest is solar energy and Solar Cells.
green technology. thin tilms, semiconductors and polymers, electro-photochemical sensitization.
food science and islamizatiol1 of knowledge. She has a long experience of teaching and
supenising students in these subjects. In 2005 and 2007 she got the best teacher awards at
center for fiJundation studies of IIU\1. In '::010 she has been selected as a revie\\er for Asia
Pacitic Journal of Chemical Engineering and nU\1 Engineering Journal.
Assistant Prof. Dr. ']a'an Fahmi R. Alkhatib
Dr. \la'an Alkllatib obtained his B.Se. in chemical engineering from University of Jordan and
\1.Sc. in chemical and process engineering from the '-Jational Lniversity of \lalaysia. \,hile his
Ph 0 \\3S obtained from L niversi ty Putra \1 alaysia in El1\ironmental Engineering. In 2007. he
joined the International Islamic Lni\Crsity !\lalaysia as a lecturer in the Department of
Biotechnology Engineering. His research interest is on aeti\ated carbon. nanom3terials.
bioadsorbents and alternatiw fuels. Dr. 1\la'an has published many papers in journals and
conferences. He also won many a\\ards in local and international exhibitions.
x
CO'\TE'\TS
Short Bio-data for Authors
PrefaceSynopsis
Chapter 1VALUES Ai\D EDL"C\TIOI\ WITHIN THE FRA\lE\\ORK OF
ISLA\HSATIOI\ OF KNOWLEDGEAbdelaziz Bcrghout
Chapter 2ETHICAL ISSl~ES l:'-J E~VIRO:'-JrvlENTAL \IA:--.JAGEIVIE\lT A\JD RESOLRCE
CONSERVATIO\; FRO\lISLAT\IIC PERSPECTIVE
Sulcyman .\remu \luyibi & Hamzah \lohd SalJeh
Chapte," 3
RELlCiIOUS TOLERANCE AND DIALOCJUE E\ VIEW OF GOLEN'S
CiLOBALlZED WELTA:\SCHALU\G
Abdi O. Shuriye
Chapter 4
TOWARDS AN ISLA\lIC THEORY OF DEVELOP\lENT BASED O~ QLRA:\IC
APPROACH: SUR.AH QLRAISH A.S A CASE STLDY
Sayed Desouky Hassan, Waked F. Faris & Racd Kafafy
Chapter 5
RIGHT TO A HEALTHFUL E'\IVIRON\lENT IN ISLA!\1: AN EXPOSITORY
STLDY
Abdul Haseeb Ansari & Paneen Jamal
Chapter 6
EARL Y \lLTSLlM CO'\lTRIBUTIO:\S TO ASTRONO.\I'l·
Abdi O. Shuriye 8: :\~iSI'eldeen Kabashi
Chapter 7
ETHICS OF THE STLDE:\T AND PROFESSOR: ABOLT THE CHARTER OF
THE \'IOR../\L FRO~vIISLA\IIC PROSPECTIVE
\Iohamcd Ehvathig Saeed \lirghani 8.: \'la'al1 Fahmi R. Alkhatib
Chapter 8
\ILSLl\l CONTRIBUTlO"lS TO PHYSICS
Abdi O. Shuriye 8: Waked Faris
3-15
16-26
n-45
46-54
55-76
78-91
92-99
100-110
Chapter 9
E-WASTE: PROBLPdS, ISLA\IlC PERSPECTIVE AND SOLUTlOl\S
Waleed r. Faris. Othman O. Khalifa and \luaz Hawari
Chapter 10HARf\IFL'L DATA THAT AFFECT ETHICAL, RELIGIOUS. A:'\D SOCIAL
VALUES OF INTERT\ET CSERS N EOLCATIOT\ PROCESS
5hihab A. Hameed
CHAPTER 11LSE A'..JD ABLSE Of TECHI\OLOGY: Il\TERl\ET AS A CASE STUD)'
Waleed F. Faris & Jamal 1. Daoud
Chapter 12ISSCES O\l ETIIICS Ai\D VALUES 11\ E:\!GI.'\EERIl\G PR...-\CTlCES
.-\bdi . O. Simriye
Chapter 13CA\lISLA\llC BA'..JKf.'\G INDLSTR\' ETIHCAL FRA\IE SAVE THE FI:"JA'..JCIAL
SAVE THE WORLD FI:-JAI\CIAL S\'STEI\1: THE RESPO,\SE OF ISLAf\IIC
B·\'\IKS I'\J 2001< FI'\A.'\CL-\L CRISIS
Hassanuddeen A. Aziz
112-124
125-142
143-156
157-165
166-176
CAl' ISLAl\'1IC BA~KI~G INDUSTRY ETHICAL FRAME \VORl( SAVETHE \VORLD FINANCIAL SYSTEM: THE RESPONSE OF ISLAlVlIC
BANKS I~ 2008 FI~ANCIAL CRISIS
Hassanuddeen A. Aziz 329
Introduction
Agency problems are faced by the modern institutions irrespective \vhether they are
financial or non-financial institutions. The current financial crisis and the loss of confidence have
led to credit crunch further worsening the crisis - the inability or unwillingness of financial
institutions to lend. Financial institutions need capital to operate so if it has been wiped out by
large losses then they have to deleverage to reduce debt and build up their capital base. The US Fed
has been providing the liquidity needs to the financial centres but still the problem lingers around.
Among the financial institutions which failed during this crisis was Northern Rock, a large
British bank nationalized in early 2008; Bear Stearns takeover by the Fed; the acquisition of
Countrywide Financial by Bank of America; the collapse of Lehman Brothers: Fortis, , Merrill
Lynch, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. With the collapse of the global financial system no one is
going to be spared. This current system is an unjust and unfair system, thus, it has created \vide
disparity among nations and within the nations.
Researchers have been trying to identifY the causes of this crisis and there are different
explanations on hov,' these crises started. Agency problem is one of the aspects that can be a cause
for this crisis. Agency problem occurs \vhen the interest of the agent is not In line with the interest
of the principle and this cause a lot of problems to the goal of the business which is maximizing the
wealth of shareholders. The conventional capitalist monetary system worsens the situation because
the people in the company are economic maximizes which made them opt only on how to maximize
the wealth regardless of doing it ethically or unethically. Many researchers ask whether Islamic
financial system is also going through the same trouble. Although the Islamic financial system is
saved from the current financial system but if the operator of the system behaves like conventional
system, then there will be no significant difference between the two systems and as a result of that,
any problem that is faced by the conventional system will affect the Islamic financial system
because of the law of convergence. The current Islamic banks also experience agency problems
329 Associate Professor. Depanment of Business Administration. International Islamic Uniyersity !vialaysia.
167