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ISLANDING AND ISLAND OPERATION OF

LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS

D A, E

AG, E , E D E I

.@.

1 Overview

.E . B . .

, , . . .

F 1-1 . . . -

. , . A , . , .

ICA 1.

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Figure 1-1: Network overview

2 Methods

2.1 Methodology

. :

1. , , .

2. .

3. , , , , .

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4. D .

5. .

6. D .

7. D .

8. .

2.2 Models

, , ICA., , .. (A) (),

. ICA 1. E . A , . .

2.3 PlanningCriteria

, , .

A , , , (), . A, . .

A :

1. 1.04 .., .. 52 H 50 H .

2. 0.98 .., .. 49 H 50 H .

3. E 0.9 .. 1.1 ..

4. , 2.4.

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, , , .

D . , .. , . C , . , . , . (F 2-1):

-

C

1- : 1 ,

2- : -- 2 .

-

-

-

- 2-3 - ( , ! , , .)

- , . I

.

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Positive Sequence

Under-Voltage:

U1 Utility

&0

0

0 0 >=10

0000

0

Under-Frequency

f =10

0

0

Trip Decoupling Switch,

Activation Island

Operation Mode

>=10

0

0 0

>=10

0

0 0

Over-Frequency

f >

Line-to-Earth

Over-Voltage:

UL1E>

UL2E>

UL3E>

>=10

0

0 0

Over-Current:

IL1>

IL2>

IL3>

>=10

0

0 0 2-3 s

Figure 2-1: Typical decoupling criteria

2.4 Islandoperationcontrolschemes

I , . - . :

I- F 2-2

A ,

A , - (F 2-3)

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Figure 2-2: Gas turbine master controller

Figure 2-3: High-level master control for frequency adjustment controlling all gas turbines

3 Results

3.1 Configuration

. B , . 130-180 200-300 . G5-3000.

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3.2 Performanceduringdecoupling

F ,

, , . F 3-1 - - ( ) 0 , 1 , . . . D , . , - . - , F 3-1.

Figure 3-1: Example: Power gradient too small, maximum frequency limit exceeded

F 3-2 . - .

Figure 3-2: Example: Power gradient appropriate, maximum frequency limit not violated

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. . F 3-3

. 2 1 . A . . , .

, .

Figure 3-3: Example: Frequency trend and active power distribution at Master control of largest gas

turbine, 2ndgas turbine is droop controlled

A (F 3-4). H, .

.

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Figure 3-4: Example: All gas turbines are droop controlled, frequency deviation remains

, . A - (F 2-3), 2, F 3-5. . .

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Figure 3-5: Example: Gas turbines are droop controlled; high-level master control adjusts power

output of all gas turbines simultaneously

3.3 Optimizationofthedecouplingdevice

- - - . - , . A

, - . F 3-6 . I . - - .E - - 0.5 .. . --- - .--- - . , --- .

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A , . F , - . ,

.

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5

Critical clearing time [s]

Positive

sequencev

oltage

U1

[p.u.]

3-phase short-circuit, P_GT=Pr, Q_GT=Qmin

2-phase-to-ground short-circuit, P_GT=Pr, Q_GT=Qmin

2-phase short-circuit, P_GT=Pr, Q_GT=Qmin

2ph. SC, U1,min

2ph. SC-Gr., U1,min

3ph. SC, U1,min

Figure 3-6: Example: Correlation between positive sequence voltage and critical clearing time at

different fault types

F 3-7 - . - 0.5 .. 170 . 260 .C 30 60 170 .

500 , .. 400 . - 0.75 .. - . -- - .

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0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5

Critical clearing time [s]

Positive

sequencevoltageU1

[p.u.

]

3-phase short-circuit, P_GT=Pr, Q_GT=Qmin

2-phase-to-ground short-circuit, P_GT=Pr, Q_GT=Qmin

2-phase short-circuit, P_GT=Pr, Q_GT=Qmin

170 ms 500 ms

Relay- und Circuit breaker delay time

Decoupling Criteria

Figure 3-7: Example: Determination of decoupling criteria for 1stand 2

ndunder-voltage trigger based

on the critical clearing time

4 Conclusions

.

. D , .. , , . D .

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References

1 ICA, EAC, ..//-

2 CE H, .., CE H; 1 1: -F C , 19.03.2009