WATER - IntroductionHow many percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water? What happens when water freezes?What happens when water condenses?What happens when water evaporates?

Task: Describe the distribution of Earth´s water. Use emphasizers only, not more than /almost all, most. Give contrasts by using while, whereas etc.As green plants make food, they give off water vapor to the atmosphere through pores in their leaves in a process called transpiration. Water also evaporates from the surface of a human skin when our body gets rid of its moisture. How do we call that process? During all the years between the formation of the earth and now, water has been moving continuously into and out of the atmosphere in a process called water or hydrologic cycle.

Task: Describe the process in pairs. Key words: cool, cause (as a verb), enter, fall (back), return, soak into, stay on the surface, run off, precipitation, evapotranspiration, (under) ground water supply

Grammar revision: 1.vyjádření stejné míry2.vyjádření přímé úměry

Why is this process, on a worldwide basis, a balanced system?

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Desribing Describe a stream near your home. Where does it start? Try to give the exact location.What larger body of water does it flow into? Is it clean or polluted? What causes the pollution?Is there a hope for improvement ( sewage water treatment plant / reduction of pollution)? Does it provide a habitat for many plants and animals?

Key words: spring, start, source, rise, head (pramen, pramenit), origin (pramen), thermal spring / well head (zřídlo/vřídlo), outflow / karst spring (“vyvěračka”), sinking / foundering (propadání, ponor), stream (potok, pramínek, říčka), streamlet (potůček, strouha, pramének), brook, creek (potok), the upper reaches of a river (horní tok); river bed (řečiště), bank (břeh), watercourse (tok), confluence (soutok), waterway (splavný tok), channel (průliv), canal / industrial watercourse (průplav), well (studna), dam (hráz), reservoir / lake (přehradní nádrž) Warning: water bed =vrstva hrubého štěrku na bázi jílu! stem=pramenit z čeho (jen přeneseně)microbiological analysis of drinking water (pitné vody), liquid wastes, sewage = odpadní vodyWhat is a structure like bridge that takes water across a valley?More vocabulary in Lingea - Rivers and Lakes or Rivers- Unit 3 in our Syllabus.

Task 1: Find the synonyms in the text Water and Ancient Civilizations to fit the following meanings: Belonging to times long past = need (par.1) = Cultivate by growing (2) = proof (3) = began/developed/originated (4) = supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc. (4) =

Task 2: Find the opposites in the same text to fit the following meanings: Interrupted (1) - , set free into nature (3) - came to an end (4) - fall (5) - , decreased (5) -

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(text from Fariel, R. - Hinds, R. - Berey,D.: Earth Science, Addison-Wesley 1987 )

Tasks - Věra Hranáčová, English for Earth Science

Homework: Gap-fill test “Water collects on the ground”

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WATER - Introduction and Fresh Water– Terms and Definitions

fresh water = not composed of salt water x saline [seilain] = salty = slanádrinking /drinkable water = pitná voda; x drinkable only after boilingpotable = any liquid suitable for drinking (pitný, k pití); water / fluid intake = pitný režimsurface water = povrchová ; ground water = podzemní

condense To change from a gas to a liquid.evaporate To change from a liquid to a gas.freeze To change from a liquid to a solid.transpiration The process by which green plants, as they make food, drive off water vapor

(transpire) through small openings in their leaves. water cycle The process by which water is continually recycling between the earth's

surface and the atmosphere; also called the hydrologic cycle.

Water On the Ground

glacier A moving mass of ice and snow.lake A body of water that collects in a hole or depression in the earth's surface;

larger and deeper than a pond.pond (US) A body of water that is smaller and shallower than a lake. (US)reservoir [rezəvua:] A lake formed by damming a river.dam A barrier constructed to contain the flow of water

(or to keep out the sea).marsh / bog Low-lying wet land with green vegetation.swamp [o] A low-lying water-soaked marsh or bog that forms when a lake or pond fills

with sediment and vegetation.runoff overland flow Water that flows off the earth's surface.sheet runoff Water that has no channels to direct its flow as it runs off the earth's surface.stream Runoff that follows in a channel between banks of soil, rock, or other

material.tributaries Streams and small rivers that empty into one large river system.discharge The flow rate of water moving past a give location. divide (+ Br watershed) The highest land that separates the direction in which water will run off

the earth's surface. (rozvodí)river basin, catchment area /basindrainage area / basin= US watershed All the land that drains into a river, with its system of streams and other

tributaries. (povodí)

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Water In the Ground

ground water Water that has infiltrated the earth.pore spaces Spaces between particles of sand or soil.porosity The total volume of the pore spaces in a certain volume of material.permeability Property determining how easily water flows through a material.impermeable Property allowing no water to pass through a material.viscosity A measure of how easily a liquid flows.

infiltration The process by which water sinks into the ground.adhesion The attraction of water molecules to other kinds of molecules.cohesion The attraction of one molecule to another molecule of the same kind.capillary action The upward movement of water in soil due to adhesion and cohesion.

zone of aeration The layer of soil between the water table and the earth's surface.capillary fringe An area just above the water table that receives its moisture by capillary

action.water table The boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.

Upper boundary surface of the saturated zone. (Strahler)Upper limit of the ground water body.

zone of saturation The layer of soil below the water table.

spring The place where ground water flows out of the ground because the water table has intersected the earth's surface.

artesian system A combination of rock layers in which water passes downward through an aquifer.

aquifer A layer of permeable rock through which water travels.Water-bearing strata. (zvodeň)

artesian spring A natural flow of water from an artesian system.

geyser The eruption from the ground of water and steam that has been heated by hot magma or rocks in the earth's crust.

[Br gi:zə, Us gaizə] Boiling of pressurised water. Intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by vapor phase (=steam).

Task: Note the terms with the stress on the second syllable.porosity, impermeable, viscosity, adhesion, cohesion, aeration, artesian

Sources:Robert E. Fariel, Robert W. Hinds, David B.Berey: Earth Science, Addison-Wesley (AW)Plummer, Ch. - McGeary, D. - Carlson, D.: Physical Geology, Earth Revealed,

The McGraw-Hill Companies 2001Strahler, A.: Introducing Physical Geography, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2003Lingea Lexicon 5, 2010

Compiled by Věra Hranáčová, 2013-2015

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The Earth’s Fresh WaterBrainstorming: What percentage of all the earth´s water is fresh water?

Section 1 Water on the GroundWater collects on the ground Practise correct pronunciation before doing the tasks:gouging [gaudž], sponge [spandž], swamp [o],reservoir [rezəvua:], soak [əu], supply [sə´plai], lie –lying [lai], variety [və´raiəti]

Task: Fill in the missing gaps with one of the following words. There are three extra words. as because causes depths demonstrates enough flow melts supply why

Water can return to the earth as rain or snow which may pile up to great __________. Increasing pressure on the bottom layers __________that snow to change to ice. Most of the earth’s fresh water __________ is stored in glaciers and other forms of ice.Glaciers, moving masses of ice and snow, _________ downhill and out of their center. They usually move very slowly, gouging and reshaping the land ________ they go.In order for glaciers to exist, more snow must fall than __________each year. Most of the glaciers are located near the poles where the energy from the sun, even in summer, is not strong ____________to melt all the ice and snow.

Task: Do the same to complete the second part of the text. There are two extra words. as because beds body dams depression lying therefore varieties way

Water collects in lakes, ponds, and swamps. A lake forms when water collects in a hole or ___________ in the earth´ s surface. The Great Lakes are the largest ________ of fresh water on earth. Their content of water is almost twice as much ______ all the water in the earth’s atmosphere! They are thought to have been formed about 250 000 years ago, when a glacier dug the lake ________ out of the rock surface. The rock and soil that were scooped out of the hollow formed natural __________. When the southern part of the glacier melted, water filled the huge hollows and formed the lakes. Many lakes of the world were formed that _________. Some lakes form when water fills the craters of inactive volcanoes. Reservoirs are lakes usually formed by damming a river. A pond (Us) is a body of water that is smaller and shallower than a lake. Ponds and lakes that are filled with water and vegetation are called swamps (the word comes from a Greek word meaning sponge.) They are low-___________ water- soaked marshes and bogs. Swamps provide a home for many _______________ of plants and animals.

Explain these words in English. Use their synonyms or describe them.to pile up= to gouge= scoop out= to dam (damming)+ a dam= a hollow = marsh=bog= peat bog =

GrammarFind 2 types of the infinitive phrases in the text above. a) vazba akuzativ+ infinitiv: (I want you to find them.) b) vazba 1.pád+trpný rod +infinitiv: (They are supposed to be/to have been in the text.)

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Water runs off the groundA large amount of liquid water that falls to the earth has no place to collect. Much of this water flows directly off the surface and is known as runoff which occurs in two ways:

Sheet runoff has no channels to direct its flow. It runs off as broad flat sheets of water. In streams water flows in channels between banks of soil, rock and other material. The

banks direct the flow.When water falls onto a mountain ridge or when snow melts on the ridge, water will run off on both sides of the ridge. The highest land that separates the direction in which water will run off is called a divide (Br watershed). The mightiest river systems in the world begin as small flows that feed into little stream channels and these flow into larger ones until they form a river. Streams and small rivers that empty into one large river system are called tributaries. Eventually the large main river empties into the sea.All the area of land that drains into a river, along with its system of streams and other tributaries, is called a river basin / catchment area / Us watershed.

Check yourself1. What are the two ways in which runoff occurs? How are they different?2. What can you say about the Czech Republic as a divide?3. What are the names of the entire area that serves as a source of runoff for a river

system?4. What are tributaries?5. What is the synonym of broad? What is the opposite? 6. What does the word eventually mean? Possibly yes or definitely yes?

Give some other expressions with the same meaning:

Homework1)Prepare a short report on a lake or a pond near your home. Find out how it was formed.Where does the lake get its water? / Which streams feed the lake?Are there any streams flowing out of the lake?Is the lake filling with sediments and plants? What are the main pollutants?You may add any interesting information.Is there any evidence that the lake was higher or lower than it was when you observed it?

Useful vocabulary: Br pond = Us small lake = rybník, pool = tůňka, tarn= mountain lake, bayo [baiu:]= oxbow lake, moorland = vřesoviště, marsh = travnatá bažina, alga, pl.algae = řasy, blue green = sinice; mud, muddy = bláto;fishing out = výlov, carp = kapr, pike = štika, trout [au]= pstruh, eel[i:l] = úhoř, catfish = sumec, crayfish – rak;coypu [koipu:] = nutrie, punt [a]= pramice/plť,

2) Do the ROPOT (odpovědník ) Water on the Ground.3) Go through the Terms and Definitions of Section 2 and prepare the completion of texts.

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Section 2 Water in the Ground

Porosity and permeability Task: Choose the most suitable connector from the choices below the text. Most of the earth’s liquid fresh water is found neither in lakes 1_______ in rivers, but in the ground. Water can sink into the ground through open spaces - pore spaces - between particles in a process called infiltration. The total volume of the pore spaces in a certain volume of material is called porosity. The degree of porosity varies with the kind of rock. Pore spaces among round-shaped particles of loose materials like sand can account for about one third of the total volume. Sandstone is quite porous 2____________ frequent pore spaces between the sand grains and the cementing material. Other kinds of rock, such as granite, which may consist of interlocking crystals or tightly pressed layers, will have a very low porosity or no porosity at all.Water does not infiltrate into all materials at the same rate. It will soak into a dry sandy soil almost immediately, 3_________ it may form a puddle on top of clay soil. We say that sand has a high permeability – the ease with which water flows through a material. 4_________ higher the permeability, the faster a liquid can pass through the material. Porosity and pemeability are closely related, but they are not the same. A rock with a high porosity does not necessarily have a high permeability. Some sediments, 5___________ clay, can have a high porosity, and yet a low permeability. This is because permeability depends on the number and size of the pore spaces and whether these pore spaces are interconnected. Clay is made up of flat, irregular particles that may be many times smaller than sand particles. When they fill the pore spaces among round-shaped sand particles, they greatly reduce the permeability of the material.1 not no nor none2 therefore whereas because of while3 because of and so that is why on the other hand4 when the if as5 so such as such so as

Another factor that affects the size of pore spaces and permeability is packing. Water will pass more quickly through loosely packed soil, but when soil is tightly packed, the flat particles of clay can fit together almost like a jigsaw puzzle. Water passes through very slowly, if at all. The soil becomes more tightly packed as the distance below the surface increases because at greater depths the weight of the overlying material pressing down on it is greater. The word it refers to: distance packing water soil weight

Pore spaces are not always needed for high permeability. Basalt or granite is not very porous, but if it has cracks in it, and the cracks are interconnected, water can pass through very rapidly. Such kinds of rock would have a low porosity but a high permeability.The word it refers to: permeability porosity granite pore spaces

Check yourself1. Explain the difference between porosity and permeability.2. What does permeability depend on?3. What does the packing of soil depend on? – 4. Give the opposites of: rounded tightly permeable regular porous

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Zones of water in the ground

Task: Complete the text with the most appropriate part or the whole sentence A-H.

A) placing the end of a paper towel in the water, and watching what happens.B) to the soil particles at or near the surface.C) no water to pass through.D) against the downward pull of gravity.E) pulling it downward through the pore spaces, cracks, and other openings in the ground.F) depending on the depth of the soil below the surface. G) keeps the soil in the zone of aeration damp long after it rains.H) the soil or permeable rock becomes saturated.

The water that infiltrates the earth's surface becomes part of the huge supply of the ground water. Gravity acts on ground water, 1______ . The amount of water in soil often varies, 2 _______ . After a rain has soaked into the ground,the layer of soil near the surface is usually moist, but not soaking wet. Most of the rainwater has passed down through the pore spaces of this layer and is in a lower layer of soil. But some water does remain behind, clinging 3 _____ . This layer of the soil is known as the zone of aeration because the pore spaces in this layer contain air as well as water. Water clings to soil particles in the zone of aeration because water molecules are attracted to many other kinds of molecules. This attraction of water molecules to other kinds of molecules is called adhesion. It is this process of adhesion that 4 _____ . As long as the ground is permeable, gravity continues to pull ground water deeper into the earth. But at some point the ground water reaches a layer of soil or rock that is impermeable. It allows 5 _____ . Once the descending ground water hits an impermeable layer, the bedrock, it begins to collect there. Ground water will fill up the pore spaces above the impermeable layer. As the pore spaces fill with water, 6 ______ .This saturated layer of soil or permeable rock is known as the zone of saturation. The boundary, which is the top of the zone of saturation, is called the water table. Some water in the soil moves upward, 7 ______ .This upward movement of water in soil is called capillary action. You can observe capillary action at home by taking a small amount of water,8 _________ . Capillary action is caused by cohesion and adhesion.

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Cohesion is the attraction of one molecule to another molecule of the same kind. By the process of adhesion, water molecules at the top of the water table are attracted to molecules of the soil particles above. Then, when water molecules have attached themselves to molecules of soil particles, they attract other water molecules to themselves by the process of cohesion. In soil, these forces of adhesion and cohesion lift a little water upward from the zone of saturation to an area called the capillary fringe, which is just above the water table. The damp soil in the zone of aeration receives its moisture from water that infiltrates down from the surface. The soil particles in the capillary fringe get their moisture from the zone of saturation by capillary action. If the pore spaces in the capillary fringe are small, the water will rise higher than if the pore spaces are large. The height of the capillary fringe ranges from about 2.5 cm or less in sands and gravels to as much as 60 cm or more in silty soils.

PERMEABILITYTranslate the following story. Use proper grammar rules. Check the words in bold in a good dictionary.

Učitel filozofie jednoho dne přisel do třídy.

Když se studenti usadili, vzal ze šuplíku nádobu a naplnil ji až po okraj kameny.

Potom se zeptal studentů, zda si myslí , že je nádoba plná? Studenti s ním souhlasili, že je. (Souslednost! Posuň přítomný čas do minulého.)

Potom profesor vzal krabičku s kaménky a vysypal je do nádoby s kameny, zatřásl nádobou a samozřejmě, že kaménky propadaly mezi kameny.

Profesor se zeptal znovu. Je teď nádoba plná? Studenti se pousmáli a souhlasili, že je.

Ale profesor vzal krabičku s velmi jemným piskem a vysypal ho do nádoby.

Samozřejmě písek vyplnil i ty nejmenší mezírky mezi kameny. Ted už byla nádoba opravdu plná.

Potom profesor řekl: „Touto ukázkou jsem chtěl znázornit, že život je jako tato nádoba.

Kameny znázorňují důležité věci ve vašem životě, jako jsou vaše rodina, partner, zdraví, děti…, všechno, co je tak důležité, že kdybyste to ztratili, bylo by to velmi zničující.

Kaménky znázorňují ostatní, méně důležité věci. Například vaše zaměstnání, dům, auto… A písek je všechno ostatní. Drobnosti.

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Když dáte písek do nádoby jako první, nezůstane vám žádné místo pro kameny. (věta časová)

To stejné platí i v životě. Když budete ztrácet čas a energii na drobnosti - materiální věci, nikdy nebudete mít čas na věci, které jsou skutečně důležité.“

Pak přistoupil student a ptá se profesora. Myslíte, že je nádoba už plná?

Profesor připustil, že ano. Student vzal půllitr piva a vlil ho do nádoby.

Pivo se vsáklo do písku. Ponaučení? Na pivo se vždycky místo najde!!

Conversation TopicSome people claim they can find underground water with a stick. This is called witching or dowsing [au]. Have you ever tried this technique? If so, have you succeeded? If no, have you seen someone using it? Is it scientific? Give your opinion and support your reasoning with evidence.

Homework – You can check your answers in ROPOTs (odpovědníky): Geysers and Hot springsYou can check your answers to these questions: 1. How are geysers and hot springs formed? 2. Which types of conduits does the speaker describe? 3. How do open conduits act? 4. What happens in more restricted conduits?

Geysers in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) 1. Which famous geyser are the tourists expecting to see? 2. What time is the next prediction? 3. Are there any active volcanoes in Yellowstone National Park? 4. What was said about past eruptions? 5. How far from the Earth´s surface does a column of hot magma below Yellowstone National Park rise? 6. Are geysers the only magma driven features in YNP?

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Water comes out of the ground

In general, the water table is more or less parallel to the earth's surface. But if the ground slopes or the impermeable layer slopes, then gravity will cause ground water to move slowly toward the lowest level. If the water table intersects the earth's surface on a slope, it will flow out of the ground in a spring. Many ponds and lakes are fed by underwater springs, but if they are not located in a hollow or basin, they can also feed water into a stream finding or creating a channel over a period of time. There is a type of spring that is not fed by water from the local water table. In a special arrangement of underground rock layers there is a middle layer of permeable rock which passes between two layers of impermeable rock. This combination is called an artesian system. Water can pass through the middle layer called aquifer (from two Latin words that mean to carry water). Depending on the length of the aquifer, it may take hundreds or even thousands of years for water to travel the full length. The downward flow and the weight of the water force it to the surface wherever there is a crack or break in the layer of impermeable rock above the aquifer. The flow of water from an aquifer is called an artesian spring. Due to pressure in the aquifer, water sometimes gushes up above the surface like a fountain.Sometimes water erupts from the earth in a spectacular way. In areas of volcanic activity, ground water may sink to great depths through very deep cracks (conduits) and be heated by hot magma or by hot igneous rocks. Because the pressure is much greater at these depths, the boiling point of water is raised well above 100°C. Suddenly, the superheated water changes to steam which forces the water resting on it out through openings in the rock above. Such a feature where water and steam are errupted out of the earth ´s surface is called a geyser. [Br gi:zə, Us gaizə]

Check yourself1. What materials form aquifers? 2. Which rock is commonly found in the impermeable top and bottom layers? 3. What is the speed of water in an aquifer? Why? 4. How does an artesian spring originate?

What causes an artesian spring to gush up out of the ground? Draw a diagram that shows this.

5. Describe an artesian system.6. Compare an artesian spring and a geyser.

How are they similar and how are they different?Where can geysers be found? Do you know any famous locations?

7. Why do you think Old Faithful got its name? 8. Revise the underlined verbs from the text.

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TASK 1)

If you are thinking about specializing in hydrogeology or hydrology, find a web page of a Czech company to see what they work on in particular and what they look for.

TASK 2)Watch the video Water in the Yucatan Caves (link in the syllabus) and answer these questions. You can check your answers in the ROPOT.

1) True/false? Flooded caves in Mexico have been cut off from the surface since the last Ice Age. 2) True/false? Yucatan peninsula has no rivers, lakes or streams on its surface. 3) True/false? The flooded caves have not influenced life on the surface significantly.4) Why do divers carry strings while exploring new trails? (2 reasons)5) What do cavers call the narrow gaps they need to get through? 6) When fresh and salt water meet, which of them floats on the heavier layer? 7) True/false? Salt water erodes limestone chemically more than fresh water.

TASK 3) Read about the water supply of the Czech Republic in order to answer these questions:

1. Where are the main groundwater supplies concentrated?2. What is the volume (in km3) of groundwater contained in the aquifers of the Bohemian

Cretaceous Basin?3. What is the percentage of very high quality potable waters in this area?4. By comparison, what is the total water run-off from the whole territory of the Czech

Republic?5. How big are water supplies in dam reservoirs?6. Where are the well-known mineral water springs enriched with carbon dioxide?

The CR, situated on the so-called European roof, plays an important role as a main water-divide between the Black, Baltic and North Seas. An important part of a geological environment is its groundwater. The Czech Republic's main groundwater supplies are concentrated in the lowlands, especially in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. Nearly 80% of the 83 km3 of groundwater contained in the aquifers of that area represent very high quality potable waters. By comparison, the total water run-off from the whole territory of the Czech Republic is 15.2 km3, while the amount of surface water supplies in dam reservoirs is only 0.62 km3. The varied geology and tectonics of the Czech Republic provide its rich range of mineral waters, some of which have medicinal benefits. The traditional spas in the western part of Bohemia, namely Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad), Marianske Lazne (Marienbad) and Frantiskovy Lazne (Franzenbad), are well-known for their mineral water springs enriched with carbon dioxide from deep below the earth's surface. Karlovy Vary, along with Teplice and Velke Losiny in Northern Moravia, are also famous for their thermal waters.

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1) Do two ROPOTs: Terms and definitions + interactive Revision test.2) Prepare the following revision of language use.

1) Translate: a) Čím vyšší je propustnost, tím rychleji může tekutina procházet horninou.

b) Přehřátá voda se mění na páru a ta žene vodu, která spočívá na ní, ven otvory v hornině nad ní.

c) V pouštní oblasti dochází k odpařování z půdy brzy po té, co se přežene bouřka.

d) Odhaduje se, že Velká jezera obsahují dohromady téměř dvakrát více vody než je jí v atmosféře.

e) Domníváme se, že Velká jezera se vytvořila asi před 250 000 lety. The Great Lakes …(Use nominative+ passive + infinitive)

f) Sumerové zvýšili obsah soli v půdě do takové míry, že se již nedaly pěstovat plodiny.

2) Add suitable nouns to these adjectives from our texts: Example: ancient peoplePermeable loose Recycling irregularInvisible cemented Melting capillarySheet inactive

3) Give synonyms (words of similar meaning)for the following words:Example: proof - evidencesink into – gouge –moist – cling to – rapid – flow into –

4) Form the nouns from these verbs:Contain - deepen - widen - empty - Evaporate - dry - freeze -

5) Give the past tense and passive forms (minulý čas a příčestí trpné) of these verbs:cling – raise –sink – rise –soak – flow –feed – fly –

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dig- lie -Reading in chunks with linking r (more), v (of) and other consonants

Task 1) Read the words in chunks (groups):

ponds [dz] and [ən] lakesis called an artesian springonaslope [onəsləup] inahollow anartesiansystem from an aquifercreatingachannel dependingonthelengthmoreorless [morə‘les] orevenoveraperiodoftime

in the aquifer tothe[ði:]earth's surface

there is a type of springof[v]underground rock layersitwillflowoutof[v]thegroundinaspring

Task 2) Divide the sentences into the chunks and read:

In a special arrangement there is a middle layer of permeable rock which passes between two layers of impermeable rock.

The downward flow and the weight of the water force it to the surface wherever there is a crack or break in the layer of impermeable rock above the aquifer.

Proper pronunciation of English “e”, which is not the same as in Czech.

Can you distinguish these words when you pronounce them?fed x fat fedbyunderwatersprings x he´s so fat

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THE OCEAN - Terms and Definitions

The Bottom of the Ocean

marginal sea A smaller body of salt water found along the margin of a major ocean.

continental margin The region of the ocean bottom near the land areas; contains most of the sediment eroded from the land; separates a continent from the deep sea floor.

continental slope The steeper middle part of a continental margin. (svah) VHcontinental rise The lowest part of a continental margin. (úpatí) VH

abyssal plain Large flat area of the deep sea floor; formed by sediment flows that spill off the continental margins.

ocean basin The low-lying earth formation that contains the ocean's water; consists mainly of dense basaltic crustal rock.

mid-ocean ridge A system of rugged mountains that extends down the middle of the ocean basins.

Mid-Atlantic Ridge A part of a mid-ocean ridge (Středoatlantský hřbet). VH

East Pacific Rise A part of a mid-ocean ridge (Východopacifický práh). VH

rift valley Deep valley in the center of the mid-ocean ridge; a site of active volcanism.

trench A long narrow, deep trough (depression) of the deep sea floor, parallel to the edge of a continent or an island arc, usually bordered by areas of volcanic activity.

guyot [gijot] A flat topped underwater mountain.seamount Volcanic cone growing upward from the ocean bottom layer

by layer, usually rising more than 1000m above the floor.Ring of Fire The region of volcanic activity that surrounds the basin of

the Pacific Ocean.island arc A chain of islands, usually curved, that separates a marginal

sea from a major ocean.

echo sounding A method of using noise (pings) to measure the depth of the ocean.

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ocean The entire body of salt water that covers much of the earth's surface; also, any of its major geographical divisions.

Properties of Ocean Water

salinity Saltiness; a measure of the amount of total dissolved materials in water; grams of dissolved materials per kilogram of water (ppt = parts per thousand).

brine pool isolated spot of hot ocean water that contains concentrated amounts of dissolved solids (solanka); it forms when deep water circulation is restricted (VH)

photic zone The uppermost zone of the open ocean and the zone of most light.

aphotic zone The part of the ocean that is in total darkness.disphotic zone A zone of reduced light in the ocean; between 200m and 1000m

deep.floe A flat mass of ice, smaller than ice field, floating at sea.

freezing point The temperature at which a liquid freezes.

icebergs Floating masses of ice that broke off fresh water glaciers.

pack ice A large expanse of floating sea ice that has been broken and then refrozen into jagged pressure ridges. (pole ledových ker)

sea ice Frozen ocean water.water mass A large volume of water characterized by a similar temperature,

salinity, and density throughout its mass.

water pressure The force that a mass of overlying water exerts upon a submerged surface.

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The Circulation of Ocean Water

gyre [džaiə] A closed system of rotating ocean currents. (koloběh proudů)

high tide When the waterline of a body of water reaches its highest point.low tide, ebb When the waterline of a body of water reaches its lowest point.pounding of waves repeated heavy blows (vlnobití)rogue wave [rəug] A very high wave that forms on the open ocean when high

waves of about the same wavelength have their crests coincide. (ničivá vlna)

swell A rhythmic pattern of waves. (vlnění)

surf zone The area where breaking waves occur.

tsunami A huge wave caused by an underwater earthquake somewhere along the ocean bottom; barely noticeable out at sea.

upwelling A process by which deep, cold, nutrient rich water is brought to the surface and replaces lighter surface water. (výstup spodních vod)

well up to come up to the surface and about to flowrun-up sudden rise of sea-level

wave height [hait] The vertical distance between a wave´s highest and lowest points.

wavelength The horizontal distance from a point on one wave to the corresponding point on the next wave.

crest The highest point of a wave. (hřeben)trough [trof] The lowest point between two wave crests. (pata vlny)

wave base The point below the surface of water at which the orbital motion of a wave nearly disappears (1/2 a wavelength below the midheight of the wave).

Sources:Robert E. Fariel, Robert W. Hinds, David B.Berey: Earth Science, Addison-Wesley (AW)Plummer, Ch. - McGeary, D. - Carlson, D.: Physical Geology, Earth Revealed,

The McGraw-Hill Companies 2001Strahler, A.: Introducing Physical Geography, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2003Lingea Lexicon 5, 2010

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The Ocean

The Earth is divided into five different oceans although they are all connected due to ocean currents which circulate water all over the globe. The following is a list of the world's oceans by arranged by size. Unless noted, information has been obtained from the CIA World Factbook.

1. Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is by far the world's largest ocean at 155,557,000 sq km. According to the CIA World Factbook, it covers 28% of the Earth and is equal in size to nearly all of the land area on the Earth. The Pacific Ocean is located between the Southern Ocean, Asia and Australia and the Western Hemisphere. It has an average depth of 4,028 m but its deepest point is the Challenger Deep within Mariana Trench near Japan. This area is also the deepest point in the world at -10,924 m (-35,840 feet). The Pacific Ocean is important to geography not only because of its size but it has been a major historical route of exploration and migration.

2. Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the world's second-largest ocean with an area of 76,762,000 sq km. It is located between Africa, Europe, the Southern Ocean and the Western Hemisphere. It includes the includes other water bodies such as the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea and the North Sea. The average depth of the Atlantic Ocean is 3,926 m and the deepest point is the Puerto Rico Trench at -8,605 m. The Atlantic Ocean is important to the world's weather (as are all oceans) because strong Atlantic hurricanes are known to develop off the coast of Cape Verde, Africa and move toward the Caribbean Sea from August to November.

3. Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the world's third-largest ocean and it has an area of 68,566,000 sq km. It is located between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia and Australia. The Indian Ocean has an average depth of 3,963 m and the Java Trench is its deepest point at -7,258 m. The waters of the Indian Ocean also include water bodies such as the Andaman, Arabian, Flores, Java and Red Seas as well as the Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique Channel and the Persian Gulf. The Indian Ocean is known for causing the monsoonal weather patterns that dominate much of southeast Asia and for having waters that have been historical chokepoints.

What are chokepoints ?

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4. Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean is the world's newest and fourth-largest ocean. In the spring of 2000, the International Hydrographic Organization decided to delimit a fifth ocean. In doing so, boundaries were taken from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The Southern Ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica to 60 degrees south latitude. It has a total area of 20,327,000 sq km and an average depth ranging from 4,000 to 5,000 m. The deepest point in the Southern Ocean is unnamed but it is in the south end of the South Sandwich Trench and has a depth of -7,235 m. The world's largest ocean current, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current moves east and is 21,000 km in length.

5. Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is the world's smallest with an area of 14,056,000 sq km. It extends between Europe, Asia and North America and most of its waters are north of the Arctic Circle. Its average depth is 1,205 m and its deepest point is the Fram Basin at -4,665 m. Throughout most of the year, much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by a drifting polar icepack that is an average of ten feet (three meters) thick. However as the Earth's climate changes, the polar regions are warming and much of the icepack melts during the summer months. In terms of geography, the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route have been important areas for trade and exploration.

6. ReferencesInfoplease.com. (n.d.) Oceans and Seas - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001773.html#axzz0xMBpBmBwSource: http://geography.about.com/od/locateplacesworldwide/tp/fiveoceans.htm

Tasks for 5 groups. Each group represents one ocean. 1) Compare the average depth. Which ocean has the least average depth?2) Where does your deepest point lie? (location + depth) Where does the deepest point in the world lie? 3) Choose 1 interesting fact about your ocean to say it to the class.

Marginal seas formed in three different ways:1. When continents came together. The Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea are

thought to have formed when two continents enclosed them.2. Some marginal seas are separated from major oceans by curved chains of

islands called island arcs, e.g. the Caribbean Sea and the China Sea.3. Some marginal seas are thought to have formed as the result of a structural

break in a land mass, e.g. the Red Sea and the Gulf of California. In the case of the Red Sea, the continental crust was not only split, but it separated. Ocean crustal rocks have been found in the area of separation.

Note the nominative + passive “are thought” + past infinitive in the text above.

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The Bottom of the Ocean (Part 1)Task: Complete the text on The History of Sounding the ocean bottom In 1492, when Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, a common notion was that the ocean bottom 1_______________________. The only method known to determine the depth of the ocean water was to lower a heavy weight tied to the end of a rope into the water 2___________________________ . Then the length of line was measured. Sailors were usually interested in the position of the ocean bottom only if the water became so shallow 3_______________________________ . Consequently they did not carry enough rope to reach the deep ocean bottom.Four hundred years later, people were still using the same method. By that time, however, 4_________________________, and a power-driven winch was used to lower and raise the weight on the end of the wire. Many scientists continued to believe that the ocean bottom was mostly flat. They based their belief on the fact that the bottoms of reservoirs usually become flat because of sediment that settles out of the water.The voyage of the Challenger represents the first organized expedition which took place in 1872-1876. The surface vessel worked on 350 observation stations throughout the earth´s oceans and collected enough data 5____________________ . In 1925, a more modern method of measuring the depth of the ocean was used in a detailed survey of the ocean bottom. In this method, which uses sound and is called echo sounding, a sharp noise called a ping travels from the ship to the ocean bottom 6_______________________________ . The length of time it takes the ping to make the trip down and back is measured and 7______________________________.A precision depth recorder makes a continuous record of ping echoes on a moving paper providing an echogram. The pings are sent out continuously as the ship moves, and the paper record is a scale representation of the ocean bottom 8_____________. Thousands of these types of records have shown that the ocean bottom has 9______.

a) providing profiles of the topography b) until it hit bottomc) and bounces back as an echod) was flat and featurelesse) an even more varied topography than does the landf) that their ship might hit the bottomg) then the distance can be calculatedh) wire had been substituted for ropei) to form the basis of a new science - oceanography

Tasks1) Sum up the history of measuring the depth of the ocean bottom.2) What gave the basis of oceanography?3) Use the BBS source in the syllabus for the following tasks. Listen to Don Walsh who was in the first sub to reach the deepest place. What problems did they face? When did the dive take place?

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4) Watch the Fly through the mariana Trench to see today´s technique. (source BBC)

The topography of the ocean bottom

Ocean basins are at a much lower level than the land, formed mainly of dense basaltic rock, whereas continental rocks are mostly granite and granite gneiss. The depth can vary greatly from one location to another, but there are several general features associated with certain earth processes.

An area near the continents is known as the continental margin. It is made up of continental crustal materials and rocks. Most sediment eroded from the land is deposited in this part of the ocean. Features: The continental shelf, the part nearest the land, has on the average a very gentle slope. At a depth of about 200 m the steepness increases and the continental slope begins. At the base of this slope is another, much gentler slope that leads down to the abyssal plain. This gently sloping area is known as the continental rise (= úpatí, necessary to distinguish from oceanic rise = oceánský práh či hřbet ).Erosional valleys and canyons cut across the margin. Some of them are deeper and wider than the Grand Canyon in Arizona. They were probably formed by rapidly flowing turbidity currents - mixtures of sediment and water, and river erosion during times of lower sea level, but they might also have been formed by glaciers during the last Ice Age.

Farther from shore, at a greater depth, is the deep sea floor. This area is affected by the earth processes of sedimentation and volcanism. All ocean crustal rocks are volcanic, formed by underwater eruptions of dark-colored basaltic flows. Features: Seamounts – underwater volcanic cones that grow upward from the bottom, layer by layer, usually rising more than 1000m above the floor. Sometimes they reach the ocean surface and form islands. Virtually all islands in the ocean were formed by volcanic activity. Igneous activity beneath these volcanic features causes additional bulges in the ocean crust.Because of wave action or ocean crustal movement, volcanic islands can disappear beneath the surface of the sea. If the volcanoes have become extinct, then the wave action is able to erode the tops of the seamounts down to sea level. Sometimes the ocean crust beneath extinct volcanoes sinks, lowering the eroded seamounts well below the ocean’s surface, forming flat-topped underwater mountains called guyots. They are found in deeper parts of the basins and can rise to nearly 1000m above the floor. Where does the word guyot come from?

Sporadic turbidity currents spill off the continental margins into the deep ocean. Through time, abyssal hills near continental margins can be covered with hundreds of layers of sediment. Turbidity currents can also extend for hundreds of kilometers across the bottom, leaving large flat areas called abyssal plains (roviny). Most of them make up the deeper parts of the major ocean basins at about 5 km depth. These plains

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are an example of the flat area that many scientists once thought the entire ocean bottom was like.

A very small percent of the ocean basin has long deep trenches that extend downward to about 11.5 km. They are usually bordered by enough volcanic activity to create island arcs. In the case of Peru-Chile Trench, the volcanic activity forms part of the Andes Mountains. The region of volcanic activity that surrounds the basin of the Pacific Ocean is called the Ring of Fire and is generally associated with deep sea trenches. Trenches and island arcs indicate areas of collision between separate oceanic crustal plates.

The rest of the ocean basins is made up of the world's biggest and longest mountain system, the mid-ocean ridges. The system is about 65 000 km long. In the Atlantic Ocean, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge occupies the central third of the entire basin from the Artic Ocean to about the latitude of the southern tip of Southern America. Iceland is a part of the ridge that became an island through volcanic growth. As shown in Fig.8-9 on p.380, the mid-ocean ridge passes between Africa and Antarctica and into the Indian Ocean, where it splits. One branch heads north and forms the Red Sea, the other branch extends southeast and east between Australia and Antarctica and then across the southern portion of the Pacific Ocean where the ridge is less rugged and as a result, it is called the East Pacific Rise. It continues under the southeastern part toward Central America where it branches. Part of it disappears near Panama and the other part disappears near Baja California. The mid-ocean ridge system is offset by hundreds of breaks in the crust – fracture zones and is extremely rugged. The fairly deep central rift valley, with high peaks near, is a site of active volcanism. Much heat from the volcanic action is absorbed by ocean water. In addition, new ocean-floor crust forms at the ridges.

Check yourself

1. List the ocean bottom features of the continental margin and describe them.

2. List the features associated with the deep basins and distinguish them.

3. Describe the mid ocean ridge system in Fig.8-9 on p.380.

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Resources of the ocean bottom Resources found in and on the continental margins.Fish, shellfish, natural gas, crude oil, gold, diamonds, titanium ores and other heavy substances, sand and gravel for construction materials.

Resources associated with the deep ocean floor.Manganese nodules with copper, cobalt, zinc and other valuable metals and minerals formed around hot springs of the mid-ocean ridge system. The ocean floor also serves as a dumping of waste chemicals.

What do you think the following phrases mean?To be in a dump –To dump sb –

Homework: Tranform sentences 1-3

1. It is possible that canyons and valleys were formed by glaciers during the last Ice Age.The canyons and valleys may…

2. We think that the Mediterranean Sea was formed when the two continents enclosed it.The Mediterranean Sea is …

3. Is there much variation / diversity in the depth of the ocean basins?Does the depth of the ocean basins …….

4. They built their thought /supposition (domněnku)on the fact that …Use synonyms of the underlined words:

5. Jaké neobvyklé druhy organismů se nacházejí v obohacených vodách kolem aktivních vulkanických riftových údolí? Translate:

Text adapted from Robert E. Fariel, Robert W. Hinds, David B.Berey: Earth Science, Addison-Wesley, tasks by Věra Hranáčová.

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Properties of Ocean Water (Part 2)

SalinityThe words saline [seilain] = salty and salinity [sə'liniti] = saltiness are from Latin sal Salinity is a measure of the amount of total dissolved materials in water defined as grams per kilogram of water – parts per thousand (ppt). Do you know the salinity of average ocean water? –Six elements make up over 99% of the salinity of ocean water. Pronounce them correctly: chlorine [i:], sodium [səudiəm], sulfur [salfə], magnesium [mæg 'ni:ziəm], calcium [kælsiəm], potassium [pə'tæsiəm]. What is the pronunciation of the form of the dissolved materials – ion?Note that two of them are by far the most abundant and they make up common table salt – what is the chemical formula?

Prepare the table and compare the environmental changes that affect the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea – AW page 387.

The Mediterranean Sea The Black SeaRiver inflowEvaporationSalinityParts per thousand

In the major oceans, three fourths of the water is below one kilometer depth, where the salinity is nearly constant at 34.5 to 34.9 parts per thousand. Along the center of the mid-ocean ridges, however, isolated spots have hot springs which often contain concentrated amounts of dissolved solids. When deep water circulation is restricted, these hot waters can form brine pools ( =solanky se silně mineralizovanou vodou). The bottom of the Red Sea has brine pools with salinities as high as 257 parts per thousand. Give the opposites of the following words:Containing sugar –Rare / Scarce –Insufficient – Unlimited –Deep - verb: noun:Wide - verb: noun:

Fill in the suitable or zero preposition:Few large rivers enter ____ the Mediterranean Sea.The Black Sea has a narrow, shallow connection _____ the Mediterranean Sea.Salinity is defined as grams of dissolved materials _____ kilogram of water.Sodium and chlorine make ____ table salt.

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Majority of the water is __________ one kilometer depth.

Temperature Temperature is one of the most frequently measured properties of ocean water. Water layer in which temperature changes rapidly in the vertical direction is referred to as thermocline. Deep ocean water at the equator is about the same temperature as the surface water near the poles.

Sea iceOne of the consequences of the temperature, salinity, and density relationship is the lack of sea ice in most of the world's oceans. Salinity affects the freezing point of water. The saltier the water is, the colder it must be before it freezes. How cold must average ocean water be in order to start freezing? Find the answer in the graph in Fig. 8-17 on p. 393.

Cooling of ocean water occurs at the surface because of cold winter winds. The spray from winter waves can coat the decks and rails of a ship with ice. And yet, the surface of the ocean has no ice. This is because of the relationship between temperature and density. As the surface water gets colder, it becomes denser than the water beneath it and sinks being replaced by less dense water, which is not as cold. This sinking can be stopped only by the bottom or by denser water mass.In the Arctic Ocean, the middle and lower levels have a high salinity water mass that forms a barrier to the downward mixing of the cold surface waters, that become cold enough to freeze and form sea ice. Because of the length of the cold season and the extreme cold, the sea ice eventually forms very thick masses called pack ice (=pole ker). The water in the open Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans never gets cold enough from top to bottom to freeze, but sea ice might form around the margins where the bottom is shallow and horizontal mixing is restricted. It might also form in bays and estuaries that have salinity of less than 24.7 parts per thousand. Such bodies form ice fairly easily during winter months because such water does not become continuously denser as it is cooled. The water will reach a maximum density at some temperature above the freezing point. Then, as the water gets colder, it becomes less dense and floats on the surface, becoming colder and colder until it freezes. This is the same way that freshwater ponds and lakes freeze.When you think of ice in the ocean, you might also think of icebergs, but those are masses of ice that broke off freshwater glaciers.

Check yourself1. Where might sea ice form in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans?2. How cold must average ocean water be in order to start freezing?3. Find the synonyms to these words in the text above:

effects - insufficiency - cover with thin layer - in the end - limited

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Water absorbs lightPictures taken underwater frequently look blue because blue color is absorbed less rapidly than the other colors of the spectrum. The ocean environment can be divided into three zones, depending on the amount of light that has penetrated to that zone. Photic zone (from Greek phós = light) extends to a depth of 200m. The light is strong enough for the growth of algae (one-celled plants) and basic food source for many animals.Disphotic zone (dis = reduced, half) ranges between 200 and 1000 mOnly a very tiny, almost immeasurable amount of light - no more algae, only some organisms with extremely sensitive eyes and bioluminescent animals, e.g. the angler [g] fish, which produce the brightest light in this zone in the similar way as fireflies do.Aphotic zone – the bulk of the oceanTotal darkness except for bioluminescence and underwater eruptions of lava. Some scavengers [dž] and "pockets" of life based on a food chain beginning with sulfur-eating bacteria (no photosynthesis involved).

Explain the bulk of = Angler fish= scavengers= fireflies=Supply negative prefix: ____measurable, ____photic

Reading for specific information

Read about water pressure on page 394 and answer the following questions:

1. What is the rate of pressure change with ocean depth?

2. What is the approximate atmospheric pressure (in bars) at sea level?3. How are divers with air tanks able to breathe at depths of twenty meters?

4. What would happen to a swimmer if he extended his snorkel tube to 1 m?

According to the text of this section, decide whether the following statements are ture or false and correct the false ones.

1. True/false: Concentrated amounts of dissolved solids can be found anywhere along all the mid-ocean ridges.

2. True/false: Salt water freezes at lower temperature than zero Celcius. 3. True/false: Icebergs are large pieces of floating sea ice.

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Translate: Když je omezena cirkulace hlubokých vod, mohou se v horkých pramenech vytvářet solanky.

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Text from Robert E. Fariel, Robert W. Hinds, David B.Berey: Earth Science, Addison-Wesley

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The Circulation of Ocean Water

1) Interactive practice of cloze tests in ROPOTS:

The beginning, middle, and end of a wave - Effects of wave action

2) Match the suitable words to form meaning pairs: dissolved icefreezing nutrientspack pointsevere pressuresnorkel salttable tubewater winter

3) Read the text on tides on the following page and write a summary. Follow the steps to write the summary in an effective way.

1. Read the passage and mark the key ideas.2. Write down the key words.3. Put away the original and rewrite your notes in your own words.4. Change the order of the points if necessary to make the construction more

logical.5. Re-read your summary (after some time) to check that you have included all the

important information clearly and expressed it as economically as possible.

Key words:

Summary:

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Text adapted from Robert E. Fariel, Robert W. Hinds, David B.Berey: Earth Science, Addison-Wesley, tasks by Věra Hranáčová.

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