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Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

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Page 1: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Israeli-Palestinian Israeli-Palestinian ConflictConflict

Page 2: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.
Page 3: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Background to ConflictBackground to ConflictPalestine part of Palestine part of Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire until end W W Iuntil end W W I

backwater for much backwater for much of its history under of its history under Ottoman ruleOttoman rule

in later 19th. century in later 19th. century economic economic development - development - farming, better farming, better communications, communications, ports, and ports, and population increase population increase

Jewish population Jewish population also increasing - also increasing - possibly 100,000 by possibly 100,000 by 1914, but still 1914, but still minorityminority

Page 4: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

ZionismZionismsince diaspora Jews since diaspora Jews had lived in many had lived in many landslands

persecution a common persecution a common experience - Crusades, experience - Crusades, Russia, eastern EuropeRussia, eastern Europe

emergence of Zionism emergence of Zionism in late 19th Cin late 19th C

influence of new influence of new nationalistic nationalistic movements and movements and imperialistic/racist imperialistic/racist spiritspirit

religious impulse also a religious impulse also a factor in shaping factor in shaping Zionism - hasten Zionism - hasten coming of Messiahcoming of Messiah

Page 5: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Theodore Herzl’s book Theodore Herzl’s book The Jewish StateThe Jewish State (1896) - (1896) - Dreyfus contextDreyfus context

the following year the the following year the World Zionist World Zionist Organization held its Organization held its first meetingfirst meeting

“ “ a land without people a land without people for a people without for a people without land”land”

Ottoman opposition to Ottoman opposition to Jewish immigration, but Jewish immigration, but support from Germany, support from Germany, Britain and RussiaBritain and Russia

increased Jewish increased Jewish immigration into immigration into Palestine - Jews 14% of Palestine - Jews 14% of population by 1914 population by 1914

Page 6: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

with funding from Baron with funding from Baron de Rothschild and Jewish de Rothschild and Jewish organizations the Jewish organizations the Jewish community in Palestine community in Palestine was able to invest in land was able to invest in land purchases, farming, and purchases, farming, and commercial endevourscommercial endevours

Tel Aviv founded on land Tel Aviv founded on land bought from Turks in bought from Turks in 19091909

increased friction increased friction between Jews and other between Jews and other Palestinians - land Palestinians - land boundariesboundaries

Jews often created Jews often created separatist communitiesseparatist communities

incidents of Arab-Jewish incidents of Arab-Jewish violence violence

Page 7: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Arab nationalism also Arab nationalism also developed in late developed in late 19th C19th C

Young Tuks Young Tuks movement in movement in Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire helped spread helped spread nationalist ideas nationalist ideas across Arab worldacross Arab world

origins of Palestinian origins of Palestinian national identity national identity linked to 19th C linked to 19th C developmentsdevelopments

resistance to resistance to Egyptian rule in 1834; Egyptian rule in 1834; Ottoman reforms and Ottoman reforms and Jewish Jewish encroachments also encroachments also helped shape identityhelped shape identity

Page 8: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Impact World War IImpact World War I

Turkey had sided with Turkey had sided with Germany - attacked by Germany - attacked by Russians and BritishRussians and British

British helped to organize British helped to organize revolts among Arabs in revolts among Arabs in Middle EastMiddle East

resources and location of resources and location of Middle East vital to British Middle East vital to British foreign policyforeign policy

British gained support of British gained support of Emir Hussein, guardian of Emir Hussein, guardian of holy cities Mecca and holy cities Mecca and MedinaMedina

British promised to support British promised to support Arab independence, with Arab independence, with exceptionsexceptions

Page 9: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Arabs rose in revolt; Arabs rose in revolt; British forces advanced British forces advanced from Egyptfrom Egypt

Jerusalem occupied by Jerusalem occupied by British forces by end British forces by end 19171917

secret agreements secret agreements (Sykes-Picot) between (Sykes-Picot) between British and French British and French divided Middle East - divided Middle East - Palestine, cosidered Palestine, cosidered ‘international sphere’‘international sphere’

November, 1917 November, 1917 Balfour Declaration - Balfour Declaration - British government British government gave its formal support gave its formal support to the creation of a to the creation of a Jewish homeland in Jewish homeland in PalestinePalestine

Page 10: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Balfour Declaration Balfour Declaration sowed seeds of future sowed seeds of future conflictconflict

early decades of 20th early decades of 20th C Zionism formulated C Zionism formulated creation of Jewish creation of Jewish homeland in Palestine homeland in Palestine - motives: escape - motives: escape pogroms and realize pogroms and realize redemptionredemption

Zionism supported by Zionism supported by ‘millenarian’ and ‘millenarian’ and colonial ideas of Lloyd colonial ideas of Lloyd GeorgeGeorge

Page 11: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

until 1928 Britain treated until 1928 Britain treated Palestine as a state, not a Palestine as a state, not a colonycolony

British proposals: provide British proposals: provide equal representation for both equal representation for both communities communities

Zionists, however, favored in Zionists, however, favored in proposed Legislative Councilproposed Legislative Council

following rejection by both following rejection by both sides and British failure to sides and British failure to implement plan uprising by implement plan uprising by Palestinians broke out in 1929Palestinians broke out in 1929

riots between Jews and riots between Jews and Palestinians over access to Palestinians over access to the Western(Wailing) Wall - the Western(Wailing) Wall - members of both members of both communities diedcommunities died

Page 12: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

1931 Palestine’s 1931 Palestine’s population-1 million; Jews population-1 million; Jews 17%17%

increased Jewish increased Jewish immigration from Nazi immigration from Nazi GermanyGermany

Palestinians threatened by Palestinians threatened by growth in number of growth in number of Zionist colonies (300)Zionist colonies (300)

Jews represented by World Jews represented by World Zionist Organization (Ben-Zionist Organization (Ben-Gurion and Chaim Gurion and Chaim Weizmann) sought to Weizmann) sought to create socialist Jewish create socialist Jewish state in Palestinestate in Palestine

Hagana represented the Hagana represented the military arm of the Jewish military arm of the Jewish Agency (Governing Body)Agency (Governing Body)

Page 13: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

David Ben-GurionDavid Ben-Gurion

Born in Poland; Born in Poland; influenced by Zionist influenced by Zionist ideologyideology

‘‘Father of the Nation’ - Father of the Nation’ - served as Prime served as Prime Minister of Israeli stateMinister of Israeli state

following WW II he following WW II he worked to bring an end worked to bring an end to the Mandate systemto the Mandate system

‘‘Arabs will have to go’Arabs will have to go’

dominant leader in the dominant leader in the Jewish AgencyJewish Agency

Page 14: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

1936 Uprising1936 Uprising

Palestinians rebel against Palestinians rebel against British ruleBritish rule

Palestinian leader - Palestinian leader - Grand Mufti HusseiniGrand Mufti Husseini

British increase number British increase number of forcesof forces

growing sense of growing sense of Palestinian nationalismPalestinian nationalism

revolt resulted in forced revolt resulted in forced exile of Palestinian exile of Palestinian leadershipleadership

helped prepare way for helped prepare way for Zionist takeover Zionist takeover

Page 15: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

by late 1930’s Zionists had by late 1930’s Zionists had carved out enclavescarved out enclaves

with British military assistance with British military assistance (Orde Wingate/ ‘dirty Arabs’)) (Orde Wingate/ ‘dirty Arabs’)) they built up their forcesthey built up their forces

learned tactics from British; learned tactics from British; accompanied them on ‘punitive accompanied them on ‘punitive missions’ against Palestinian missions’ against Palestinian villages - ‘Night Squads’villages - ‘Night Squads’

Hagana also helped create Hagana also helped create detailed registry of Palestinian detailed registry of Palestinian villages - key economic, political villages - key economic, political and intelligence informationand intelligence information

Irgun (1938) attacks Irgun (1938) attacks PalestiniansPalestinians

preparation for ‘redemption’ of preparation for ‘redemption’ of landland

Page 16: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Partition ProposalsPartition Proposals

1937 Royal Peel 1937 Royal Peel Commission - Commission -

three-way division pf three-way division pf PalestinePalestine

proposals rejected proposals rejected

on eve of WW II British on eve of WW II British adopt new policy - adopt new policy - single Palestine and single Palestine and limitation on Jewish limitation on Jewish immigrationimmigration

WW II - some support WW II - some support from Arabs and Jews for from Arabs and Jews for British cause; but British cause; but radical elements(Irgun) radical elements(Irgun) on Jewish side opposed on Jewish side opposed BritishBritish

Page 17: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

following WW II British following WW II British Labor government sought Labor government sought democratic solution to democratic solution to Palestine QuestionPalestine Question

British (Bevin) limited British (Bevin) limited Jewish immigrationJewish immigration

Zionist forces led by Ben-Zionist forces led by Ben-Gurion retaliatedGurion retaliated

attacks on British rule - oil attacks on British rule - oil refineries, bridges, police refineries, bridges, police stationsstations

most infamous incident - most infamous incident - King David hotel in King David hotel in Jerusalem (1946)Jerusalem (1946)

Ben-Gurion mixed signals Ben-Gurion mixed signals on partition optionon partition option

Page 18: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Palestine in 1947Palestine in 1947

still a majority still a majority Arab population; Arab population; but Jewish but Jewish presence had presence had grown to grown to approximately approximately 30%30%

most cultivated most cultivated land owned by land owned by PalestiniansPalestinians

Jews located in Jews located in cities and cities and coloniescolonies

colonies designed colonies designed as military as military garrisonsgarrisons

Page 19: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Truman pushed for further Truman pushed for further Jewish immigration into Jewish immigration into PalestinePalestine

rejected by Britishrejected by British

proposal for ‘canton’ solution to proposal for ‘canton’ solution to Palestine question rejected by Palestine question rejected by Palestinians and JewsPalestinians and Jews

United Nations now involved in United Nations now involved in ‘solving’ problem‘solving’ problem

United Nations Special United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) produced two reports(UNSCOP) produced two reports

majority report followed earlier majority report followed earlier Peel planPeel plan

rejected by Britain and rejected by Britain and PalestiniansPalestinians

Page 20: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

UNSCOP partition UNSCOP partition planplan

General Assembly General Assembly Resolution 181 - Resolution 181 - Nov. 1947Nov. 1947

two states, both two states, both democraticdemocratic

Jerusalem under Jerusalem under international international controlcontrol

Page 21: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

criticisms of UNSCOP plan criticisms of UNSCOP plan

unfair distribution of land unfair distribution of land - Palestinian (43.5%), - Palestinian (43.5%), Jews (56.5%)Jews (56.5%)

Jews had acquired more Jews had acquired more fertile regionsfertile regions

Arab League and Arab Arab League and Arab Higher Committee refuse Higher Committee refuse to negotiate with UNSCOPto negotiate with UNSCOP

UN ignored ethnic UN ignored ethnic composition of Palestinecomposition of Palestine

Jews ‘compensated’ for Jews ‘compensated’ for HolocaustHolocaust

Page 22: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Ben-Gurion ready to Ben-Gurion ready to accept partition, but accept partition, but reserved right to change reserved right to change it by force - “no territorial it by force - “no territorial boundaries for the future boundaries for the future of the Jewish state”of the Jewish state”

the Consultancy, a select the Consultancy, a select group of Jewish political group of Jewish political and military figures and military figures devised plans to devised plans to dispossess 1 million dispossess 1 million PalestiniansPalestinians

systematic ethnic systematic ethnic cleansing began - Plan D cleansing began - Plan D (1948)(1948)

Arab and Jewish militias Arab and Jewish militias (Hagana and Irgun) (Hagana and Irgun) fought to control fought to control PalestinePalestine

Page 23: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

1st phase of conflict - 1st phase of conflict - Nov. 1947- May 1948Nov. 1947- May 1948

Palestinians joined by Palestinians joined by forces supported by forces supported by Arab League to defend Arab League to defend against Zionist attacksagainst Zionist attacks

Jewish Agency under Jewish Agency under Ben-Gurion Ben-Gurion coordinated Zionist coordinated Zionist strategystrategy

Jews most vulnerable Jews most vulnerable in Jerusalemin Jerusalem

by late spring 1948 by late spring 1948 Jews under pressureJews under pressure

process of ethnic process of ethnic cleansing beginscleansing begins

Page 24: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

Irgun and other Zionist Irgun and other Zionist forces, commanded by forces, commanded by Menachem Begin and Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Shamir, attacked Yitzhak Shamir, attacked Palestinian village of Deir Palestinian village of Deir Yassin Yassin

villagers slaughteredvillagers slaughtered

both sides used incident as both sides used incident as propaganda in strugglepropaganda in struggle

Einstein’s commentsEinstein’s comments

by April 1948 as many as by April 1948 as many as 200,000 Palestinians had 200,000 Palestinians had fled their homesfled their homes

Page 25: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.

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