ISSN 0250-5886 European Community NEWSLETTER ON THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY ,, . -' . '• 'l .. ,1-. \ COMMON ORGANtiATION: OF AGRICUL TURALJ""'rtiAIIKeTS .. · - CROP PRrJtiUCts:· . . \ -. .. ··. . ., - ...:;_, I I Published by the Agricultural Information Service of the Directorate-General for Agriculture European Community Commission - 200, rue de Ia Loi, 1049 Bruxelles Supplement to the Documentation Bulletin- D/AGR./EN I j I Original: FR 189
Transcript
ISSN 0250-5886 European Community
NEWSLETTER ON THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY
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.. ,1-. \ MECHANISMS~··Of•tHE:·
COMMON ORGANtiATION: OF AGRICUL TURALJ""'rtiAIIKeTS .. ·
- CROP PRrJtiUCts:· . .
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Published by the Agricultural Information Service of the Directorate-General for Agriculture European Community Commission - 200, rue de Ia Loi, 1049 Bruxelles
Supplement to the Documentation Bulletin- D/AGR./EN
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MECHANISMS OF THE COMMON ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETS
- CROP PRODUCTS
Manuscript finished in December 1981
189
In reoponoe to many requests, GREEN EUROPE NEWSLETTER
io publishing - in two oeparate immeo - Dhort de!!cr:ip
tions of tho machinery of the common organizaticniJ mal'
keting the loading agricultural products in tho EEC.
The preoentation is deocriptive and no attempt is made
to analyse in economic terms this machinery, which, it
muot be remembered, hao been built up no a reault of
Community decisions many of which ropreocnt compromioe
nrranBCmento between the differing approaches and in
terests of the Member States.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1982
a) As already mentioned, the intervention agencies in the r~omber States
must, throughout the marketing year, buy in at the intervention price
all cereals offered to them meetinG minimum quality standards. This is
the compulcory intervention scheme, also known as· "A intervention".
b) other measures can be taken to forestall any unduly sharp drop in prices
or large-scale buying-in by the agencies. These are called "B interven
tion" measures.
Those measures, taken at the initiative of the Commission or at tho re
quest of tho Hembor State to support tho market, compriae, in addition
to direct buying in early in the aeason, optional and specific measures
ouch as a storage premium.
Suoh premiums can be uoed to delay marketing and thus throttle back for
a time cupplics, a market oupport device.
c) To support the market in wheat of breadmakinc quality, the Commission
has a number of possibilities. Depending on the market situation, it
can, after consulting the Management Committee for Cereals, implement
one or more specific intervention measures.
Normally, payment of the reference price for breadmaking wheat of avera
ge quality is not to be enoured by compulsory intervention measures but
by optional measures auch as, for example, the payrr.ent of a storage pre
mium or bu,ying=in limited in time and by volume and by region, carried
out by the intervention agencies. Those measures can also be applied to
other qualities of breadmaking wheat than the average quality. Thus,
until the 1981/82 marketing year, unlimited buying-in of broadmaking
wheat of minimum quality was allowed at the beginning of the year.
d) At the end of tho year, end-of-season carryover paymcnto for \-Thoat, rye
and maize stocks from tho Community harvest can be made. Tho purpose of
this is to prevent interruption of supplies to processoro and to ensure
that cereals which will still be needed in the last two months of the
old year and until the beginning of the new year being sent to interven
tion by holders at the end of the carryover period, i.e. in Hay.
1-l
3. Trade with non-member countries
a) To ensure that the threshold price is complied with, a ~ is charged
on imports of cereals from non-member countries.
The levy matches the difference between world market prices expressed as
prices cif Rotterdam and the threshold prices. It is fixed every day by
the Commission for the various cereals. For processed products coming
under the organization of the market in the cereal sector, the levy is
normally fixed only once a month. The levy on processed products inclu
des a variable component reflecting the world market price situation for
the basic product concerned (incidence of raw materials) and a fixed
component which is designed to protect the Community's processing indus~
try.
b) As the Community now has cereals surpluses as a result of production in
creases, the stagnation of consumption and an increase in imports of sub
stitutes, it depends more and more - apart from the internal intervention
measures deocribod above - on an active export policy to clear its markets.
15
Exports of cereals by the Community are made possible through the device
known as "refums". These payments eliminate the difference between in
ternal market prices and world market prices, which are generally lower.
Mechanism of levies and refunds om wheat
Target price
Unloading and transport costs I I Treshold price
r----r--- T --l Levy (variable)
t-----.-- - - - ~--.....
Import price (cif) (variable)
Intervention price
Il1PORT AND E~PORT
Harket price r---.------'- -----
delivered EEC port of export
Refund (variable)
..__ _ _, - - - - - - --yo-----.
World price (variable)
c) Imports and exports must be licensed. Licenses are granted, however,
without limitation. They oan be granted with or without advance fixing
of the levies or refunds • By the advance fixing device, the importer or ex
porter can ensure application during a certain period of the levy or re
fund in force on the day the license was issued.
The period of validity of advance fixing can be reduced or eliminated
altogether should there be "turbulence" on the market.
4• Other provisions
In addition to the essential instruments described above, the common organi
zation also includes a aeries of aeoondar,y provisions whioh have local or
regional importance (e.g. aid to durum wheat, oubaidy for m of breadmaking
quality) or sectoral importance (e.g. refund for the production of starch).
16
II. THE COMMON ORGANIZATION OF THE MARKETS rn RICE
A. General picture of the rice sector
In terms of volume, rice-growing in the Community is a minor activity in the
agricultural sector. In 1980, the areas devoted to rice as a proportion of
the total utilized agricultural area (UAA) were only about 0.2 %• In some
regions, however, rice-growing is very important. For example, in the pro
vince of Vercelli, in Italy, about 70 1, nf the UAA is under rice.
Where the salt content of the soil is high as in the Rhone delta or in the
Serrai basin (eastern l<1acedonia) this crop may in fact be the only one that
can be grown.
In the Community more than a million tonnes of paddy rice were harvested in
1980/81. This is only just a quarter of 1 % of world production of 395 mil
lion tonnes. Italy leads by far the other countries in rice production not
only in the Community but also in Europe as a whole. In 1980, the harvest
there was 970.000 tonnes. By contrast, in Greece and especially in France,
rice is grown on marginal land which cannot be used for anything else be
cause of tho high salt content.
Whilst Community production is a tiny proportion of world production, yields
per hectare (more than 5 tonnes) are amonc the highest in the world. The
reasons for this are a steady improvement in methods of cultivation and a
developed use of methods of production in increasing yields (mineral ferti
lizers, new varieties, weed killers and insecticides).
All in all, the Community produces less than it consumes. Every year, more
than 400.000 tonnes (not including inw~rd processing traffic) is imported
from non-member countries. None the less, Italy has surpluses which for
various reasons (consumer habits, quality, etc.) cannot be marketed in the
Community.
Italy's average exports (to both member and non-member countries), represen
ting more than 400.000 tonnes, or about 3 % of world trade, substantially
exceed Italy's share in world prodution. Italian rice exports vary - depen
ding on the harvest- in a range from 50 to 60 % of Italian production.
17
B. Rice : the machinery of the common organization
The rice market organization can bo considered as the junior partner of the
cereals market organization. Here again, there is a price sch9me plus tra
de arrangements.
a) Price and intervention arrangements
Tho price system hinges around the intervention price, which is fixed an
nually bu the Council of 1-linioters for paddy rico. Since the 1980/81
marketing year, the intervention price has been fixed at a uniform level
for round-grained and long-grainded rice. Previously, higher pricoo were
fixed for the various long-grained varietieo, to stimulate production of
them. The differentiation of prices was discontinued when growing of
round-grained rice declined so sharply that even in Italy, a producing
country, imports had to be brought in from non-member countries.
As for wheat, barley and maize, a target price is fixed, for the first
otago of processing (husked rice). For wheat tho target price is calcula
ted from Orleans-Ormes (place of intervention), in tho Department of
Loiret (France), but tho target price for husked rice is calculated from
Vercelli (Nothern Italy), tho place of intervention for this product.
This system of calculation should allow of movement from the main sur
plus area to the main deficit area. For this reason, transport costs,
processing costs of husked rice and a market component, corresponding to
about 11 5s of the intervention price, are included. The market component
enables account to be taken of changes in market prices above the inter
vention price.
The third part of the price arrangements is the threshold price, which,
as for tho other cereals, is derived from the target price in such a way
as to ensure that the product imported at Rotterdam cannot be offered on
the Community's internal market at a price below the target price. For
this purpooo, transshipment and transport costo and a trading margin are
deducte from the target price.
A threshold price is fixed both for husked rice and for milled rice.
They are valid for all the pointo of frontier pasoagc of the Community.
IX
On the internal market, tho prices arc underpinned by :
compulsory intervention : throuehout the marketing year (September
to Aueust) the intervention agencies must buy in at the intervention
price all tho rice offered to them. As this obligation concerns paddy,
intervention occurs, in practice, only in the Community's producer States;
optional intervention (e.g. storaGB) and
an end-of-season carryover payment.
Optional intervention and the carryover payments have not so far had to
be used for r.mrket support, but compuloory intervention has been used,
for the lnot time during the 1972/73 marketine year.
b) Trade with non-member countries
The two m~in components of the trade arrangements are the import levy
and the export refund.
1. For imports, a distinction is mnrre betvrcen round-grained rice and
long-grained rice, for the quotations on the world market differ ~s
betl-:ecn the tt,:o varieties. For the rice processine stages for which
the threshold price has been fixed, the ~ is the difference between
the threshold price and the corresponding cif price. As for the other
cereCJ.l s, the cif price is calculated for Rotterdam. For the other
cateeories of rice (paddy, semi-milled), tho levy is derived from the
price of the corresponding product. Ji'or processed products made from
rice (flour, meal, flakes, etc.), the levy includes a variable compo
nent roflectine the oituation with regard to the world market price
for the corresponding basic product (incidence of raw material) ana
a fixed component which is rresigned to ensure protection of the Com
munity's processinG industry.
2. As for imports, exports are euided by price arrangements. The machi
nery used by the Community for this purpose is the export refund,
which can be used at discretion to bridee the price difference between
the internal market and the world market.
In the rice sector, this instrument has proved the most effective de
vice for the support of the market.
19
3. As for cereals, licences must be obtained for external trade, and the
levies or refunds can be fixed in advance.
c) Nearly all tho rice grown in the world is conswned in Third Horld coun
tries. For this reason, an appreciable proportion of Community surplu
ses is sent out under food aid arraneements.
For rice imports from ACP States (mainly Surinam) and EeYPt, the Com
munity has also sot up a preferential scheme in the form of a reduced
levY desiened to facilitate access for those countries to the Community
market.
20
III. THE CGIMON ORGANIZATION OF THE iMRKETS IN SUGAR
A. General picture of the sugarbeet and sugar sector
The production of sugarbeet represents 2.6% of agricultural production and
covers 1.8 million hectares, or 2 % of the cultivated land of the Community.
The area under beet has increased by nearly 3 % a year since 1973 and the
yield in sugar per hectare of beet has also increased, by about 2 % per
year.
The increase in beet plantinG, combined with a higher sugar yield, has
meant a sharp increase in Community sugar production, which has reached on
average about 12 million tonnes in recent years, of which 10.9 million are
produced under Community price and marketing guarantees.
Consumption has been marking time at about 9·5 million tonnes and the self
sufficiency rate has in recent years been running at somewhere between 125
an 130 %• The market can therefore not be balanced without exports.
Sugar produced in excess of needs amounts, given a normal harvest, to about
2.9 million tonnes. But the Community has entered into undertakings under
the Lome Convention Hhereby it has agreed, since 28 February 1975, to import
from certain ACP countries (Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific) about
1~3 million tonnes of sugar (white sugar value) by twelve months delivery
period, this m1gar beinc largely refined in the United Kingdom.
Including these imports of preferential m1gar from the ACP countries (1.3
million tonnes), the Community in a normal year has 4.2 million tonnes of
sugar to export on the world market.
Thus, the EEC is a major exporter on the Horld sugar market, on which there
are wide fluctuations in available quantities and in prices, with consequent
impact on its production of non-quota sugar and the subsequent export of
this sugar.
About 100 sugar refineries operating about 200 factories work in this sector.
The production of isoglucose is about 185.000 tonnes (dry matter). Isoglu
cose is a direct industrial substitute obtained solely from maize; since the
1979/80 marketing year, (1) it has also been subject to Community arrangemente with production quotas.
(1) In fact, common measures were instituted for isoglucose on 1 July 1977
21
B. Sugar tho machinery of the common organization
Established on 1 July 1968, the common organization of the markets in sugar
has special features distinguishing it from those for the markets of other
agricultural products in that there is a scheme with differentiated price
and disposal guarantees Hith production quotas by firm. The guarantees
are offset by a co-responsibility arrangement for beet growers and sugar
manufacturers in respect of budget costs arisine from the disposal of sugar
surpluoes.
These arrangements, adopted in 1967 by the Community, have a historical
justification in the fact that most of the Member States which are producers
were operating before that time national schemes for price arrangements and
production quantity restrictions.
This production system, originally planned for seven marketine years (from
1968/69 to 1974/75), was renewed, with very little change, along the same
lines for a further five years and expired on 30 June 1980.
In the meantime it became clear that common measures were needed in respect
of the production of isoglucose. Beginning first with a production levy,
the Community then instituted, in July 1979, a production quota system for
isoglucoso similar to that applied to sugur. This arrangement also expired
on 30 June 1980 and was renewed for 1980/81.
In 1981, new regulations, applicable from 1 July onwards, covering the
1981/82 to 1985/86 marketing years, were adopted (1).
Tho now system, and more specifically the arrangements concerning production,
is h~sed mainly on the following principles :
a) production to be related to scope for disposal and all losses due to
disposal of production surpluses to be covered by financial contribu
tions from the producers so as to achieve "budget neutrality" for this
sector
b) a fair income to be ensured for beet and cane growers;
c) the Com~unity to be able to join tho International hgreement on Sugar;
d) offsetting as between bumper crops and poor crop to be encouraged;
(1) See also "GREEN EUROPE, NEHSLETTER" N° 180.
e) account to be taken of regional changes in production of boot and
cune in tho direction of specialization;
f) conditions to be provided enabling obligations concerning preferential
imports of sueur to be complied Hith.
The common organization of tho sugar markets now covers sugar obtained
from beet and cane (sucrose) and ito direct industrial substitute, sugar
obtained from maize ( iooglucose), l,rith, however, a special treatment for
this product to take account of its special nature. Thus the Community
recognizes explicitly that the market in sweeteners is a single one•
In addition to a price and trade system little of which has been changed,
the new organization includes, for five marketing years (1981/82 to 1985/8~,
a production system based on quotas combined with differentiated guarantees.
As in tho paotbut l-Tith adaptations, provisions specific to preferential
imports of sugar and general provisions have also been laid down.
1. The production quota system
The quotas in the sugar and iooglucose production arrangements are distri
buted, given baoic quantities fixed by Member State, bet\.;een the industrial
enterprises. The sum of the A quotas at Community level corresponds close
ly to internal consumption. B quotas are also fixed. The price and dispo
sal guarantee is differentiated depending on whether production comes under
quota A or quota B.
Sugar produced beyond the A and B quotas - "C" sugar - may not be marketed
l-lithin the Community. Planters and manufacturers are free to export on to
theHorld. market at uorld market prices.
For the entire Community, the basic quantities total 9·516.000 tonnes for
the A quotas and 2.242.000 tonnes for tho B quotas, for sugar, and 157.649 tonnes and 40.436 tonnos respectively for isoglucose.
Both the A quotas and tho B quotas can be veviewed for the 1984/85 and 1985/ 86 seasons. In futuro, the B quota, like tho A quota in the past, will be
fixed for each enterprise normally for the five relevant years and no longer
each year as a percentage of the A quota.
23
The quotas are managed - i.e. the sugar and isoglucose quotas are assigned
by enterprise and changed - by tho Member States in which the finno are
established, but Community criteria must be complied with. The quotas
(A + B) can be varied throughout the period of application within a range
of 10 % of tho quotas originally allo~~ted. This percentage represents a
"strategic reserve" : a GU(;ar enterprise may lose up to 10 % of its original
quota in favour of one or more other sugar enterprises or isoglucose produ
cers established in the same Hembor State, and vice verca.
It has, however, been decided tlli~t, as under tho previous achemo, this li
mit will no longer be sot in Italy and in the French Overseas Dopartmentc
whenever quota transfers arc to be made under restructuring plans. Dut,
for the French Overseas Departments, thoro in an innovation in that such
transfers will no'rJ bo possible from enterprises established in those Dn
partmonts to enterpriser:; established in tho :.tctropolitan France, with a
ceiling on the total quantity of 30.000 tonncs of 'rthite ougar (total A and
B quotaG).
2. Prices and trade
a) Sul@r
1. Hith regard to pricea, there io still an intervention price for white
sugar and unrefined suear fixed annually for each marketing ceaoon
for the surplus arean of the Community. Regionalized intervention
prices are derived from this price for the Community's deficit regions
only (Italy, United KinGdom and Ireland). This represents the gua
ranteed minimum income ex refinery, since the sugar can be sold at
this price to the intervention agency.
A targot price is aloo fixed. It ic 5 % higher than the intervention
price. One of ito purposes is to enable a threshold price to ba ~~1-
culated which, vrhilct ensuring Community profcrencA (sec 2 below) and
given the Community's surplus situation, will enable an intervention
price to be achieved at a level ensuring a fair income for producers.
'l'he new organization retains the old "storage coste offsettinrr" sys
tem, deoigned to ensure smooth disposal of production throughout the
year on the basis of a flat-rate reimbursement of otoragc costa and of
the payment, by manufacturorn, refiners and importers of preferential
sugar, of a storage levy, the one being designed to offset tho other.
24
In addition, as before, there is a minimum storage obligation on
producers roinforcine this supply guarantee.
Lastly, tho buying-in guarantee available throughout tho yoar has
not been chaneed and the possibility of intervention, in the form of
production refunds which were originally paid only for sugar used in
the chemicals industry, has been extended now to iooglucooe•
2. Tho arranaemcnts for trade with non-member countries include a thre
ohold price and levies or refunds.
The threshold price represents the minimum prico of entry into the
EEC of imported sugar and is designed to ensure Community preference
for sugar produced in tho EEC on the internal market.
Import levies are charecd whenever the price of sugar from non
member countries offered at the Corn:nunity frontier fails to match the
threshold price.
Export refunds may be paid insofar as necessary for exports to
non-member countries and export levies may be charged whenever the
world market price exceeds the intervention price and must be char
ged whenover the Horld price exceeds the threshold price.
b) For beet
The neH orgnizat~.on provides for a basic price for beet, fixed annually.
This is used as a reference to determine a minimum price for A beet
and a minimum price for B beet. 'l1he minimum price will be 98 ~~ of the
basic price for A beet and 68 % of the basic price for B beet. These
minimum prices correspond to the maximum production levies on A sugar
at 2 % of the intervention price of sugar and on B sugar at 2 % plus
30 1o (totalling 32 %) respectively of the intervention price. The
final level of beet prices will thus depend on the production levies
(see paragraph 3 belot-;). In other wordc, if for example, the baf::Jic
production levy were zero, the prices of A and D beet would be the
carne as the basic price for beet.
The price which the producer receives for non-quota "C" sugar depends
on the world market price and does not depend on Community regulations
but on contracts concluded Hith those concerned.
25
3• The financial responsibility of producers
A key innovation in the new orGanization of the market is that producers
are now responsible for all costs en[;endered by the disposal of all the
surpluses they prod.ucc. For the first time oince 1968, the date of the
introduction of the first common organization of the suG'<J.r markets, it is
nou provided that producers not only of B SU[;ar and B beet but also of A
suG'<J.r and A beet must make a financial contribution, i.e. includinG' produ
cers who previously had enjoyed 100 % gu~rantee in respect of prices and
disposal.
Thio io an innovation as a reoul t of Hhich the Oll[;<lr sector ohould not in
volve heavier char[;es to the bud[;et than it Generates revenues accruing to
it. Henceforth, normally, a production levy not exceeding 2 % of the in
tervention price Hill be payable on all production (11. + B) for the dispooal
of ourpluses. If the financial losses are not covered in their entirety
by the yield from the levy, a r;ccond levy, this time only on B production,
Hill be charged, up to a maximum of 30% of the intervention price, i.e.
a total of 32 % on the production of B suear.
Iooglucose will be treated in the same way, but only up to that part of
the levy otill chargeable to the manufacturer in the two cases (A and B).
A final point ensuring "budget neutrality" is that any nceative balances
resulting from the above ceilinGS and any positive balances reoultinG from
the charGinG' of export levieo (\-then thoro is a world market shortaGe) are
carried over from one marketing year to the next.
In thio connection, if a no[;Utive balance were not covered by the yield on
the two production levies, it has been decided that tho maximum of 30 % of
the B ougar levy could be raised to 37.5% of the intervention price for
the following marketing year(i.e. that the production of B sugar could
thus carry in full a charge of 39.5 % of the intervention price).
4• Preferential imports of su~r
To underpin traditional trade flows, particularly in respect of sugar
produced in certain African, Caribbean and Pacific countrie o (in accordan
ce with undcrtal:ingo entered into by the Community when the three new
countries joined), a differential levy had been introduced on all preferen
tial imports of unrefined sugar which t-~ere not to be refined in a pure
refinery (no opposed to sugar procesnine, which first produces white sugar
directly from beet and which can, in addition, refine crystallized unrefi
ned sugar). Thin levy uill be gradually phased out.
5· National aidn
France in authorized to go on paying, for the next five marketing years,
national adaptation aids in rcspP.ct of sugar cane and sugar production in
the French Overseas Departments, in view of the special conditions prevai
ling there.
Italy has been authorized to pay national adaptation aids for beet growing
and SUf_fJ.r production in the central anrl southern urean of Italy up to the
present level, bat in the northern regions these aids must be phased down
over the next five m:trketin& yeCl.rs each year by an amount of 2 % of the
relevant intervention price.
6. General meanurcn
These measures are mainly concerned uith rulen of procedure stipulating
that the Co!'nmunity mCl.y adopt any npccial provioiom:: needed to enable com
mitmentn aricine from membership of the International Agreement on Sugar,
if the Community joins, to be properly complied uith.
IV. THE ccrmon ORGA1UZATIOU OF TilE MARKETS Til OILS AND FATS AND PRO!'EDJ
SEEDS
A. OILS AUD FATS
In 1979 tho total uoa of unrefined oilo and fnto in tho Community wno about
10 million tonnoo, broken dmm no followo :
5·2 million tonnoo of unrefined veeotnblc oilo and fato,
3·1 million tonneo of unrefined animal oilo and fato,
1.6 million tonnoo of butter.
Community production wao no followo
1.2 million tonnos of vegetable oilo and fate,
2.1 million tonnao of animal oilo and fnto,
1.9 million tonnos of butter.
Tho degree of oolf-oufficioncy in oilo and fate (not including butter) wao
40 % in 1979, but in roopoct of voeotnblc oilo and fata tho proportion wao
only_ 22 %-
I. OLIVE OIL
1• General picture of tho olive oil ooctor
l<iost of tho production of olive oil in tho ton countries io accounted for
by Italy and Grecco with a modest contribution from Franco. In tormo of
volume, averogo production of those throe countrieo io 450.000 tonnoo for
Italy, 250.000 tonnoo for Grecco and 1e500 tonnoo for France, or an annual
total of about 700.000.
In a nonrril year, tho Community producoa about 47 % of world production of
olive oil. However, bocauoe of peculiar fonturoo of olive tree production
(alternate bearing), tho production of olive oil may fluctuate very widely
from one year to tho next.
The aroao under olive trooo total about 2.8 million hn (2.280.000 ha. in
Italy, 520.000 hn in Grecco and 38.000 ha. in Franco), or about 28 % of
total world acroagco uood for thio purpooo.
These a:roao chango little. Eotimatos put the Community total of olive
trooo (includin~ thooo ~owing wild) at 307 million otomo (185 million in
2X
Italy, 117 million in Greece and 5 million in France).
1e200.000 families in Italy, 500.000 familiae in Greece and 40.000 families
in France grow olives.
Production in oonoontrated in regions where often there is no other work
available : in general these are dr,y areas where other farming is impossi
ble, so that the maintenance of the tree numbers is an important matter,
from the environmental point of view, as well as the economic point of view.
Olive-growing is thua often tho main, and sometimes the oole source of in
come of the growera.
2. The machine~ of tho common organization : olive oil
The olive oil market is expoaed to keen competition from other oils availa
ble at much lower pricea. In order to reconcile the intercats of the produ
cers - by enuuring a price yielding a fair income - with the need to main
tain competitive priceo on the oonuumer market, the common organization of
the olive oil market, set up in 1963, included from tho outset the payment
of an aid to producers to bridge the gap. Thin costly system ie not very
efficient and has been replaced by a new olive oil market organization
oyotem which otartod operation lrith the 1978/79 marketing year.
a) Internal price and aid arrangements
The Council of J.iinistore fixes tho following prices anm.1ally
Tho price to tho grower doomed desirable in view of two objectives :
enrruro him a fair income and maintain the volume of Community pro
duction.
2o) ~a::~t _l'2,P;:e!!,e!!t~t.!V£ Er.!~
Fixed at a level allowing of tho nonnal disposal of oil produced,
taking account of tho priooo of competing products. A general rule
of thumb is that a price ratio between 2 an 2.5/1 as between olive
oil and seed oil allows of the disposal of the fonner.
3°) Intervention price ---------This is tho price at which the intervention agencies must buy in all quantitieo of olive oil of a given cpg.lity offered to them. It thereforo oonstitutos a guarantee for growers.
29
Two aido are also available :
- The production aid is uniform throughout tho EEC and is granted only
in respect of olive trees planted before 1 November 1978• It is paid to
growers and therefore "tops up" the income they gain from the market;
- Consumption aid is granted for olive oil produced in tho EEC lthon tho
producer target price minus the production aid oxcoedo tho olive oil
market representative price. Thio aid, granted to olive oil packaging
plants, is designed to allow of greater dioposal of Community olive
oil produced by achieving a bettor price ratio as between olive oil
and competing seed oils.
b) Trade with non-member countries
A threshold price io fixed for olive oil imported from non-member coun
tries so that the selling price of the imported produoo will, when cros
sing the EEC frontier, be at tho level of the representative market
price.
Whenever tho price of olive oil imported from non-member countries is
below the threshold price, n ~ is chargod matching tho difference.
When the Community market price exceeds world market prices, tho diffe
rence between these prices can be made up in respect of exports by n
refund. Without the refund, traditional export flowo, for example to
the United States, could not be maintained.
c) Other instruments : The register of olive cultivation
Because of the need for data on the potential for olive and olive-oil
production in the Community and in order to improve tho operation of the
Community aid acheme, it rras decoded in 1975 to establish a. register of
olive cultivation in the l.lombor States producing olive oil. The regis
ter is financed by a deduction from tho production aid.
II. OILSEEDS
1. General picture of the oilseeds sector
Community regulations cover tho oilseed and oil fruits sector and oils and
fats of vegetable origin or extracted from fish or son mammals. Among
these, the most important products for the Community, dealt with below, are
colza, rape, sunflower, flax, castor and cotton seeds.
These products are increasine in importance to the Community, not only in
respect of the oils, for which the Community has a defici-t: of 78 %, but
also with regard to oilcakc, i.e. protein, for which the Community deficit
is no less than 95 %.
The areas sown with colza and rape seed are by far the largest of the
areas under oilseed. The total is steadily growing. The figure for
1980/81 Has about 750.000 ha, or 40 %more than the year before.
Community production in 1980/81 was in the order of two million tonnes
of which one million was produced in France.
Community seed is crushed mainly in Germany, which, with 750.000 tonnes
of Community seed placed under supervision at oil mills, is well nheaci
of Frc:.nce (650.000 tonnes) and the United Kingdom (380.000 tonnes).
The approxirr.a~-,e production of oil is entimated at 800.000 tonnes and
that of oilcake at 1.100.000 tonnes.
Imports in 1980/8~ were about 300.000 tonnes of seed. Following the
increase in production of Community seed, the volume of imports has
been lotv-er in the last two seasons.
The main problem in this sector arises in oonnection vrith disposal of
the oils : part of the production of colza and rape oil is regarded as
a by-product of the production of oil cake, the demand for which is very
heavy.
ImportE of cake arc running at an annual average of about 250.000 ton-
nen.
2°) SunfJ c;,rer seed
Grown on a1Jout 200.000 hectares in France and in Italy, Gunf] ovrer is a
plant vrhich iB ni.eadily inoreasing in importance in the Community.
During the 1980/81 marketing year, production was 320.000 to 330.000
tonnes, with an increase in area sown of 25 %and an increase in produc
tion of 37 % over the preceding year.
Most Community seed is crushed in the Federd Repul-lic of Ger:nany.
Community production of oil is J25.000 tonnes and that of cake about
140.000 tC'nnes.
31
During tho 1980/81 year, 810.000 tonnoo of ounflower oil were imported.
Importo of ounflowor ~~ke were about 500.000 tonneo. There in therefore
a great deal of ocope for the expannion of ounflovTCr production in the
European Community.
Compared with an import total of 10 million tonneo of beano and 7 mil
lion tonneo of cake, Community production of soya, at 15.000 tonneo, io
practically negligible. Variotieo nrc not yet adapted to our rcgiono,
but reoearch continuos. A production total of 100.000 tonnoo ohould be
reached within a fev1 yenro.
Only 15 hectares arc uoed for cultivntine castor seed in tho Community.
In the Community thin crop in still at an experimental otago, confined
to the South of Italy.
Community demand in about 75.000 tonneo, corrcoponding to about 160.000
tonne a of need.
Flax io grown in three Mflmber States, Belgium, France and the Netherlando.
Tho area under fibre flax (50.000 hectareo) and oil flax (4.000 to
5.000 hectares) yieldn a total of about 60.000 tonnen of need. Cruohi~
in carried out mainly in the name three countrien and yildn about 20.000
tonnes of oil. Community demand for oil being 120.000 tonnes, the short
fall is made good by imported seed or oil.
Tho areas under cotton aced in the Community (ton countrion) are about
130.000 hectares, yielding about 25.000 tonnen of oil.
Importn, about 20.000 tonnes, givo Community utili~~tion of cottonseed
oil of about 45.000 tonnes.
The oil in uncd mainly ao table oil or for margarine.
32
2. Oilseeds : the machinery of the common organization
The Community boing far from self-sufficient in seed, oil or oilcako, extre
mely liberal import arrangements Hero made in 1966 : no a rooult, these pro
ducts can bo brought into tho Community without quantitative rootriction of
any kin and there io no levy. Only customs dutioo nro charged, and those
have been fixed at zero for oood and cake, but at 5 to 15 % for oils, depending on tho degroe of processing (from unprocosood to refined).
However, it is also Community policy to oupport tho internal market so that
Community production can be Gtepped up and fair incomes for growers enoured priceo prevailing on the world market for these products are well below production costa and prices within tho Hommunity.
The support arrangements for the various products nro as follows
a) A target price : price fixod at a fair level for seed producers, having due regard to tho need to maintain the volume of Community production.
b) An intervention price : price onrruring for producers tho Gale of their
products at a level as near tho target price as posoible, taking into ac
count market variations.
Growero can sell their seed at this price to an intervention agency.
c) A crusing aid for such seed enabling processors - in the absence of im
port levies on these productfJ imported from non-member coun'trieo - to
crush seed produced in the European Community in at least tho same conditions as that imported.
The aid matches the difference betrmen tho target price and the world market price and is fixed at least once a week.
These three sectors have identical arrangements.
a) A norm (1) price : price fixed at a fair level for growers, having due regard to tho Community's supply needs.
b) A minimum price : price onrruring that growers will be able to dispose of their seed at a price as near tho norm price as possible.
c) An aid : matching tho difference between the norm price and the world market price. This aid is paid to tho firnt buyer (for noya) or tho tho do
seeding or grinding firm (for cotton and castor) provided that a contract between the purchaser and tho producer ensures tho payment of the minimum
price to the latter.
(1) In some of the legislation tho norm price is referred to as the "guide" price.
:n
3°) Flax oeed -----a) A norm prico fixed at a fair lovcl for produooro, having due regard to
tho Community cupply nocdo.
b) An aid matching tho difference bctwnen tho norm prico and the world mar
ket price applied to a otandard seed yield per acre. Tho aid io paid to
tho flax ooutchor in respect of fibre flax and to tho grower in the caoe
of seed flax.
D. OILSEEDS
1• General picture of tho oilooodo oector
As already mentioned, the Community produces far leas protein than it noodo.
Tho rate of oelf-oufficioncy io only about 5 %, and largo quantitioo muot
be imported, mainly for animal food, oopocially in tho form of ooya beano
or cake.
After the cupply difficultioo which arooo on the world market in protoino
in 1973, the EEC attempted to improve ito position by expanding Community
production.
One of the otopo contemplated wao the creation of a common organization for
dried fodder (1974), another tho introduction of opecial moaouros for peao
and field beans.
1. 1 Dried fodder
This sector includeo dried potatooo or potato meal, the producto of
graoooo dried artificially by heating, tho producto of logumoo dried
artificially by heating or sun-dried, and lucerne and graoo-juioo con
oontrateo.
The area under fodder crops for drying is about 150.000 hoctarco, yiel
ding about 1.6000.000 tonneo of dried fodder.
Tho main producer io Franco, with 800.000 to 900.000 tonnos.
Community importo are running at about 400.000 tonnoo, which brings EEC
consumption to about 2 million tonnos.
Tho main problem for this sector io tho coot of fuel.
34
1.2 Peas and field beans
These are products traditionally used as animal feed, either processed
in compound feed or fed directly to livestock on the farm.
Tho quantitieo sold to tho compound cattle feed industry - tho only pro
ducts qualifying for Community aid - were 230.000 tonnos in 1980/81 for
peas and 100.000 tonnos for field beans.
This corrospondo to areas oown of 90.000 ha and 40.000 ha respectively.
2. Protein products : the machinery of the common organization
The support arrangements for the various products are as followo :
2.1 Dried fodder
a) Grass, legumes and their concentrates -------------------- a guide price : fixed at a level which is fair for processors and
which should normally be achieved on the Community's internal mar
ket.
- a flat-rate aid
the Community.
fixed so as to improve the supply of proteins to
- a complementary aid : calculated on the basis of tho differnce
between the guide price and the world market price for dried pro
ducts. The two nido nrc paid to the processing industry por tonne
of product.
A flat-rate aid paid to processors is designed to improved supplies
in tho Community and it is the only instrument used in this field.
35
2.2 Peao and field boano
a) An activatinrr price : fixed by reference to tho value of the proteino
contained in ooya cako oo that peas and field beano can be uoed in
animal feed in normal conditions of competition with ooya cake, whilot
ensuring a fair income for producoro.
b) A minimtun price : a price guaranteeing to producers that they can
sell their products at a prico as near no possible to tho activating
prico.
c) An aid : calculated on tho ba£lio of tho difference bot·Hoen tho
activating price and tho Horld market price for ooya cako. This aid
io paid to tho compound feed proceoooro provided they guarantee by
contract tho minimum prico to tho farmer.
J6
V. THE CO-!MON ORGANIZATION OF THE HARKETS lll WINE ( 1)
A. General picture of the wino sector
Vineyards account for loss than 3 % (2.6 million ha) of tho Community's
UAA, but, with a total harvest of 177 million hl in 1979, tho Community is
by far the leading l-Jorld producor of wine (47 %)• In 1979/80, exports
exceeded 8 million hl, but those wore mainly ofqwUity wines which are nor
mally easily marketed. Imports were nearly 5•5 million hl.
The avorage harvest has been 150 million hl in recent years, but tho actual
totals fluctuate widely because of the very wide differences in yields from
year to year. Tho two bumper harvoots of 1973 and 1974 were tho direct cau
se of tho serious crisis which occurred at the time, entailing a sharp in
crease in EAGGF expenditure, mainly for special distillation moasureo.
For one of tho main problems underlying the difficulties in tho wine sector
is that of l-rithdrawal from tho market (by distillation) of a major quanti
ty of table winos of modest or poor quality which cannot be sold for direct
human consumption or for industrial purposes. Big harvests in 1979 and 1980
again led to a crisis situation.
In the last few years, there has boon a noticeable decline in tho consump
tion of wine in the Bomber States in which a great deal of wino is drunk
(France and Italy). This has not boon offset in the Community by an increa
se in consumption in the other Member States. Hhilst production in the EEC
has been tending to increase (by an avo rage of 1 % per year), consumption
has been declining on average by 0.6% per year. Tho figure for direct
consumption is about 125 million hl and industrial use is about 15 million
hl.
The rate of self-sufficiency varies between 95 and 125 % depending on tho
harvest.
Stocks are hi6h, particularly of table winos.
B. Wine : tho machinery of the common organization
A provisional common organization of tho wino market was established in 1962.
A fully-fledged common market in Hine began operation with the 1970/71 mar
keting year.
( 1) See aloo "GREEN EUROPE, NEWSLETTER", N° 172•
37
Quality and place of origin nrc of great importnnco for wino, much more
than for moot other agricultural products.
As a result, the market organization distinguishes between various catego
r~s
1. The wine categories
Wine, for Community purposes, is a product obtained excluoivoly from tho
total or partial alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes, whether or not
crushed, or grape musts.
Tho Community regulations diotinguioh oovoral categories, two of which
are of essential importance :
- table wino : is wine produced in the Co~munity from specified vine va
rieties having an actual alcoholic strength by volume of not loon than
9 % and a total alcoholic strength by volume normally of not more than
15 %. - quality wino produced in specified regions (known no quality wine psr)
io wine from a opacified area subject to strict ruleo with regard to
:- Aids for the f?9tting up and operation of producers' organizations
~ Aids for restructuring of citrus fruit growing
f. ~iarketing preoiu'll for oranges, mandarins, clementines and lemons, granted to consign~ents from a producer Hember State to another Hember State.
• Preferential customs tariffs for Hediterranean countries
b) Exports :
- refunds: in particular for the following products: oranges, mandarins, table grapes, peaches and toma toes
- no licences.
'7--.J
PROCESSED FRUrr A!ID VEG.t!..'l'ABLES
Prj.ces Intervention
' I Fixing of a minimum price :
under contracts between pro-ducers and processors for products qualifying for a processing aid.
!
Harketing I Aids
I A. Internal arrangements : i- Processing aid system
Unrestricted I (aid paid to proces-- application of national ! sors who have paid the
quality standards l producers a price at
1 B. Trade arrangements : 1 least matching the mi-i nimum price) i I ::!) Tmnn'l"'f:!'! ! nnl"P!'!tl'i ~t,.n I
• customs duties :-Aids to the process~ngl
1 . t f add a' of oranges and lemons. I • evy ~n respec o e I sugar, for products con- I taining added sugar :
I
• possible introduction of i a floor price arranger.En~
• licences (for certain i products)
1
b) Exports :
- refunds
- no licences
0' oc
HOPS
Prices
No c~on prices fixed
-
Intervention
I '
I I
Harketing Aids
A. Internal arrangements : - Flat-rate aid by the Unrestricted hectare to producers
However, r.1arketing of hops is - Aid for the setting up
subject to co::tpulsory licen- of producers' groups.
sine procedure
B. Trade arrangements :
a) Imports : unrestricted
- customs duties
- certificates of equivalence (quality, characteristics) must be produced. by the non-
I
r.1ember countries I
b) Exports : I I
I
Exports of hops are subject to a compulsory licensing· procedure.
-::-'-0
TOBACCO
Prices
- llonn price
- Intervention price
Intervention
ComEulsor~ intervention
• At full price for quantities sent to intervention up to 25 % of total quantities dealt with by each enterprise
• At intervention price minus 10 % for all quantities excee-ding the 25 % limit.
~l:arketing Aids
A. Internal arrangements : Purchasers' premiums.
Unrestricted
B. Trade arrangements :
a) Imports : unrestricted
- Uixed customs duties bound in GATT
- no licences
b) Exports : I I
- refunds
- no licences
Green Europe - Newsletter on the common agricultural policy
No.
165 15 years of Green Europe
166 Milk : problem child of european agriculture
167 EEC agriculture : the world dimension
168 European agriculture 1979
169 European agriculture into the nineteeneighties
170 Agriculture and the problem of surpluses
171 EEC food imports : the New Ze~land file
172 Wine in the eighties
173 The agricultural aspects cif enlargement of the European Community : Greece
174 The agricultural aspects of enlargement of the European Community : Spain
175 The common agricultural policy and world food shortages - Food aid
176 Aspects of the common agricultural policy of concern to consumers
177 Policy for animal feedingstuffs of cereal "substitutes"
178 The enlargement of the Community
the case
179 The Community's agricultural and food exports
180 A new common organization of the markets in sugar as from 1 July 1981
181 A new common agricultural structure policy
Linguage :
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL, EL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL, EL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
182 Financing the market side of the common agricultural policy- EAGGF-Guarantee
183 Co-ordination of agricultural research in the Community
184 Community food aid
185 The contribution of the common agricultural policy to the economic development of the Community
186 The development of veterinary legislation
187 The Community's agricultural policy and policy on trade in agricultural products
188 Mechanisms of the common organization of agricultural markets - Livestock products
72
Linguage :
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL
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