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ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 3 September 2015 2015
ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 7, Number 3
September 2015
2015
Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.
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Address of Editorial office:Agricultural Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora BulgariaTelephone.: +359 42 699330
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Editor-in-Chief
Tsanko YablanskiFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria
Co-Editor-in-Chief
Radoslav SlavovFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria
Editors and Sections
Genetics and Breeding
Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)
Nutrition and Physiology
Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)
Production Systems
Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Bogdan Szostak (Poland)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)
Agriculture and Environment
Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)Martin Banov (Bulgaria)
Product Quality and Safety
Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)
English Editor
Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)
2015
ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 3September 2015
Review
Achievements and problems in the weed control in common wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.)
G. Delchev*, M. Georgiev
Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Abstract. Herbicides combinations and tank mixtures of herbicides with adjuvants, fertilizers, growth regulators, fungicides, insecticides, are more effective than when applied alone on wheat crops. Their combined use often leads to high synergistic effect on yield. Many authors present data from which it is clear that durum wheat differs from common wheat in their reaction to some herbicides, herbicide combinations and herbicide tank mixtures. A serious problem in wheat is Bromus arvensis L. due to their resistance to most antigramineous herbicides. In recent years effective herbicides to fight against them have emerged, but their number is still too limited. A problem is the persistence of some herbicides used in the predecessors on succeeding crops, which is directly related to the weather conditions during their degradation. Contrary opinions are published on some issues due primarily to the different conditions under which the experiments were conducted and the biological characteristics of the tested cultivars. Most of the information on these subjects refers mainly to common wheat and only a limited amount of it is for durum wheat. A serious problem is also the volunteers of Clearfield canola (Brassica napus L.), Clearfield and Express sun sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). They have resistance to herbicides different from that of conventional canola and sunflower hybrids. A problem is also volunteers of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.). There is yet no information in the scientific literature as to control of these volunteers.
Keywords: wheat, herbicides, weed control, productivity, grain quality
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, No 3, pp , 2015281 - 286
Introduction Herbicide Axial (pinoxaden) has high efficiency against gramineous weeds and good selectivity for common wheat, durum wheat and barley (Campagna and Rueegg, 2006). Herbicide Derby Super The use of herbicides leads to large changes in the number and (aminopyralid + florasulam) has an excellent efficacy against annual the species composition of weeds in wheat agrophytocenoses. and perennial broadleaved weeds (Dalla Valle et al., 2006). Pasquini Chemical weed control is associated with a significant improvement et al. (2006) reported about efficacy of Granstar (tribenuron-methyl) in plant health of wheat crops (Lizanko et al., 1988; Valenti and against these weeds. Herbicides imazamethabenz, diclofop-methyl, Wicks, 1992; Rapparini et al., 1994; Clay et al., 1995; Grundy et al., tralkoxydim, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and clodinafop-propargy are most 1996; Markovic et al., 1998 and 2000; Kostrzewska, 2000; Michel, efficient against wild oat species (Tiebaset al., 1999). Imanat (2002) 2001; Jedruszczak et al., 2004; Zewdie and Rungsit, 2005; Buczek found that herbicides Topic and Logran are most efficient at higher et al., 2007; Kieloch et al., 2008; Stashinskis, 2008; Nakayama et al., soil and atmospheric humidity.2010; Gupta et al., 2011; Smajlagić and Đikić, 2011; Lobkov et al.,
The high efficiency of the herbicide Hussar max (mesosulfuron 2012).+ iodosulfuron) against gramineous and broadleaf weeds is reported The aim of this paper is to review the achievements and by Ceconi et al. (2000) and Cittar et al. (2002). According to problems in the weed control in common wheat (Triticum aestivum Montemurro et al. (2006) iodosulfuron + mesosulfuron (Atlantis) is L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) crops and the roles of more effective than metribuzin (Zenkor), 2.4-D + metosulam herbicides and their mixtures on common and durum wheat (Sound) metosulam (Eclipse) and herbicide mixture proporgil-productivity, quality characteristics of the grain and sowing clodinafop (Topic) + tribenuron-methyl (Granstar). Soroka et al. characteristics of the seeds.(1999) reported that the herbicide Zirol destroys all broadleaf weeds which are resistant to hormone similar herbicides 2.4-D and 2M-4X. Weed control in common and durum wheat cropsWeed control with herbicide Marathon in autumn is more effective than herbicides Cougar and Hussar Turbo (Tsyuganov and Abtali et al. (1995) investigated the effectiveness of herbicides Potarenko, 2011). The results obtained from Bassi et al. (2002) Topic (clodinafop-propargyl), Grasp (tralkoxydim), Scorpio Super showed supplement to the spectrum of broadleaf weeds controlled (fenoxaprop-ethyl) and Iloxan (diclofop-methyl), applied at the end by the tank herbicidal mixture carfentrazone-ethyl + tribenuron-of tillering of wheat and 4-6 leaf weeds. They provide 100% control of methyl, and no antagonism in the control of gramineous weeds by Avena fatua L. and Avena ludoviciana Durien. These four combining the new herbicide carfentrazone-ethyl with fenokiprop-antigramineous herbicides do not cause phytotoxicity in wheat ethyl and clodinafop-propargyl.plants, even with higher doses of treatment. The yield of wheat is
Due to the poor efficacy of antigramineous herbicides to increased significantly when compared to all the herbicides weeded Bromus ssp., Hamal et al. (1996, 1996a and 1998) recommend the controls, but no difference between the individual herbicides.
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* e-mail: [email protected]
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chemical combat of these weeds to be combined with soil cultivation. with Arelon there is synergism with regard to gramineous weeds These results were confirmed by Kelley et al. (1998), according to (Khan et al., 2002 and 2003).whom the fight against these dangerous weeds of wheat should Ahmed et al. (1993), Khan and Noor-ul-Haq (1994 and 2002), focus on the predecessors. The seriousness of the problem with Khan et al. (1999 and 1999a), Hashim et al. (2002), Cheema and Bromus ssp. is reported by Koscelny et al. (1996) and Koscelny and Akhtar (2005) and Sangi et al. (2012) report about high herbicidal Peeper (1997). Tityanov et al. (2009) found higher efficacy of the efficacy of herbicides Arelon, Graminon, Tribunil, Buktril, Dicuran, herbicide Palace (piroxulam) against Avena fatua L., Alopecurus Tolcan and Dozanex. The increase in grain yield is due to the myosuroides L., Lolium multiflorum L. and Bromus arvensis L. increase of the productive tillering, the grains number per spike and Efficiency does not change with the introduction of the Palace as a the 1000 grains weight. The efficacy of the mixtures of these tank mixture with Derby Super (florasulam + aminopyralid). Weak herbicides with hormone-similar herbicides is commented by antagonism in the tank mixture Palace + Mustang (florasulam + 2.4- Marwat et al. (2002 and 2005) and Mueen-ud-Din and Ahmad D ester) and strong antagonism in the tank mixture Palace + (2011). The combination of the herbicides Arelon and Zencor affords Herboxon (2.4-D amine salt) were reported. There are no symptoms higher grain yields compared to their separate application (Khan et of phytotoxicity at any of the variants. Herbicide Attribut, due to al., 2006).systemic action destroys the roots of the perennial wheat weed Bartolini et al. (2002) and Bucchi et al. (2006) investigated the Agropyrum repens L. rather than the annual gramineous weeds phytotoxicity in some common wheat cultivars by the influence of Alopecurus myosuroides L., Apera spica-venti P.B. and Bromus herbicides and herbicide tank mixtures iodosulfuron + fenoxaprop-arvensis L. (Ammon et al., 2000). Soukup et al. (2000) found that the ethyl, tralkoxydim, clodinafop-proporgil, fenoxaprop-ethyl, herbicide mixtures of sulfonylurea herbicides with hormone-similar fenoxaprop-ethyl + diclofop-methyl, fluroxypyr + clopyralid + MCPA herbicides do not have higher effect on Cirsium arvense Scop. and and tribenuron methyl + fluroxypyr. The results show that all the other perennial broadleaf weeds compared with separate investigated variants have good tolerance to the investigated application of these herbicides. Fenoxaprop-ethyl (Puma Super) common wheat cultivars. Some mixtures have weak phytotoxicity, tralkoxydim (Grasp) and diclofop-methyl (Iloxan) are highly effective but it does not lead to a reduction in grain yield. These variants have against Avena ludoviciana Durien., but imzametabenz (Acer) is not good tolerance and a large number of durum wheat cultivars effective against this annual gramineous weed (Montazeri, 1994). (Rapparini et al., 1998, 2000 and 2002; Geminiani et al., 2006).
Antigramineous herbicides Iloxan, Grasp, Topic and Puma Super, Common and durum wheat productivity which are completely selective to common wheat, showed higher
phytotoxicity to durum wheat (Bell 1999). Camele and Rana (1995) Adamczewski and Paradowski (2004) studied the biological also reported that durum wheat is characterized by higher sensitivity
efficacy of herbicides Attribut (propoxycarbazone-sodium) and to some herbicides compared to the common wheat.Apiros (sulfosulfuron) and found that the addition of adjuvants to Amidosulfuron, carfentriazon-ethyl, fluroxypyr, florasulam and both herbicides has a positive influence on the herbicide effect and ciklosulfuron have high efficacy against Galium aparine L. increases the yield of wheat grain. The lowest grain yield was Metosulam, metsulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl and rikolinofen obtained after the use of herbicides Attribut and Apiros without show less effect against this weed (Covarelli, 1998; Covarelli and adjuvants. Adjuvants Adbios, Aero, Atpolan and Olbras increased Stagnari, 2002). Chlorotoluron, chlorbromuron, dicamba and most the efficacy of the tested herbicides. Ammonium nitrate used bentazone exhibit high selectivity for the most common wheat as adjuvant showed the weakest effect. Attribut herbicide is more cultivars (Dadari et al., 1990). Korres et al. (1999) have reported that efficient in the control of gramineous weeds in comparison with isoproturon and chlorotoluron in different wheat cultivars cause Apiros. On the other hand, Apiros controls better the broadleaf damage of varying degrees. Damage from these two herbicides
2weeds. Both herbicides have long persistence. After application of decreased with increasing plant density of 1 m . Isoproturon reduces Attribut (propoxycarbazone-sodium) winter oilseed canola, spring grain yield in the susceptible cultivars due to the lower grades of 1
2oilseed canola and sugar beet must be grown. After using Apiros m . Tralkoxydim decreases yield less because of less impact on the (sulfosulfuron) winter oilseed canola should not be grown; however, yield components (Kumar et al., 1997). According to Kulshresta et al. spring oilseed canola and sugar beet can be grown. (1999) in resistant wheat biotypes the isoproturon is degraded
Markovic (1990) investigated the influence of some herbicides: completely 8 days after treatment. In sensitive biotypes it degrades Glean, Racer, Banvel D, Monosan, Racer + Banvel D, Granstar, for more than 18 days. Dastgheib et al. (1994) found that 48 hours Granstar + Glean, Harmony, Chisel, Dicuran, Granstar + Banvel D, after treatment cultivars resistant to chlorsulfuron degrade more Buktril, Satis, Starane, Glean + Racer imported in phase after than 90% of the herbicide and the sensitive ones – about 40%.sowing before emergence of wheat and in 3 – 4 leaf stage in autumn. Hormone-similar herbicides Lontrel 418 C (MCPP + 2.4-D), Efficiency and selectivity of herbicides and their combinations Morogal (MCPP + MCPA) and Monosan C (2.4-D + MCPA), depend on weather conditions, their period of application and the introduced in stem elongation stage of the wheat lead to a reduction stage of development of the crop. Similar results were reported by in grain yield, spike length, number of spikelets and grains per spike Ognjanovic and Lomovic (1994). and plant height. When introduced in tillering stage, such a reduction
Callens et al. (1996) reported about increase the efficacy of is not found (Bozinovic, 1996). Glusac and Malasavic (1994) and herbicides Puma Super and Topic with the addition of adjuvants. The Marinkovic et al. (1997) also reported the decrease in yield by effect is the best with the addition of the adjuvant Atplus. The treatment during stem elongation stage. Herbicides Puma Super in combination of antigramineous herbicides Puma Super and Topic treatment at the stem elongation stage do not reduce grain yield, but with antibroadleaf herbicide Buktril increased grain yield by 58% to herbicide Asert reduces grain yield (Holm et al., 2000). Puma Super 107% depending on the level of weed density (Hassan et al., 2003 causes phytotoxicity in some wheat cultivars. The combination and 2008). The tank mixture of herbicides Puma Super + Secator Puma Super + Asert reduces phytotoxicity as compared with their also has high efficacy against gramineous and broadleaf weeds separate treatments (Liu et al., 1994).(Gorbacheva et al., 2011). In tank mixtures Puma Super and Topic
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Rola et al. (1999) found that many wheat cultivars are sensitive (Zadok scale 87). The grain yield decreased only when treatment is to herbicides Glean and Stomp applied after sowing before done in milk ripeness from 20 to 77% depending on the year, the germination; herbicide Dicuran applied in autumn in third leaf stage cultivar and the dose of glyphosate. The 1000 grains weigh and herbicide Arelon applied in spring in tillering stage. However, decreased from 19 to 73%, while the germination decreased from 2 most of the cultivars investigated by these authors are tolerant to to 46%. The following year with the use of these seeds decreased: these herbicides. Wheat and maize resistance to the herbicide crop density – from 28 to 99%, plant height – from 19 to 39% and chlorsulfuron is determined by the dominant condition of a particular grain yield – from 12 to 97%. The decrease depends strongly on the gene and sensitivity – by the recessive condition of this gene (Yang stage of ripeness of the wheat during treatment and less on the and Wu, 1994). cultivar and the dose of the herbicide. Treatment of common wheat
with the herbicide 2.4-D, MCPP and MCPA in wheat growing season, Quality characteristics of wheat grain leads to decrease in length of the primary root and coleoptile in seed
germination (Borojevic et al., 1990).Baerg et al. (1996) reported about antagonism between
diclofop-methyl (Iloxan) and tribenuron-methyl (Granstar). Tribenuron hinders diclofop translocation in wild oat meristem Conclusionstissues. Brzozowska end Brzozowski (2002) found that leaf treatment with the combination of herbicide Granstar (tribenuron- Literature review demonstrates the views of the quoted authors methyl) and urea increased the amount of grain yield, but reduced who formulated a series of laws. Chemical control has emerged as the protein content of the grain of the common wheat. However, the most efficient method of weed control. Herbicide combinations combined treatment of herbicides Arelon (isoproturon), Partner and tank mixtures of herbicides with adjuvants, fertilizers, growth (isoproturon + diflufenican), Dublet (isoproturon + bromoxynil + regulators, fungicides, insecticides, are more effective than when MCPA) and Agmol Kombi (cypermethrin + MCPA) with urea applied alone in wheat crops. Their combined use often leads to high increases the yield and quality of the wheat grain (Tanveer al., 1999). synergistic effect on yield. Many authors present data from which it is Combined use of dicamba and metsulfuron with urea ammonium clear that durum wheat differs from common wheat in their reaction nitrate (UAN) also increases the yield and grain quality (Wicks et al., to some herbicides, herbicide combinations and herbicide tank 1995). mixtures.
Efficacy and selectivity as one of the most important parameter Without claim to be exhaustive in literature review it should be for assessment of the effect of chemical treatment against weeds noted that a serious problem in wheat is Bromus arvensis L. due to has been investigated for a large number of herbicides and herbicide their resistance to most antigramineous herbicides. In recent years combinations by many authors (Wybieralski and Wybieralska, 1984; effective herbicides have been introduced to control them, but their Salarzai et al., 1999; Rapparini et al., 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, number is still too limited. A problem is the persistence of some 2004a; Lukyanyuk and Gaytyukevich, 2007; Chernuha and herbicides used in the predecessors on succeeding crops, which is Dolzhenko 2009; Shehzad et al., 2012). directly related to the weather conditions during their degradation.
In investigation of herbicides Puma Universal, Secator and On some issues contrary opinions are published due primarily Hvastox Extra, Cacak-Pietrzak et al. (2008) found that a higher dose to the different conditions under which the experiments were of Secator reduced grain yield and gluten quality in the two cultivars conducted and the biological characteristics of the tested cultivars. of common wheat. Stashinskis (2001, 2001a) reported higher Most of the information on these subjects refers mainly to common increase of quality indicators in spring wheat cultivars in the wheat and only a limited amount of it is for durum wheat. A serious compared weeded control than in the winter wheat cultivars with the problem is also the volunteers of Clearfield canola (Brassica napus use of herbicides Lintur, Secator, Ariana and Duplozan Super. The L.), Clearfield and Express sun sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). reasons for this are the different stages of development of the plants They have resistance to herbicides different from that of of both wheat species and most natural competitiveness of winter conventional canola and sunflower hybrids. A problem is also wheat, as a result of which it is easier to deal with weeds. volunteers of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and milk thistle
Kostowska et al. (1994) found residues of the herbicides (Silybum marianum Gaertn.). There is yet no information in scientific chlorotoluron and isoproturon in three cultivars of common wheat. In literature to control these volunteers.other studied cultivars a wide range this is not found. Residues of the investigated herbicides in grain have always been lower than the limit. There are no residues in the grain from herbicides 2.4-D,
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Genetics and Breeding
Nutrition and Physiology
Production Systems
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Achievements and problems in the weed control in common wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.)G. Delchev, M. Georgiev
Vokil – a new Bulgarian sunflower hybridG. Georgiev, V. Encheva, N. Nenova, Y. Encheva, D. Valkova, P. Peevska, G. Georgiev
Composition, digestibility, feeding value estimation of forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties and hybrids in breeding process and genetic advance evaluationY. Naydenova, V. Kosev
Effect of age at first calving on conformation traits in Black-and-White cowsI. Marinov, Zh. Gergovska
Stimulating feeding and development of hypopharyngeal and thoracic glands of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)R. Shumkova, I. Zhelyazkova
Histopathological changes in small intestines of broiler chickens with experimental aflatoxicosisN. Grozeva, I. Valchev, Ts. Hristov, L. Lazarov, Y. Nikolov
Histopathological pancreatic changes in broiler chickens with experimental aflatoxicosisI. Valchev, N. Grozeva, D. Kanakov, Y. Nikolov
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Groundwater quality as a source for irrigation in Strumica valley, Republic of MacedoniaB. Kovacevik, S. Mitrev, B. Boev, I. Karov, V. Zajkova Panova
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Effects of salt-curing on physicochemical and technological properties of Japanese quail breast meat S. Ribarski, H. Lukanov, I. Penchev, A. Genchev, E. Lyutskanova
Study of physicochemical parameters of lamb meat from North East Bulgarian fine fleece breed of sheep and its crossbreds from internal breedingR. Slavov, G. Mihaylova, S. Ribarski, P. Slavova, D. Pamukova
Egg quality and shell colour characteristics of crosses between Araucana and Schijndelaar with highly productive White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red strainsH. Lukanov, A. Genchev, A. Pavlov
Influence of the sweet red papers extract on the quality and oxidative changes in fats of sausagesА. Kuzelov, V. Ilieva, N. Taskov, D. Saneva
Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on the oxidative stability of lipids and proteins in cooked porkT. Popova, P. Marinova, M. Ignatova
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thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, September 11–14, Berlin, Germany.Thesis:Hristova D, 2013. Investigation on genetic diversity in local sheep breeds using DNA markers. Thesis for PhD, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, (Bg).
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