ISSN 2549-6913 - Universitas...

ISSN 2549-6913

JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Journal of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Built Environment is a peer reviewed journal published two times a year, February dan September, in English-language being distributed worldwide. It aims to promote the collaboration of civil engineering, architecture and built environment. The focus is provides an international forum for the publication and dissemination of theoretical and practice oriented papers, dealing with problems of civil engineering, architecture and built environment. The journal covers both discussion of civil engineering, and architecture and built environment, which includes structure and construction, project management, transportation, hydrology, architecture planning and design, heritage and conservation, landscape, built environment and other scopes that are relevant.

ISSN 2549-6913

Journal of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Built Environment Vol. 1, No. 1, February 2017

Table of Contents The Simple House with Brick Walls and Structure System of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete, Safe and Comfortable Sutarja, Wirawibawa, Agung Yana

01-05

Transformation of Traditional Housing in Traditional Village of Gunung Sari, Jatiluwih, Tabanan Regency Acwin Dwijendra, Diasana Putra, Wirawibawa, Agus Surya Darma

06-11

Typoplogy of Flat Towers in Indonesia Ngakan Putu Sueca

12-17

The exploration of Form, Pattern, Character on Settlement and Traditional Houses of Bali Aga Village, Case Study: Pedawa Village, Banjar District, Buleleng Regency, Bali Tri Anggraini Prajnawrdhi

18-23

Empowerment of Community Through the Packaging and Marketing of Agro-tourism in Banjar Kiadan, Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan and Made Sarjana

24-31

Analysis of Tourism Strategic Area Development for Bali Martha Jaya, Sudarsana, Anom Wiryasa

32-37

Journal of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Built Environment, Vol. 1 No. 1, February 2017

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Abstract Development of appropriate housing, in the form of a simple house with concrete block walls and system of reinforced concrete structures bamboo withstand earthquakes and wind and comfortable, very necessary, because it can be built with local materials and low cost, environmentally friendly and meet the requirements are eligible to building functions, namely reliability and comfort. The construction method considers the application of six criteria for Appropriate Technology (technical, economical, ergonomic, social, cultural, energy-saving and environmentally friendly), the Systemic approach, Holistic, interdisciplinary and Participatory (SHIP), from planning to implementation to maintenance. The conclusions of this research are: 1) the material used for the structural system is concrete with a simple house f'c 20.75 MPa and a tensile strength of bamboo with a reinforcement fy amounted to 129.17 MPa, 2) application of the system of reinforced concrete structures of bamboo and walls the modest brick house technically meet the safety requirements, and 3) .development simple house with concrete block walls and bamboo reinforced structural systems meet health and safety requirements that will positively affect the quality of life of its inhabitants Keywords: simple house, brick, reinforced concrete bamboo, safe, comfortable

I. INTRODUCTION1 A house is one of basic need of human being and the

right of every people to live in the habitable houses. The habitable house should fulfill reability that comply the safety, health, comfort, and accesibility as it is regulated in the Building Constitution No. 28/2002 and Public Work Regulation No. 25/PRT/M/2007, 9 Agust 2007 that concern about Certification Guidelines of Eligible Building Function.

The density of population in Bali tends to have risk of natural disaster such as earthquake and tornadoes. There are several earthquake have been happened including Gejer Bali in 1815 with 15,000 people died; Buleleng earthquake in 1862; Negara earthquake in 1890; Gejer Bali in 1917 with 1,500 people decease; Seririt earthquake was having

560 people died; Karangasem earthquake was having 24 people died and others.

The development of habitable hoausing for low income people, simple house with reinforced concrete bamboo withstand to earthquake and wind, comfort. It is needed due to it easily to build with local material and affordable, environmentally friendly, and fulfills the requirement of building function there are reliability and comforts.

II. RESEARCH METHODS Method of research examines the application of six

criteria of appropriate technologies including technical, economic, ergonomic, socio-culture, energy saving, and environmentally friendly. The research approach uses Systemic, Holistic, Interdisciplinary, and Participatory (SHIP) begin from planning, implementation to maintenance.

1Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University Bali, Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected] 2Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University

Bali, Indonesia 3Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University

Bali, Indonesia

Simple House with Brick Walls and Structure System of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete, Safe

and Comfortable Sutarja1, Wirawibawa2, and Agung Yana3

Journal of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Built Environment, p-ISSN: 2549-6913

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The simple house with reinforced concrete bamboo system analyzed through three dimensional to determine its safety level. The safety of physical building measures directly including temperature, humidity, noise, wind speed and lighting. The householders were given the questioners to determine the sense of safety, comfort and occupant satisfaction.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result A.1. the Compressive Strength of Concrete

To determine the quality of concrete, there is a testing of three concrete cylinders with diameter of 150 mm and 300 mm high. The test result shows that compressive strength of cylinder 1 is 21.07 MPa, cylinder 2 is 20.35 MPA, and cylinder 3 is 21.94 MPa or the average is about 21.12 MPa. The qualities of these concrete were functioned to specify performance of house structure system that has been built. A.2. Bamboo Pull Strength

Bamboo pull strength is determined by bamboo pull test through procedure in accordance with the regulation of material pull test that still prevail. The bamboo pull test result can be seen in the Table 3.1.

TABLE 1

BAMBOO PULL TEST RESULTS 0.2% YS Dilute Tension Break Tension Extension

MPa MPa MPa (%) 130.67 130.67 180.00 8.865 127.67 127.67 202.00 9.128

A.3. the Characteristic of Housing Sample

The characteristic of simple houses that have been built were documented as sample in this research, including total area of building, wide of rooms, terrace total area, walls high, number of doors, and width of the door. Characteristic data shows in the Table 3.2 and Table 3.3.

TABLE 2

HOUSE CHARACTERISTICS No House Characteristic Volume Unit 1 Total are of building 35 m² 2 Wide of rooms 2 x 12.5 m² 3 Wide of terrace 1 x 10.5 m² 4 High of walls 3.1 m 5 Total of doors 2 unit 6 Number of windows 2 unit 7 Foundation material River stone - 8 Wall material Concrete block - 9 Roof construction

material Wood -

10 Roofing materials Press tile - 11 Floor materials Ceramic -

TABLE 3 CHARACTERISTIC OF HOUSE STRUCTURE COMPONENT

No. Item Width (cm)

Height (cm)

Width of reinforcement

(cm2) 1 Sloop (concrete) 20 25 8,40 2 Column

(concrete) 20 20 11,20

3 Ring beam (concrete)

18 30 7,00 + 2,80

4 Supporting roof beam (wood)

6 12 -

5 Rafter (wood) 5 6 - 6 List plank

(wood) 2 20 -

a. Foundation construction and bamboo reinforcement

b. The housing appearance Fig. 1. Result of Housing Development

Figure 1 shows the construction of bamboo for simple housing with system of reinforced concrete bamboo structure. A.3. Performance of Building Structure

Performance of structure defines as comparison or ratio between the peaks of maximum horizontal deviation with the building height. The building was analyzed through three dimensions that caused by load work of earthquake, and then determine the maximum of horizontal deviation.


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Fig. 2. the Three Dimension Model of System of House Structure

Fig. 3. Deformation of House Structure Model

From the analysis result of three dimensional, it is

obtained the maximum horizontal deviation of the peak of the building of 1.71 centimeter with building height of 5,500 centimeter, which it is similar to its performance of the building about 0.031%.

A.4. Physical Comfort of the Building

The building physical comfort elements were measured including temperature, humidity, noise and natural lighting. The measurement time is done at 6.00 o’clock, 12.00 o’clock, 18.00 o’clock, and 24.00 o’clock. The result can be seen in the Table 3.4.

TABLE 4 PHYSICAL COMFORT OF THE HOUSE

No. Item Measurement Time (WITA) 06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00

1 Temperature (°C) 29 35 31 30

2 Humidity (%) 79 67 77 80 3 Noise (dBA) 41 41.8 44.74 41.47 4 Natural Lighting (Lux) 145 255 235 - 5 Wind Speed (m/sec) 0.1 0.4 0.25 -

B. Discussion

B.1 Construction Material The materials of construction that are tested in the

laboratory are the characteristic of the concrete blocks, concrete compressive strength and tensile strength of bamboo. This material test is done as data to analysis the structure performance of house building. The test result of compressive strength of concrete blocks showed that the average of concrete blocks strength is 4.96 MPa, which is according to SNI 03-0348-1989 including in quality concrete blocks of B40. The average of the compressive strength of the concrete cylinder is 150 mm in diameter; the high of 300 mm is 21.12 MPa or equivalent to concrete quality of K-260 kg/cm2. These are fulfill the requirement of SNI-2013 for concrete, that requires the minimum strength of structure concrete for earthquake area such as Bali Island is about 20.75 MPa or equivalent to K-250 kg/cm².

Based on test results of bamboo tensile on Table 5.1, the average melting strength is 129.17 MPa and the average breaking voltage is 191 MPa or having over strength of 47.86%. The design and analysis of the cross section of the test specimen use the melt tensile strength; fy is equal to 129 MPa. Bamboo can be used as alternative of reinforced concrete reinforcement for simple house construction, have lower price because it is widely available in Bali. This is in accordance with research result of Ghavani (2008), which stated that bamboo can be used as alternative construction material (reinforcement) which is cheap and energy saving [1]. According to Jansen (1987), the tensile strength of bamboo parallel fiber is between 200-300 MPa, the average bending strength is 84 MPa and the elastic modulus is 200,000 MPa, and it can be seen from the tensile strength of bamboo is quite feasible to be used as concrete reinforcement, minimal for light and medium structure [2]. Similarly, according to Morisco (1999), bamboo can be used as a concrete reinforcement structure because it has a high break tensile tension [3].

B.2 Security of Construction

Based on the comprehensive strength of concrete and tensile strength of bamboo, it is found that the reinforcement of columns and beams installed in accordance with Table 5.3 has met the requirements to bear all the loads (dead load, live load, and earthquake load and wind load), therefore the house safe for the residents. The application of bamboo reinforced concrete framework system for 2 story building has been implemented by Nino and Aditya (2008), and the research result of Virgyan (2009), concluded that the model of double reinforced concrete bamboo portal structure which is restricted to plastic joints can be used as material for the construction of concrete structures for simple earthquake resistant houses.

B.3 System Performance of Structure

The result of 3-dimensional analysis, obtained the maximum horizontal deviation from the top of the building


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is 1.71 cm with the building height of 5,500 cm, or the performance is 0,031%. The structural system has a very good performance, so the residents are very safe to live in their houses. Yosafat (2006) suggested that the evaluation of structural system performance in earthquake resistant building planning in Indonesia is very important because most of its area is an earthquake area with moderate to high intensity.

B.4 Thermal Comfort

The thermal comfort or physical of a house environment is affected by temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, lighting and noise. From Table 5.4, it shows that the indoor temperature ranges from 29oC to 35oC. Temperatures in the afternoon, evening and morning, at 18:00 to 06:00 ranged from 29°C to31°C and at noon at 12:00 pm, the temperature in the room is 35°C. This is above the required temperature, that the equilateral comfort limit is between 22.5°C and 29.5°C [4], with a range from 21.37°C to 28.37°C (ASHRAE), and a range from 22.8° C to 30.2°C (Sujatmiko, 2007).

The humidity or Relative Humidity (RH), for indoor and outdoor is almost the same, between 67% during the day time and 80% at night time. For convenience purpose, RH should be above 20% year-round, below 60% during summer, and below 80% during winter [5]. Above 80% of high humidity can cause the formation of water vapor on human skin that makes the body less comfortable (Satwiko 2009, Rahman 2010), and disruption of occupant health such as the growth of mold on the skin.

The indoor wind speed during the day time ranges from 0.1 m/sec to 0.4 m/sec. At night the wind speed in the room is 0 m/sec, because the windows and vents are closed. Wind motion can affect the heat velocity lost either by convection or evaporation. Therefore, wind speeds range from 0.1 to 0.3 m/sec can meet the convenience requirements [5], [6], and should not exceed 0.2 m/sec [7]. Further, the air movement as required by some experts mentioned above, and then the air circulation in the room flows better, which this impact on improving occupant health, and stinginess or eye irritation is decreased. The air velocity in the room is caused by the installation of windows on the front wall and ventilation on the back wall that resulting in cross circulation. This is supported by the research results of Nitiyasa (2009) which states that the cross air circulation can increase the comfort of residents of simple housing in the area of Giri Dalung Cemara Bali.

The indoor natural lighting in the day time ranges from 145 Lux, up to 255 Lux, which is greater than 115 Lux which is required for indoor natural lighting (Wibisono, 2010). The intensity of natural light in the room is strongly influenced by the width and type of window openings and ventilation. Window or ventilation mounted on the front and rear wall so that the flow of fresh air from the front and dirty air out through the back ventilation. Hindarto (2011) mentions a window for natural lighting more evenly and

cross ventilation for air circulation that can provide comfort for the residents, as well as saving the use of electricity. The optimal use of natural lighting does not only has a positive effect to the health of the occupants, but also decreases the use of electrical energy, which before the electrical redesign is always lit when there is indoor activity.

Good natural lighting makes the room brighter and healthier. Indra (2011) explains the maximum penetration of sunlight into the house reduces the use of lights and ultimately save the cost of living that must be spent. Sunlight is also proven to kill germs or bacteria that usually thrive in a humid environment. Vitamin D contained in the morning sun is good for bone and skin (Wibisono, 2010).

The maximum noise inside the room during the day time is 44.74 dBA and at night time is 41.47dBa. This noise is still below the threshold that regulated by the government of Bali Province, it is maximum of 50 dBA during day time and 45dBA at night. The noise occurs in the neighborhood is more affected by the sound of agricultural equipment such as tractors. The acoustic comfort factor, such as the actual noise is also related to the inhabitant’s health. However the effects are not immediately felt, thus it is often to be ignored.

The inhabitants in the house do not only feel uncomfortable, yet it will reduce their health indirectly. For instance to this, the noisy will affect the residents which they do not have good rest and they will feel tired easily, easy to get angry, less able to concentrate, and so forth. If this is faced throughout the day and continuously, it is not impossible that the health of residents will gradually decrease (Anonymous, 2011).

B.5 the Life Quality of the Residents

The dynamic of human life always interacts to the environment, to the equipment or facilities, and to the organization during they are active as well as they are having rest. The construction of simple house with concrete blocks and bamboo reinforced structure system can make the environment condition become optimal that is fulfillment of the security requirement and occupant comfort. This will improve the quality of health, it is because of the occupants are active in a safe, comfortable and healthy environment (Primayatna, 2001). The compatibility between anthropometry to facilities and infrastructure will facilitate the accessibility [8], likewise to the optimal natural lighting will affect to the safety of occupants. Natural lighting has an impact on electricity savings, and saving of electricity usage, which does not only affect to the household finances; it can also obstruct global warming and retard the depletion of natural resources such as coal (Indra, 2011).

The SHIP approach that focuses on participation patterns by actively involving the occupants from the beginning of the planning, implementation and maintenance process that can improve the satisfaction of the residents, it’s because of most of the proposal and ideas can be accommodated [9].


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Therefore, the construction of simple house with concrete blocks and bamboo reinforced structure system meet to the health and safety requirements that will positively affect the quality of life of the inhabitants. Similar to Hartatik and Nastiti (2010) that states, if a house is in accordance with the needs and residents expectation, thus the house can be a means to improve the quality of live [10].

IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion

Based on the results of research that has been done, analysis, and discussion, it can be concluded as follows: 1. Material used for simple house structure is concrete f”c of

20.75 MPa and bamboo reinforced with tensile strength fy of 129.17 MPa.

2. The application of structure system of bamboo reinforced concrete and brick walls in the simple house are fulfill the security requirement technically.

3. The constructions of simple houses with brick wall and bamboo structure system meet the health and safety requirements that positively affect the quality of the residents.

B. Suggestion The development of simple house that safe and comfort,

the use of its structure system can be considered by using of bamboo reinforced concrete.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT My praise and gratitude, I offer firstly to the God (Ida

Sanghyang Widhi Wasa) for all His grace so that this article can be completed. I also thank to the parties who support and provide advice in the writing of this article.

REFERENCES [1] Ghavani K. 2008. Bamboo: Low Cost and energy Saving

Construction Materials, Modern Bamboo Structures, Taylor & Francis Group, London.

[2] Jansen, J.J. 1987. The Mechanical Properties of Bamboo used in Construction. Canada, IDRC.

[3] Morisco. 1996. Bambu Sebagai Bahan Rekayasa. Yogyakarta, Fakultas Teknik UGM.

[4] Lippsmeier G. 1994. Bangunan Tropis, Jakarta, Erlangga. [5] Lechner N., 2007, Heating, Cooling, Lighting, Design Methods for

Architects, John Wiley & Sons Ins. ISBN 978-979-769-127-1. [6] Mangunwijaya, Y.B. 1981. Pasal-pasal Penghantar Fisika

Bangunan. Jakarta, Penerbit PT. Gramedia. [7] Kroemer, K.H.E., and Grandjean, E. 2000. Fitting The Task to the

Man, A textbook of occupational ergonomics 8th ed., Taylor & Francis London.

[8] Sutjana, I.D.P. 2010. Desain Produk dan Resikonya. [cited 2010 Oktober 9] Available from: http://ejurnal.unud.ac.id.

[9] Adiputra, N., and Manuaba, A. 2000. Adaptasi Rumah Adat Di Desa Penglipuran, Denpasar, Dinamika Kebudayaan II (3), Pusat Penelitian Kebudayaan dan Kepariwisataan Universitas Udayana, Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Udayana.

[10] Hartatik, P.S. and Sri Nastiti N.N. 2010. Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Penghuni di Rusunawa Urip Sumoharjo Pasca Redevelopment, disampaikan dalam Seminar Nasional Perumahan Permukiman Dalam Pembangunan Kota, Surabaya.

http://ejurnal.unud.ac.id/


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Abstract Traditional houses in Gunung Sari Pakraman Village, Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan, have a specific spatial configuration of traditional houses that becomes the local identity of the area. However, with the development of tourism in this village, traditional houses are not only a source of pride, but they also serve as an object of commodification. This is an interesting phenomenon in which on the one hand the people try to keep the identity of the traditional houses to attract tourists, while on the other hand they transform their houses into tourist accommodation facilities. Therefore, the aims of this study are to investigate the paradoxical phenomenon of the house transformation in this village; to find out what actually the design of the traditional vernacular house is; to explore the actual role and meaning of the transformed houses that can still be preserved; to find out the extent of the impact of the transformation and the factors causing such transformation; to explore the new roles and values that constitute the new configuration and discuss the impact of the new values on the meaning and values of the original configuration. Furthermore, this research will explore the differing aims that are to preserve the traditional house characteristics and to meet the tourism demands. Field observations were conducted at some houses selected by the stratified random sampling technique and interviews were carried out to explore the impact of the transformation of physical configuration on the values and meanings of traditional houses. With the identification of the characteristics of this transformation, it is expected that this study can be a reference on house transformation and provide a decent perspective for the community, government and tourism players on the transformation of traditional houses in Gunung Sari Pakraman Village, Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan. Keywords: houses, traditional, local identity, transformation, tourism.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background The traditional settlement of Gunung Sari Pakraman

village, which is part of Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan Regency, has a specific spatial configuration of traditional houses which becomes the local identity of the area. However, with the tourism development in this village, the traditional settlement not only becomes a source of pride, but it also serves as an object of commodification. Increased tourist visits encourage construction of various tourist facilities, which leads to changes in the spatial configuration of Jatiluwih traditional village. This is an interesting phenomenon in which on the one hand the people are proud of their traditional houses and try to maintain their traditional houses and area to attract tourists, but on the other hand they transform their houses into tourism facilities. The focus of this phenomenon is that house transformation poses a major challenge in the era of tourism

economy in maintaining the original spatial configuration of traditional houses as an expression of cultural identity.

The settlement pattern of Jatiluwih Village is closely related to its cultural philosophies, which are Balinese cultural philosophies namely Rwa Bhineda, Tri Hita Karana, Tri Mandala as well as Wana Asri concepts, manifested in the spatial concept of the cultural preservation area of Jatiluwih Village. However, tradition is not static as it undergoes a process of gradual changes [1], [2], [3], [4]. A tradition does not always simply repeat the previous tradition, but it is a process of adopting new elements in a selective manner. A new tradition will undergo the process of filtering, adjustments and modifications that are tailored to the existing needs [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], and [11]. People’s interaction with foreign cultures affects the process of receiving a new tradition in the society [2]. The focus of this discussion is to discuss the dynamic cultural transformation in anticipation of the impact of tourism. Transformation that occurs is a challenge and a pressure for

Transformation of Traditional Housing in Traditional Village of Gunung Sari, Jatiluwih,

Tabanan Regency Acwin Dwijendra1, Diasana Putra2, Wirawibawa3, Agus Surya Darma4

Architecture Department, Engineering Faculty, Udayana University

Bali, Indonesia 1E-mail: [email protected]

2E-mail: [email protected] 3E-mail: [email protected]

4E-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




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the effort to maintain the traditional configuration as an identity. As researchers in the field of architecture, social, culture and tourism structures, the research team is able to describe the existing problems and identify as well as assess the phenomenon of the traditional house transformation as an effort to maintain the local identity and to meet the tourism challenge.

B. Research Problems From the above background, the problems formulated in

this research on the transformation of traditional houses in Gunung Sari Village, Jatiluwih, Tabanan Regency are as follows: 1. How is the development of village layout, including the

morphology and the buildings layout in Gunungsari Pakraman Village, Jatiluwih?

2. What is the impact of changes in configuration on the values and meaning of the original house configuration and what are the factors causing those changes?

C. Research Objectives The changes are challenges for the society and

government to maintain the natural conditions, culture and tradition of the society, which are resources for tourism development. On the other hand, the society and culture change along with people’s interaction with foreign cultures and the desire to accommodate the needs of the visiting tourists. Therefore, the aims of this study are: 1. To investigate the paradoxical phenomenon of the

house transformation in Gunung Sari Pakraman Village, Jatiluwih Village and to explore the differing aims between conserving traditional house characteristics and meeting the tourism demands.

2. This study is dedicated to providing guidance on how to transform houses to meet the tourism needs while at the same time conserving the traditional housing area.

II. RESEARCH METHODS This is an explorative-descriptive research which

explores and explains or describes a phenomenon non-experimentally, and consists of the following stages:

A. Data Collection 1. Research Design

• Selecting and formulating research problems • Determining the variables and data sources:

settlement pattern and house design and house morphology (shrines, pavilions, natah (central courtyard))

• Conducting a library research on the designs and types of traditional houses in Bali and that develop in Jatiluwih Village.

2. Collecting Research Data • Determining and developing research instruments

• Selecting research objects with the following criteria: traditional houses that have not undergone changes in spatial configuration and traditional houses that have undergone changes in spatial configuration

• Collecting data on houses that meet the above criteria using a tiered information system of informants who have previously been interviewed, until some objects that meet the above criteria are obtained.

• Collecting data by interviewing homeowners and related institutions associated with the temple’s status and its year of construction and any restoration that has been conducted.

• Measuring the traditional houses using theodolites or measuring tapes equipped with a check list

• Data Tabulation B. Research Analysis and Results 1. Data processing: conducting data editing, data

encoding and data presentation 2. Data analysis: doing tabulation of each variable’s data

which have been taken from each object, outlining the morphological types of the existing traditional houses, the spatial changes, as well as the impact of the transformation to changes in the value and meaning.

3. Research conclusions and suggestions: formulating conclusions and suggestions.

C. Targeted Outcomes and Research Significance

The emphasis of this research is the transformation of the morphological types of traditional houses made by the homeowners in connection with demography changes, lifestyle changes and tourism development. The transformation of the morphological types of houses is a process of change (as a distinguishing element), as well as the existence (as a fixed element) present in the house, in accordance with the applicable architectural rules. The targeted outcomes of the research on the house transformation in Gunung Sari Pakraman Village, Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan Regency are: 1. The original morphological types of the houses. 2. The changes in homeowners’ characteristics in

connection with the transformation of morphological types.

Furthermore, this research is expected to provide

significant benefits and contributions for both the government and society, such as: 1. to be able to provide a useful contribution to society

and any party implementing the tourism development policy that is one of the priority programs of the national development;

2. to be able to provide a contribution in the form of theory on the transformation of traditional houses in Gunung Sari Pakraman Village, Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan;

3. to be able to provide a basic foundation to determine the direction of the conservation program development


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of the traditional houses in the world cultural heritage site of Jatiluwih Village in particular, and in Bali and Indonesia in general.

D. Literature Review

Tradition was defined in the 1950s and 1960s as a static element, with little innovation based on the customs of the elite in a society. However, at the time being, tradition is not always a static phenomenon but a gradual transformation process [1]. The idea of a tradition is very accommodating and it can transform in a process of intergenerational transmission. This transmission process derives from human ideas as a response to old tradition with little or no change [12].

There are several things that may cause transformation as stated by Soekanto (1984:10), namely: 1. Technology, as all aspects of life involves technology. 2. Lifestyle and demography, with the influence of time

and the changes in the classifications of occupation, age, and the role of status.

3. Politics as it is closely related to the policies issued by the authorities.

4. Economics, which is seen from the conditions and developments in the community business.

Using the above theory of transmission of tradition,

transformation is defined as the creation of houses including the architectural designs and traditions therein, explored to understand the ways people construct their houses and the house compounds as a physical form of culture in response to the new conditions and to show their identity.


A .The Morphological Type of Balinese Traditional Vernacular Houses

Basically, the designs of pekarangan (Balinese house compounds) applied in Balinese society is based on the concept of sanga mandala (the spatial concept that divide an area into nine parts according to eight directions and the central). In Jatiluwih Village, the concept of sanga mandala does not really serve as a guideline for pekarangan designs. The pekarangan design in this village is based on the concept tri hita karana (the concept of harmony and balance of three elements, the parahyangan, pawongan and palemahan). Through the application of the tri hita karana concept, the pekarangan formed extends perpendicular to the main road. According to the division of space based on the tri hita karana concept, the parahyangan area is closer to the mountain and the road as it is valued higher than pawongan and palemahan that are placed farther away from both the mountain and the road.

Fig. 1. The orientation of pekarangan to the road in Gunung Sari Pakraman Village, Jatiluwih

The unique characteristics of the pekarangan design in Jatiluwih Village as shown in Figure 1 are: 1. Sanggah/merajan (family shrines) in the pekarangan

(house compounds) in Jatiluwih Village is located in the zone closest to the mountain and always oriented to the road.

2. In one karang (house compound), there are some related families. In the original pekarangan design, the type of house owned is the same. In one house compound, there are some buildings, i.e. meten (sleeping pavilion), paon (kitchen) and lumbung (a rice barn) as well as a communal bale (jointly-owned pavilion). Meten (sleeping pavilion) is a place to rest/sleep, paon (kitchen) is a place to cook, and lumbung (rice barn) is a place to store agricultural products.

3. The buildings in one pekarangan (house compound) are placed in a line, which extends perpendicular to the main road.

4. The hierarchy of the three kinds of buildings that have different functions consecutively from the highest function is meten, paon, and rice barn. Among the three, meten (sleeping pavilion) is located in the area closest to the mountain lined up lengthwise behind the sanggah (family shrines), while the other two (the paon and the rice barn) are in kelod (the south).

5. There is a bale gede/bale saka roras (twelve-post pavilion) which is jointly owned by the people in one pekarangan. This pavilion usually serves as a place for the communal activities of the people living in the compound, such as religious ceremonies. However, in a

Hulu

Tengah

Teben

Parahyangan Palemahan Pawongan


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lengthy house compound with many families, there can be more than one bale gede.

The design of Balinese traditional house compounds in

Jatiluwih Village is different from the common Balinese traditional house design in Bali, as the pekarangan design in this village employs a combination between the hulu-teben (upward-downward) concept and the tri hita karana concept oriented to the road and the mountain. Based on the location against the road, the pekarangan design can be divided into two categories, namely: (1) the pekaragan design for houses located on the west side of the road and (2) the pekaragan design for houses located on the east side of the road. At houses located on the west side of the road, the family shrines are placed in the teben (downward or seaward) zone because the orientation is the main road of the village.

B. House Compound Transformation The transformation of traditional houses in Jatiluwih

Village is identified by comparing the research objects with traditional houses that still maintain their original layout and design. The houses were categorized to show the degree of change of the houses that undergo transformation. Table 1 below shows the comparison among the categories of houses in Jatiluwih Village and their level of transformation: 1. Category A: houses which undergo a slight

transformation. This category can be seen from the absence of change in the materials used and the house shape, as well as functions, and the absence of new space in one compound.

2. Category B: houses which undergo some transformations. This category can be seen from the existence of change in the material used and the house shape, while the space function remains the same, and there is no new space in one compound.

3. Category C: houses which undergo many transformations. This includes transformations in terms of the materials used and the house shape. Some houses may undergo a transformation of space function and some may not, and there is a new space in one compound.

4. Category D: houses which undergo a huge transformation. This includes transformations in terms of the material used, the house shape, functions; and there is a new space with a new function.

TABLE 1 CATEGORIES OF HOUSE COMPOUND TRANSFORMATION

HIGHER LEVEL OF TRANSFORMATION

Item Category A

Category B

Category C

Category D

Material remain the same Different Different Different

Shape remain the same Different Different Different

Function remain the same

remain the same

Different/same

Different & New

Layout remain the same

remain the same Different Different

& New Source : Manik (2007)

Based on the above categorization of the house

transformation, the house transformation can also be categorized into 4 types, namely:

1. Category A – having very few changes

Houses in the category A undergo a transformation the least. Many even do not undergo any transformation (Figure 2).

2. Category B – having several changes

Houses in the Category B undergo a transformation in the materials used and the house shape, while the functions and layout tend to remain the same as that of the original Balinese traditional house compound (Figure 3). The changes mainly occur in the materials used for floors, walls and roofs. The materials used are more practical, cost-effective, time-saving and energy-efficient. Changes are also marked with the addition of new building(-s) that occupy a vacant space within the house compound; however, it does not change the patterns of the mass and the shape of natah (central courtyard) which is traditionally very useful for conducting religious ceremonies.

Fig. 3. Design and Shape of Category B Modified House

3. Category C – having Many Changes Visually perceptible transformation in the category C houses is in the materials used, building shapes, space functions and layout designs. On average, category C

Fig. 2. Design and Shape of the Traditional Vernacular House

Bale Gede

Jineng

Angkul-angkul

Meten Sanggah

Housing extension equipped with bed room and family room

Traditional kitchen equipped by toilet


10

houses have additional or new building (-s) or changes in the shape of the new building by adding new functions to the building. The new buildings with the shape influenced by the shapes of modern buildings are usually called office pavilions

Fig. 4. Category C House Site Plan

4. Category D – with Huge Changes Transformation in the Category C includes the development of the house archetype, shape and the materials used. However, the element that remains unchanged in the compound of Category D are the bale gede (big pavilion) since its function is very complex. It serves as a place to receive guests, and a venue for ceremonies such as manusa yadnya and pitra yadnya especially for death-related ceremonies. Bale gede has a significant role as a place for conducting those ceremonies.

Fig. 5. Site Plan for Modified Houses in the Category C C. Factors Causing the Houses Transformation

The construction of infrastructure to better the flow of transportation for the marketing of farm and plantation produce to be distributed outside the village results in the need for adequate means of transportation. The ownership of vehicles will certainly require a space, i.e. a garage, either temporary or permanent. In addition to that, the tourism activities in the surrounding area leads to the construction of tourism supporting facilities such as stalls and stores which then leads to the transformation of traditional houses. The development of activities requires the transformation of functions. An enclosed (indoor) space was traditionally used only as a sleeping pavilion, but now it is also used as a dining room or family room. Joint activities were initially done in the house terrace and courtyard but now they are done indoor. It shows that the occupants increasingly need a private space as a place to express themselves. The construction of a working pavilion is one

of the examples. A working pavilion that has a family room and an additional bedroom shows that there has been a function transformation in the house compound. Reasons for the addition of this space are closely associated with the increasingly complex types of activities in line with the current development. Transformation of activity patterns refers to the lifestyle of the occupants that is getting more complex.

Some changes in the transformation and the causes can be

described as follows: 1. Changes in Materials used – due to some factors such as

technology, economy, lifestyle/social-cultural factors. Along with the development or the era, building technologies are getting more sophisticated which lead to mass construction. The use of traditional materials (wood, reed and compacted clay) starts to be reduced, and even they are no longer used.

2. Changes in Shapes – due to some factors such as technology, economy, lifestyle/social-cultural factors. The shape of the houses is more influenced by the transformation of building materials, such as: changes in the slope of the roof due to the use of clay pantiles and zinc. The use of carved rocks as a material allows the making of typical gegianyaran carvings (carving style from Gianyar Regency), while the use of ceramics tiles gives the floor bright colors.

3. Changes in Functions and Layout – due to some factors such as demography, economy, lifestyle/social-cultural factors. An enclosed space that was traditionally functioned only as a sleeping chamber is now also used as a dining room or family room. Joint activities that were initially done in the house terrace or courtyard are now done in an enclosed space (indoor).

IV. CONCLUSION

A. Conclusions Based on the results and discussion above, the

conclusions are as follows: 1. There have been house transformations in Gunung Sari

Pakraman Village, Jatiluwih ranging from a slight transformation (Category A) to the huge one (Category D), from changes in the material used (Category B) to changes in the layout design (category D).

2. The causes of transformation are the advancement of technology, changes in demography, lifestyle, as well as social, cultural and economic development.

B. Suggestions Some suggestions can be formulated as follows:

1. There is a need to conduct preservation activities to maintain the existing potential and support the development in accordance with the potential of the area. The appropriate forms of preservation activities in Jatiluwih Village are conservation, preservation and revitalization. Conservation is applied to the visual aspects in a form of elements such as Batukaru

Development of land unit

The changes of granary

The changes of housing pattern

The changes of angkul-angkul.


11

protected forest, rice fields and rice terrace. Preservation is applied to temples, the village design, bale banjar (banjar hall), bale desa (village hall), and to functional aspects such as land use and circulation, visual aspects such as buildings layout and compound design.

2. There is a need to manage the area and houses so that the transformation that happens does not change the meaning and values contained in the layout of the area. The model design and prototype needs to be formulated to be used as a guideline/reference/model for occupants in transforming their house in Gunung Sari Pekraman Village, Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to those

who have supported the writing of this paper, LP2M and Faculty of Engineering of Udayana University for the research grant. Our gratitude is also extended to the Head of Jatiluwih Village and Bendesa (Head of) Gunung Sari Pekraman Village and all of the communities and respondents from Gunung Sari Pekraman Village, Jatiluwih, Tabanan.

REFERENCES [1] Eisenstadt, SN. 1973. Post-traditional Societies and the Continuity

and Reconstruction of Tradition. Daedalus. Vol. 102, No. 1, Post-Traditional Societies (Winter, 1973), pp. 1-27, the MIT Press on behalf of American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

[2] Gusfield, JR. 1967. Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 351-362.

[3] William, R. 1983. Culture and society: 1780–1950. New York: Columbia University Press.

[4] Clifford, J. 1994. The predicament of culture: twentieth-century ethnography, literature, and art, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

[5] Geriya, IW. 2007. Konsep dan Strategi Revitalisasi Kearifan Lokal Dalam Penatan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Bali, in AAGR Dalem, IW Wardi, IW Suarna & IWS Adnyana (eds), Kearifan Lokal Dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Penerbit Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, pp. 52-60.

[6] Mantra, IB. 1993. Bali Masalah Sosial Budaya dan Modernisasi. Denpasar: Upada Sastra.

[7] Nordholt, HS. 1986. Bali: Colonial Conceptions and Political Change 1700-1940 from Shifting Hierarchies to ‘Fixed’ Order, Rotterdam: Erasmus.

[8] Vickers, A. 1989. Bali: A Paradise Created. Ringwood Victoria: Penguin Books Australia Ltd.

[9] Agung, IAAG. 1991. Bali in the 19th Century. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

[10] Dharmayuda, IMS. 1995. Kebudayaan Bali: Pra Hindu, Masa Hindu dan Pasca Hindu. Denpasar: CV Kayumas Agung.

[11] Picard, M. 1996. Bali: Cultural Tourism and Touristic Culture. Singapore: Archipelago Press.

[12] Shils, E. 1971. Tradition, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 13, No. 2, Special Issue on Tradition and Modernity, pp. 122-159. 1981. Tradition. London: Faber and Faber Limited.


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Abstract House has become basic human needs; however this is critical problem especially in urban areas. In order to uncover housing shortages, the government has programmed to build walk up flat, due to that horizontal housing has bad following impacts. Walk up flat is possible alternative to be considered to solve existing problems. The goal of this study is to understand walk up flat typology in Indonesia. Besides that it is hoped that it can be explained dwellers’ behavior and their adaptation mechanism has been done. Qualitative method with case study approach has been used in this research. Several walk up flats in big cities in Indonesia has been selected as case studies. Observation results and study show there are many types of walk up flat in Indonesia, either in terms of ownership status, developers, number of floors, layout, dimension of floor space unit, goals of development, etc. Urban societies in Indonesia have no meaningful problems live in walk up flat. They can adapt, and able to adjust live in walk up flat. Live in walk up flat enhance their tolerance, and lower the privacy standard they enjoyed. Many social activities have been created to establish community’s sense and to improve dwellers’ capacities. Almost no considerable problem found, either in term of social live or in term of security in walk up flat. Small cases may happened, however dwellers perceive that it is common and they believe that the life will back to normal afterwards. Keywords: walk up flat, apartment for society, cultural adaptation, Bali

I. INTRODUCTION Anyone cannot avoid that house is an essential need for

community because it is not only serve to protect them physically against various natural disturbances, but more importantly because the house has function of social, economic and cultural. House or home is mainly the first place for living of a family where children born, grow up and knitting the future for the kids. Now, it serves as a place of production where families making money to meet their needs. Humans being were interacted: born, grew up, grow and died in the house. Therefore, it is very important role for human life [1].

However, the housing continues to be mainly a crucial problem, especially associated with the gap between supply and demand which is the need against availability. In urban area especially, at least about 20 percent of population do not have a proper house due to less affordable. Horizontal orientation of house development has a lot of consequences which is phenomenally as high level of land conversion. That is threatens the ecology and also provide a critical safety implications of food. The fact that thousands of hectares of rice fields taken for housing by the cities in Indonesia each year. This phenomenon cannot be allowed to be continued and alternative solutions have to be looking forwarded immediately. Tower housing (Flat = Rusun) is

one of integrated alternative solution to solve those problems. Rusun is also to be an alternative for low-income communities (MBR) which also can reduce the land conversion rate and improve the efficiency of land uses. It also has a positive ecological impact on the environment of the city. In addition, flat can also reduce, avoid and even eliminate inhabitant in slums area. A negative impact of slums area faces of the city image, it also potentially has negative affect physically and mental health of the occupants. Therefore, this research is necessarily to be done. The aim of this study was to identify types of flat in Indonesia, to know the behavior of people occupying the flat in the use of space and to know of how the occupant adaptations and the way they changes the space available in the flat.

II. RESEARCH METHODS This research was conducted by observing several flat

towers in several big cities in Indonesia, including Denpasar, Surabaya, Semarang and Jakarta. The three cities in Java had chosen where central or regional governments worked together to build flat towers to provide solution of the each problems faced which has already begun in the year of 1970s. The study is a qualitative research by Bungin (2009) with questionnaire instrumentation [2], [3]. In-depth interviews were also conducted by using resource:

Typology of Flat Towers in Indonesia


Bali, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]

Ngakan Putu Sueca



13

occupant/residents, coordinators of flat towers, or other related the parties [4], [5]. Data were also obtained through study of documents provided by each institution associated to be cases for each flat development. Observations are systematically carried out on the physical of towers, either through measurement, documentation (photos and videos) to understand the patterns of activity and occupant behavior, adaptations and getting on to be done, both inside and outside of the dwelling units. The data analyzed relatively more on qualitative analysis to look for interesting themes in the lives of occupants of the flat.


A. Several Flat Towers of Big Cities in Indonesia A.1 Towers in Jakarta

Local government of Jakarta was included to be one institution to provide a very progressive development plans for the flat towers. Since the 1970s, flat has been built for both rented and property owned in the capital city of Indonesia. According to the Head of Housing Department and Local Government Building of Jakarta, in the year of 2016 alone they began to build 38 towers located in Rawa Buaya, Tegal Alur, behind Pasar Rebo, Pulo Gebang, Pondok Pindang, Tidung, and others. The towers in Jakarta were built in five different areas which spread over several locations. Program of flat towers in the capital is one solution to reduce the deficit of housing, urban renewal, relocation and development of the city. Several flat towers will be described below.

Rusunawa Tambora consists of three towers; each tower has 16 floors built on an area of 21.743 square meters. This flat has facilities such as elevators, parking lots, health clinics, and shopping complex on the second floor. In this area, the flat provided 549 units of 30 m² each. Of the total units available, 477 were occupied by existing inhabitants, while the rest (72 units) occupied by other residents affected by the relocation program. The flat was built since August 2013 and they required 17 months to construct it. Flats in this region was inaugurated by the governor of Jakarta province on 24 February 2016, along with the other towers built in East Jakarta region such as in Pulo Gebang, Jatinegara Kaum, and Cipinang Besar Selatan. If this flate managed privately, each unit can be sold for 400 million rupiah by private sector (developer).

Bandar Kemayoran flat is most likely for private property unit called rusunami and the rest was rented flate called rusunawa. This flat was built on land belong to Perum Perumnas where the land area is nearly 76 thousand square meters located in Kebon Kacang subdistrict Kemayoran, Central Jakarta. The aim of development is to improve the living standards of the urban poor and reduce slums in the capital, Jakarta. There are four sectors in Bandar Kemayoran rusuna namely Dakota, Conver, Boeing, and Apron. Dakota area consists of 15 blocks with an area of approximately 24 thousand m2; there are 6 blocks in

Conver sector with an area of over 13 thousand m2, Boeing provided 5 blocks with an area of 16 thousand m2, and Apron 8 blocks with an area of over 21 thousand m2. Rusun Conver, Apron and Boeing are all rusunami; on the other hand the Dacota divided of some as rusunami and others is rusunawa.

Rusun in Pulo Gebang typically is a rental flats to be built on land under the management rights status of Perumnas located at Jalan Raya Cakung East, Pulo Gebang village, district of Cakung, municapility of East Jakarta. Flat of Pulo Gebang consists of two units of five-story twin buildings with a capacity of 240 units of which 192 are residential units and the remaining 48 units are public facilities/ social/ business, built in the year 2000 and it has sold two years later. Office of Speciality Regional Business Rental Houses of Jakarta (Branch II as part of Public Company: Perumnas) used to manage rusunawa which has responsible for physical buildings and facilities /environment, and administration for occupant such as selection, allocation, lease agreement. The rusunawa of Pulo Gebang have facilities such as parking lot, open spaces and green open space (RTH) / garden, lighting (PLN), provide clean water (PDAM), and gas installations (PGN).

Cakung Tower

Kemayoran Tower

Mosque in Cakung Tower

Rawa Bojong Tower Open-green space for children

friendly in Rawa Bojong Tower Fig. 1. Towers conditions in the capital city of Jakarta

A.2 Towers in Semarang As one of big city in Indonesia, Semarang has a difficult

issue of settlements/housing. High level of urbanization caused local government was unable to provide decent housing for all citizens. In this province, housing deficit is also experienced by the residents, especially for those on low incomes. Therefore, slums area remains to be a major problem. To address this issue, Semarang government tried to rejuvenate some slums area by constructing tower structures such as Pekunden flat located at Jalan Pekunden, Pekunden village, district of Semarang. That is the first flat built in Semarang, even in the entire Central Java. The flat


14

consists of 5 (five) blocks of four-story building, which is three blocks parallel to the Semarang river and two blocks building perpendicular to the previous one. At the ground floor, all the buildings was used for public facility: small shops/stall in block A, parking lot in block B, C and D, multipurpose space available in block D and a common area (kitchen) located at block E. The first floor (level 2) to level 4 used for as a residence (unit per unit flat) with different types. In surrounding area of building is also provided playgrounds, both for children and adolescents as well as for adults. Lobby building units used to be placed on the inner side enabling orientation towards inside and to form a patio. The stairs of the building laid out such certain points to provide access equitably for the occupants.

Units in the sector Pekunden tower can be distinguished by total are based on the types available: 81, 54 and 27 m². Type 81 m² is composed of three bedrooms, living room, dining room, kitchen, and two bathrooms/WC (water closet). Type 54 consists of two bedrooms, living room, dining room, kitchen and a bathroom/WC. While type of 27 only consists of one bedroom, a bathroom/WC and a multipurpose space. These units are based on structural module 0f 3.60 x 7:50 m². The types of other unit are a multiplication of the structural modules. The smallest one (type 27 m²) was obtained from simulation of a single module, two and three modules for types 54 and 81, respectively.

Layout of Pekunden tower at

Semarang

1st Floor Plan

Resdidential units

2nd to 4th floor Plan

Fig. 2. Pekunden Tower at Semarang, Central Java.

A.3 Towers in Surabaya Surabaya becomes a city along with the towers which had

been built since the 1980s as a solution for various problems of urban residential. Some towers are built such as tower of Dupak Bangunrejo, Urip Sumoharjo towers, and Sombo Surabaya towers. The flat of Dupak Bangunrejo is a rental flat (Rusunawa) which built on state land of 0.35 ha.

Initially, the place was not habitable (slums) then it had been rejuvenated in the form of towers with 120 residential units in it. That was the government policy to address the problem of urban slums with development without displacing them. Urip Sumoharjo towers built in 1982 as a solution to 120 households as the victim after fire grounded of 3 ha. Initially, the flat considered of three blocks of four-storey building which each level provided 10 units (type 21) to include bathroom/WC and a balcony. Due to the flat considerably was not feasible, then rejuvenation has made in 2003. Participation approach by stakeholder, the towers was rebuilt with three blocks building consists of 124 units complete with multi-purpose building and a mosque. Sombo tower was built to solve the problem of existing slums on location of 1.9 ha. The existing residential was very poor condition in which 469 low-income households living with erratic income. This is the second flat towers in Surabaya city after Dupak Bangunrejo tower inaugurated on December 14, 1989.

Fig. 3. Layout plan and elevation of Sombo building, Surabaya A.4 Towers in Denpasar

Unlike the case of other major cities in Indonesia, cities in Bali are still remaining a little the presence of significant flat towers. It may be the only possible cause is that people's rejection of the towers in this region. Towers in this area were initiated by Police department in Bali which built towers in the 1990s. They built several towers located at Supratman Street, Diponegoro Street in Denpasar, and typical hostel tower for Brimob (police brigade) in Tohpati Denpasar-Gianyar, as well as in Klungkung regency. They actually want to build towers in all regency in Bali. However, due to limited budgets available, then they prioritize some. Since the 1990s, this institution has built a


15

few blocks square-shaped towers of eight with each block consisting of four floors. Each block has a different unit: types 36, 45, and 54. In 2015, this institution has some funding from the central government through the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPERA) to construct towers. The aim is to solve problems such as limited land owned by police department, high price of land in the city of Denpasar, and very limited capacity of the dorms to accommodate people whom have to be garrisoned. Therefore, idea came up and tried to build a dormitory in the vertical direction so that the capacity of dormitory can be increased significantly.

Four floors flat/dormitory at Sanglah area consists of three unit block building with octagonal shape that has been built in the 1990s, and the other two is rectangular shape with three-story structure. Types of flat provided such as type 36 was built for 47 units, 35 units of type 45 and type 54 are 24 units. One octagonal-shape block at the ground floor used to be a public facility (parking lot and common room). Hostel for the local police in Sanglah located at Diponegoro Street, no 240, Dauh Puri Kelod Village, West Denpasar District, in Denpasar-Bali used the land of 512.74 m2 from the total land area of 9,500 m2 available as use rights status. While the hostel towers for Police Department in Bali built in Klungkung consists of type 36 for 48 units was supported by the Ministry of PUPERA in 2015. Dormitory-shaped flat towers of brigade Polda Bali is located in Gianyar Tohpati was also contribution of the Minister PUPERA which was built in 2013 by spending at about 9 Billion Rupiah. This is part of a national scheme for housing program to reduce the gap of existing housing. Ministry of Housing (PUPERA) in 2013 allocated funding of 1.8 Trillion Rupiah for providing housing throughout Indonesia for various institutions that need the facilities such as: government agencies, private sector as well as a college for student dormitory.

Tower for Police Department

in Sanglah

Tower for Police Department in

Sanglah


in Tohpati

Tower for Police Department in Tohpati


in WR Supratman Tower for Police Department in

WR Supratman Fig. 4. Circumstances of towers for Police Department in Bali

B. Typology of towers in Indonesia Result of observation and study of literature, it can be

found that there are various typologies of flat towers in Indonesia. In terms of ownership, there are at least two types of flat towers: rented and private property. Rental flats used to be owned by the government, generally a relatively simple flat is intended for low-income communities (MBR) and it used to be built on state land. These residential units are varying greatly depending cities and local government policy which is generally provided subsidies to residents. On the other hand, the property right owned for flats occupants generally has use rights that can be extended further in accordance with agreements and regulations. The term of right generally used to use it in the range of twenty years.

In terms of the development, flat towers have built by several stakeholders to include: the government, developers/private sector, cooperative sector, state company, etc. The government is generally represented by the ministries of Public Works and Housing, PUPERA, either represented by local governments or joints venture among them. Several government agencies such as the police department obtain assistance from the ministry PUPERA for tower constructions. Police members who live in the flats have to pay the rent as a retribution which the payment based on their own institution regulation. On the other hand, private company/developers used to build towers for middle to high class of society tent to have flat property as known as the apartment which the flat is majority with owned status (strata title). Even though it is still rare, the cooperative agency also built housing in the form of either regular houses or flats. The state company who built towers more often is Perumnas since the New Order (Orde Baru) era, this institution commissioned to build housing in the whole country (Indonesia). In some big cities in Indonesia, Perumnas built many towers for the MBR.

In terms of construction, flat towers are typically more than four to five floors using stair for vertical transportation system. There is no lift facility for typical simple towers for vertical movement. Ground floor of this flats used for public interaction such as for business, public facilities (office manager, multipurpose room, playroom, parking, etc.), the rest (entire floor) uses for dwelling unit. Every tower used to have a manager to include structural organization in accordance with the needs. Typically, dwelling unit used to


16

be small type of flat in the range of 18 to 21 m2, and intermediate type are 36 to 45 m2, and the large type are 54 to 72 m2. The large one is generally belong to the government agency which is designated for the member who has higher position/higher ranking officer. By design, the towers in Indonesia used to adopt two design models: the interior corridor (single loaded or loaded corridor double) and exterior corridor. Tower model or multi-tower is generally an apartment model for middle up to upper class.

C. Behaviour and adaptation of occupant within the towers in Indonesia

The majority of the tower inhabitants in Indonesia are migrants who used to come to the city for various reasons and they worked in various sectors, especially of informal worker. Generally, they use the flat towers to be a residential only and a tiny portion using the towers for business settlement. Most of the time, the occupant used to spend outdoors. Nevertheless, a strong relationship and kinship can also be formed within the flat environment. The tower community feels kinship or feel at the same boat and they have various social activities including religious activities. Social organization units have been formed to accommodate the needs of occupants. The design and condition of the towers has limited space, very crowded situation made them to be sensitive occupants and more tolerant of each other.

Adjacent residential units with high tension within the crowd used to provide friction, misunderstandings and problems of living together. The occupants tried to maintain the harmony of life and to keep and respect the privacy of each other. They avoided interfering among each other and sometime they have to sacrifice privacy standards which they need. That is the adaptation mechanisms of occupant within the flat/apartment to get a balance between the needs and realities. Such problems may be occurred for some time, but they assume to be still in normal level and there is nothing too serious. Therefore, they generally feel comfortable to stay in the flat. Occupants used to have adjustments for the space available especially for flexible dwelling units. They used to provide insulation to get more room or a cubicle depends on their needs. That is also an important dynamics mechanism of occupant within the towers in Indonesia which was to be realized of the very diverse needs of residents, therefore the flat could not have to be designed uniformly. Nevertheless, the majority of occupants used to have adjustment for the space needs, even though for most of the units of flat towers are designed permanently.

IV. CONCLUSION Various typologies of towers in Indonesia indicate that

there are a wide variety of housing issues which are unique to each region and institution. Therefore, there are many

efforts and variety of the most appropriate solutions to solve the problem. Housing problem cannot be considered to be a uniform and the development of flat has to be designed in accordance with the circumstances, conditions and context, both in terms of tenure status and type of unit, facilities, organization, number of floors, number of units, etc. Urban communities in Indonesia can live comfortably and relatively more feasible in the flat compared with the previous (existing) residence. They can adapt and adjust to live in the house vertically, away from the ground [6]. There is no significant issue experienced by occupants of the flat. Social activities of the occupant go well and increased the relationship of the residents and improve their tolerance. Social organizations of occupants also play an important role in increasing comfort ability of staying in the flat. By considering of relatively limited spaces and environment of towers, the residents have to use a little bit lower standard of privacy they get. In terms of attitude of residents, they also have to promote tolerance to one another to avoid conflicts. If any conflict occurs then they solved the issue very well soon. Various physical adjustment mechanisms were done by the occupants in order to have some space with some division of residential units to meet their needs. There are intervening the spaces to get more for bed room, the living room or family room, a small shop in the house, and so on [7], [8], [9]. There also are placing potted plants on the patio or balcony that residence was cooler / green.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT On this occasion, we express our thanks to Udayana

University which awarded research grants in which the study may not be successful without these grants. We also like to thank the students under the coordination of Ajas who have helped in many ways, from the beginning until the end of the study. Thanks also go to the Police Department of Bali (Polda Bali) that allowing us to undertake surveys and served us very well to get the data associated with the towers of Polda Bali. High appreciation goes to the manager and the occupants of Kemayoran, Cakung and Rawa Bojong towers that have been allowing us to provide interview. Additionally, we would like to thank to the head department of PUPERA of Jakarta for the help and permission. Many people have helped us in this study that we cannot mention one by one, we extend our appreciation to them all.

REFERENCES [1] Sueca, N. P. 2003. Housing Transformation: improving environment

and developing culture in Bali, Tesis S3, Newcastle: University of Newcastle UK.

[2] Bungin, B. 2009. Penelitian Kualitatif, Jakarta: Kencana. [3] Mulyana, D. 2008. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung:

Rosda. [4] Sugiyono. 2009a. Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif, Bandung:

Alfabeta. [5] Sugiyono. 2009b. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan

R&D, Bandung: Alfabeta. [6] Sueca, N. P. 2009b. Persepsi Masyarakat Tentang Rusun di Bali.

Jurnal Permukiman (terakreditasi). Vol. 4 (3): 211-220.


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[7] Sueca, N. P. 1997. Perubahan Pola Spasial Rumah Tinggal Tradisional di Desa Adat Kesiman Denpasar. Tesis S2, Yogyakarta: UGM.

[8] Sueca, N. P. (ed). 2008. Pustaka Arsitektur Bali. Denpasar: Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia daerah Bali.

[9] Sueca, N. P. 2009a. “Kota Kompak, Rusun dan Masa Depan Bali: menuju solusi lokal berwawasan global” dalam E. Darmawan & E. Purwanto (eds), Para Bagawan Arsitek: Menghadapi Tantangan Global, Bandung: PT. Alumni.


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Abstract Research on Bali Aga Village (Indigenous Village in Bali) has become one fundamental issue in architecture in Bali today. This paper unveiled all information in regards to the form, pattern and character of the settlement and the traditional housing at Pedawa Village with its uniqueness characteristic and has not been explored yet. The strength of tradition, culture and local belief are the reflected into their daily life; and has become the spirit of pattern, form and character of the village and traditional houses. Hence, this spirit is the foundation of the village conservation. The concept of Tri Hita Karana is the concept of harmonious relationships between human with the God and the Nature has become the main foundation of the concept of the traditional house and village pattern. This concepts influence the natural village linier pattern with the mountain as sacred orientation and the sea as the profane orientation. Case study method applied for this research. Both primary and secondary data from interview, site observation and literature data analyzed with qualitative analysis. The result shows that the exploration of the shape, pattern and character of the settlement and traditional houses in Pedawa village generate the few strategies to conserve this village which could also be used to conserve the other Bali Aga village s in Bali. Keywords: Bali Aga, culture, Pedawa Village, traditional house

I. INTRODUCTION Research on vernacular architecture is one of main focus

in Bali as this research would generate a complete documentation of traditional architecture in Bali especially the traditional architecture of the indigenous societies. There is still lack of research concerning indigenous villages with its traditional houses and village pattern in Bali. There are some research in this fields been done, however there are many more indigenous villages which have not been explored yet especially their architecture and village pattern. Indigenous village which have become a tourism object has been explored by many researcher in many different aspects such as architecture, social, economic and many more aspects. However, the village which has not been a tourism object is still hidden with lack of information in regard to it. Then this research is important so these hidden indigenous villages could explore and societies would know their existence.

This research is really important because it explores the transformation of traditional houses which have been

inherited from the ancestor to more modern form of the houses and also its structure and materials are overpowering. One major factor of the transformation of Balinese traditional houses in Bali was due to the migration from outside Bali Island, which caused overpopulation then raised the land price and changes the land use pattern. Bali is one of most favorite tourism island in the world has over many jobs opportunity for people outside Bali. Then migration is undeniable. Over population has become one of major challenge for Bali to cope with. Also the changes of land use pattern and building function have caused many problems in Bali especially in the capital city of Denpasar and the tourism areas. Hence, the impacts of this phenomenon significantly transform the traditional houses both of its use and its form. Nevertheless the village pattern was also impacted. This research is urgently needed, documenting the architecture and village pattern of traditional village pattern and its traditional houses is one way to preserve the tradition. By verifying the traditional house and village pattern which is still exist would give a contribution of knowledge and gives opportunity for the young generations in Bali to learn about their heritage and

The exploration of Form, Pattern, Character on Settlement and Traditional Houses of Bali Aga Village, Case Study: Pedawa Village, Banjar

District, Buleleng Regency, Bali.

Tri Anggraini Prajnawrdhi


Bali, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]



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at the same time learn how to preserve it. Hence, this research will also become one of a proper database for the indigenous village in terms of architecture in Bali, so anyone whom willing to study about this would have an access to it.

Pedawa village is one of indigenous village in Bali which is located in Buleleng regency. Buleleng regency has several indigenous villages which mostly located at the highland. Some of the villages have been explored in terms

of architecture and their land use. However, Pedawa village has not been explored in terms of architecture. Some previous research more focuses on the socio economic and agriculture. This research explores the form, pattern, and character of the settlement and the traditional houses in Desa Pedawa through case study method. Both data from primary and secondary sourced are elaborated through qualitative method of analysis.

TABLE 1

INDIGENOUS VILLAGE IN BALI PROVINCE

Source: Yudantini, 2015, p. 120

A. Theoretical Background Culture, local custom and religious belief and system, of

the Balinese have a strong influence in creating the form, pattern and character of architecture. The Balinese traditional architecture is one of the tangible heritages from the ancestors which still exist and preserved until now. The bond between the Balinese with the nature and the God has made the universal concepts of Tri Hita Karana which means the harmonious relationships between human. The nature and the God. This concept is the base of most indigenous village pattern and traditional houses across Bali.

Hence, this concept has become the basis of conservation on these villages.

Much research has been done about indigenous village across Bali. Though, not all villages has been explores in deep yet. The indigenous villages which have been popular as tourism object were explored by many researchers in different aspects. Those villages have become favorite object for the researcher due to its uniqueness of architecture, local custom and also tradition. These villages such as Trunyan, Penglipuran and Tenganan that are the most favorite villages for the researchers as well as the tourists. Some research of these villages in Kintamani areas such as Buahan, Pinggan and Sukawana have been done by Yudantini in 2013, Trunyan by Dwijendra in 2015,

Penglipuran by Widarji in 2014, Tenganan by Hadi Kusuma in 2014, Kumurur in 2009, and Purwantiasning in 2007, Sidatapa and some villages in north Bali by Siwalatri in 2015. However, Yudantini (2015) concluded that there are 62 indigenous villages in total which only few of them has been explored in depth, while some were explored in term of tourism research [1]. These 62 indigenous villages were identified based on the research of Carole Muller in 1980 and the inventory of the Government of Bali, Department of Public works with the project entitled The Conservation of Villages and Environment Planning in 1988/1989 as shown on Table 1 [2], [3]:

Pedawa village located in Banjar district, Buleleng Regency has its own uniqueness based on its nature and tradition which has not been explored in deep yet, especially in architecture and urban planning. These uniqueness are the main potency of this village and should be documented and recorded so it would widen the knowledge and provide detail information for others who willing to learn and have information about this village. Some research have been done in this village by other scholars such as in agriculture by Udayana University (www.pps.unud.ac.id), research on management of funding in adat village and dinas by Tera Padmani, et.al in 2015; research on health by Budiarta and Suka Aryana in 2012; research on education of primary school children by Komang Arini et.al in 2013; and some

http://www.pps.unud.ac.id/


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unpublished field surveys. Some online information about this village is also could be found in some blogs and from the Government of Buleleng Regency website.

A traditional house is a part of traditional village, and a traditional village is a cultural heritage as stated on the regulation of cultural heritage named UU No 11 in 2011. This regulation mentioned about the protection, development, the optimum use of the village, the re-use of traditional village. Therefore, protection and development in every traditional house should follow the cultural heritage regulation as the traditional village is protected by the regulation. However, since there is no breakdown of the general cultural heritage regulation for the conservation of the traditional houses, it is very hard to implement the regulation. Hence, there is also lack of reward and punishment system, the regulation is not effective in all level of government and society.

Traditional house is a symbol of local culture, it created based on the strong influence of the local culture. A traditional house could reflect the characteristic of the local culture includes norms, values, behavior pattern, artifact and activities [4]. The expression of local resident’s socio-cultural system is reflected on their architecture; therefore the architecture was based on their local norm, value and behavior [5]. It could be seen that a traditional house is an architecture that is purely as a creation based on local culture which has own identity which differentiate itself from another.

Sulistyawati (1985) mentioned that a traditional house in Bali has two functions. The function are as a place for living and activity such as the area for sleeping, eating and resting; the function for psychological need such as doing ritual activities and local tradition. It is clear that Balinese traditional houses as a place for different kind of activities both physical and psychological activities of the owner [6]. Maslow (1943) mentioned that human needs have numerous levels of need from the basic need which covers their need for living until the highest need which is self-actualization. Based on the needs, then a house is a product which offers a place to fulfill people’s need from the basic to the complex need. Then the growth of people’s need has changed of form and space arrangement of the traditional houses is undeniable.

Parimin (1986) classified that Balinese traditional houses has four attributes [7], they are: (1) sociology attribute includes the Balinese kinship system which reflected by the adat system, banjar system, subak, sekeha, dadia, and perbekelan; (2) symbolic attribute includes house orientation, orientation of the main village, house and its garden orientation; (3) morphology attribute includes the core component of the house and the periphery which both have its own function and values of Balinese traditional houses; and (4) functional attribute includes the function of traditional villages and houses that the main function is for ritual and social purposes, as an example is in every

traditional villages always has three main public temples. Traditional indigenous house of Bali Aga villages have

its own uniqueness and strong character compare to other traditional houses. The strong character of the houses has differentiated this village with another traditional village. The uniqueness and character of Bali Aga indigenous village strongly influenced by its culture, norms, tradition, beliefs and the way of life of the inhabitants.

To date, there is no research about pattern, form and character of the village and the traditional house in Pedawa Village. This paper is written based on the research of the form, pattern and character of the settlement and traditional houses in Pedawa Village. Hence, it will broaden the database of Balinese traditional architecture and at the same time provide useful knowledge and information about indigenous villages in Bali.

II. RESEARCH METHODS This research applied a case study method to explore the

form, pattern and character of the settlement and traditional house at Pedawa Village. This method helps the researcher to find a comprehensive way to explore the object of research in deep [8]. Hence, this method gives the opportunity to the researcher to discover the relationship between the object of the research with the change of behavior of individual and the community; and the important event within the society. Therefore, this method is very suitable for research in social disciplines [9].

The strength of this method is all data could be gathered from different data collection method or a combination of several data collection methods both in qualitative and quantitative such as data which gathered by interview questionnaire survey, observation to participants, documentation, field survey, historic data and archives (Chetty, 1996; Eisenhardt, 1989). This method offers a descriptive analysis to analyze the relationship between the research object and the related factors such as history and community behavior. At the same time, it analyzes data from primary sources such as interview and observation and secondary data such as report and documentation to obtain an optimum final result [10].

The research on pattern, form and character of the settlement and traditional house in Pedawa Village using primary and secondary data from field survey, interview with local resident, report of from physical data of the village, village map, local regulation, custom regulation named awig-awig and some literature. Using two different methods of data collection would improve the objectivity of data before analysis process (Silverman 2013). All data gathered from primary and secondary sources in this research were analyzed using qualitative analysis.


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A. Village overview Pedawa village is one of the old indigenous villages in

Bali which have ancient heritage from megalithic era named sarcophagus in two different locations within this village, one found in Ingsakan area and another in Jinjit area. These two coffins is a proof that this village has been existed from the megalithic era. This village located in Banjar district about 12 km from the city of Banjar and about 30 km from the capital city of Buleleleng Regency in north Bali. It is located about 450-800 m above the sea level. One uniqueness of this village is, this village does not have any caste in the society like other traditional villages in Bali. It is also reflected on the name of this village Pedawa. Pedawa means Pada Wang (everyone are the same), and also means Panjak Dewa (God’s helper).

Fig. 1. Map of Pedawa village Source: author, 2016

This village has five banjar (communal group based on

territory division in the village) and also has some public sacred temples, they are: Pura Desa, Pura Puseh Bingin, Pura Dalem/Taman, Pura Munduk Madeg, Pura Telaga Waja, Pura Pecetian, and Pelinggih Ratu Ngurah Melayu. These temples have different with any other temples in Bali in terms of land divisions. In general, the land of the temple are divided into three sections based on Tri Mandala which means the division of the area of public/profane, semi public and private/ sacred area. However, temples in Pedawa only apply the concept of Rwa Bhineda (two divisions) and Eka Bhuana (one division) where the land division only divided onto sacred-profane and other temple in this village has no land division at all.

B. Settlement Pattern Traditional houses are mixed with modern one and they

are spread out within this village. The pattern of the village has a combination between linear and group. As this village located in the highland, and has been existed since the ancient period of time, then it is common that it has more organic pattern rather than lines. The roads has no pattern

but it most of them were connected to the main road in this village. The main road is the biggest road while the secondary roads are quite narrow and the tertiary roads are very narrow which only for human and motorbike access. Some roads do not have direct connection to the main road as they are in the middle of the open land. The access to this area is from the open green land and other farm areas. Houses are placed along these roads from main/primary road, secondary and tertiary.

With the population of only 5.625 residents, this village is still very green. It is dominated with green areas. In the past this village was famous as the producer of palm sugar, and then palm trees dominated this area in the past. However, due to the complicated process of palm sugar making and the change of life style, then palm trees has been replaced by clove, coffee and other productive trees. Green areas dominated for about 75% of the total areas in this village, and the developed areas such as housing and public facilities are spread out within this area.

C. Position of the Traditional Houses within Settlement Pattern

Most of the traditional houses are clustered with one another and have a main public courtyard; there is no boundary from one house to another. This courtyard has an access to the secondary and tertiary roads, while modern houses have direct access to the main/primary roads. This clustered house is one of the main characters of the housing pattern in Pedawa village. Some traditional houses which have already been transformed into modern house are also having direct access to the main road. However, nowadays there is change of the main courtyard due to some new secondary and tertiary roads built as additional access to the clustered houses. Main courtyard has divided into few section as the owner of the houses start to build fences as the boundary between houses. New roads has changed the traditional pattern of the courtyard and then diminished the character of housing pattern especially the clustered houses in the center of the village.

Instead of traditional house, there is also a traditional rice barn named jineng owned by every resident whom as a farmer in the past. The position of this building is right in front of the traditional house of the owner and the main courtyard in the middle between the barn and the house.

D. Some Functions in the Traditional Houses Traditional house in Pedawa village has two types. First

one called Bandung Rangki which has 18 wooden columns and the second one called Sri Dandan which has 16 wooden columns. Bandung Rangki is the authentic Pedawa house, while Sri Dandan is the influence from neighbor village of Cempaga. Bandung Rangki as the traditional house of Pedawa as a place of many different activities for the owner (see figure 2). These activities include:


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1. Rest areas This house has two different size of bed. One for parent called pedeman gede has bigger size than pedeman cenik, a bed for children. These beds made of wood and the bed columns are the structure of the house. Pedeman gede also become a place to put offering during ritual ceremonies and to put the corpse if one of the owner passed away before cremation. On the top of pedeman gede there is a place to put offering for the ancestor called pelangkiran. Pedeman gede plays the important part in this house.

2. Cooking and making palm sugar Cooking and making palm sugar activities are one of daily activities in this village. Therefore this house have a special kitchen called paon with has three different size of traditional burner made of tanah polpolan (soil/clay). The three different size of burner are: (1) paon tuak (biggest, for making palm sugar), (2) paon jakan (medium, for cooking rice and meat) and (3) irun (smallest, for heating food).

3. Social areas Social activities such as having relatives and also guest in this house are done in the open areas in the middle of the house as a circulation area and on the front part of the house called terempang.

Fig. 2 Traditional house in Pedawa Source: Author, 2016 4. Rituals

There are two places for ritual activities in this house. One indoor space which is done in pelangkiran on the top of pedeman gede, where the owner put the offering daily. Other place is outdoor area at the back of the house; this area called merajan and have a special bamboo shrine called sanggah kemulan nganten. Every traditional house in Pedawa has this shrine.

5. Storage This house has a place to store households equipment called sepen, is located at the front of the house next to terempang. And for those whom are farmer, they store their rice paddy at the jineng (rice barn) in front of their house.

E. Character of the Traditional House Research found that there are several character of this

traditional house is: 1. Specific house; there are two different house named

Bandung Rangki with 18 wood column and Sri Dandan with 16 column which become the identity of traditional house in Pedawa Village.

2. Material; All structure of the house is using wood, the floor is using soil/clay called tanah polpolan, walls is using bamboo and also tanah polpolan on the base of the wall, and roof cover is using bamboo tile or grass called alang-alang.

3. Door lock system using traditional system with bamboo and wood which has it uniqueness and different with other lock system in traditional house.

4. Special shrine which made from bamboo which called Sanggah Kemulan Nganten, is only exist in this village, also there is a special shrine made from tanah polpolan from ancient period has been found in few houses in this village.

5. Rice barn named jineng has uniqueness as this barn has two different types, one with 6 columns and the other one with 4 columns and has different size.

6. Special kitchen reflected that this village was famous as palm sugar producer in Buleleng Regency; therefore it has a special burner in the kitchen for making the sugar.

7. Settlement and house pattern with the combination of linear and cluster has become the identity of this village.

IV. CONCLUSION The form, pattern and character of the settlement and

traditional house in Pedawa Village have been explored in deep during this research. To sum up, it showed that the form pattern and character of the settlement and the traditional house are strongly influenced by the local custom; lifestyle; belief and their environment, as we could see from the space arrangement of the house which have special places for resting, cooking, social activities, storage and rituals. This space arrangement is created based on their daily activities which related to the each other, the God and the environment. Material of the house was chosen with strongly influenced by their local environment such as the use of wood, bamboo and local clay. Further, the use of material is also to cope with the cold weather as this village is located in the highland. To date, there are some changes of material as the consequences of traditional house transformation. They tend to use modern material such as tile, glass and ceramic then it caused inconvenience for the owner due to the cold weather.

This research has explored the uniqueness of traditional house and settlement pattern in Pedawa Village which has not been done yet. Hence, this research will benefit the community to understand the value of the traditional settlement and house, and then they could preserve their valuable heritage for the future. At the same time it would


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give a valuable knowledge especially about traditional architecture of Indigenous village.

REFERENCES [1] Yudantini, NM. 2015. Bali Aga Cultural Landscape Challenges:

Conserving the Balinese Traditional Landscape for Future Balinese Indigenous Villages (Bali Aga) and Communities, a Doctoral Thesis, Deakin University, Australia.

[2] Carole Muller. 2011. Bali Aga Villages; field work in the 1980s, Walsh Bay Press.

[3] Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Propinsi Bali. 1989. Inventarisasi Desa-Desa Tradisional Bali, Pemerintah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Propinsi Bali, Proyek Perencanaan Konservasi Lingkungan Desa (1988/1989).

[4] Broadbent G, Bunt R & C. Jencks. 1980. Signs, Symbols and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester.

[5] Norberg-Schulz, C (1977), Intentions in Architecture. The M.LT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts. 1979. Genius Loci, Electa/Rizolly, New York.

[6] Sulistyawati. 1985. Preservasi Lingkungan Perumahan Pedesaan dan Rumah Tradisional Bali di Desa Bantas, Kabupaten Tabanan, P3M, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar.

[7] Parimin, A, P. 1986. Fundamental Study on Spatial Formation of Island Village: Environmental Hierarchy of Sacred-Profane Concept in Bali, Disertasi, Universitas Osaka, Japan.

[8] Stake, RE. 1978. The Case Study method in Social Inquiry, American Educational Research Association, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 5-8.

[9] Yin, RK. 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Fourth Edition, SAGE, Los Angeles.

[10] McCutcheon, D & Meredith, JR. 1993. Conducting Case Study Research in Operation Management, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, pp. 239-256.

Journal of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Built Environment, Vol. 1 No. 1, February 2017 24

Abstract KKN-PPM which carried out in Pelaga village, Petang, Badung aims to provide a wide space for local people to organizes and improves the system of management of agro tourism and to increases the participation of local communities in tourism development in Pelaga village through the well – packaging of agro tourism. In order to increase the income of local communities in Pelaga village, it is important to held this community empowerment through the utilization of its potencies, and then package it, as a valuable tourism product as well as to improve the finance and the power sources of those communities, also as a support of the tourism development in Badung. The targets of the activities of KKN – PPM are the agro tourism manager and the young generations of Pelaga village. The approaching models are: 1. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Model, (2) Entrepreneurship Capacity Building (ECB) Model, (3) Knowledge/Technology Transfer Model. Some activities have been done in KKN – PPM program in Pelaga village, in order to address the various problems of agro – tourism faced by the local communities of Pelaga village, such as: Setting – up a sort of a foundation to manage the agro – tourism in Pelaga village, tour guide training for the local communities, packaging training in how to package the coffee processed products into tourism products, English for tourism courses, and provide the local communities houses as home stays for the tourists. Keywords: community service, empowerment, agro-tourism, community, tourism.

I INTRODUCTION The Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village is one of the

villages in Badung regency incorporated in the village ecotourism network. The Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village joined the ecotourism network in 1999. The purpose of the village ecotourism network of Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village is to create a strong and powerful local society so that they can play an active role in decision making regarding the spatial planning and the resources policy in order to realize community-based environmental, cultural, social and economic preservation and utilization. The development of ecotourism in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village has a very strategic role in the development of tourism in North Badung. The statement was reinforced through the 2013 Hibah Bersaing research results conducted by I Gusti Ngurah Widyatmaja by interviewing Mr. Made Japa (Chairman of Kiadan Ecotourism Group) who said:

"The ecotourism that Kiadan offers does not change the lifestyle of

its people. The public anxiety about who really get benefits from the glitzy world of tourism does not happen here. We have no investors. The owners and managers of tourism in Kiadan are no other than our citizens, so they do not sell their land excessively as much happen in South Badung. Kiadan has no waterbom or hotel lobby with waiters who are ready to entertain new arrivals with a glass of orange juice. Kiadan only has a cow shed, terraced rice fields, coffee garden, and Wantilan Subak Abian Sari Boga. In this wantilan belongs to the community, the tourists who come treated with a cup of loak tea as a welcome drink that cooked in a furnace made of clay, right at the entrance of Wantilan". The development of tourism conducted in Banjar Kiadan

of Pelaga Village has more emphasis on the aspect of an environmental conservation. Based on observations, the use of land for supporting tourism activities is very limited such as accommodation, restaurants, and other tourism support facilities. The development of tourism conducted by local communities in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village is more emphasized on the conservation of nature and the empowerment of local communities, where this can be seen

1Study Program of Diploma IV Tourism, Faculty of Tourism, Udayana University, Denpasar City

Email: [email protected] 2Study Program of Travel Industry, Faculty of Tourism, Udayana University,

Denpasar City 3Study Program of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University,

Denpasar City

Widyatmaja1, Sasrawan Mananda2, Wiraatmaja3

Empowerment of Community through the Packaging and Marketing of Agro-tourism in

Banjar Kiadan, Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency


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from the maintenance of the authenticity of the natural environment and the life of local society that highlight the authenticity of community life in Banjar Kiadan, Pelaga Village.

Physically, the use of land associated with tourism activities is very limited, because local people are more utilizing their land in agriculture and plantation. This utilization is certainly based on the development of ecotourism that has more emphasis on the authenticity and the beauty of nature in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village that were used as a tourist attraction.

The development of tourism facilities such as hotels, restaurants, villas and other tourism supporting facilities, especially in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village, has no indication yet concerning about the availability of large-scale accommodation facilities because of the tourism development in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village is more oriented to small-scale development by providing natural tourism facilities such as the specially designed lodging rooms that are intended for tourists that is located around the resident’s houses (homestay). The design of the lodging rooms for tourists is engineered by utilizing local bamboo and wood from Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village, so that the design of the rooms and the buildings look very unique and natural. The number of lodging that has been prepared by the manager of ecotourism in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village as many as 9 lodgings scattered in the resident’s homes. The appointment of lodging for tourists has been approved by the local village.

Viewed from the aspect of solid and liquid waste management, people of Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village has not yet felt the negative impacts imposed by tourism activities, this is due to the lack of intensity of tourist activities in doing tourism activities. So the intensity of the presence of solid or liquid waste is not too much.

The development of tourism in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village began to appear since 2002. Local people began to welcome tourist visits and develop ecotourism activities by exploiting the natural and cultural potential of local communities. The development of tourists visiting Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village is not as much as tourists visiting other tourism areas in Bali, this is caused by many factors, such as human resources, infrastructure, government role, distance, and excluded from tour packages by some travel agents. The development of the number of tourist visits to Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village can be seen in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1.

NUMBER OF TOURIST VISITS TO BANJAR KIADAN IN PELAGA VILLAGE Year Number of Visits (people) 2008 167 2009 122 2010 137 2011 202 2012 247

Source: Village Ecotourism Network, 2013

Observing the number of tourist visits in five years (2008

to 2012) to Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village in enjoying ecotourism products is certainly very far from expectations. This is certainly become a challenge in improving the quality of products offered, considering the amount of tourism potential that can be packaged and marketed to tourists. Until now the ecotourism activities have not run optimally in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village, because of the weak human resources that is related to the entrepreneurship, the understanding of the concept of ecotourism, the lack of skills in processing the results of plantations into attractive tourism products, and the weakness of human resources in managing ecotourism package and in mastering foreign language especially English. In the field of marketing, there are also problems related to the promotion of ecotourism that has not been integrated, so that the production of ecotourism and ecotourism activities are difficult to be marketed due to the unavailability of professional ecotourism management institutions and the marketing distribution system that is not yet established that connects ecotourism package producers and consumers/tourists.

II RESEARCH METHODS

A. Proposals for Solving Problems Based on the explanation of the problems described in

the Introduction, it is necessary to make efforts to overcome those problems, some proposals are proposed in the implementation of KKN-PPM program in Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village as follows: a. Improvement of an understanding of an

entrepreneurship. b. Training for packaging the ecotourism package c. Establishment of the networking of marketing for

ecotourism package. d. Technical training for guiding a tour (guiding

techniques) for younger generation as local guide cadres who are ready to provide services to any tourist who visits Banjar Kiadan

e. An English Language Training for younger generation in Banjar Kiadan

f. Provision of residential houses as a place to stay for tourists (home stay).

g. Culinary training for women of PKK in order to be able to prepare a serving for tourists who come to Banjar Kiadan.

B. Methods for Solving Problems Looking at the output/results of activities that are going

to be achieved, then the method that will be used to overcome the problem related to the packaging of coffee ecotourism in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village can be classified into two, namely the exercising of an existing tourism potential data in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village and community empowerment program. Those outcome


targets can be achieved by performing the following methods: (1) Collecting data through field survey, (2) Empowerment program through counseling, training, and assisting between assistant and target group. The approach model includes: (1) participatory rural appraisal (PRA) model, (2) entrepreneurship capacity building (ECB) model, and (3) knowledge/technology transfer (TT) model.

a. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Model

PRA model is identical with socio-cultural approach model of society which put forward participative, dialog, communicative, ethics and emic. This PRA is used to determine the direction of development and to solve all the problems that exist. People are always included in all decisions in their territory.

b. Entrepreneurship Capacity Building (ECB) Model

This model is used to improve the entrepreneurship capability of rural communities. Appropriate programs are used through empowerment and mentoring. College parties function as motivators, innovators, facilitators, and communicators.

c. Knowledge/Transfer Technology (TT) Model

The findings of research results and/or other activities from the university are socialized to the public appropriately. Furthermore, organizes training on appropriate technology for various sectors. TT programs include agriculture, livestock, industry, trade and tourism, especially to improve the quality and the quantity continuously.

Some institutions that have been established as partners

in the implementation of KKN-PPM Program are: 1) Tourism Travel Bureau (BPW) Kasuri Bali Tours and Travel Inc., 2) Kiadan Ecotourism Group in Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village, and 3) The Government of Pelaga Village. These three partner institutions consist of two business groups and one group from the village government agency. BPW Kasuri Bali Tours and Travel Inc. is one of the BPW in Denpasar that actively creates an alternative of tourism packages, such as religious, rural, adventure, and ecotourism tour packages. The characteristics of tour packages offer by BPW to tourists are always have four elements which are something to see, something to do, something to buy, and something to learn. Fields of business/problems to be lifted and completed during the implementation of the KKN-PPM program are the improvement of the quality of tourism-related human resources, the packaging of ecotourism packages in the form of brochures, the marketing of ecotourism packages, and the provision of residential houses as home stay.

C. The Profile of the Target Groups with Potentials/ Problems

The community groups that is strategically targeted

having the potential and problems to overcome and related to this KKN-PPM activity are:

TABLE.2 THE COMMUNITY GROUP TARGETED POTENCIES AND PROBLEMS

No Target Groups Potencies Problems 1. Kiadan Ecotourism

Group As a manager and executor of ecotourism package activities

Professional management body is not yet established

2. Young generation As a manager, packager, and as a guide of ecotourism packages

Weak ability of human resources in tourism and foreign languages (especially English)

4. Head of Family whose home is used as home stay

A house with natural and unique feel is suitable to be a place to stay for tourists

Less understanding about English and service to tourists in making bed

5. Women in PKK group

As a local culinary provider served to tourists who visiting Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village

Have no knowledge in cleanliness, sanitation and culinary presentation

6. Tourism stakeholders such as BPW (travel agents), tour guides and hotel and villa entrepreneurs around Banjar Kiadan in Pelaga Village

Marketing Tour Packages in Banjar Kiadan Village Pelaga to tourists

Tourism stakeholders are less familiar with the potential of ecotourism in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village

III. TARGET AND OUTCOME In order to achieve the target and outcome of the KKN-

PPM activities implemented in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village, the indicators of KKN-PPM product achievement in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village are: 1) The improvement of the ecotourism product packaging

system in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village by establishing a more professional ecotourism management body with mission to plan, manage, market and operate ecotourism packages that have been prepared through management training for human resources in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village on an on-going basis.

2) The increment of the public participation in the process of packaging and marketing the ecotourism packages in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village. Community participation in this case includes the involvement and participation in the management and implementation of operational activities of the ecotourism packages that offer to tourists. Communities are expected to be involved as ecotourism packages guide, home stay provision for tourists, agricultural and plantations land providers for ecotourism attractions, and sell


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agricultural and plantation products directly to tourists such as coffee and other processed products.

3) The growth of community self-financing and self-help for the development of ecotourism in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency so it becomes better known by tourists.

4) The rise in income received by the targeted groups from the packaging of ecotourism products in Banjar Kiadan Village Pelaga, Petang District, Badung Regency.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION METHOD The method of implementation of the KKN-PPM

activities in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village to overcome the problem is done through several stages as follows:

A. Preparation and Briefing The KKN PPM activities are carried out by a committee

under the chairman of LPPM Udayana University. The team is coordinated by an executive chairman assisted by two members with competencies in accordance with the proposed theme. In the operation, this activity is coordinated by a field supervisor (DPL) who provides technical guidance to the implementing students in the field. Student recruitment for the KKN PPM participant is done by the executing team by considering the relevance of the student’s knowledge to the theme of the activity.

Preparation materials include the collection of various materials and applied science apparatus which will be transferred to the targeted community on KKN PPM. Before going down to the village, students are given a briefing by field supervisors, experts on KKN PPM thematic, and partners. The material of the briefing is as follows: 1 An introduction of regional potencies 2 The ethics of interaction and socialization with the

community 3 The technical knowledge related to activities’ thematic

a. Management of ecotourism attraction b. Agricultural technology c. Tour guide d. Marketing package packaging ecotourism

B. Implementation • Steps in the form of programs that will be implemented to

achieve the expected outcomes of the KKN-PPM theme in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village are:

1. Establish a professional Ecotourism Management Board in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village.

2. Create a formulation of ecotourism packages in the form of brochures to be offered to tourists that include activities; something to see, something to do, something to buy and something to learn.

3. Preparation of local culinary to support the ecotourism activities.

4. Preparation of resident's house as a place to stay for tourists (home stay).

5. Increasing the competency of human resources in the field of ecotourism services for the targeted group.

6. Creating a distribution channel marketing (distribution channel) for ecotourism package products in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village.

• The methods used in empowering targeted groups are: Methods of data collection were field surveys, and

empowerment programs through counseling, training, and mentoring which are regular meetings between assistants and target groups. The approach model includes: (1) participatory rural appraisal (PRA) model, (2) entrepreneurship capacity building (ECB) model, and (3) knowledge/technology transfer (TT) model.

• Operational steps undertaken in this PPK KKN activity

include: 1. Management training for prospective managers of

ecotourism in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village 2. Training for packaging the ecotourism packages

intended for the younger generation of villages and ecotourism groups in Banjar Kiadan includes: coffee harvesting tour packages, coffee processing, tracking and out-bound activities.

3. Create and install a name board for the Latin name of the different types of coffee on a group of farmers' land used as ecotourism activities

4. Printing in the form of brochures of various packages of ecotourism packages that have been prepared with community groups.

5. Establish the synergy of distribution of ecotourism marketing to tourists between managers among the Managers, Tourism Travel Bureau (BPW), Guides and Government of Badung Regency.

6. Training of guiding techniques and English for Banjar Kiadan and youth ecotourism groups in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village.

7. Train the owners of houses that are used as home stay in terms of organizing bed room (bed making), cleanliness and sanitation to meet tourist standards.

8. Monitoring, Supervision and Evaluation

V. THE ACHIEVED RESULTS In the implementation of the KKN PPM activities

implemented in Pelaga Village has been divided into several sub-fields. To observe some of the activities undertaken in the KKN PPM, associated activities will be described as follows:

A. Physical Infrastructure (PF) A.1 Making the Name Board for the Latin Name of Coffee

The time of implementation was Tuesday, August 2, 2016, Location: The Coffee Plantation in Banjar Kiadan


(The Tracking Location), Target Group: Tourists (Participants of Tracking), Involved Parties: On-the-job training (KKN) Students, Tracking Managers. Implementation: this activity started at the beginning of the first week of KKN by conducting a survey of the location where the name board will be installed. The next step was proceeding with the design process for the name board for the Latin name. After the design is completed, then the ordering of the name board that took the time approximately 2 days. After the Latin name board is finished, it was brought to and placed at an office. On August 2, 2016, the placement of the name board of the coffee conducted at the tracking location in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village by KKN students along with Mr. Sukadana as the manager of the tracking location. Problems: The tracking location in Banjar Kiadan was difficult to reach by vehicles, so the transport of large name board was rather difficult. In addition, the manager is also difficult to be contacted. Solution: Transportation of the name board for the Latin name is done by walking, along the coffee plantation. About the coordination issues with the managers of tracking location, KKN students have regularly contacted Mr. Sukadana to find the appropriate time. Outcome: The tourists can be recognized the types of Arabica and Robusta coffee that available in the tracking location along with its characteristics.

A.2 the Drawing of the Tracking Location Map in Banjar

Kiadan of Pelaga Village Time of implementation was on August 3, 2016. The

location was at the office of the KKN UNUD in Pelaga Village; tracking location was in Banjar Kiadan. Involved parties were the KKN students and Tracking Site Managers, The implementation in this activity was began with a survey for tracking location in Banjar Kiadan, followed by tracking activities included some students who were accompanied by the managers of tracking location. During the tracking trip, students recorded coordinate points and ecotourism potential that exist along the tracking location using GPS device. Furthermore, the process of reading the coordinates was done by the students in the KKN office and subsequently forming a tracking path. After the path is created, they conducted the design of an interesting tracking map for the tourist. After the map design is completed, it was followed by the printing process at the printing station with the size of 1.5m x 1.2m which will then be framed. Problem: Not all students can operate the GPS and also it took a long time and quite difficult to read the coordinates. Solution: Training for operating the GPS conducted by some students at KKN office which then be tested in the tracking location in Banjar Auman of Pelaga Village before performing the next tracking in Banjar Kiadan Pelaga Village. Many KKN students were giving help in the process of reading the coordinates. Outcome: The tourists can recognize the tracking track that needs to be followed

along with the ecotourism potential contained therein.

A.3 the Making of Banjar Kiadan Ecotourism Brochure Time of Execution was on August 14, 2016. Location

was in the KKN UNUD command-post, Location of Tracking was in Banjar Kiadan. Involved parties were the KKN Student and the manager of the tracking location. Implementation: This activity is carried out after the tracking map is completed and then followed by the process for designing a brochure in accordance with the potential of ecotourism established in the tracking location in Banjar Kiadan of Pelaga Village. Then the brochure printed out with the size of 2x A4 as many as 1000 sheets that will be distributed on August 28, 2016 in several tourism locations available in Badung regency and surrounding areas. Problem: It was difficult to get an idea for designing a brochure and there was no printing station around the location of KKN. Solution: Student was exchanged ideas for designing a brochure and printed out the brochures in printing station in Denpasar. Outcome: Tourists can recognize the potential of ecotourism available in the Tracking Location in Banjar Kiadan of Village Pelaga.

A.4 Procurement of Garbage Bin in the Temple

The time of implementation was in the last week of the KKN implementation. The location was taken in the temples around the Pelaga Village area. There were involved parties including the KKN students and the Village Development Committee (Kaur Pembangunan). For the implementation, the activity began with survey for locating the garbage bin and by following the direction of the Kaur Pembangunan it then placed in the temple around Pelaga Village. After that, and ordering process of 4 pieces of garbage bins were conducted in the first week of KKN implementation. The process of making the garbage bin took 3 days which then beforehand being placed in the KKN UNUD command-post before it handed over in some temples located in Pelaga Village in the last week of the implementation of KKN. There were some problems have been faced. There is no place for making the garbage bins near the KKN command-post. Solution: An order for the garbage bins can be done in the nearby of Abiansemal area. Outcome: The cleanliness supporting facilities around the temple are more complete.

B. The Production Escalation B.1 Training on the Latest Innovation of Coffee Plantation

Product of Pelaga Village, Training on The Marketing of Plantation Product of Pelaga Village, and Training on The Marketing of Coffee Plantation Product of Pelaga Village

Time of Execution was on Thursday, August 04, 2016 (16:00 pm until 19:00 pm) Location in the hall of SMKN 1 Petang. Target Group: Coffee Farmer Group, PKK Women, General Community, and Youth in Desa Pelaga, and


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Students of SMK N 1 Petang. Parties Involved: SMKN 1 Petang, PT. Bali Star Coffee, PT. Bali Bean Coffee, KKN PPM Student of Udayana University, Coffee Farmer Group, PKK Women, Public and Youth in Pelaga Village. Implementation: The committee’s preparation started with the hall cleaning and preparing all necessary devices such as wireless microphone, laptop, LCD + projector, registration desk, absent, material and ATK, consumption, and demonstration tools. The event started at 15.00 which were attended by all participants, students and speakers. The event was opened by MC followed by the report of the committee chairman and the speech of the village coordinator who also opened the event due to the absence of the perbekel (village leader). After the opening, the event was then continued with the first presentation by Mr. I Ketut Sandi who talked about the Management of Marketing, Distribution and Innovation of Coffee. After the delivery of the presentation, it followed by a discussion session. Discussion sessions went smoothly; both speakers and participants were providing positive feedbacks. After the discussion session, the event was continued with a demonstration session that was exhibited by the KKN PPM XIII Public Health student of Udayana University. The demo was on how to manufacture scrub based coffee and coffee packaging training. After the demonstration session, continued with the second presentation by Ni Wayan Sari Sedana who talked about motivation to be a successful coffee farmer. After that the event closed by awarding certificates to the speakers followed by the join photo session. Then the committee tidied up the meeting place and returned to the KKN PPM XIII Udayana University command-post in Pelaga Village. Problems: the difficulty of raising awareness associated with time management for local communities. Solution: The committee asks attendees to contact their respective colleagues. Outcome: The community is expected to have the latest innovation on the coffee plantation results from Pelaga Village after the training of the latest innovations of coffee.

C. Socio-cultural C.1 Ecotourism Management Training

The execution time was on Monday, August 1, 2016 (18.00 Wita to 20.30 Wita). The location was take place in the Hall of SMKN 1 Petang. The target group were all kelian banjar dinas and the representatives of community leaders in Pelaga Village, Banjar Kiadan ecotourism group. The parties involved including Pelaga Village Officer, Faculty of Tourism of Udayana University, and KKN PPM Student of Udayana University, all of kelian dinas and Community Leaders in Pelaga Village, SMK N 1 Petang. The implementation has been done in this programme. Ecotourism Management Training has been well-prepared in advance. The preparation includes the coordination with Perbekel of Pelaga Village about the activities, distributing the invitation letters to all kelian banjar dinas of Pelaga

Village. The committee also prepared the building hall of SMKN 1 Petang as a place to do the activity. The committee also sent a letter to the speaker. Two days prior the event, the committee followed-up to the speaker, invitee, and all of kelian banjar dinas of Pelaga Village. On the D-day, the event began with the preparation by the committee on the necessary equipment including, room, wireless microphone, laptop, LCD + projector, registration desk, list of attendees, material with seminar kit, food and beverage, and demonstration kit. The event started at 18.00 which was attended by all participants, students and speakers. The event was opened by MC followed by the report of the chairman of committee and the speech given by the village coordinator, then opened by Perbekel of Pelaga Village. After it was opened, the event was continued with the presentation by Dr. I Nyoman Sukma Arida, M.Si. After the delivery of the presentation, then followed by 3 questioners. The discussion sessions went smoothly; both speakers and audiences gave positive feedback. The event closed with the certificates being awarded to the speaker followed by a join photo session. The committee then tidied up the meeting place and returned back to the KKN PPM XIII Universitas Udayana command-post in Pelaga Village. Problems: the low interest of the participants and the late confirmation regarding the speaker. Solution: the committee asks participants to contact their respective colleagues, as well as speaker’s quick response. Outcome: the willingness of some kelian banjar dinas (the committee board of administrative hamlets) to immediately establish the ecotourism group in their area.

C.2 Ecotourism Management Training

The execution time was on Friday, August 05, 2016 and on Saturday, August 13, 2016 (18:00 pm to 20:30 pm). The location was in the meeting room of perbekel of Pelaga Village office. Target group was decided to all representatives of STT (Sekeha Teruna Teruni-the youth organization) of banjar members in Pelaga Village and representatives of ecotourism-awareness groups of Pelaga Village. The parties are involved Pelaga Village Officer, Faculty of Tourism of Udayana University, KKN PPM Student of Udayana University, representatives of the STT of the banjar members in Pelaga Village, the community leaders in Pelaga Village, as well as the representatives of the ecotourism-awareness groups. The implementation for this programme was that Ecotourism Management Training has been well-prepared in advance. The preparation included the coordination to Perbekel of Pelaga Village regarding the activities, the distribution of the invitation letters to all kelian banjar dinas of Pelaga Village. The committee was also preparing a meeting room at the perbekel of Pelaga Village office, Petang, as the place to do the activity. The committee also sent an invitation letter to the speaker. Two days prior the event, the committee followed-up the speaker’s attendance, invitee, and all kelian


banjar dinas of Pelaga Village. On the D-day, the event began with the preparation by the committee on the necessary equipment including, room, wireless microphone, laptop, LCD + projector, registration desk, list of attendees, material with seminar kit, food and beverage, and demonstration kit. The event started at 18.00 which were attended by all participants, students and speakers. The event was opened by MC followed by the report of the chairman of committee and the speech given by the village coordinator, and then opened by Perbekel of Pelaga Village. During his speech, the Perbekel of Pelaga Village asked for this event to be repeated again for the reason of the lack number of participants. On the openings, the event was then continued with the delivery of presentation by Mr. I Putu Sudana. After delivered the presentation, followed by 3 questioners. The discussion sessions went smoothly; both speakers and audiences gave positive feedback. The event closed with the certificates being awarded to the speaker followed by a join photo session. The committee then tidied up the meeting place and returned back to the KKN PPM XIII Universitas Udayana command-post in Pelaga Village.

Similarly to the event held on August 5, 2016, at the Saturday event on August 13, 2016, the number of participants reached the target and the event opened by Kaur Pembangunan of Pelaga Village. The event closed with the delivery of certificate awarded to the speaker followed by a join photo session. The committee then tidied up the meeting place and returned back to the KKN PPM XIII Universitas Udayana command-post in Pelaga Village. Problems: the lack number of participants who attended the event since the community has already bored with training activities and the community needs a real action by inviting tourist to the Pelaga Village, where the community assumes that the resources are ready to be executed. Solution: Students tried to coordinate with the Tourism Board for visiting package to the Pelaga Village, and a massive promotion through brochure printing, booklet and social media. Impact: The Tourism-awareness Group actively participating in the promotions together with students.

D. Public Health The execution time was on Sunday, August 7, 2016 (from

09:00 Wita to 12:00 Wita). Location: Meeting Room in Pelaga Village Building Office. Target group: Plantation Farmers in Pelaga Village, Public Community, Student of SMK N 1 Petang. Parties involved: Pelaga Village Officer, Medical Faculty of Udayana University, KKN PPM Student of Udayana University, Plantation Farmers, SMK N 1 Petang, and Public Society. Implementation: K3 socialization activities have been well-prepared well in advance. The preparation included the coordination to the perbekel of Pelaga Village regarding the event, the distribution of invitation letter to all kelian subak abian (the leader of irrigation system) of Pelaga Village. The committee also prepared the demonstration facilities (hats,

googles, masks, boots, short-sleeve shirts, gloves, trousers, socks) used for the K3 demonstrations. The committee also sent an invitation letter to the speaker. Two days prior the event, the committee followed-up with the speaker, invitation, and all kelian subak abian of Pelaga Village. On the D-day, the event began with the preparation by the committee on the necessary equipment including, room, wireless microphone, laptop, LCD + projector, registration desk, list of attendees, material with seminar kit, food and beverage, and demonstration kit. The event started at 10.00 which were attended by all participants, students and speakers. The event was opened by MC followed by the report of the committee chairman and the speech of the village coordinator who also opened the event due to the absence of the perbekel. After the openings, the event was continued with the presentation by Mr. Kerta Duana, SKM, and MPH. After delivery of the presentation followed by three session discussions which every person asking questions. Discussion sessions went smoothly; both speakers and audiences gave positive feedback. After the discussion session, the event continued with demonstration session which was exhibited by KKN PPM XIII Public Health student of Udayana University. During the demonstration session, the speakers once again explained the benefits of the respective APD that was demonstrated. After the demonstration session, the event closed with the delivery of certificate awarded to the speaker and then followed by a join photo session. The committee then tidied up the meeting place and returned back to the KKN PPM XIII Universitas Udayana command-post in Pelaga Village. The problem was lack number of participant. The solution for this problem was the committee asks participants to contact their respective colleagues. Outcome: there was an increase in the understanding of plantation farmers and the general public regarding the concept of K3 and able to implement the K3 in the context of work.

VI. CONCLUSION The potency in the form of natural and cultural

uniqueness in Pelaga Village is desirable to be developed and introduced to tourists so that the rural community receive economic benefits, in the form of additional employment and can increase income, by providing services as local tour guide, culinary providers, providing unique souvenirs of Pelaga Village. The efforts that can be conducted are the development and packaging of an innovative tracking tour packages to attract the number of tourists visiting Pelaga Village and improvement of the quality of supporting human resources. To further develop Pelaga Village, the KKN-PPM Service Team has successfully created a package of rural tourism packages entitled "Tracking Kiadan" where the package has been realized in form of brochure. The realization of the ecotourism package has been preceded by a series of activities such as: 1) the determination of the path of


31

tracking track (something to see, something to do and something to learn) which will be passed by tourists in the Pelaga Village and its surroundings, 2) Creating a book contains the potency of tourism in Pelaga Village, 3) English training for young generation and village ecotourism managers who are directly involved in serving tourists in doing tourism activities. 4) Training of the guiding technique for youth members who involved as local guides for tourists in doing rural tourism activities 5) Mediating the eco-tourism groups and communities to collaborate with an existing tourism travel bureaus to promote and market travel packages that have been packed, so that tourist visits in Pelaga Village can be sustainable.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The completion of this article cannot be separated from

the support of various parties, for that we thank the Rector of Udayana University, the Chairman of LPPM of Udayana University and the Dean of the Faculty of Tourism of Udayana University which has provided an opportunity for the research team to participate in disseminating the results of research as one manifestation of the implementation of the Tri Dharma of the university.

REFERENCES [1] Anonim. 2012. Badung Dalam Angka. Anonim, 2011.

Pengembangan Perkebunan Kopi di Desa Pelaga: Dinas Pertanian, Perkebunan dan Perhutanan, Kabupaten Badung

[2] Kesrul M, 2003. Penyelenggaraan Operasi Perjalanan Wisata, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.

[3] Muhajir, 2005. Menjadi Pemandu Wisata Pemula, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.

[4] Widyatmaja, I Gst Ngr, dkk. 2013. Membangun Jaringan Ekowisata Desa. Laporan Penelitian Hibah Bersaing.

[5] Yoeti, Oka A, 2001. Tour and Travel Management, Jakarta: PT. Pradnya Paramita.


Abstract Master Plan of National Tourism Development (Rencana Induk Pengembangan Pariwisata Nasional - RiParNas: 2010-2025) determined by the President of the Republic of Indonesia on 2nd December 2011. National Tourism Strategic Area (Kawasan Strategis Pariwisata Nasional - KSPN) spread over 88 KSPN in 34 provinces throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Bali as the biggest foreign exchange contributor of the tourism sector has 11 KSPN spread in 9 districts and town in the province of Bali, namely: Buleleng district (area of Bali Utara-Singaraja, and Pulau Menjangan-Pemuteran); Jembrana (National Park of Bali Barat); Tabanan (Bedugul); Denpasar and Badung (Sanur-Kuta-Nusa Dua); Gianyar (Ubud); Bangli (Kintamani-Danau Batur); Klungkung (Nusa Penida); Karangasem (Besakih-Gunung Agung, Tulamben-Amed, and Labuhan Amuk). Development of Bali during this time indicated that there are still some gaps of development outcomes. The research objectives for the first year (2016) are: to identify, analyse and earlier understanding about Critical Factors (CFs) on developing tourism strategic area for Bali Provincial in supporting equitable economic developments. The data was collected using the method of observation and semi-structured interviews, while the Content Analysis Techniques (CAT) and Cognitive Mapping Solutions (CMS) are used as a method of qualitative-verification analysis. Thus, CFs can be identified into six categories called SLEEP'S, namely: Social-cultural, Legal-regulatory, Environment, Economic, Politic, and Safety. Therefore, the research can be conducted within three stages, in order to produce specific and maximum outputs. Keywords: critical factors, cognitive mapping, content analysis, equitable economic development, tourism strategic area.

I. INTRODUCTION1 Indonesia as a developing country, the government

expects all components of the nation trying to constantly improve the economy in order to compete and excel from neighboring countries (Asia), even other countries in the world. The President of the Republic of Indonesia issued the Presidential Regulation number 32 of 2011 in May 20, 2011 regarding to the Master Plan of Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI:2011-2025). Indonesia's economic development is based on a regional spatial concept approach. The Indonesian economy is developed based on the potential and excellence of each region in thirty four (34) provinces which are grouped into the six of National Economic Corridors: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali-Nusa Tenggara, and Papua-Maluku.

The MP3EI programme follows some characteristics of each Indonesian Economic Corridors and focuses on eight main activities: 1) Agricultural; 2; Mining; 3) Energy; 4) Industry; 5) Maritime; 6) Tourism; 7) Telematics; and 8) Development of Strategic Area. The spatial concept for Indonesia's economic development can be more implemented operationally on the way of comprehensive and integrated regional planning for Indonesia. Furthermore, the President established the Master Plan of National Tourism Development (RIPParNas: 2010-2025) on 2 December 2011 through Presidential Regulation number 50 of 2011. The eleven KSPN of Bali are spreading throughout the Regency and City [1].

Literature review, field observation, and expert interviews have identified critical factors (Critical Factors - CFs) into six (6) categories, called SLEEP'S, namely: Social-cultural, Legal-regulatory, Environment, Economic, Politic, and Safety. Thus, the elements of the government through the policy system, legislators through regulation, and the social community through their daily activities can

1, 2, 3 Civil Department, Engineering Faculty, Udayana University Bali, Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected]

Analysis of Tourism Strategic Area Development for Bali Martha Jaya1, Sudarsana2, and Anom Wiryasa3


Journal of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Built Environment, p-ISSN: 2549-6913 33

contribute jointly and harmoniously to support the Economic Development of Bali Province based on the Development of Strategic Tourism Area.

II. RESEARCH METHODS Collecting data used a combination of several methods:

literature review, field observation, brain storming and or semi-structured interviews (Saunders, et al., 2007 and 2009). Meanwhile, analysising data applied a qualitative-verification method [2] that combines Content Analysis Techniques (CAT) [3], [4] and Cognitive Mapping Solutions (CMS) [5], [6]. This method results a concept and identification of critical factors (Critical Factors-CFs) [7] on the Development of Strategic Tourism Area for Bali Province to improve the Equalization of Economic Development.


A. General Overview of the Result Academic research generally includes two important

activities: Library Review and Field Investigation. The literature review is a key for making decisions relates to

evaluate and organise references in order to develop problem-solving ideas [8]. Meanwhile, field investigation is an appropriate essential activity procedure for collecting and analysing data to make solution as problem solving [9]. Furthermore, it is possible to analyse and find results through both sources and to carry out systematic research procedures. In the result section discusses some stages of analysis from two sources: critical factor-CFs analysis affecting the development of the Tourism Strategic Area (KSP) in Bali Province.

B. Literature Review Republic of Indonesia issued Presidential Regulation

Number 32 on 20 May 2011 entitled the Master Plan for Economic Development Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia (MP3EI: 2011-2025). This regulation figures out the Indonesia's economic development with a regional spatial concept approach.

Fig. 1. Economic Corridor of Indonesia Source: PerpresRI-50 (2011)

Fig. 2. National Tourisim Destinations (50-DPN) Source: Rencana Induk Pembangunan Pariwisata Nasional (RIPParNas, 2010-2025)


The economic development is developed as potentiality and excellence of each region in 34 provinces which are grouped into six Corridors of National Economic. These corridors are as main areas of acceleration of economic development for Indonesia. Those areas consist of: 1) Economic Corridor of Sumatra; 2; Economic Corridor of Java; 3.) Economic Corridor of Kalimantan; 4) Economic Corridor of Sulawesi; 5) Economic Corridor of Bali-Nusa Tenggara; and 6) Papua- Economic Corridor of Maluku (Figure 1).

The MP3EI programme is approached to the characteristics of each from the six Indonesian Economic Corridors and is focused on eight main activities: 1) Agriculture; 2) Mining; 3) Energy; 4) Industry; 5) Maritime;

6) Tourism; 7) Telematics; and 8) Strategic Area Development Meanwhile, Figure 2 shows fifty National Tourism Destinations (DPN), including the DPN of Bali-Nusa Lembongan.

The approach of spatial concept for Indonesia's economic development can be more operationally implemented through comprehensive and integrated regional planning of Indonesia. Furthermore, the President of Republic of Indonesia issued Presidential Regulation No. 50 of 2011 that determines the Master Plan of National Tourism Development (RIPParNas: 2010 – 2025) on 2 December 2011.

Fig. 3. National Tourism Strategic Areas (KSPN) Source: Rencana Induk Pembangunan Pariwisata Nasional (RIPParNas, 2010-2025)

Province of Bali is the largest contributor of foreign

exchange for Indonesia from tourism sector. This province has eleven National Tourism Strategic Areas (KSPN). The 8 KSPN (Figure 3) locate in thirty four provinces; whereas eleven of 88 KSPN spread over all of regencies and cities in Bali Province [1], as showed in Figure 4. These eleven include 1) North Bali (Singaraja) and surrounding areas (Buleleng Regency); 2) Menjangan-Pemuteran and surrounding areas (Buleleng Regency); 3) Water of West Bali National Park and its surroundings (Jembrana Regency); 4) Bedugul and surrounding areas (Tabanan Regency); 5) City of Sanur (Denpasar City), Kuta-Nusa Dua and surroundings (Badung Regency); 6) Nusa Penida and surrounding areas (Klungkung Regency); 7) Ubud and surrounding areas (Gianyar Regency); 8) Kintamani-Lake Batur and surrounding areas (Bangli Regency); 9) Sacred Areas of Besakih-Gunung Agung and its surrounding (Karangasem Regency); 10) Tulamben-Amed and surrounding areas (Karangasem Regency); and 11) Labuhan Amuk and surrounding areas (Karangasem Regency).

Eleven of the KSPN Bali (Figure 4) reflects the medium-term objectives of the National Government for 'Development of Bali Tourism Strategic Area in Supporting Equity of Development'. It generally indicates that there is a development gap among regencies and cities. For example,

tourism facilities are supplementary focused in Sanur, Denpasar, and Kuta-Nusa Dua (or in Badung Regency) than other regencies. Submitting a 'moratorium' policy due to the facilities towards its capacity level. In consequence, issuing the KSPN (2010-2025) announces a priority of three developing strategic areas of this island that focuses on Karangasem Regency; whereas the rest locate in Buleleng Regency. Some regency (Jembrana, Tabanan, Bangli, Gianyar, Klungkung) respectively has one development strategic area.

According to Local Regulation number 16 of 2009, the strategic area for Bali Province defines as an area with priority spatial planning that plays important role in multi aspects of Bali development, including economic, social, culture, tourism and or environment. The plan is detailed on the Spatial Plan (RTRW) for the period of 2009 to 2029. Referring to the Presidential Regulation No. 50/2011, Bali Province is specified as the fifth economic corridor (V), or as known Bali-Nusa Tenggara. The MP3EI indicates that the country's foreign exchange contribution from tourism sector can significantly support the equitable distribution of Balinese economic development, and will be achieved through a priority of the Strategic Tourism Development Area

Therefore, the outcome of the first year of this study is a


future research that focuses to identify and analyse critical factors of development for Bali Tourism Strategic Area in order to support the equity of economic development.

C. Identification of Critical Factors (CFs) Literature reviews, field observation, and interviews

identify forty-six (46) important factors that could influence the development of KSPN of Bali Province. These important factors are grouped into six critical factors (Critical Factors or CFs) regarding on the similarity of

information for each factor and the proximity of the meaning of those information. The six CFs categories consist of Socio-culture, Legal-regulatory, Economic, Environment, Politic, and Safety (SLEEP'S). Identification of the critical factor groups (CFs) and each variable component are presented in Table 1.

Fig. 4. Tourism Strategic Area (KSP) of Bali Province Source: RIPParNas (2010-2025)

IV. CONCLUSION The first stage of this research in the first year can be

described in following points: 1. Identification of Critical Factors (CFs) of 46 CFs is

grouped into six catagories, known as SLEEP'S factors (Social-cultural, Legal-regulatory, Economic, Environment, Politic, and Safety).

2. Critical factors (CFs) can be used for a main consideration regarding to improve the Equalization of

Economic Development through the Development of Strategic Tourism Area of Bali Province.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank LPPM Udayana University for supporting the

funds through the Udayana Grander Research Grant (HPUU 2016). The speakers from local government, local parliament house, and social institutions in Bali Province for providing useful data and information. We also thank to the rest of contributors who have helped us during collecting data.


TABLE 1

IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL FACTORS (CFS) IN STRATEGIC TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREA FOR BALI PROVINCE

NO. SLEEP’S & CRITICAL FACTORS (CFs) DESCRIPTIONS SOURCE AND

VERIFICATION 1 SOCIAL & CULTURE

1.1 SC1 - Realization of Social and Cultural Paradigm Changes Recognizing social changing and cultural paradigm Observation &

brainstorming

1.2 SC2 - Social Reasoning Ability to estimate the wishes and changes in people’s behaviour, including foreigners Leverque (2014)

1.3 SC3 - Important Role of Local Communities Important role of local communities Observation & brainstorming

1.4 SC4 - Flexibility of Social Structures/ Hierarchies & Values of Communities

Flexibility of social structure/hierarchy, and community values

Observation & brainstorming

1.5 SC5 - Investment and Saving Desires Desire saving money and investments Observation & brainstorming

1.6 SC6 - Risk Taking for Social Benefits Courage to take some risks for social comfort Observation & brainstorming

2 LEGAL & REGULATORY

2.1 LR1 - Important of Regional Regulations Understanding the importance of local/regional rules Observation & brainstorming

2.2 LR2 - Simple Procedures and Synchronization of Regulations Simplifying procedures and synchronize rules Observation &

brainstorming

2.3 LR3 – Transparent Roles of Regional Tax Measures Transparency in calculation of local taxes Williams (2016)

2.4 LR4 – The role of Government Intervention Role of government interference Morh (2016)

2.5 LR5 - Legal Tradition Orientation Being oriented towards community customs that refers to legal aspects and traditions. Fohlin (2016)

2.6 LR6 – Reformation of unpopular Policy and Local Illegal

Reforming unpopular aspects of wisdom and local offenses Ginsburg (2000)

2.7 LR7 - Role of Regional Laws and Local wisdoms Role of local regulations and local policies. Ginsburg (2000)

3 ENVIRONMENT

3.1 EN1 - Solidarity and Co-operation Among Territories Solidarity and cooperation among territorial borders Observation &

brainstorming

3.2 EN2 - Environment concern and Sustainability Paradigm

Attention to environmental issues and sustainability paradigm.


3.3 EN3 - Cooperating with Civil and Social Societies

Cooperation between government as a controlling policy and social communities


3.4 EN4 - Relative Open Market and Perspective Ways Anticipating free market with future perspectives Observation &

brainstorming

3.5 EN5 – Improving Quality of Rural-Urban Life Environment

Quality of rural and urban environmental conditions with a harmonious life


3.6 EN6 - Focal Point of Environmental Policy Focus on sustainability environmental policy Observation & brainstorming

3.7 EN7 - Decentre Area-specific Policy-making Decentralization and regional spatial policies Observation & brainstorming

3.8 EN8 - Environment aspects of Living Condition Approaches

Approaching to environmental aspects to residential area Flipse (2007)

3.9 EN9 - Local Area Typologies and Quality of Life Local area Typology of local areas and quality of life Flipse (2007)

3.10 EN10 - Integrating National Ambitions into Operational Local Plans

Integrating national ambitions into local spatial planning Flipse (2007)

4 ECONOMIC

4.1 EC1 - Engineering - Economic Management Technological advancement and regional economic management Williams, 2016

4.2 EC2 – Implementation of Science and Technology Development by Local Wisdom

Application of development of science and technology in line with local wisdom


4.3 EC3 - Government Policy on Market/Trading Government policies on market and trade conditions Observation & brainstorming

4.4 EC4 – Updated Interest Rate Consideration of the latest bank interest rate Observation & brainstorming

4.5 EC5 - Human Resource Development Increasing roles of human resources Observation & brainstorming

4.6 EC6 - Natural Resource Usage Control Controlling the utilisation of natural resources Observation & brainstorming

4.7 EC7 - Capital Investment optimisation Using capital and other investment resources Observation & brainstorming

4.8 EC8 - Prosperity Improvement Increasing community welfare Observation & brainstorming

4.9 EC9 - Labour Cost Improvement Improvement the rate of labour Williams, 2016


NO. SLEEP’S & CRITICAL FACTORS (CFs) DESCRIPTIONS SOURCE AND

VERIFICATION 5 POLITIC

5.1 PO1 – Understanding Political Ideology Understanding of political ideology Observation & brainstorming

5.2 PO2 - Lobbying Strategic approaching Observation & brainstorming

5.3 PO3 – Deal with Political Instability Controlling political noises Observation & brainstorming

5.4 PO4 – Socialized Governmental System Promoting government system Observation & brainstorming

5.5 PO5 - Awareness on Relative Political Values Understanding relative values of political factors Observation & brainstorming

5.6 PO6 – Rural-Urban Development Typology Development of typology rural-urban model Observation & brainstorming

5.7 PO7 – Relevancy of Regional Policies Relevance of regional policies Observation & brainstorming

5.8 PO8 - Strategic Chartered of Modern Spatial Planning

Strategy of professional approaches and modernization on spatial planning


6 SAFETY

6.1 SA1 – Mitigation of Natural Disasters Disaster management Observation & brainstorming

6.2 SA2 – Managing (Extreme) Climate Management of extremely weather conditions Observation & brainstorming

6.3 SA3 – Facing the Terrorism/ Intimidation Terrorism issues and intimidation Observation & brainstorming

6.4 SA4 – Mitigation of Chaos Resolving chaos Observation & brainstorming

6.5 SA5 – Availability of Security Assurance Existence of security guarantees Observation & brainstorming

6.6 SA6 - Human Error Tolerance Acceptance of human error factors Observation & brainstorming

REFERENCES [1] PPRI’50, 2011. Rencana Induk Pengembangan Pariwisata Nasional

(RIPParNas: 2010 – 2025). [2] Wiryasa, N.M.A. 2014. Analisis Kelembagaan dalam Pelaksanaan

Penataan Ruang Wilayah Provinsi Bali. Doctorate Thesis. (Unpublished). PPs. Udayana University.

[3] Easterby-Smith, M., Crossan, M., and Nicolini., D. 2002. Organisational Learning: Debates Past, Present and Future. Journal of Management Studies, 37:783-796, doi: 10.1111/1467-6486.00203.

[4] Krippendorff, K. 2004. Content Analysis; an Introduction to Its Methodology. 2nd Edition, London: Sage Publications, Inc.

[5] Eden, C. 1992. On the Nature of Knowledge Map. Journal of Management Studies, 29: 261-265, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00664.x.

[6] Eden, C., and Ackermann, F. 2004. Cognitive Map Expert Views for Policy Analysis in the Public Sector. European Journal of Operation Research. 152: 615-630, c Elsevier, doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00061-4.

[7] Jaya, N.M., and Pathirage, C.P. 2013. Analytic Hierarchy Process for Prioritising Critical Success Factors to Improve the Management of Project Overheads. Proceeding: 11th International Postgraduate Research Conference (IPGRC), pp. 13-29 of 1,157 pages, 8th – 10th April 2013, Media City, United Kingdom. Indexed: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30662/

[8] Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2009. Research Methods for Business Students. Fifth Edition. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.

[9] Yin, R.K. 2009. Case Study Research Design and Methods. Fourth Edition. London, United Kingdom: SAGE Inc.

http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30662/

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