8/6/2019 Issue 012

1/326

ABCDEFG12

: .

XuJuMHWUIKwMufK:UbBWdNWOUIVWKK

acb( )

.

. :

. :

8/6/2019 Issue 012

2/326

acb

( )

XuJ uMH WUIK wMu fK: UbB WdN WOUI V WKK

12

ABCDEFG1978

: .

.

. :

. :

8/6/2019 Issue 012

3/326

8/6/2019 Issue 012

4/326

M

MM

M

:

:

:

:

8/6/2019 Issue 012

5/326

5

(*)

. / .

()

.

.

7

()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

6/326

6

/ .

. . . .

. ()

. . .

.

.

() .

) ( .

() .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

7/326

7

.

. . .

. () .

()

. .

. / .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

8/326

8

.

. . .

) Etymology . (

()

. .

.

. () . .

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

9/326

9

()

() . .

()

. / -) . -) .(

). . .

. . .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

10/326

10

.

. .

. . / . /

. .

. . .

. ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

11/326

11

.

. .

. .

. .

.

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

12/326

12

( / )

. ( ) .

.

.

.

- / - ) (.()

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

13/326

13

.

. .

. . .

. . .

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

14/326

14

.

/ . . .

. . .

.

. . .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

15/326

15

. .

. .

. . .

. . . .

. .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

16/326

16

. ( )

. . . . () .

. (.... . ()..)

.

) : (( ... ) ( ). .

(

8/6/2019 Issue 012

17/326

17

). .

. ( ) . . .

. .()

.

. . ()

.

. () .

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

18/326

18

.

. .

. () . . ( / ) .

. .

. () .

() / .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

19/326

19

.()

( - / - ) .

.() /

. . .

. .

. () .

( - /() - ). .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

20/326

20

.

. ) Mimus ( . .

( / ). ()

. . . .

. .

.()

. .()

. .

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

21/326

21

.

( / ). . (

). .

. ())Panchatranta (

) (Damanaka (Karataka ( .

)Bilawhar Wa Budasaf) (Yudasaf (

. ( ) .

. )) .

. ( )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

22/326

22

.

. . .

()

() . . /

. ) The Arabian Nights ( / . .

.

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

23/326

23

. . .

. . .

. () .

.

() . )Cervantes (

. () . .

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

24/326

24

. / / .

/ ().()

.) (G. Gentius . (A. du Ryer (

) A. Olearius . (

. . .

) R. Dozy (

) Supplement aux dictionnaires Arabes ( . .

) . Pedro de Alcala (

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

25/326

25

.

.

. ()

. .

. () .

) S. M. Stern. . . (

. () .

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

26/326

26

)))Tristram and Iseult (

. )

. () ) .

. . .

)) ( - / -). .

. .

.Wolfram Von (())The Parzival (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

27/326

27

Eschenbch .( ) (

. . () .

) Holy Grail () Krater (

. ()

. .

. ()

.

)Disciplina Clericalis ( () ). Pedro de Alfonso (

.. ()( )

BoccaccioDecamerone ( ) . Squires Tale

8/6/2019 Issue 012

28/326

28

)Peter the Venerable (

. . () .

. . . (

) ( - ) .

() - ) (/(). )Los Bocodos De oro . (

.

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

29/326

29

.

. () .

)M. Asin Palacios) .

.

. ()

. .

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

30/326

30

. )

- ) -

().( ) .

. .

( ) . .

Vathek

)William Beckford(() . .

.

) (-) Antoine Galland (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

31/326

31

. ()

. . .

. . .

. .

. () (-)

.

.

( - ( Sir William Jones . H. F. Deiz . .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

32/326

32

( - ) (-J. Von Hammer Purgstall .

() ) - . ))

: . .F. Ruckert

() (-)Von Platen ( - ) .

()

. ( ).

. () ( / )Edward FitzGerald (-)

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

33/326

33

.

. .

H. A. R. Gibb .

. () . .

. . .

. . .

.

Franz Rosenthal

8/6/2019 Issue 012

34/326

34

- :: -

- .

. - -- - . :

- . . . :

: . . :. -

.- . . :

. -

- . :.

- :- . . :- .((The Koran Interpreted

- - . . :

R. Blachere

(Histoire de la litterature arabe)

F. Gabrieli

(Storia della letteratura araba)

H. A. R. Gibb

J. M. Landau(Arabische Literaturgeschichte)

R. A. Nicholson

G. Viet

(Introduction a la litterature arabe)

A. J. Arberry

G. E. Von. Grunebaum

(Kritik und Dicktkunst, Studien zur arabishen Literaturgeschiete)

8/6/2019 Issue 012

35/326

35

.-- . :

. -

. - . :

.

. .- :

. .

- :

- . . : .

.- . :

. . . .

.- - : : -A. Payliaro. :. :

.

A. Guillaume

(The life of Muhammad. A. Translation of (Ibn) Ishaqs Sirat Rusul

Allah)

J. Kritzech

(Anthology of Islam Literature)

C. Pellat

(The life and Works of Jahiz, Translations of Selected Texts)

A. J. Arberry

(Classical Persian Literature)

A. Bombaci

(Histoire de la litterature turque)

E. G. Browne

(A History of Persian Litterature)

A. Bausani

(Storria della letteratura Persiana)

8/6/2019 Issue 012

36/326

36

- :- . :

.

. - . . :

.-- . :

.

.

U. Monneret de Villard

(Lo Studio dellIslam in Europa nel XII e nel XIII secolo, Studi e

Testi)

A. R. Nykl

(Hispano-Arabic Poetry and its Relations with Old Provencal

Troubadours)

R. W. Southern

(Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages)

8/6/2019 Issue 012

37/326

37

(*)

)Revelation . (

. . .

. : .

8

() .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

38/326

38

. . ()

.

) ))Scholasticism)

. . .

.

() .

()

. . .

) Theodicy ( .) (Eschatology (Anthropology (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

39/326

39

. () ) Personal being (

} () { : { ()} {. (). ()}

.()

{ ) Original Sin ( . () } . . . .

Theocentric (. () Society.(

.

. ()

. .

) Transcendent (.()

) ))Finalistic)

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

40/326

40

) Original Covenant (

. . . .

() St. Andrew of St. SophroniusCrete St. John of Damascus

. ( )

. ( ) . /

() )Theodore Abu Qurra)

() .

. .

/ .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

41/326

41

()) ))Plotinus)) Neo-Platonism (

)Proclus .( . . .

) Natural theology ( ( ) .

.

. . .

. () ). Analogy (

.

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

42/326

42

.

. .

:(). . :

.() :

(

.) . .() : :

( ).

. .

.()

) Liberals ( .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

43/326

43

. ) Reasonable religion (

.

. . .

. () (

) ):Hellenistic Philosophy)

() .

()City

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

44/326

44

. )) .

()

) In concrete: (. ()

:

. .

)Theory of Ideas . (

.. ( / ) ( / ) ( / ) .

( ) . () :

. .

(per accidens per se ( . more philosophico

8/6/2019 Issue 012

45/326

45

.

)) () () .

. .

. () . . .

.()

. () . . .

. . .

. ()

. .()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

46/326

46

.

) reconcile ( ) . status (

.

. () ) (De Anima (Metaphysics ( .

)Oewpia ( .

()) De intellectu (

.

. .

) Traditional believers (

. ()

.))St) .Thomas Aquinas (())Duns Scotus ;(

8/6/2019 Issue 012

47/326

47

.

)Loquentes in Lege Maurorum ( ) ( .

) )) Theology) ) . )Scholasticism

. . .

. . .

. :

)Creeds)

Speculation . Profession of (()

Faith . ( ( (

.() . ( / )()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

48/326

48

. .

. () : .

. () ()

.() ) ( ( ( .

. ()

. () : . ( (

.()

/ ) ( ()) TraditionalKalam (

. ()

.() .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

49/326

49

.

.) Theology (

. .

. ) Heresiology ( . . . (

/ )()) / ) ( )() ()/ ) )

. . : .

) . Classical ( . . .

.() :

8/6/2019 Issue 012

50/326

50

.

.) Theologians () .Systematic (

() ( / ) :

: .

: .: .

: ..():

()( / ) ))

.:()

( / )

) .Via antiqua (()

) Via moderna ( )Aristotelian syllogism (

() .

( / ). () ( / ) .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

51/326

51

: .

.

( ).

( )(). .

. )) . ()

. .

. ) The Golden Mean in Belief (

.

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

52/326

52

.

) . ( : :

.() :

). (Cosmology (Metaphysics (

( / ) ()

( / ) ()

( / )()

(/ ). () .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

53/326

53

. .

. Theology

. .

) De Deo Uno (

() . )) ( ) .

) (Positive (Legal (

)Tradition .( . .

) .Summa (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

54/326

54

()

) Sufism (

. .

. :

. ())Vedanta (

)Interiorize . ( .

. .

:{

{().

:{

.() } : }

8/6/2019 Issue 012

55/326

55

{ (). :

. .(){ } .

{ { . :()}

. () } { :

. :() }{ . (){ }

{ . ()} { . ()}

.

. () }{

{ . ()}

. () }

: }.() }

: { .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

56/326

56

.() }{ :

{ . () } . () }

:{ : . ?

.()}

() .

. () ()

{ () . ()}

{

.() }{ ()

.() }

() . (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

57/326

57

( ))) )

. .

( ): .

() .()

- ( : ). .

.

- .

- ( / )

. /

8/6/2019 Issue 012

58/326

58

. . /

.() . . .

. / .

.

. .

. / .

)Louis Massignon . (: ( ).

). (Joinville (Life of St. Louis ( ( / )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

59/326

59

( ( .

{

.() } :

. . /

.( / ) ()

. . . . .

( ) .() (). ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

60/326

60

. . ()

. () .

. ( / ) ()

.

. .

() .

;

. L. Massignon

.() .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

61/326

61

) Excesses (.

.() :

() ( / )()( / )(() ()( / )()

.()( / )()()/ )

() . / . )

Ladder to Paradise ) St. John Climacus (

. . .

)): () . .()

.

: . ( )

.() ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

62/326

62

. )) .

.

.

. ()

: () .

.

:

() ( / ) .

) Algazel (

)) .

() .

. ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

63/326

63

. .

.() .

()

. ()

) (Mystic (Spiritual. (

.

.

. ()

.()

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

64/326

64

.()

.

: :

) Gnostic ( .

) Emotional intuition ( . ( )

Human (Ego) (Divine Ego. (

.

:

( ).

8/6/2019 Issue 012

65/326

65

) )Macrocosm ) (

)Microcosm.( Gnostic Mysticism :

. / .

( / ). )) .

{

() (). }

. ()

.

))) (Empedocles ())Agathodemon) . ()

. :

8/6/2019 Issue 012

66/326

66

.

. )) . .

.() ( / ) ()

( ). / .

. / . .

. /

.

). logos (. ()

)))Ontological monism)

: ( . ) ( )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

67/326

67

( ).

. .

.()

. () ) Intelligible ideas ( ( ) .

. ()

( .() ) . .

() () .

.() ?

) Inter logos ()Uttered logos) (World of

Humanity) (World of divinity (

( ) . .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

68/326

68

)Stoicism) (Philonism) (Neo-Platonism(

() .) Incarnation (

) Trinity (. .

)Existential Monism ( .

: .

. .

. .

() . .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

69/326

69

.

. . ( ) . .

.

.()

. . .

())Animism ( () .()

:

(() . / ).

8/6/2019 Issue 012

70/326

70

. () . ()

. .

. .

( )... .()

( ())

() . ( ). .

. ( (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

71/326

71

. .

. ) Raymondo / ()Burgos ( - ) (

Michael Scouts ( (. ()

.

. .

. ()) ))Atomism)

)Occasionalism .(() . ()

. . /

) )Hereford). (. ()

) ( . .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

72/326

72

.

) . Boethius ( () )Logica Nova . (

. .

. ( ). )Theology of Aristotle (

) Enneads of Plotinue () ( Liber de Causis (

.())Proclus (Elementatio The ologica

())De Intellecta) ( ()/ )

(De Ortu ())De Scientiis) Scientiarum (

). ) ( /Avicebron ( (

.

) ))Augustinism) ) De Anima (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

73/326

73

( Joan of Toledo ()).

)Gundisalvi. .(

) .M. Gilson (() ( / )

) . (( ) William of Auvergne

Alexander of Hales ( )Jean de la Rochelle( )

) ( ) St. Bonaventura (

( ) Robert Grosseteste ) ( ). John Peckham ()Roger Bacon (

() .

Albertus ( Magnus . (

() ) Dans Scotus (

. ()

.()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

74/326

74

( ) )Naturalism) (Determinism (

().

)The Commentator par excellence ( .

. () () ( )

()

. ()

. .

. ) . (Passive Intellect (Active Intellect (

)Monopsychism . (

)Receptive . (

. )Phantasms (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

75/326

75

. .

. () .

. ()( )Siger de Barabant

())De Unitate Intellectus ContraAverroistas (

.

. (M (Latin Averroism (Vansteenberghen (())Heterodox

Aristotelianism ( () . ( )

) ( ) Raymond Lull ( .

) (A. furious barker (Accursed (

) Jean de Jandun (). An impious Arab (). Navarre (

. ) Padua (. ()

Pietro dAbano) .( )Petrarch (

De (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

76/326

76

Sui Ipsius et Multorum Ignorantia (.()

( ) Pomponazzi Niphus( )( ) zimara

. .

. . . .

. . . .

. ( / ).

. ) Philosophus autodidactus (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

77/326

77

.

. . ( ) ) )

Pico della Mirandola .( ) Edward Pocockthe Younger .( )

() G. Keith . ) Quakers(()

.

) .J. G. Pritius ( ( ) ) ( Simon Ockley (

.A. S ) . . Fulton . J. G.

Eichhorn ()P. Bronnle .() .() Pons Boigues ()

A. Gonzalez Palencia ()( ) L. Gauthier

. J. Kuzmin .()

) (Robinson Crusoe (Daniel Dofoe ( ( () ).

8/6/2019 Issue 012

78/326

78

:

() Miguel Asin Palacios ) Cerulli() ))Liber de la Scala)

( ) .

() .

.

. ()

). ))St. John of the Cross) ( / ). ()

Aprieto : =). Anchura = (

.

: . : .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

79/326

79

.()

. .

.

. .

?

Georges C. Anawati

8/6/2019 Issue 012

80/326

80

PhilosophyPhilosophyPhilosophyPhilosophyPhilosophy

R. Arnaldez, article Falsafa, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn.; S. van

den Bergh, Die Epitome der Metaphysik des Averroes (Leiden, 1924) (=

translation with introduction and notes); idem, Averroes Tahafut al-tahafut,

translated from the Arabic with Introduction and notes, 2 vols. (London, 1954);

T. J. de Boer, Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam (Stuttgart, 1901), translatedby E. R. Jones, The History of Philosophy in Islam (London, 1903, reprinted

1933); H. Corbin, Histoire de la philosophie islamique, i (Paris, 1964) (until the

death of Averroes (with bibliography), an un-usual approach, on which see G.

C. Anawati, in Mlanges Chenu (Paris, 1967), pp. 51-71); M. Cruz Hernndez,

Historia de la filosofia espanola, Filosofia hispanomusulmana, 2 vols. (Madrid,

1957) (covers the whole of Muslim philosophy; extensive bibliographies); idem;La filosofia arabe (Madrid, 1963) (with bibliographies); L. Gardet, La pense

religieuse dAvicenne (Paris, 1951); L. Gauthier, Ibn Rochd (Averros) (Paris,

1958); A. - M. Goichon, La Philosophie dAvicenne et son influence en Europe

mdivale (Paris , 1944, 2nd edn., 1951); idem, Ibn Sina. Livres des directives

et remarques, traduction avec introduction et notes (Beirut-Paris, 1951); G. F.

Hourani, Averroes. On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy, A translation(London, 1961); J. P. de Menasce, Arabische Philosophie (Berne, 1948) (a

critical bibliography); S. Munk, Mlanges de philosophie juive et arabe (Paris,

1859), reprinted 1927) (still excellent); F. Rahman, Avicennas psychology,

An English translation of Kitab al-Najat, Book II, Chapter VI (London, 1952).

TheologyTheologyTheologyTheologyTheology

M. Allard, le Problme des attributs divins dans la doctrine dAl-Ashari et

de ses premiers grands disciples (Beirut, 1965); J. van Ess, Die Erkenntnislehre

Adudaddin al-Ici (Wiesbaden, 1966); R. M. Franck, The Structure of Created

8/6/2019 Issue 012

81/326

81

Causality According to al-Asari, Studia Islamica, xxv (1966), 13-76; L. Gardet,

Dieu et la destine de lhomme (Paris, 1967); idem and M.-M. Anawati,

Introduction a la thologie musulmane, Essai de thologie compre (Paris, 1948);

M. Horten, Die philosophischen Systeme der speculativen Theologen in Islam

(Bonn, 1912); H. Laoust, Les Schismes dans lIslam. Introduction a une tude

de la religion musulmane (Paris, 1965); D. B. Macdonald, Development of

Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory (New York, 1903)

(the sections other than on theology to be used with caution); M. S. Seale,

Muslim Theology. A Study of Origins with References to the Church Fathers

(London, 1964); H. Stieglecker, Die Glaubenslehren des Islam (Paderborn, 1962)

(a detailed descriptive account); J. W. Sweetman, Islam and Christian Theology:

I. 1. Preparatory Historical Survey of the Early Period (London, 1945); I. 2.

The Theological Position at the Close of the Period of Christian Ascendancy in

the Near East (1947); II. 1. Historical Survey of the Second Period (1955); II. 2.

Medieval Scholastic Developments (1967); A. S. Tritton, Muslim Theology

(London, 1947); W. M. Watt, Islamic Philosophy and Theology (Edinburgh,

1963, Islamic Survey Series, I); A. J. Wensinck, The Muslim Creed (Cambridge,

1932).

MysticismMysticismMysticismMysticismMysticism

For a detailed bibliography, see G. C. Anawati, in Angelicum, xliii (1966),

153-66.

A. H. Abdel-Kader, The life, Personality, and Writings of al-Junayd (London,

1962); A.-E. Afifi, The Mystical Philosophy of Muhyi l-Din Ibn alArabi

(Cambridge, 1938); G. C. Anawati and L. Gardet, Mystique musulmane (Paris,

1961); Italian translation, Mistica islamica (Turin, 1960); T. Andrae, Die Person

Muhammads in Lehre und Glauben seiner Gemeinde (Uppsala, 1917); idem,

islamische Mystiker (Stuttgart, 1960); A. J. Arberry, Sufism (London, 1950);

R. Arnaldez in R. Arnaldez et alii, La Mystique et les mystiques (Paris, 1964),

at pp. 571-648; M. Asin Palacios, Sadiles y alumbrados, Al-Andalus, xiii-

8/6/2019 Issue 012

82/326

82

xvii (1945-9); J. K. Birge, The Bektashi Order of Dervishes (London, 1937);

G.-H. Bousquet, Vivification des sciences de la foi. Analyse et index (Paris,

1955), a list of the chapters which have been translated into Western languages

is found in Die Welt des Islams, N. S., x (1965), 100 f.; add.:

The Book of Almsgiving, translated by Nabih Faris (Beirut, 1968); H.

Corbin, LImagination cratrice dans le soufisme dIbn Arabi (paris, 1958);

idem, Suhrawardi dAlep (m. 1191), fondateur de la doctrine illuminative (Paris,

1938) (with bibliography); E. Dermenghem, Les plus beaux textes arabes (Paris,

1951), Chapter IV, pp. 231-97, is concerned with the mystics; J. van Ess, Die

Gedankenwelt des Harit al-Muhasibi (Bonn, 1961); R. Hartman, Al-Kuschairis

Darstellung des Sufismus (Berlin, 1914) (study and part translation); F. Jabre,

La Dlivrance de lerreur (al-Munqidh min al-dalal), translation (Beirut, 1959);

L. Massignon, La Passion dal-Hosayn ibn Mansour al-Hallj, martyr mystique

de lIslam, 2 vols. (Paris, 1922) (the work, entirely rewritten and augmentaed,

is to be published posthumously in three volumes); idem, Akhbr al-Hallaj,

recueil doraison et dexhortations, ed. and translation (Ist edn., Paris, 1914;

3rd edn., Paris, 1957); idem, Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la

mystique musulmane (Paris, 1954); M. Mol, Les Mystiques musulmans (Paris,

1965); M. M. Moreno, Antologia della mistica arabopersiana (Baris, 1951); R.

A. Nicholson, Ibn Arabi, Tarjuman al-ashwaq, ed. and translation (London,

1911); idem, The Idea of Personality in Sufism (Cambridge, 1923); idem,

Mathnawi-i Manawi of Jalaluddin Rumi, ed. and translation, i-vi (London,

1925 -37) (and reprints); idem, The Mystics of Islam (London, 1914); idem,

Studies in Islamic Mysticism (Cambridge 1921) (contains some translations);

P. Nwyia, Ibn Abbad de Ronda (1332-1390) (Beirut, 1956); C. Rice, The Persian

Sufis (London, 1964); H. Ritter, Das Meer der Seele (Leiden, 1955) (analysis

of the writings of Farid al-Din Attar, d. 1190, with bibliography); H. H.

Schaeder, Die islamische Lehre vom Vollkommenen Menschen Zeitschrift

der deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, lxxix (1925), 197-288; M. Smith,

8/6/2019 Issue 012

83/326

83

Rbi a the Mystic and her fellow saints in Islam (Cambridge, 1928); W. M.

Watt, Muslim Intellectual: a study of Al-Ghazali (Edinburgh, 1962).

8/6/2019 Issue 012

84/326

84

8/6/2019 Issue 012

85/326

85

(*)

() - . .

.

( )

.()

) Theology (

9

() .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

86/326

86

.

Legal Subject - matter . () ) )

- ) (Modernism (Traditionalism (

.

. -

)Jewish Law) (Canon Law - ( .

. - - . .

. . - -

: .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

87/326

87

. ()

. .

.

:

.

. . . -

- . .

() / - ) - ) ( - / - )

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

88/326

88

. . ()

. () .

. / . .

. .

Positive (Law .(

.

( / . )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

89/326

89

.

( ) : :

) ( Anglo - Muhammadan Law ( () ).

) Droit Musulman Algerien: ( .

.

. . ( )

. () ( )

.

) Legal (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

90/326

90

: .

. . ()

.

. .

. .

. . . (

. ())Scholastic ( ())

8/6/2019 Issue 012

91/326

91

.

. () ()

.()

. ( ) .

. :

()) Analytical Method ()Analogy .(

Parataxis and (. Association .(

. ()

) Casuistical Method (

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

92/326

92

( ) .

. .

()

.

) .(Juristic person ()Institution

()

.

. )Penal Law ( . ; .

Redress ( . of torts (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

93/326

93

.

. ()

. ))

.

. : ( ) .

( ). . ( /

( .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

94/326

94

. .

. ()

.

.) Positive Law (

Objective . (law (

. () .

) .Public Law (

( ).

.()

. .( Jurists Law ( .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

95/326

95

. ()

.

.()

: . ( ) . .

.. ()

.

. . . ()) Mohatra: (

(()) .Aval (() )

Cheque .

)Sensalis ) Sensale Sensal )

)

8/6/2019 Issue 012

96/326

96

Commenda . ()

( Mozarabs )

. )) /

( ) / - ) - ). . (

) ))Mishnah Torah) / ) . ) ):

)) ()

.(). () ()

)Monophysites (())Nestorians ( .

. ( )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

97/326

97

) Code ) . ) / ).

) Civil Law . (

.()

.

()

.Joseph Schacht

8/6/2019 Issue 012

98/326

98

:

- . .

- . .( )

(- .(

.( ) -

. - . .

:- . .

. -

-

G. H. Bousquet

le Droit Musulman(Collection Armand Colin)

D. Santillana

Instituzioni di diritto musulmano

Chapter Law and Society in Legacy of Islam 1st edm.

Selected Works of C. Snouck Hurgronje

G. H. BousquetJ. Schacht

N. J. Coulson

(A History of Islamic Law)I. Goldziher

(Vorlesungen Uber den Islam)

8/6/2019 Issue 012

99/326

99

. .

. - :

. - - . .

. -

- . -

- . -

:

-

.- ()

- :

-

F. Arin

(Le Dogme et la Loi de LIslam)

D. S. Margoliouth

(The early Development of Mohammedanism)

J. Schacht

(The Origin of Muhammadan Jurisprudence)

(An Introduction to Islamic Law)

J. Sachacht

(Notes sur la sociologie du droit musulman)

(Revue Africaine)

(An Introduction to Islamic Law)

Max Weber

(On Law in Economy and Society)

8/6/2019 Issue 012

100/326

100

. .

. ) ).

:-

( )

- - .

.- ()

E. Shils

M. Rheinstein

J. Schacht

(Droit byzantin et droit musulman)

(Convegno Volta)

A. L. Udovitch

(At the Origins of the Western Commenda)

Speculum

8/6/2019 Issue 012

101/326

101

-

.

(). ()

()

. . . (

).

)) / . :

. ()

. ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

102/326

102

.()

).The Mirrors for Princes (

.

() . .

. ()) Sui Generis (

. .

. . .

{ :.(). ( ) }

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

103/326

103

.

() ( ) . .

()

. .

.() . () . .

. ()

.

. . () .()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

104/326

104

( / ) () .

. ()() ( ).

.()

Divine (Right of Kings. ( / ) .(

) ). ( )

/ .

. ()

. (()

. () )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

105/326

105

. () :

- .- .

- )

. . () ). ()

.

. . .

( / ) .

. .

() .

))

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

106/326

106

. .

.

.() .

( / ) . . : .

() . . .

.() ( ) /

. () .

. () .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

107/326

107

. .

. . ()

. .

. / .

. ()

.

. .

. ()

. () . ( / )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

108/326

108

() .

.

.()

. . . .

(). ()

( ).

. : ( ) ( )

.() ( )

) ( .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

109/326

109

:

. ()

.

() ()

( ).

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

110/326

110

.

().

()

. ( ).

() :

() . ()

.() .

.() () ( / )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

111/326

111

; .

. ()

()

. ()

Constituent (authority (

. .

. : .

.()

()

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

112/326

112

. ( / ) ()

. () .

.() ( / ) ))

. .

. ( )

(). ()

. . .

.() ( ) .

. ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

113/326

113

. ()

.() .

. / / ( ) ( )

. ))

() . () .

) ) . .

.() .

:

8/6/2019 Issue 012

114/326

114

( )

) Divine right ( .

.() ( )

.() ( / ) ()

. . .

( ). .

.() ( / ) ()

. . .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

115/326

115

. ( ) .

() () / . . .

. . / /

() .

.

{ }. .

. ()

() ()

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

116/326

116

.

.()

() ( / ).

() . (-/ -) .

( / ) ()

. . . .

( / ) ()

. ( ). .

. ( / )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

117/326

117

() .

() ) Politeia (

. ()

- ).) .

- .- .

.()

. .

. () ) Active intellect (

.()

) Ignorant City : ( ) Profligate City : (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

118/326

118

)Perverted City . : ( .

) Injurious City: ( .() / ) ) ( )

( / ) . () . . ( /)

).) . .

.

(Civic (Controller of the World (Man .(

. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

119/326

119

.

. . . .

. .

() . .

.

. . .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

120/326

120

.

. ()

.

. . . A. K. S. Lambton

8/6/2019 Issue 012

121/326

121

- - :

E. Fagnan .( )

(*)

F. Dieterice. ..( )

- ( )

Alfarabis Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle: .( )

- : :

F. R. C. Bagley. . .

( )Book of Counsel for Kings: - ) ):

:J. D. Lunciani. .

.( )

()

. ().

8/6/2019 Issue 012

122/326

122

- : . :

( )((Islamic H. Kofler. .- :

:W. T. Thompson. .

: .(Practical Philosophy of The Muhammedan People)

.( )- : .

:R. Levy :

:

)A Mirror for Princes(.( ) : :

E. Fagnan :

(Le Status Gouvernementaux)( )

- : :

G. M. Wicknes. . :))The Nasirean Ethics:

.

- : .( -)C. Schefer. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

123/326

123

- : -V. V. Barthold. . .

S. N. Doniach. .

Islamic Quarterly :.- ()

-L. Gardet

) ( ).)La Cit Musulmane -H. M. Kerr. . :

Islamic Reform; the Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad Abduh

and Rashid Rida)

.( ) . . . -S. K. A. Lambton

(Justice in the Medieval Persian Theory of Kingship)

))Studia Islamica .- ()

))Quis Custodiet Custodes - : .)Studia Islamica : (.- ()

.- () - :

)The theory of Kingship in the Nasihat - ul-Muluk of Ghazali( ))Islamica Quarterly:.- ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

124/326

124

-H. Laoust :La Politique de Gazali

.( ) . -G. Lecombte :

Ibn Qutayba; LHomme son oeuvre, ses idees

.( ) -D. B. Macdonald. .

: Development of Musilim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional

Theory

.( ) -C. Pellat

Le Milieu basrienet la formation d al-Gahiz

.( )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

125/326

125

- .

.

- : .

.

10

8/6/2019 Issue 012

126/326

126

( ). .

.

.

. () (-) .

.() - :

. .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

127/326

127

.

. . .

. ()

.

. () . .

) ))G. Bergstraesser). ()

.

()

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

128/326

128

()) Fons Vitas (

. ()) S. Munk ( )) ()

. () ()

)Barhebraeus .(

. .

()

.

.

- :

.

. ()

.

) -/ -) .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

129/326

129

.()

. ) Alchemy ( .

() .

.

. () .

. .

( /() )

..() ( /

. ())

. ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

130/326

130

.

. .

- :

. (-/ -) . ()

. .()

.

.() ()

() .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

131/326

131

. ?

.

Summaria (Alexandrinorum (

.

.()

:Pseudepigraphia-

.

() )Steinschneider (

. () .

) Pythagoras (

()Turba philosophorum

() .C. E. Dubler () )Centiloquium (()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

132/326

132

(). () Tabula (

samaragdina (() . ) Korpus Hermeticum (() .

) Corpus Hippocraticum ( .

).)

. : .

) Picatrix (.() ()

. .

. () /

. -Teucer(Tankalusha (. (). ()

. ()

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

133/326

133

.

Gutschmid ().

) Arrhae (

. ()

.

. .

) ))S. Guyard) . ()

.

Universal Scholars- :

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

134/326

134

.

: .

) ( - / - ). Rhazes ( .

.

) Continens () Ad Almansorem (

.

.) Dubitationes in Galenum (

() .

. .

. ) Kant (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

135/326

135

. ()

)M.Meyerhof(() . ().. ()

.

.() .

(- / -). ()

. . .

.

.

/

8/6/2019 Issue 012

136/326

136

. ()

. ()

) ))Book of stones) .

() .

.

. .

.

.()

(

) .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

137/326

137

.

.

. .

. () .

.

. () .

: :- .

) L. Thorndike ( .The Place (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

138/326

138

of Magic in the Intellectual History of Europe . (

) G. Sarton ( . .

. ()

: () : ( :) .

.

()

.

)Principia ( .

( ) .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

139/326

139

. ()

:()Picatrix

. .

()

.() .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

140/326

140

) Thorndike (

). ))Turba Philosophorum) .

.()

.

.

- :

. . /

. () . ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

141/326

141

) ( Decans ((). () )

. ) Paruntellonta () A. Warburg (

. () ) frescoes (

) ))Ferrara)) Schifanoja (

.()

Picatrix .( ) .

Haly filius ( (Abenragel(() .

.

/ . () ) ))Picatrix)

.() . (

) .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

142/326

142

.

) Agrippa ( ())Nettescheim () Occulta Philosophia (

) .))Brandenburg)

. ()

.

.

The Alchemists- :

.

) ))Silvestre de Sacy)

. ) Tabula Smaragdina (

). Hermes Trismegistus (

) P. Kraus (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

143/326

143

Hugh (-/-). (

of Santalla (

() ( ).

)Cosmology () Turba Philosophorum (

.

. .()

.

. () .

.() .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

144/326

144

). ))Cratea)

() .

( Zadith Filius Humuel / )

)) ))

.

Medicine and Pharmacology- :

Faust

:

))

))

8/6/2019 Issue 012

145/326

145

))

? : ))G. Madison Priest .

. ()

( )

.

. ()

. ()

( / . ) .

) ))Materia Medica)

) ))Dioscurides) ()

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

146/326

146

.

. () ()

/ -). -) .

.Caesar E . ( Dubler (

Andres (de Laguna .(-) (

).Elia Teres (()

()

.

. () () (Max (G. E. Browne . . (

Meyerhof ( .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

147/326

147

.

. / . .()

()

. . .

()

.. ()

(-/ -) .

() )Liber regius) (Haly filius Abbas .(

) Liber pantegni ( ( ).

( ) .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

148/326

148

.

. ) H. Schipperges . (

. ()

(

( ) . () )) Schipperges (

.

) Avicenna (

/-) -) . . .

. () .

)))A. Z. Iskander) .

. (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

149/326

149

) Averroes ) Colliget (

. ) Bonacosa (. ()

/ ) () )()

. ()

() .(/ ).()) Michael Servetus (

.

. . . (

. () () ). ( ) . .

)A.Feigenbaum) . (J. Hirschburg (

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

150/326

150

.

).Tractatus de Oculis Jezu ben Hali (Andreas.

Vesalius ) .Fabrica (

) . (Chaim Rabin )Charles Singer) .

. ()

.Natural History- :

. .

. .

))

8/6/2019 Issue 012

151/326

151

.( ))

( - . )Alfred de Sareshel (

)Nicholaus Damascenus ( .

. . . ()

)J.A.Arberry . ( () .())Theuphrastus (

. Cassianus (

Bassus Scholasticus (

.())Geoponica(

() .

( () ( / ).()/ )

. :

. ))

8/6/2019 Issue 012

152/326

152

) Theodorus (

) Michael Scotus ()) .

De Arte (Venandi cum avirbus .( ().

. ( ).

) el Sabio ( ) Lapidario (()

.()

)

) ). General Cosmographies (

(/ )

. ()

. () ( /) .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

153/326

153

) Barnacle Geese (

. ()

.

; .

))

()))J.Stevenson . . . .

) Thomas of Cantimpr (

. ())Konrad von Megenberg ( ) . Speculum (

( ) .

.()

Geography- : .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

154/326

154

. . .

. .

.

) Hohenstaufen (

) () Roger.( .

() ()/ .

) .William ( .Vasco (()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

155/326

155

de Gama ( ) ( ()

())Piri Reis ( . . . . .

)Charles H. Hapgood ( .

.() ) Portlano (

Geographia (Nubiensis .(

.

)Pierre Vattier ( .

. () . . (

).

Historiography of Medicine- :

8/6/2019 Issue 012

156/326

156

.

. . ( / )

. ()

/ .()

() . /

() ( / ) () .

.()( / )

() () / .

.()

/ . ()( /)

8/6/2019 Issue 012

157/326

157

: ( /. ())

( /). () ) . August Muller (

. ()

)Asclepius (() .

.

)Peter Kirsten (-) (())Breslau(

) Matthias Wasmuth. () Grammatica Arabica (

.

) John Freind (

( Historyof Physick from the Time of Galen to The Beginning of the 16th Century(

). Salomo Negri (

) Johann Jacob Reiske (

.() .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

158/326

158

) Johann Heinrich Hottinger (

. ) Bibliothecarius quadripartitus () De theologia patristica (

) . De scriptoribus arabicis (Libllus de viris quibusdam illustribus (

apud Arabes (() )

. )

.

.M. Plessner

8/6/2019 Issue 012

159/326

159

: -R. Arnoldex.

L. Massignon

((Histoire general des sciences Rene Taton .- ( )

-D. M. Dunlop.. Arabic Science in the West

.( )

-Ch. Pellat (Les Encyclopedies dans le monde arabe)

Cahiers dhistoire mondiale

.- ()

-M. Plessner ((la Civilta de lOriente Giuseppe Tucci

.- () ( ) -L. Thorndike.

(A History of Magic and Experimental Science)

( -) ( ).La science arabe -Aldo Mieli

8/6/2019 Issue 012

160/326

160

.- :

-) )((Introduction to the History of science

:( -(U. Monneret de Villard.

(Le Studio de lHislam in Europe)

.( ) -A. Muller.

(Arabishen Quellen Zur Geschichte der indischen Medizin).

()((Z. D. M. G

-H. Ritter. R. Walzer. Arabishe Ubersetzungen griechischer Arzte in Stambuler Bibliotheken

.() -F. Rosenthal

(Das Fortleben der Antike im Islam)

( ) . -M. Steinschneider.

(Zur Geschichte der Ubersetzungen aus dem indishen ins Arabische)

((Z. D. M. G .( ) - .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

161/326

161

(Die arabishen Ubersetzungen aus den Grieschischen)

.) () Graz (

: -M. Th. DAlverny. .

)Avicenna Latinus (

(Archives dhistoire doctrinale et letteraire d Moyen age)

.() -J. M. Millas Vallicrosa. .

(Las traducciones Orientales en los manuscritos de la Biblioteca catedral

de Toledo).

-M. Steinschneider .

(Die europaishen Ubersetzungen aus dem Arabischen bis zur Mitte des

17 Jahrunderts).

.

.( ) -F. Wustenfeld

(Die Uberetzungen arabischer Werke in das Lateinishe)

.( )

-C. A. Nallino. .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

162/326

162

Raccolta di Scritti .( )

: -M. Berthelot.

((La Chimie au Moyen Age .( )

-A. J. Festugiere. .

La Revelation dHermes Trismegiste

.( ) -J. W. Fuck.

(The Arabic Literature on Alchemy according to An-Nadim)

( ) -.Ambix -E. J. Holmyard. . ) .Alchemy (

- ((Alchemical Equipment

(A history of Technology)

Ch. Singer . .- ( -)

- ((Jabir ibn Hayyan

.

.( ) . -E. WiedemanKimiya

8/6/2019 Issue 012

163/326

163

( )

-E. G. Browne. . :Arabian Medicine

( ) ( ) -D. Cambell.

Arabian Medicine

- ( ) ( ). .

(Current work in the History of Medicine)

.

(Welcome Historical Medical Library)

-C. Elgood. .

(A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate)

.( ) -J. Hirsehberg.

.(Die arabishen Lehrbucher der Augenheilkande)

.( ) -

.(Die arabishen Augenarzte nach den Quellen Bearbeitet)

.( ) . -L. Leclerc)Histoire de la medecine arabe (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

164/326

164

( ).( ).

-M. Ullmann. ))Die Medizin in Islam ( -(M. Meyerhof

. - () A. Feigenbaum .

)Koroth (

( ) - .

-J. Clement-Millet. )Essai Sur la mineralogie (

.( ) . . . -Ernest. H. F. Meyer)Geschichte der Botanik (

. - () ( ).

-K. Mieleitner.

.() (Geschichte der Milneralogie im Altertum und Mittelatter)

D. Moller.

(Studien zur mittelaterlichen arabishen Falknerei literatur).

.( )

-Ch. Pellat )Hayawan (.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

165/326

165

-M. Plessner ))Baytar

. -)Hadjan (

. -H. Ritter.

( )(Parute des chevaliers und die Literature uber die fitterlichen Kunste)

) () - .Der Islam (-

)Orientalische Steinbucher ()Istanbuler Mitteilungen (

. - ()

-J. de Somogyi. . .(Index des sources de la Hayat al-Hayawan de ad-Damiri)

(.(J. A .. - ()

M. Steinschneider.

)Arabische Lapidarien ( (.(Z. D. M. G . - ()

) -Filaha (.

.

-F. Vire. )Bayzara ()Faras (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

166/326

166

.

) -Djughrafiya ( : .

((J. H. Kramers . . )Maqbul Ahmad (

)Fr. Taeschner (

. . . -V. V. Barthold

. (B. Nikitine)() .

. -

-J. J. Krachkovski. . .(Istoria Arabskoi Geograficheskoi Literatury).

( ) .( - ) :

-J. Sauvaget

(Relation de La Chine et de LInde)

( ) ( ).-

)Les Merveilles de LInde ( .

(in Memorial Jean Sauvaget)

. - ( )

8/6/2019 Issue 012

167/326

167

-

: .

. (

) ( ). :

.

/ .

() () .

. () ( -) :

8/6/2019 Issue 012

168/326

168

( = + ) ().

. ( ) ()

/ .

.. . ( /

()) .

) )

.

. .

) Zij -i- Shah (

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

169/326

169

( / ).

. . .

/ () . ()

() ( / ).

: () () ) () Elements (

) () Data ()Optics) () (Appearance of celestia

sphere) .(Apollonius Pergaeus(

) () Conics : () ( (The determinate () (The sector of a ratio (section) () (Construction of Hydraulic

Machines) .(Theodosius of Tripoli () ()Spherics: () (

(The book of () (The book of places (days and nights) .(Nichomachus of

Gerasa) (Introduction to Arithmatic .(): () ()Menelaus (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

170/326

170

)Spherics () (()) Thedetermination of Adulterated bodies () (

)Elements of Geometry) () (The book of triangles. ( ) Archimedes (

The sphere and: () (() the cylinder) () (The measurement of the Circle(

) () The equilibrium of planes () (

)Foating bodies) () (Stomachion ( ). )Lemmata) ( . ( ... )

.

).))Lemmata)

) (Meton Almagest) ()Eucteman(()

.

(The: ( ) (Autolycus (sphere in Movement ) (

). The rising and setting of the stars) (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

171/326

171

)Aristarchus) (The sizeand distance from the earth of the sun and moon : .(

)Aratus (Hypsicles) Ascentions ofthe signs) .(Hipparchus (

(Introduction (Geminus of Rhodes (to Astronomy. .(

) .Theon () Ptolemy (

)Mathematical Syntax ( ) ))Almagest)

). Gerad of Cremona (

.()

) Manual Tables ( )Hypotheses (

) ))Tetrabiblos))Geography) (Optics .(

) ))Stereo graphic projection) . . .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

172/326

172

. ) .Conics (

. .

: .

. .

.()

/ .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

173/326

173

.

:

/ ) ) . . .

)Guarismo .( ) () (Algorithm (Algorism (

Algortmi de numero ( indorum (

. )Ghubar)) )()

.

(). / .

) Oviedo (

)Euloguis . / ( / ) (

) Albeldension Codex ( ) / . Vigila (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

174/326

8/6/2019 Issue 012

175/326

175

. ) Alhebrista (

. () :

- - + = :

+ + + =

+ = + = ) (

( ) :

+ =

. .

) /() )

() ()

)Diophantus (. ( )

). Rheichenau (( ()/ .

) (

. () : :

8/6/2019 Issue 012

176/326

176

+ = ( / ) ()

) .( () . ( / ) ()

.

.()

. ()

:

.. ( / ) ()

.

() . + + + + =

8/6/2019 Issue 012

177/326

177

+ + + + = + + + + + +

.() .() ()

:) = x - (

) = x - (

) = x - (- > xx

x

( / ) ()

: )Pierre de Fermat (

. .

=+ + + + : ( + + + )().

. ( + +()

+ ...) :

. / .()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

178/326

178

.

. )Verbafilorum Moysi filii Sekir (

( Fibonacci) (JordanusNemorarus) (Roger Bacon) (Thomas

Bradwardine: (

) De mensura circuli( )))Method of Exhaustion)

) Hero ( ()

) Archytas ( .

)Eutochius . (

() .( / ) .

()

)The quadrature of the parabola (() )The letter to Eratosthenes or Method (). On Conoids and Spheroids (

8/6/2019 Issue 012

179/326

179

.

:

.

. ( Cubature of the parabloid (

( /()( / ) () ). ( / )

) Isoperimetry (

() .

) .zenodorus ( :

.

) (Playfair (J. Wallis (

)) .

() ( / ) ( /) ( () /).

Z

8/6/2019 Issue 012

180/326

180

Astronomy () .

. ( / ) ()

.

) Libros del saber de astronomia (

. . .

.

( - / - ).

.

) Saturn ( () .

))) Canopus ( . .

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

181/326

181

) Algol (

() ). Mira Ceti ( .

) Etana (

Vulcan. ) ) ) -).

:()

.

.

+

8/6/2019 Issue 012

182/326

182

) (Progymnastica ())Tycho Brahe)

) . Kayd (

) Ketu (

)Uranography ( .) Calendar of Cordova (

. ( )

. ( )

() .

( ).

( / ) () .

( /) .()

.

8/6/2019 Issue 012

183/326

183

( / ). (

( ) )

.

() . . .

. . .

()

() .

( / () )

( / ) . ))

8/6/2019 Issue 012

184/326

184

.

) ( ) ))Gemma of Frisia) ( Astrolabum Catholicum.( ()

( / ) .

. . () ( ()

/ ).

. )Vetustissimus) (Vetus) (Novus (

.

.

) ( Antikythera () ))Vitruvius))

.

.() ( / ) ()

8/6/2019 Issue 012

185/326

185

. ))

. .

.

.

.

. (

.) ()

: + =

/ ) () )

= .

8/6/2019 Issue 012

186/326

186

. :

( ( + ) = + Rheticus ().Opus Palatinums d triangulis (

( /) () :()

(/ ) :() = [ ( + ) + ( - )]

:

. (

) Sennero Quadrant ( .(

: .

. :

=

=

)- (

) -- ( =

8/6/2019 Issue 012

187/326

187

( ) .

) .))Adelard of Bath)

) Abraha