Issue 1

VOL-I (i) AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 2011

ENERGY BLITZ

INDIA: Sun's Most Favoured Nation

India's renewable future: Challenges and Prospects

How concentrated solar power canmeet India's future power needs?

Best practices for energy conservation in refrigeration and air conditioning

A proven renewable energy technology, most suited to developing nations

ISSN 2249-2992

Advisory Board Dr. A. Jagadeesh | IndiaDr. Bhamy Shenoy | USAEr. Darshan Goswami | USAElizabeth H. Thompson | BarbadosPincas Jawetz | USA

Ediorial Board Salman Zafar | India

Editor & PublisherM. R. Menon

Business & MediaP. Roshini

Book DesignShamal Nath

Circulation ManagerAndrew Paul

Printed and Published byM.R.Menon at Printers Castle, Shoranur, Kerala, India

Editorial Office'Pallavi' KulapullyShoranur 679122, Kerala(E-Mail: [email protected])

Disclaimer: The views expressed in the magazineare those of the authors and the Editorial team | energy blitzdoes not take responsibility for the contents and opinions.energy blitz will not be responsible for errors, omissions or comments made by writers, interviewers or advertisers. Any part of this publication may be reproduced with acknowledgment to the author and magazine

August-September 2011 | volume 01 | issue 01

Registered and Editorial Office'Pallavi, Kulapully, Shoranur 679122,Kerala, IndiaTel: +91-466-2220852/9995081018E-mail: [email protected] Web: energyblitz.webs.com

ENERGY BLI ZT

Welcome to Energy Blitz…

It is with great pride that I present the inaugural issue of 'Energy Blitz', the 48-page bi-monthly e n e r g y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t m a g a z i n e t h a t

addresses energy and environment subjects, topics, business opportunities and policies in India and abroad.

We are excited about the opportunity this journal may provide to promote candid and constructive dialogue on various energy and environmental topics that confront us. You will find Energy Blitz as unique because it provides an avenue to present distinctive perspectives and important topics that will help all of us to view these problems from a different point of view and to engage one another in a productive exchange of potential solutions.

There is rarely any permanent solutions for the energy and environmental challenges we face, and as we publish this and the subsequent issues, our editorial board welcomes cons t ruc t ive d ia logue , observations and suggestions from readers, so that academics, energy and environment experts and decision-makers like you can be presented with opposing viewpoints.

I encourage each of you to consider contributing your unique perspective and knowledge to future issues of Energy Blitz.

I hope this journal becomes preferred reading for you, and I look forward to hearing your insightful viewpoints, objective arguments and rational discourse. Sincerely,

Ramanathan MenonEditor & Publisher

In Between...

Dr.A. Jagadeesh Director Nayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives

H. Elizabeth Thompson Assistant Secretary-General Executive CoordinatorUnited Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)

India's Renewable Future: Challenges and ProspectsBy Dr. Farooq Abdullah

OPPORTUNITIES: SOLAR ENERGYThe Sun: Goldmine of green energyHow Concentrated Solar Power Can Meet India's Future Power NeedsBy Darshan Goswami, M.S., P.E.

SOLAR-FOSSIL INTEGRATION An immediate solution to reduction of carbon foot printBy M. Siddhartha Bhatt

GREEN STRATEGIESBalancing green with financial results How commercial building owners and operators can improve their financial performance by implementing green strategiesBy Rajesh Sikka

Best Practices for Energy Conservationin Refrigeration and Air Conditioning By G.subramanyam

FOCUSINDIA: Sun's most favored nation By M. R. Menon

PROVEN TECHNOLOGYA proven renewable energy technology, most suited to developing nationsBy V.K.Desai

Waste-to-Energy: Market Analysis and Industry TrendsBy Salman Zafar

OPINIONGermany's Nuclear PanicBy Alan Caruba

OPPORTUNITIES: SOLAR THERMAL POWERPotential for Propulsive Thermal Energy Storage in a Modern Steam Powered ShipBy Harry Valentine

GREEN BUSINESSAn insight into green purchasing trade, trends and techniquesBy Staff Writer

MESSAGES6

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9

11

14

20

23

28

33

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42

Advisory Board Dr. A. Jagadeesh | IndiaDr. Bhamy Shenoy | USAEr. Darshan Goswami | USAElizabeth H. Thompson | BarbadosPincas Jawetz | USA

Ediorial Board Salman Zafar | India

Editor & PublisherM. R. Menon

Business & MediaP. Roshini

Book DesignShamal Nath

Circulation ManagerAndrew Paul

Printed and Published byM.R.Menon at Printers Castle, Shoranur, Kerala, India

Editorial Office'Pallavi' KulapullyShoranur 679122, Kerala(E-Mail: [email protected])

Disclaimer: The views expressed in the magazineare those of the authors and the Editorial team | energy blitzdoes not take responsibility for the contents and opinions.energy blitz will not be responsible for errors, omissions or comments made by writers, interviewers or advertisers. Any part of this publication may be reproduced with acknowledgment to the author and magazine

August-September 2011 | volume 01 | issue 01

Registered and Editorial Office'Pallavi, Kulapully, Shoranur 679122,Kerala, IndiaTel: +91-466-2220852/9995081018E-mail: [email protected] Web: energyblitz.webs.com

ENERGY IBL TZ

Welcome to Energy Blitz…

It is with great pride that I present the inaugural issue of 'Energy Blitz', the 48-page bi-monthly e n e r g y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t m a g a z i n e t h a t

addresses energy and environment subjects, topics, business opportunities and policies in India and abroad.

We are excited about the opportunity this journal may provide to promote candid and constructive dialogue on various energy and environmental topics that confront us. You will find Energy Blitz as unique because it provides an avenue to present distinctive perspectives and important topics that will help all of us to view these problems from a different point of view and to engage one another in a productive exchange of potential solutions.

There is rarely any permanent solutions for the energy and environmental challenges we face, and as we publish this and the subsequent issues, our editorial board welcomes cons t ruc t ive d ia logue , observations and suggestions from readers, so that academics, energy and environment experts and decision-makers like you can be presented with opposing viewpoints.

I encourage each of you to consider contributing your unique perspective and knowledge to future issues of Energy Blitz.

I hope this journal becomes preferred reading for you, and I look forward to hearing your insightful viewpoints, objective arguments and rational discourse. Sincerely,

Ramanathan MenonEditor & Publisher

In Between...

Dr.A. Jagadeesh Director Nayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives


India's Renewable Future: Challenges and ProspectsBy Dr. Farooq Abdullah

OPPORTUNITIES: SOLAR ENERGYThe Sun: Goldmine of green energyHow Concentrated Solar Power Can Meet India's Future Power NeedsBy Darshan Goswami, M.S., P.E.

SOLAR-FOSSIL INTEGRATION An immediate solution to reduction of carbon foot printBy M. Siddhartha Bhatt

GREEN STRATEGIESBalancing green with financial results How commercial building owners and operators can improve their financial performance by implementing green strategiesBy Rajesh Sikka

Best Practices for Energy Conservationin Refrigeration and Air Conditioning By G.subramanyam

FOCUSINDIA: Sun's most favored nation By M. R. Menon


Waste-to-Energy: Market Analysis and Industry TrendsBy Salman Zafar


OPPORTUNITIES: SOLAR THERMAL POWERPotential for Propulsive Thermal Energy Storage in a Modern Steam Powered ShipBy Harry Valentine

GREEN BUSINESSAn insight into green purchasing trade, trends and techniquesBy Staff Writer

MESSAGES6

7

9

11

14

20

23

28

33

35

38

40

42

Climate change, Global for one of the environmental parties. One of

the most positive developments in the world Warming , Renewab les ,

recently has been the growing awareness of the Future of Nuclear energy are

importance of nature. There is nothing sacred some of the buzzwords these

or holy about this. Taking care of our planet is days. There is growing

like taking care of our houses. Since we human concern on Climate change

beings come from Nature, there is no point in and its implications. Another

our going against Nature, which is why I say crucial issue has been Energy

the environment is not a matter of religion or resources and water.

ethics or morality. These are luxuries, since we Lately there has been some can survive without them. But we will not

problems in the supply of conventional energy survive if we continue to go against Nature.sources (those that come from fossil fuels) so it is really no wonder that more and more nations We have to accept this. If we unbalance are interested to use different renewable Nature, humankind will suffer. Furthermore, energy systems in order to satisfy their as people alive today, we must consider future growing energy demand. All renewable energy generations: a clean environment is a human systems have one thing in common, namely right like any other. It is therefore part of our the fact that they are harnessed from nature. responsibility towards others to ensure that the This means that they are constantly world we pass on is as healthy, if not healthier, replenished unlike the fossil fuels that are than when we found .it. This is not quite such a likely to run out in years to come. These difficult proposition as it might sound. For advantages are making them more and more although there is a limit to what we as popular compared to conventional energy individuals can do, there is no limit to what a s o u r c e s . universal response might achieve. It is up to us

as individuals to do what we can, however Renewable energy sectors are all about using little that may be. Just because switching off natural sources to create energy. These natural the light when leaving the room seems sources usually include the sun, water, wind, inconsequential, it does not mean that we and geothermal sources. The science and should not do it”.technology are constantly developing so it is

Though there are many Journals available on logical to expect even more renewable energy

Energy and Environment, a bold step to bring sources in years to come, as well as the highly

out 'Energy Blitz' to focus issues on Energy and improved efficiency of existing ones.

Environment is indeed laudable. Mr.

Ramanathan Menon is known for his Many people think of the sun, or to be more

commitment and sincerity as an Energy precise solar energy as the main future energy

Journalist. I congratulate the Founder and source. Throughout the history of the

Editor of Energy Blitz for bringing out a humanity Sun has been used to give light and

journal of top quality which will further the heat but Sun's almost unlimited potential can

cause and use of Energy in an effective way provide electricity enough for the whole

and promote Clean Environment issues. I wish planet. Different methods have been used to

the journal every success.harness energy from Sun, and the simplest

method is through the use of a photovoltaic

cells. Photovoltaic cells contain a special

technology that traps the sun's energy and

converts it into electricity.

As Nobel Laureate Dalai Lama put it: “If I

were actually to vote in an election, it would be

I am delighted to welcome “Energy B

meltdown has pushed many families into crisis or poverty. More than ever people are searching for litz” to the answers and measures which will create enduring constellation of energy development, not for the few but for the majority, a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l for all. magazines, confident that

Ram Menon, given his special knowledge and It is against this background that the United interest in such issues, Nations, its member-states, civil society and NGOs will do an excellent job as across the globe prepare to return to Rio, in June editor. 2012, a year from now, for what is being billed as

“ R i o + 2 0 C o n f e r e n c e o n S u s t a i n a b l e Development.” The meeting has three objectives to Twenty years ago when renew political commitment to sustainable the world met at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, the development, to assess where there have been gaps intention was to put countries on the globe on a new in the implementation of global development development path. This was achieved through two agreements and to identify and consider the new measures. The first was universal acceptance of the and emerging challenges which countries are now definition of sustainable development as given by and will be facing for the foreseeable future. the Brundtland Commission to mean “development

which meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future The conference has two broad themes green generations to meet their own needs.” Second, a economy in the context of sustainable development promulgation of some 21 agreed principles and poverty eradication and the institutional covering the “three pillars of sustainable framework for sustainable development. The deve lopmen t” soc i a l , e conomic and attempt to catalyse a global green economy is environmental. In the intervening years there have intended not only to reduce our ecological footprint been many successes but alas, there have also been and move to a low carbon mode of living, doing failures. business and having recreation but is intended, by

relying on green principles and renewable energy sources and technologies, to achieve sustainability Countries across the globe are struggling to achieve in a way that an economy which is anchored on national sustainability in the areas of the “three hydrocarbons and the consumption of finite pillars.” What has clearly emerged is that natural resources could not be sustained. Further capital has a value. There is a high social and information on the conference may be obtained economic cost to environmental degradation. It is from http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/. the natural resource base which sustains both

society and economy and the failure to protect this base undermines our ability for social and economic Countries of the South, particularly the large growth and sustainability. The inextricable nature developing countries which have an abundance of of the envi ronmenta l -economic-socia l - renewable resources can become world leaders in development link has become increasingly this new development model. Brazil, the conference apparent. As has the fact that energy and host, while an oil producing country, is a leader in environmental concerns, will continue to consume biofuels. A significant part of Brazil's economic significant percentages of global GDP and growth which comes directly from its maximisation dominate national and intergovernmental policy of renewable energy sources. and finance agendas for the foreseeable future.

I fully expect that “Energy Blitz” will play a Whether we are focussed on flooding, earthquakes, significant role in leading a national dialogue on climate change impacts, the escalating cost of food energy environmental and broad development and fuel, access and affordability or energy and issues, as well as how India can earn first mover food security, physical development planning for advantage and be a leader in the new global green cities and urban sprawl, water scarcity, or the market place. growing number of environmental refugees; many of the critical policy issues facing governments are I wish “Energy Blitz” every success. rooted in the environment. Just as the drama of the physical devastation and personal pain of loss in the wake of earthquakes and tsunamis have caught the attention of newsrooms world wide, issues of governance and social justice have also compelled our attention as we watched people across the globe take up arms in demand of a better quality of life for themselves and their children. The global financial

Dr.A. Jagadeesh

DirectorNayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives2/210 Nawabpet, Nellore 624 002, A.P.E-mail: [email protected]


6 7

Climate change, Global for one of the environmental parties. One of

the most positive developments in the world Warming , Renewab les ,

recently has been the growing awareness of the Future of Nuclear energy are

importance of nature. There is nothing sacred some of the buzzwords these

or holy about this. Taking care of our planet is days. There is growing

like taking care of our houses. Since we human concern on Climate change

beings come from Nature, there is no point in and its implications. Another

our going against Nature, which is why I say crucial issue has been Energy

the environment is not a matter of religion or resources and water.

ethics or morality. These are luxuries, since we Lately there has been some can survive without them. But we will not

problems in the supply of conventional energy survive if we continue to go against Nature.sources (those that come from fossil fuels) so it is really no wonder that more and more nations We have to accept this. If we unbalance are interested to use different renewable Nature, humankind will suffer. Furthermore, energy systems in order to satisfy their as people alive today, we must consider future growing energy demand. All renewable energy generations: a clean environment is a human systems have one thing in common, namely right like any other. It is therefore part of our the fact that they are harnessed from nature. responsibility towards others to ensure that the This means that they are constantly world we pass on is as healthy, if not healthier, replenished unlike the fossil fuels that are than when we found .it. This is not quite such a likely to run out in years to come. These difficult proposition as it might sound. For advantages are making them more and more although there is a limit to what we as popular compared to conventional energy individuals can do, there is no limit to what a s o u r c e s . universal response might achieve. It is up to us

as individuals to do what we can, however Renewable energy sectors are all about using little that may be. Just because switching off natural sources to create energy. These natural the light when leaving the room seems sources usually include the sun, water, wind, inconsequential, it does not mean that we and geothermal sources. The science and should not do it”.technology are constantly developing so it is

Though there are many Journals available on logical to expect even more renewable energy

Energy and Environment, a bold step to bring sources in years to come, as well as the highly

out 'Energy Blitz' to focus issues on Energy and improved efficiency of existing ones.

Environment is indeed laudable. Mr.

Ramanathan Menon is known for his Many people think of the sun, or to be more

commitment and sincerity as an Energy precise solar energy as the main future energy

Journalist. I congratulate the Founder and source. Throughout the history of the

Editor of Energy Blitz for bringing out a humanity Sun has been used to give light and

journal of top quality which will further the heat but Sun's almost unlimited potential can

cause and use of Energy in an effective way provide electricity enough for the whole

and promote Clean Environment issues. I wish planet. Different methods have been used to

the journal every success.harness energy from Sun, and the simplest

method is through the use of a photovoltaic

cells. Photovoltaic cells contain a special

technology that traps the sun's energy and

converts it into electricity.

As Nobel Laureate Dalai Lama put it: “If I

were actually to vote in an election, it would be

I am delighted to welcome “Energy B

meltdown has pushed many families into crisis or poverty. More than ever people are searching for litz” to the answers and measures which will create enduring constellation of energy development, not for the few but for the majority, a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l for all. magazines, confident that

Ram Menon, given his special knowledge and It is against this background that the United interest in such issues, Nations, its member-states, civil society and NGOs will do an excellent job as across the globe prepare to return to Rio, in June editor. 2012, a year from now, for what is being billed as

“ R i o + 2 0 C o n f e r e n c e o n S u s t a i n a b l e Development.” The meeting has three objectives to Twenty years ago when renew political commitment to sustainable the world met at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, the development, to assess where there have been gaps intention was to put countries on the globe on a new in the implementation of global development development path. This was achieved through two agreements and to identify and consider the new measures. The first was universal acceptance of the and emerging challenges which countries are now definition of sustainable development as given by and will be facing for the foreseeable future. the Brundtland Commission to mean “development

which meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future The conference has two broad themes green generations to meet their own needs.” Second, a economy in the context of sustainable development promulgation of some 21 agreed principles and poverty eradication and the institutional covering the “three pillars of sustainable framework for sustainable development. The deve lopmen t” soc i a l , e conomic and attempt to catalyse a global green economy is environmental. In the intervening years there have intended not only to reduce our ecological footprint been many successes but alas, there have also been and move to a low carbon mode of living, doing failures. business and having recreation but is intended, by

relying on green principles and renewable energy sources and technologies, to achieve sustainability Countries across the globe are struggling to achieve in a way that an economy which is anchored on national sustainability in the areas of the “three hydrocarbons and the consumption of finite pillars.” What has clearly emerged is that natural resources could not be sustained. Further capital has a value. There is a high social and information on the conference may be obtained economic cost to environmental degradation. It is from http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/. the natural resource base which sustains both

society and economy and the failure to protect this base undermines our ability for social and economic Countries of the South, particularly the large growth and sustainability. The inextricable nature developing countries which have an abundance of of the envi ronmenta l -economic-socia l - renewable resources can become world leaders in development link has become increasingly this new development model. Brazil, the conference apparent. As has the fact that energy and host, while an oil producing country, is a leader in environmental concerns, will continue to consume biofuels. A significant part of Brazil's economic significant percentages of global GDP and growth which comes directly from its maximisation dominate national and intergovernmental policy of renewable energy sources. and finance agendas for the foreseeable future.

I fully expect that “Energy Blitz” will play a Whether we are focussed on flooding, earthquakes, significant role in leading a national dialogue on climate change impacts, the escalating cost of food energy environmental and broad development and fuel, access and affordability or energy and issues, as well as how India can earn first mover food security, physical development planning for advantage and be a leader in the new global green cities and urban sprawl, water scarcity, or the market place. growing number of environmental refugees; many of the critical policy issues facing governments are I wish “Energy Blitz” every success. rooted in the environment. Just as the drama of the physical devastation and personal pain of loss in the wake of earthquakes and tsunamis have caught the attention of newsrooms world wide, issues of governance and social justice have also compelled our attention as we watched people across the globe take up arms in demand of a better quality of life for themselves and their children. The global financial

Dr.A. Jagadeesh

DirectorNayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives2/210 Nawabpet, Nellore 624 002, A.P.E-mail: [email protected]


6 7

Driving Inclusive Growth

India today stands among the top five countries in the world in terms of renewable energy capacity. We have an installed base of over 15 GW, which is around 9% of India's total power generation capacity and contributes over 3% in the electricity mix. While the significance of renewable energy

India is perceived as a developing country, but it is from the twin perspectives of energy security and developing at a pace that is not matched by many others. We environmental sustainability is usually well appreciated, have experienced significant economic growth. Yet the fact what is often overlooked, or less appreciated, is the capacity remains that our growth is constrained by energy supply to usher in energy access for all, including the most and availability. Although we have seen an impressive disadvantaged and the remotest of our habitations. increase in installed capacity addition, from barely about 1,350 MW at the time of independence (1947) to about In its decentralized or stand alone avatar, renewable energy 160,000 MW today, over 90,000 MW of new generation is the most appropriate, scalable, and optimal solution for capacity is required in the next seven years. A providing power to thousands of remote and hilly villages corresponding investment is required in transmission and and hamlets. Even today, millions of decentralized energy distribution. systems, solar lighting systems, irrigation pumps, aero-

generators, biogas plants, solar cookers, biomass gasifiers, and improved cook stoves, are being used in the remotest, inaccessible corners of the country. Providing energy access to be most d i s a d v a n t a g e d a n d remote communities can become one the biggest drivers of inclusive growth.

The National Solar Mission

The Sun is the ultimate source of energy. The National Action Plan on Climate Change in June 2008 identif ied the development of solar energy technologies in the country as a priority

item to be pursued as a National Mission. In November The increasing appetite for energy that has developed in the 2009, the Government of India approved the Jawaharlal recent past has been further complicated by rapidly Nehru National Solar Mission. This is a unique and diminishing conventional sources, like oil and coal. To ambitious transformational objective that aims to establish further add to the problems of increased demand and India as a global leader in solar energy by creating the constrained supply, there are serious questions about policy conditions for its diffusion across the country, as pursuing a fossil fuel-led growth strategy, especially in the quickly as possible.context of environmental concerns. The challenge facing a

developing nation such as ours is to meet our increasing The Mission aims to enable 20,000 MW of solar energy to energy needs while minimizing the damage to the be deployed in India by 2022 by providing an enabling environment.policy framework. By leveraging domestic and foreign investments, this framework will facilitate and provide the This is why, while striving to bridge our energy deficit, we foundation for the private sector to participate whole-want to increase the share of clean, sustainable, new and heartedly and to engage in research and development renewable energy sources. Whether or not renewable (R&D), manufacturing and deployment, making this sector energy completely replaces fossil fuel, we are determined globally competitive. This is the largest and the most to develop renewable energy to its fullest potential.ambitious programme of its kind anywhere in the world. The Mission is technology-neutral, allowing technological

India's Renewable Future: Challenges and Prospects

By Dr. Farooq Abdullah

“Dr. Farooq Abdullah, India's Minister of New and Renewable Energy, wants India to transform the promise of boundless and clean energy into reality”

9

Driving Inclusive Growth

India today stands among the top five countries in the world in terms of renewable energy capacity. We have an installed base of over 15 GW, which is around 9% of India's total power generation capacity and contributes over 3% in the electricity mix. While the significance of renewable energy

India is perceived as a developing country, but it is from the twin perspectives of energy security and developing at a pace that is not matched by many others. We environmental sustainability is usually well appreciated, have experienced significant economic growth. Yet the fact what is often overlooked, or less appreciated, is the capacity remains that our growth is constrained by energy supply to usher in energy access for all, including the most and availability. Although we have seen an impressive disadvantaged and the remotest of our habitations. increase in installed capacity addition, from barely about 1,350 MW at the time of independence (1947) to about In its decentralized or stand alone avatar, renewable energy 160,000 MW today, over 90,000 MW of new generation is the most appropriate, scalable, and optimal solution for capacity is required in the next seven years. A providing power to thousands of remote and hilly villages corresponding investment is required in transmission and and hamlets. Even today, millions of decentralized energy distribution. systems, solar lighting systems, irrigation pumps, aero-

generators, biogas plants, solar cookers, biomass gasifiers, and improved cook stoves, are being used in the remotest, inaccessible corners of the country. Providing energy access to be most d i s a d v a n t a g e d a n d remote communities can become one the biggest drivers of inclusive growth.

The National Solar Mission

The Sun is the ultimate source of energy. The National Action Plan on Climate Change in June 2008 identif ied the development of solar energy technologies in the country as a priority

item to be pursued as a National Mission. In November The increasing appetite for energy that has developed in the 2009, the Government of India approved the Jawaharlal recent past has been further complicated by rapidly Nehru National Solar Mission. This is a unique and diminishing conventional sources, like oil and coal. To ambitious transformational objective that aims to establish further add to the problems of increased demand and India as a global leader in solar energy by creating the constrained supply, there are serious questions about policy conditions for its diffusion across the country, as pursuing a fossil fuel-led growth strategy, especially in the quickly as possible.context of environmental concerns. The challenge facing a

developing nation such as ours is to meet our increasing The Mission aims to enable 20,000 MW of solar energy to energy needs while minimizing the damage to the be deployed in India by 2022 by providing an enabling environment.policy framework. By leveraging domestic and foreign investments, this framework will facilitate and provide the This is why, while striving to bridge our energy deficit, we foundation for the private sector to participate whole-want to increase the share of clean, sustainable, new and heartedly and to engage in research and development renewable energy sources. Whether or not renewable (R&D), manufacturing and deployment, making this sector energy completely replaces fossil fuel, we are determined globally competitive. This is the largest and the most to develop renewable energy to its fullest potential.ambitious programme of its kind anywhere in the world. The Mission is technology-neutral, allowing technological

India's Renewable Future: Challenges and Prospects

By Dr. Farooq Abdullah

“Dr. Farooq Abdullah, India's Minister of New and Renewable Energy, wants India to transform the promise of boundless and clean energy into reality”

9

innovation and market conditions to determine technology winners. The Mission is not merely an effort at generating grid-connected electricity. Rather, two of its major objectives are to encourage R&D and encourage innovation, thereby facilitating grid-parity in the cost of solar power, and to establish India as the global hub for solar manufacturing. This is what makes it a uniquely ambitious and game-changing programme.

In the very first year of its existence, the Mission has succeeded in catalyzing investments in 200MW of grid-connected solar power plants, with another 500 MW expected to roll in shortly.

Wind, Biomass and Hydro Energy Generation

Though solar energy is the future, wind energy is where India competes globally in manufacturing and deployment in the present scenario. India has an installed capacity of over 11,000 MW of wind energy, and occupies the fifth position in the world, after USA, Germany, China and Spain. Our policy framework in wind energy generation is extremely investor-friendly, and an attractive tariff and regulatory regime provide a strong foundation for the growth of the sector.

Reducing Costs

The challenge before us in the renewable energy sector generally, and in India particularly, is to reduce the per-unit cost of renewable energy. Hence, there is a continuous need to innovate to increase efficiencies and bring down costs. Innovations can be brought about in various ways it is possible to harness lower wind speeds; the energy of tides and waves can be channeled to produce electricity; alternate transport fuels can make our journeys less carbon intensive; hydrogen can be an ideal energy storage and carrier; and it is possible to have a larger grid with lower losses of electricity.

Innovations need not always be technology-based. Insightful policy interventions can also significantly increase the use of renewable energy. For instance, in India we are working with the regulators to lay down the framework for tradable renewable energy certificates. While this will enable us to achieve a larger share of renewable energy in our electricity mix, the federal regulator's recent announcement of normative guidelines for provincial regulators to fix tariffs for renewable energy will provide a mechanism for better returns for renewable energy developers. We are confident that all these policy interventions will further boost investments in the sector. We

My ministry has recently taken the decision to introduce are also working towards closer engagement with the banks generation-based incentives, a scheme whereby investors, as and lending agencies to help developers gain access to easy well as getting the tariff as determined by the respective state and cheaper sources of finance.regulatory commissions, will also receive a financial incentive per unit of electricity generated over ten years. The Immense Opportunitiesdecision to incentivize the generation of power will create a level playing field between foreign and domestic investors, For centuries, the Indian tradition has worshipped the sun, and I hope this will catalyze more investments in this field by the wind, the earth, and water, as sources of life, energy and large independent power producers and foreign investors. creation. Today's technology provides us with a real

opportunity to transform the promise of boundless and clean Biomass, which is an eco-friendly source for production of energy into reality. From rooftop solar power in urban electricity, also holds considerable promise for India. Our agglomerations, to decentralized and off-grid solutions in estimates indicate that, with the present utilization pattern of remote rural communities the opportunities in renewable crop residues, the amount of surplus biomass materials is power are immense. We believe that governments, in their about 150 million tones, which could generate about 16,000 facilitative role, have to create enabling ecosystems, which MW of power. will, in turn, in facilitate the healthy unleashing of the

entrepreneurial spirit of the private sector and lead to the Hydro projects up to 25 MW capacities are termed as small rapid development and deployment of renewable energy.hydro, and this energy stream has a potential of over 15,000 MW. At present, a capacity addition of about 300 MW per My vision is to see that every citizen of the world has access year is being achieved from small hydro projects about 70% to reliable and affordable clean energy. It is for us to rise up is coming through the private sector. So far, hydropower together to take advantage of these opportunities and projects with a capacity of over 2,700 MW have been set up translate the vision of a better world for all mankind into in the country, and projects for about 900 MW are in various reality.stages of implementation. The aim is to double the current growth rate, and take it to a capacity addition of 500 MW per year in next two-three years.

Dr. Farooq Abdullah is the Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy in the Government of India. He is best-known for his energetic leadership of the groundbreaking and transformational initiative in renewable energy The Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission. He is also known for a number of other initiatives in the renewable energy space in India notably the introduction of generation-based incentives, and the move towards the introduction of renewable energy certificates.

electricity by 2050 or earlier via power lines stretching

across the desert and under the Mediterranean Sea.

Solar energy is an enormous resource that is readily available in all countries throughout the world, and all the space above the earth. Long ago, scientists calculated that an hour's worth of sunlight bathing the planet held far more energy than humans worldwide could consume in a year. I

India's potential benefits from solar power are as firmly believe that India should accelerate the use of all forms of renewable energy (photovoltaic, thermal solar, numerous as the sands of Rajasthan desert, and include solar lamps, solar pumps, wind power, biomass, biogas, reduced dependence on fossil fuels and a cleaner and hydro), and more proactively promote energy

environment. These benefits can be realized by installing efficiency. However, in this article, I will only focus on the

renewable energy technologies, such as CSP, to protect the use of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology to meet environment while diversifying energy resources and I n d i a ' s f u t u r e e n e r g y n e e d s .

h e l p i n g t o l o w e r p r i c e s . Concentrated solar power plants have been used in California since the 1980s. More recently, Pacific Gas &

Solar power can also reduce strain on the electric grid on Electric has signed contracts to buy 500 megawatts of solar hot summer afternoons, when air conditioners are running, thermal power from two solar companies. First, NextEra

Energy Resources will sell 250 megawatts of CSP by generating electricity where it is used. India has optimal generated power from the Genesis Solar Energy Project to conditions to use CSP to harness solar energy from the be located in Riverside, Calif. Second, Abengoa's Mojave

Rajasthan Desert. However, to take advantage of this Solar project will supply the remaining 250 megawatts innovative technology, potential CSP plant sites must be from a plant located in San Bernardino County, Calif.

Subject to California Public Utility Commission approval identified and deployment accelerated. Specifically, India of the power purchase agreements, construction of these needs to heavily subsidize Solar and Wind Power projects solar energy generating plants is expected to start in 2010

just like Japan, Germany and other European nations are with operations planned to begin in 2013. Both these solar doing. The use of renewable energy has great potential to thermal power projects will contribute to meeting

California's aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standard, create more jobs in India especially in the rural areas.which calls for moving away from fossil fuels to solar and other renewable energy sources that avoid pollution and g r e e n h o u s e g a s e m i s s i o n s .

How the Technology WorksCSP plants generate electricity from sunlight by focusing In addition to California, the sunny state of Arizona has

become home to the world's largest Solar Plant. Solana solar energy, collected by an array(s) of sun-tracking (which means “a sunny place” in Spanish) solar power mirrors called heliostats, onto a central receiver. Liquid generating station is scheduled to begin operation in 2012,

salt (a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate) is harnessing Arizona's most abundant renewable energy

circulated through tubes in the receiver, absorbing the heat resource the sun. This plant (located 70 miles southwest of energy gathered from the sun. The heated salt is then Phoenix) has a projected capacity of 280 megawatts, and

will make use of Abengoa Solar's CSP technology. routed to an insulated tank where it can be stored with

minimal energy losses. To generate electricity, the hot Worldwide, Germany and Spain are leaders in solar power molten salt is routed through heat exchangers and a steam generation with 4,000 megawatts and 600 megawatts of generation system. The steam is then used to produce installed capacity, respectively. A recently formed electricity in a conventional steam turbine. After exiting consortium of 12 companies, known as the Desertec the steam generation system, the now cool salt mixture is Industrial Initiative (DDI), plans to spend 400 billion Euros circulated back to the “cold” thermal storage tank, and the ($557 billion) to extract solar energy from the Sahara c y c l e i s r e p e a t e d .desert. The DDI aims to deliver solar power to Europe as

early as 2015 and eventually provide 15% of Europe's While CSP technology is not new, it offers one of the most

“The vast Rajasthan Desert is very similar to the Sahara desert in Africa, and has the potential to become the largest solar power plant in India. Due to high levels of available sunlight, CSP plants in Rajasthan could begin satisfying most of India's energy needs in just a few years”

“India's solar energy holds great promise.

India must accelerate its investment in

renewable energy resources, specifically

solar and wind energy”

OPPORTUNITIES: SOLAR ENERGYThe Sun: Goldmine of green energy

By Darshan Goswami, M.S., P.E.How Concentrated Solar Power Can Meet India's Future Power Needs

10 11

(Courtesy: )Making It Magazine

innovation and market conditions to determine technology winners. The Mission is not merely an effort at generating grid-connected electricity. Rather, two of its major objectives are to encourage R&D and encourage innovation, thereby facilitating grid-parity in the cost of solar power, and to establish India as the global hub for solar manufacturing. This is what makes it a uniquely ambitious and game-changing programme.

In the very first year of its existence, the Mission has succeeded in catalyzing investments in 200MW of grid-connected solar power plants, with another 500 MW expected to roll in shortly.

Wind, Biomass and Hydro Energy Generation

Though solar energy is the future, wind energy is where India competes globally in manufacturing and deployment in the present scenario. India has an installed capacity of over 11,000 MW of wind energy, and occupies the fifth position in the world, after USA, Germany, China and Spain. Our policy framework in wind energy generation is extremely investor-friendly, and an attractive tariff and regulatory regime provide a strong foundation for the growth of the sector.

Reducing Costs

The challenge before us in the renewable energy sector generally, and in India particularly, is to reduce the per-unit cost of renewable energy. Hence, there is a continuous need to innovate to increase efficiencies and bring down costs. Innovations can be brought about in various ways it is possible to harness lower wind speeds; the energy of tides and waves can be channeled to produce electricity; alternate transport fuels can make our journeys less carbon intensive; hydrogen can be an ideal energy storage and carrier; and it is possible to have a larger grid with lower losses of electricity.

Innovations need not always be technology-based. Insightful policy interventions can also significantly increase the use of renewable energy. For instance, in India we are working with the regulators to lay down the framework for tradable renewable energy certificates. While this will enable us to achieve a larger share of renewable energy in our electricity mix, the federal regulator's recent announcement of normative guidelines for provincial regulators to fix tariffs for renewable energy will provide a mechanism for better returns for renewable energy developers. We are confident that all these policy interventions will further boost investments in the sector. We

My ministry has recently taken the decision to introduce are also working towards closer engagement with the banks generation-based incentives, a scheme whereby investors, as and lending agencies to help developers gain access to easy well as getting the tariff as determined by the respective state and cheaper sources of finance.regulatory commissions, will also receive a financial incentive per unit of electricity generated over ten years. The Immense Opportunitiesdecision to incentivize the generation of power will create a level playing field between foreign and domestic investors, For centuries, the Indian tradition has worshipped the sun, and I hope this will catalyze more investments in this field by the wind, the earth, and water, as sources of life, energy and large independent power producers and foreign investors. creation. Today's technology provides us with a real

opportunity to transform the promise of boundless and clean Biomass, which is an eco-friendly source for production of energy into reality. From rooftop solar power in urban electricity, also holds considerable promise for India. Our agglomerations, to decentralized and off-grid solutions in estimates indicate that, with the present utilization pattern of remote rural communities the opportunities in renewable crop residues, the amount of surplus biomass materials is power are immense. We believe that governments, in their about 150 million tones, which could generate about 16,000 facilitative role, have to create enabling ecosystems, which MW of power. will, in turn, in facilitate the healthy unleashing of the

entrepreneurial spirit of the private sector and lead to the Hydro projects up to 25 MW capacities are termed as small rapid development and deployment of renewable energy.hydro, and this energy stream has a potential of over 15,000 MW. At present, a capacity addition of about 300 MW per My vision is to see that every citizen of the world has access year is being achieved from small hydro projects about 70% to reliable and affordable clean energy. It is for us to rise up is coming through the private sector. So far, hydropower together to take advantage of these opportunities and projects with a capacity of over 2,700 MW have been set up translate the vision of a better world for all mankind into in the country, and projects for about 900 MW are in various reality.stages of implementation. The aim is to double the current growth rate, and take it to a capacity addition of 500 MW per year in next two-three years.

Dr. Farooq Abdullah is the Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy in the Government of India. He is best-known for his energetic leadership of the groundbreaking and transformational initiative in renewable energy The Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission. He is also known for a number of other initiatives in the renewable energy space in India notably the introduction of generation-based incentives, and the move towards the introduction of renewable energy certificates.

electricity by 2050 or earlier via power lines stretching

across the desert and under the Mediterranean Sea.

Solar energy is an enormous resource that is readily available in all countries throughout the world, and all the space above the earth. Long ago, scientists calculated that an hour's worth of sunlight bathing the planet held far more energy than humans worldwide could consume in a year. I

India's potential benefits from solar power are as firmly believe that India should accelerate the use of all forms of renewable energy (photovoltaic, thermal solar, numerous as the sands of Rajasthan desert, and include solar lamps, solar pumps, wind power, biomass, biogas, reduced dependence on fossil fuels and a cleaner and hydro), and more proactively promote energy

environment. These benefits can be realized by installing efficiency. However, in this article, I will only focus on the

renewable energy technologies, such as CSP, to protect the use of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology to meet environment while diversifying energy resources and I n d i a ' s f u t u r e e n e r g y n e e d s .

h e l p i n g t o l o w e r p r i c e s . Concentrated solar power plants have been used in California since the 1980s. More recently, Pacific Gas &

Solar power can also reduce strain on the electric grid on Electric has signed contracts to buy 500 megawatts of solar hot summer afternoons, when air conditioners are running, thermal power from two solar companies. First, NextEra

Energy Resources will sell 250 megawatts of CSP by generating electricity where it is used. India has optimal generated power from the Genesis Solar Energy Project to conditions to use CSP to harness solar energy from the be located in Riverside, Calif. Second, Abengoa's Mojave

Rajasthan Desert. However, to take advantage of this Solar project will supply the remaining 250 megawatts innovative technology, potential CSP plant sites must be from a plant located in San Bernardino County, Calif.

Subject to California Public Utility Commission approval identified and deployment accelerated. Specifically, India of the power purchase agreements, construction of these needs to heavily subsidize Solar and Wind Power projects solar energy generating plants is expected to start in 2010

just like Japan, Germany and other European nations are with operations planned to begin in 2013. Both these solar doing. The use of renewable energy has great potential to thermal power projects will contribute to meeting

California's aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standard, create more jobs in India especially in the rural areas.which calls for moving away from fossil fuels to solar and other renewable energy sources that avoid pollution and g r e e n h o u s e g a s e m i s s i o n s .

How the Technology WorksCSP plants generate electricity from sunlight by focusing In addition to California, the sunny state of Arizona has

become home to the world's largest Solar Plant. Solana solar energy, collected by an array(s) of sun-tracking (which means “a sunny place” in Spanish) solar power mirrors called heliostats, onto a central receiver. Liquid generating station is scheduled to begin operation in 2012,

salt (a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate) is harnessing Arizona's most abundant renewable energy

circulated through tubes in the receiver, absorbing the heat resource the sun. This plant (located 70 miles southwest of energy gathered from the sun. The heated salt is then Phoenix) has a projected capacity of 280 megawatts, and

will make use of Abengoa Solar's CSP technology. routed to an insulated tank where it can be stored with

minimal energy losses. To generate electricity, the hot Worldwide, Germany and Spain are leaders in solar power molten salt is routed through heat exchangers and a steam generation with 4,000 megawatts and 600 megawatts of generation system. The steam is then used to produce installed capacity, respectively. A recently formed electricity in a conventional steam turbine. After exiting consortium of 12 companies, known as the Desertec the steam generation system, the now cool salt mixture is Industrial Initiative (DDI), plans to spend 400 billion Euros circulated back to the “cold” thermal storage tank, and the ($557 billion) to extract solar energy from the Sahara c y c l e i s r e p e a t e d .desert. The DDI aims to deliver solar power to Europe as

early as 2015 and eventually provide 15% of Europe's While CSP technology is not new, it offers one of the most

“The vast Rajasthan Desert is very similar to the Sahara desert in Africa, and has the potential to become the largest solar power plant in India. Due to high levels of available sunlight, CSP plants in Rajasthan could begin satisfying most of India's energy needs in just a few years”

“India's solar energy holds great promise.

India must accelerate its investment in

renewable energy resources, specifically

solar and wind energy”

OPPORTUNITIES: SOLAR ENERGYThe Sun: Goldmine of green energy

By Darshan Goswami, M.S., P.E.How Concentrated Solar Power Can Meet India's Future Power Needs

10 11

(Courtesy: )Making It Magazine

promising utility-scale, and sustainable technology options market with the goal of making solar power cost-

for meeting India's energy needs from renewable energy competitive with fossil fuel-generated electricity. One step

resources. But a large scale initiative (like Europe's DDI) is toward achieving this goal would be to start a nationwide

needed to make it more cost effective. Moreover, the solar initiative of building 10 million solar roofs within ten

Rajasthan desert has the potential to produce solar power at years. It has often been said that it is not a question of if, but

a cost low enough to be competitive with fossil and nuclear when solar power becomes cost-competitive with

power. traditional electricity sources. With the right programs and

policies today, India can have a great deal of control over

Conclusion how rapidly solar power becomes cost-competitive. And,

Solar power is an enormous readily available source of by getting in on the ground floor of this new technology,

energy. It can be used everywhere, and can, in principal, India can also create millions of jobs in renewable energy.

satisfy most of India's energy demand from a renewable,

safe and clean resource. Concentrating solar collectors are India needs a plan with the same spirit, boldness and the

very efficient and can completely replace the electricity imagination of the Apollo Program that put astronauts on

traditionally produced by fossil fuel power plants. CSP the Moon. The technology is well established and

plants in the 30 MW to 200 MW range are now operating available. All that is needed now to make this concept a

successfully in locations from California to Europe. Nearly reality is political commitment and appropriate

every day now, new CSP plants are being planned for investments and funding to harness this renewable solar

construction. Today's CSP plants supply the heat needed to e n e r g y r e s o u r c e .

generate electricity at a cost equivalent to $50 $60 per

barrel of oil. This cost is expected to be slashed by 50% to I expect that the new US Administration will strongly

below $25 $30 per barrel in the next 10 years. prioritize the use of solar thermal energy as a solution to

the climate and energy crisis. This should create additional

India should begin creating a mainstream solar energy incentive for countries such as India, who have optimal

A Utility-scale concentrated solar power (CSP) plant

conditions for CSP plants, to take similar actions.

India's solar energy holds great promise. India must

the Government of India takes advantage of the vast

amounts of energy available from the Rajasthan Desert sun

(instead of oil from the Arab nations) to power its future

accelerate its investment in renewable energy resources, energy needs. In addition, solar energy would not only

specifically solar and wind energy. The U.S.-India Energy create millions of jobs, but also sustain India's positive

Dialogue, which facilitates discussions on renewable economic growth, help lift its massive population out of

energy and energy efficiency, can be a very useful tool to poverty and combat climate change.

spark investments in solar energy. This can lay the

foundation for an energy independent future one in which

Darshan Goswami has over 35 years of experience in the energy field. He is working for United States Department of Energy (DOE) as a Project Manager in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He retired as Chief of Energy Forecasting and Renewable Energy from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in Washington, DC. Earlier, he worked for 30 years at Duquesne Light Company, an electric utility company in Pittsburgh, PA, USA. He is a registered Professional Electrical Engineer with a passion and commitment to promote, develop and deploy Renewable Energy Resources and the Hydrogen Economy. His contact email address: [email protected]

12

promising utility-scale, and sustainable technology options market with the goal of making solar power cost-

for meeting India's energy needs from renewable energy competitive with fossil fuel-generated electricity. One step

resources. But a large scale initiative (like Europe's DDI) is toward achieving this goal would be to start a nationwide

needed to make it more cost effective. Moreover, the solar initiative of building 10 million solar roofs within ten

Rajasthan desert has the potential to produce solar power at years. It has often been said that it is not a question of if, but

a cost low enough to be competitive with fossil and nuclear when solar power becomes cost-competitive with

power. traditional electricity sources. With the right programs and

policies today, India can have a great deal of control over

Conclusion how rapidly solar power becomes cost-competitive. And,

Solar power is an enormous readily available source of by getting in on the ground floor of this new technology,

energy. It can be used everywhere, and can, in principal, India can also create millions of jobs in renewable energy.

satisfy most of India's energy demand from a renewable,

safe and clean resource. Concentrating solar collectors are India needs a plan with the same spirit, boldness and the

very efficient and can completely replace the electricity imagination of the Apollo Program that put astronauts on

traditionally produced by fossil fuel power plants. CSP the Moon. The technology is well established and

plants in the 30 MW to 200 MW range are now operating available. All that is needed now to make this concept a

successfully in locations from California to Europe. Nearly reality is political commitment and appropriate

every day now, new CSP plants are being planned for investments and funding to harness this renewable solar

construction. Today's CSP plants supply the heat needed to e n e r g y r e s o u r c e .

generate electricity at a cost equivalent to $50 $60 per

barrel of oil. This cost is expected to be slashed by 50% to I expect that the new US Administration will strongly

below $25 $30 per barrel in the next 10 years. prioritize the use of solar thermal energy as a solution to

the climate and energy crisis. This should create additional

India should begin creating a mainstream solar energy incentive for countries such as India, who have optimal

A Utility-scale concentrated solar power (CSP) plant

conditions for CSP plants, to take similar actions.

India's solar energy holds great promise. India must

the Government of India takes advantage of the vast

amounts of energy available from the Rajasthan Desert sun

(instead of oil from the Arab nations) to power its future

accelerate its investment in renewable energy resources, energy needs. In addition, solar energy would not only

specifically solar and wind energy. The U.S.-India Energy create millions of jobs, but also sustain India's positive

Dialogue, which facilitates discussions on renewable economic growth, help lift its massive population out of

energy and energy efficiency, can be a very useful tool to poverty and combat climate change.

spark investments in solar energy. This can lay the

foundation for an energy independent future one in which

Darshan Goswami has over 35 years of experience in the energy field. He is working for United States Department of Energy (DOE) as a Project Manager in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He retired as Chief of Energy Forecasting and Renewable Energy from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in Washington, DC. Earlier, he worked for 30 years at Duquesne Light Company, an electric utility company in Pittsburgh, PA, USA. He is a registered Professional Electrical Engineer with a passion and commitment to promote, develop and deploy Renewable Energy Resources and the Hydrogen Economy. His contact email address: [email protected]

12

INTRODUCTIONSOLAR-FOSSIL The use of solar energy as an energy source in thermal INTEGRATION power plants has been of interest because of the available bulk thermal and electrical load and ease of utilization of An immediate solution to energy. This comes in the wake of attempts at MW level

reduction of carbon foot energy addition by solar energy (power generation from renewables In India is 19 GW and from solar thermal print collectors it is 3.7 million m2). Solar thermal energy

By M. Siddhartha Bhatt finds application as a source of heat addition in the water-steam cycle and solar PV as a source of substitute electric power to augment auxiliary power loads. Recently an initiative has been taken to introduce solar energy in thermal power plants [1].

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS

Solar thermal energy can be supplied through thermal collectors- either flat plate or concentrating receivers [2,3]. Energy efficiency of thermal energy supply to the power plant varies from as high as 80% (at low temperatures up to 100° C) to as low as 11-16% (at high temperatures of around 240° C).

Solar energy systems can be integrated into the conventional fossil fuel fired process in one of the following ways:

i.Solar water heating up to 80 °C through flat plate collectors.

ii.Solar steam generation/solar hot water production at up to 240° C through concentrating collectors.

While flat plate collectors do not give temperatures

For MW level capacity addition through solar thermal and photovoltaics, bulk energy addition applications in the power sector must be identified and addresses. The optimal integration of solar energy into coal fired power plants involves a combination of solar thermal and photovoltaic routes. While solar thermal energy can be integrated through augmentation of heating of make up water in the turbine cycle without any other additional cycle equipment, solar photovoltaic (PV) power can be integrated through supplementing the DC emergency loads by charging the battery systems in the power plant. Typically for a 210 MW coal fired plant, a

2solar flat plate collector area of 10,000 m would reduce coal consumption by 0.6 t/h and a PV capacity of 2 MW would be able to provide a continuous capacity of 440 kW to meet the DC loads in normal course and emergency requirements (1 h of autonomy). The capital cost for solar thermal collectors would be around Rs.7.9 crores and for solar PV it is around Rs.16 crores. The payback period is around 8 years for solar thermal and 10 years for solar PV systems.

beyond 100° C, they are inherently energetically superior and make up water is 3 % of the main steam flow, i.e., 90 with conversion eff iciencies touching 80%. ml/kWh (=90 kg/MWh). If the load factor of the collectors Concentrating collectors produce high temperatures up to is taken as 73 % (non availability of solar radiation), the

2240° C but their efficiency is around 8-12% due to high collector area required is 7891 m this gives a fuel level of losses in the systems. reduction of 0.263% and pay back period of 4.57 years (see

Figures 1-4 for sensitivity of the collector system for The purpose of increasing temperatures in concentrating various design load factors of the collector). Capital collectors is to boost the temperatures because the efficiency of conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy (work) increases with temperature.

Concentration ratios (C) of concentrating collectors (designed for higher temperatures) are: ? Conical collectors:1-9

? Compound parabolic collectors:1-5? Parabolic troughs: 15-45 ? Cylindrical troughs: 10-50. ? Fresnel's lenses: 5-15.

For maximization of energy input, ideal tracking rotation for re-orientation or tilting and tracking (2 axis tracking) is required. In the case of a fixed collector the integrated value of the incident angle efficiency factor gives an incident angle efficiency in the range of 94-100 %. Or, in other words, without tracking the reduction in energy investment of Rs. 7.89 crores in collectors will bay back in output is around 6%. around 4.57 years. For sizing of the solar collectors load

factors of 0.625 to 1 can be chosen as seen from Figure 1. The classical Hottel-Whillier-Bliss equation (HWB) [4] which is the difference between the optical efficiency (83- The method proposes is to connect a large number of 285%) and the heat removal factor (5-6 W/m K) is sensitive parallel flat plate collectors in-between the outlet of the to the ambient temperature, fluid inlet temperature and the DM feed storage tank and the hot well make up tank. The solar insolation level. It is valid for thermal collectors, both DM water will flow through gravity through the flat plate flat plate and concentrating. The collector energy collectors and heat the make up to 80° C in continuous efficiency reaches stagnation at around 160-170° C. The once through flow. The system can be easily be bypassed in stagnation temperature indicates the point at which there is the event of maintenance of the flat plate collectors. no net heat absorption by the collector. In other words, all incident energy is lost as collector heat loss and the energy The pre-heating of DM make up arises in the case of efficiency is zero. A realistic model of the collector is condensing plants. Pre-heating of feed does not upgrade required to be adopted to accurately model and determine the condenser vacuum which is primarily dependent on the the energy efficiency of thermal collectors. temperature of the cooling water. Moreover, the preheating

is only to the extent of 3% or so. It is seen that when the collector fluid temperature rises, the heat losses increases. The non linear dependence of the The other option is to pre-heat the feed water flow through heat loss factor is due to increase in radiative losses at the system in series with the low pressure feed water higher temperatures. The heat losses reach almost to 1000 heaters. The quantity is quite high (3000 kg/MWh) and the

2W/m which amounts to stagnation for flat plate collectors. area required to be used is much higher. The feed water is In concentrating collectors with high concentrating ratios pressurized to 2.0 MPa which would raise the cost of the (around 10) this would be acceptable. collectors. The reliability of the system would be affected

When the final objective of the system is to generate power, the hot fluid is to operate a heat power cycle like a Rankine cycle. In that case, the overall efficiency of conversion of work is the product of the collector efficiency and the Carnot efficiency which is strongly dependent on the temperature of the fluid. While the Carnot efficiency increases with temperature the collector efficiency decreases with temperature. Thus the optimal is around 180-250° C depending on the system. Thus, power generation through thermal route is not feasible in this case.

In the context of the thermal power plant, solar energy can be used to either heat condensate feed which enters the low pressure feed water heaters or heat the de-mineralized (DM) make up water which is injected in the hot well below the condenser. Typically the cyclic flow of steam in the system is 3 kg/kWh (=3 t/MWh) of energy generated

14 15

INTRODUCTIONSOLAR-FOSSIL The use of solar energy as an energy source in thermal INTEGRATION power plants has been of interest because of the available bulk thermal and electrical load and ease of utilization of An immediate solution to energy. This comes in the wake of attempts at MW level

reduction of carbon foot energy addition by solar energy (power generation from renewables In India is 19 GW and from solar thermal print collectors it is 3.7 million m2). Solar thermal energy

By M. Siddhartha Bhatt finds application as a source of heat addition in the water-steam cycle and solar PV as a source of substitute electric power to augment auxiliary power loads. Recently an initiative has been taken to introduce solar energy in thermal power plants [1].

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS

Solar thermal energy can be supplied through thermal collectors- either flat plate or concentrating receivers [2,3]. Energy efficiency of thermal energy supply to the power plant varies from as high as 80% (at low temperatures up to 100° C) to as low as 11-16% (at high temperatures of around 240° C).

Solar energy systems can be integrated into the conventional fossil fuel fired process in one of the following ways:

i.Solar water heating up to 80 °C through flat plate collectors.

ii.Solar steam generation/solar hot water production at up to 240° C through concentrating collectors.

While flat plate collectors do not give temperatures

For MW level capacity addition through solar thermal and photovoltaics, bulk energy addition applications in the power sector must be identified and addresses. The optimal integration of solar energy into coal fired power plants involves a combination of solar thermal and photovoltaic routes. While solar thermal energy can be integrated through augmentation of heating of make up water in the turbine cycle without any other additional cycle equipment, solar photovoltaic (PV) power can be integrated through supplementing the DC emergency loads by charging the battery systems in the power plant. Typically for a 210 MW coal fired plant, a

2solar flat plate collector area of 10,000 m would reduce coal consumption by 0.6 t/h and a PV capacity of 2 MW would be able to provide a continuous capacity of 440 kW to meet the DC loads in normal course and emergency requirements (1 h of autonomy). The capital cost for solar thermal collectors would be around Rs.7.9 crores and for solar PV it is around Rs.16 crores. The payback period is around 8 years for solar thermal and 10 years for solar PV systems.

beyond 100° C, they are inherently energetically superior and make up water is 3 % of the main steam flow, i.e., 90 with conversion eff iciencies touching 80%. ml/kWh (=90 kg/MWh). If the load factor of the collectors Concentrating collectors produce high temperatures up to is taken as 73 % (non availability of solar radiation), the

2240° C but their efficiency is around 8-12% due to high collector area required is 7891 m this gives a fuel level of losses in the systems. reduction of 0.263% and pay back period of 4.57 years (see

Figures 1-4 for sensitivity of the collector system for The purpose of increasing temperatures in concentrating various design load factors of the collector). Capital collectors is to boost the temperatures because the efficiency of conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy (work) increases with temperature.

Concentration ratios (C) of concentrating collectors (designed for higher temperatures) are: ? Conical collectors:1-9

? Compound parabolic collectors:1-5? Parabolic troughs: 15-45 ? Cylindrical troughs: 10-50. ? Fresnel's lenses: 5-15.

For maximization of energy input, ideal tracking rotation for re-orientation or tilting and tracking (2 axis tracking) is required. In the case of a fixed collector the integrated value of the incident angle efficiency factor gives an incident angle efficiency in the range of 94-100 %. Or, in other words, without tracking the reduction in energy investment of Rs. 7.89 crores in collectors will bay back in output is around 6%. around 4.57 years. For sizing of the solar collectors load

factors of 0.625 to 1 can be chosen as seen from Figure 1. The classical Hottel-Whillier-Bliss equation (HWB) [4] which is the difference between the optical efficiency (83- The method proposes is to connect a large number of 285%) and the heat removal factor (5-6 W/m K) is sensitive parallel flat plate collectors in-between the outlet of the to the ambient temperature, fluid inlet temperature and the DM feed storage tank and the hot well make up tank. The solar insolation level. It is valid for thermal collectors, both DM water will flow through gravity through the flat plate flat plate and concentrating. The collector energy collectors and heat the make up to 80° C in continuous efficiency reaches stagnation at around 160-170° C. The once through flow. The system can be easily be bypassed in stagnation temperature indicates the point at which there is the event of maintenance of the flat plate collectors. no net heat absorption by the collector. In other words, all incident energy is lost as collector heat loss and the energy The pre-heating of DM make up arises in the case of efficiency is zero. A realistic model of the collector is condensing plants. Pre-heating of feed does not upgrade required to be adopted to accurately model and determine the condenser vacuum which is primarily dependent on the the energy efficiency of thermal collectors. temperature of the cooling water. Moreover, the preheating

is only to the extent of 3% or so. It is seen that when the collector fluid temperature rises, the heat losses increases. The non linear dependence of the The other option is to pre-heat the feed water flow through heat loss factor is due to increase in radiative losses at the system in series with the low pressure feed water higher temperatures. The heat losses reach almost to 1000 heaters. The quantity is quite high (3000 kg/MWh) and the

2W/m which amounts to stagnation for flat plate collectors. area required to be used is much higher. The feed water is In concentrating collectors with high concentrating ratios pressurized to 2.0 MPa which would raise the cost of the (around 10) this would be acceptable. collectors. The reliability of the system would be affected

When the final objective of the system is to generate power, the hot fluid is to operate a heat power cycle like a Rankine cycle. In that case, the overall efficiency of conversion of work is the product of the collector efficiency and the Carnot efficiency which is strongly dependent on the temperature of the fluid. While the Carnot efficiency increases with temperature the collector efficiency decreases with temperature. Thus the optimal is around 180-250° C depending on the system. Thus, power generation through thermal route is not feasible in this case.

In the context of the thermal power plant, solar energy can be used to either heat condensate feed which enters the low pressure feed water heaters or heat the de-mineralized (DM) make up water which is injected in the hot well below the condenser. Typically the cyclic flow of steam in the system is 3 kg/kWh (=3 t/MWh) of energy generated

14 15

as another element is introduced and any puncture of the accomplished through minimal conversion of voltage collectors would involve isolation. Hence, in the overall, type, (DC to AC), transformations and transmission of the

power.

Fossil fueled power plants have DC loads for emergency power and instrument power. The electric power output from the solar PV plant without maximum power point (MPP) tracking (fixed non tilting-radial or axial) and for non-concentrating systems, will be around 290-310

2kWh/m /year at an annual efficiency of around 15.67 %. Considering the energy storage and conversion losses it is

2around 200-230 kWh/m /year at an annual efficiency of 11.75 %.

An energy efficient way of utilization of solar PV power in a thermal power plant is to provide DC power to the existing station battery banks. DC power is used in thermal power stations as stand-by power to meet emergency loads for either half an hour or 1 hour of

pre-heating make up water in atmospheric pressure solar autonomy. The batteries are either lead-acid plante (2.2 V) collectors is preferable.

SOLAR PV SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Solar electric power can be either through photovoltaic route or through thermal conversion route where solar energy is converted into thermal energy and then used to operate a heat engine (Rankine or Stirling cycle) using steam or hot air as a working fluid. Energy efficiency of electric conversion through both routes is around 8-12 %.

SPV systems can be integrated into the thermal power plant as follows:

Grid connected systems by feeding the output energy into the grid at 11 kV, 33 kV, 66 kV level or higher.

or nickel-cadmium (1.42 V). The battery capacity is given ii. Utilization of solar PV for meeting the DC in Figure 5.loads and for non-real time dependent AC Microprocessor based Battery Charger panels compatible loads which are not directly linked to the unit to the existing battery bank are used. The battery charger process. comprises of Float charger & Float cum Boost charger. The iii. Storage based systems for decentralized float charger is normally on, supplying the station load power in isolated or remote areas. current and at the same time tickle charging the battery. The characteristic are designed that if load exceeds the In the case of grid connected PV systems the losses due to charger capacity, then the battery will supply the excess conversion of DC power output to AC power output, up load. The boost charger will be normally in standby mode gradation and transmission will decrease the overall and has to be put into circuit manually to boost charge the efficiency from 16 % down to 8 %. Effective and completely discharged battery, to provide occasional efficient solar energy utilization through PV route can be equalizing charge as required or to take over function of float charger in case of failure.

The main DC loads are 220 V DC system, emergency lighting, UPS, excitation system, Dc distribution board, etc.

For a station of 1 GW, at 2 Ah/MW, the battery power is equivalent to a power rating of 440 kW for 1 hour or 440 kWh. This can be augmented by solar energy by a 1 MW p

solar PV capacity which would be able to provide a steady power of 200-230 kW. Hence, for a typical station of 1 GW, a solar PV capacity of around 2 MW would be ideal to meet the DC emergency loads as well as provide certain steady loads. The cost of 2 MW PV panels is around Rs. 14 crores with additional costs of Rs. 2 crores for the mounting structures, power conditioning,etc. If battery

I. M. Siddhartha Bhatt is Additional Director and Divisional Head of the Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Division of CPRI. An energy expert he has a professional experience of 30 years at CPRI and has extensively contributed in the areas of energy analysis, energy efficiency & renewable energy. He has published over 40 international journal papers in the area of energy efficiency and one book. He has developed several energy products and holds 5 patents. In the area of industrial consultancy he has undertaken a large number of power audits, energy efficiency studies and studies on renovation, modernization & life extension of thermal and hydro power plants. He has been awarded the Young Scientists Award (1984), Mysore University Golden Jubilee Award for Science and Technology (1988), CBIP Best paper Award (1998). His contact email address::[email protected]

banks were to be installed then the cost would be around existing plant. Rs. 1.4 lakhs per 100 Ah at 220 V. The battery cost can be V. Rankine cycle route of power generation is still in totally eliminated in this PV application. the developmental stage and is not suitable for

integration in thermal power plants at this point of time.CONCLUSIONS

vi. Solar PV power can be directly integrated into the Among the renewable options, while wind is power plant auxiliaries through augmenting the capable of bulk energy addition at the MW level, emergency DC power supply system. The cost of solar thermal and photovoltaics have been till battery and power conditioned can be recently only augmented at the kW level. Very considerably reduced. recently, 1 MW grid connected solar plants have

been introduced. Thus development of MW level vii. A solar PV capacity of around 2 MW would be capacity addition routes is essential for solar

ideal to meet the station DC loads. The capital thermal and photovoltaic technologies. cost is around Rs. 16 crores and the payback period is around 10 years. ii. One such MW level capacity addition option is

that both solar thermal energy and solar PV power REFERENCES:can be integrated into existing coal fired stations

in a very simple way without much technological [1] (CEA), Report of task force on integration of solar intervention.systems with thermal/ hydro power stations and connectivity of solar roof top systems with grid, central iii. Solar water heaters are most efficient at water electricity authority, New Delhi 110066, January 2010;temperatures of around 80 °C. At higher [2] M.Siddhartha Bhatt & R.Sudir Kumar (2000), temperatures, the collector efficiency drops and Performance analysis of solar photovoltaic power plants-unless a Rankine cycle is coupled to it, obtaining experimental results, Int. J. Renewable Energy Engg., fluid temperatures in excess of 100 °C is (IJREE), 2(2), August, 2000, pp. 184-192;inefficient (implying high capital costs). [3] M.Siddhartha Bhatt (2005), Performance enhancement of natural circulating storage type solar water heaters, J. Sc. iv. Atmospheric pressure solar flat plate collectors Ind. Res., 67, July, 2008, pp. 549-555;integrated into the DM water make up cycle in [4] Duffie, J. A. & Beckman, W. A. 1991. Solar engineering between the feed water tank and the hot well make of thermal processes, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.up using gravity flow. The pay back on a capital

2cost of Rs. 7.89 crores (for 7891 m ) in around 4.6 years. There is no modification or addition to the

16 17

as another element is introduced and any puncture of the accomplished through minimal conversion of voltage collectors would involve isolation. Hence, in the overall, type, (DC to AC), transformations and transmission of the

power.

Fossil fueled power plants have DC loads for emergency power and instrument power. The electric power output from the solar PV plant without maximum power point (MPP) tracking (fixed non tilting-radial or axial) and for non-concentrating systems, will be around 290-310

2kWh/m /year at an annual efficiency of around 15.67 %. Considering the energy storage and conversion losses it is

2around 200-230 kWh/m /year at an annual efficiency of 11.75 %.

An energy efficient way of utilization of solar PV power in a thermal power plant is to provide DC power to the existing station battery banks. DC power is used in thermal power stations as stand-by power to meet emergency loads for either half an hour or 1 hour of

pre-heating make up water in atmospheric pressure solar autonomy. The batteries are either lead-acid plante (2.2 V) collectors is preferable.

SOLAR PV SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Solar electric power can be either through photovoltaic route or through thermal conversion route where solar energy is converted into thermal energy and then used to operate a heat engine (Rankine or Stirling cycle) using steam or hot air as a working fluid. Energy efficiency of electric conversion through both routes is around 8-12 %.

SPV systems can be integrated into the thermal power plant as follows:

Grid connected systems by feeding the output energy into the grid at 11 kV, 33 kV, 66 kV level or higher.

or nickel-cadmium (1.42 V). The battery capacity is given ii. Utilization of solar PV for meeting the DC in Figure 5.loads and for non-real time dependent AC Microprocessor based Battery Charger panels compatible loads which are not directly linked to the unit to the existing battery bank are used. The battery charger process. comprises of Float charger & Float cum Boost charger. The iii. Storage based systems for decentralized float charger is normally on, supplying the station load power in isolated or remote areas. current and at the same time tickle charging the battery. The characteristic are designed that if load exceeds the In the case of grid connected PV systems the losses due to charger capacity, then the battery will supply the excess conversion of DC power output to AC power output, up load. The boost charger will be normally in standby mode gradation and transmission will decrease the overall and has to be put into circuit manually to boost charge the efficiency from 16 % down to 8 %. Effective and completely discharged battery, to provide occasional efficient solar energy utilization through PV route can be equalizing charge as required or to take over function of float charger in case of failure.

The main DC loads are 220 V DC system, emergency lighting, UPS, excitation system, Dc distribution board, etc.

For a station of 1 GW, at 2 Ah/MW, the battery power is equivalent to a power rating of 440 kW for 1 hour or 440 kWh. This can be augmented by solar energy by a 1 MW p

solar PV capacity which would be able to provide a steady power of 200-230 kW. Hence, for a typical station of 1 GW, a solar PV capacity of around 2 MW would be ideal to meet the DC emergency loads as well as provide certain steady loads. The cost of 2 MW PV panels is around Rs. 14 crores with additional costs of Rs. 2 crores for the mounting structures, power conditioning,etc. If battery

I. M. Siddhartha Bhatt is Additional Director and Divisional Head of the Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Division of CPRI. An energy expert he has a professional experience of 30 years at CPRI and has extensively contributed in the areas of energy analysis, energy efficiency & renewable energy. He has published over 40 international journal papers in the area of energy efficiency and one book. He has developed several energy products and holds 5 patents. In the area of industrial consultancy he has undertaken a large number of power audits, energy efficiency studies and studies on renovation, modernization & life extension of thermal and hydro power plants. He has been awarded the Young Scientists Award (1984), Mysore University Golden Jubilee Award for Science and Technology (1988), CBIP Best paper Award (1998). His contact email address::[email protected]

banks were to be installed then the cost would be around existing plant. Rs. 1.4 lakhs per 100 Ah at 220 V. The battery cost can be V. Rankine cycle route of power generation is still in totally eliminated in this PV application. the developmental stage and is not suitable for

integration in thermal power plants at this point of time.CONCLUSIONS

vi. Solar PV power can be directly integrated into the Among the renewable options, while wind is power plant auxiliaries through augmenting the capable of bulk energy addition at the MW level, emergency DC power supply system. The cost of solar thermal and photovoltaics have been till battery and power conditioned can be recently only augmented at the kW level. Very considerably reduced. recently, 1 MW grid connected solar plants have

been introduced. Thus development of MW level vii. A solar PV capacity of around 2 MW would be capacity addition routes is essential for solar

ideal to meet the station DC loads. The capital thermal and photovoltaic technologies. cost is around Rs. 16 crores and the payback period is around 10 years. ii. One such MW level capacity addition option is

that both solar thermal energy and solar PV power REFERENCES:can be integrated into existing coal fired stations

in a very simple way without much technological [1] (CEA), Report of task force on integration of solar intervention.systems with thermal/ hydro power stations and connectivity of solar roof top systems with grid, central iii. Solar water heaters are most efficient at water electricity authority, New Delhi 110066, January 2010;temperatures of around 80 °C. At higher [2] M.Siddhartha Bhatt & R.Sudir Kumar (2000), temperatures, the collector efficiency drops and Performance analysis of solar photovoltaic power plants-unless a Rankine cycle is coupled to it, obtaining experimental results, Int. J. Renewable Energy Engg., fluid temperatures in excess of 100 °C is (IJREE), 2(2), August, 2000, pp. 184-192;inefficient (implying high capital costs). [3] M.Siddhartha Bhatt (2005), Performance enhancement of natural circulating storage type solar water heaters, J. Sc. iv. Atmospheric pressure solar flat plate collectors Ind. Res., 67, July, 2008, pp. 549-555;integrated into the DM water make up cycle in [4] Duffie, J. A. & Beckman, W. A. 1991. Solar engineering between the feed water tank and the hot well make of thermal processes, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.up using gravity flow. The pay back on a capital

2cost of Rs. 7.89 crores (for 7891 m ) in around 4.6 years. There is no modification or addition to the

16 17

Global Telelinks has added the following two new products “Mini Home Lighting System” and Solar AC/DC generator to its existing range of products. Both the products have extensive use in areas without power and where there are severe power availability problems.

The Mini Home Lighting System a compact solar based unit with Solar/AC input and DC output both 12V and USB. It comes with an intelligent chip management base unit and supports upto 3 lights, a fan and a mobile charging facility. The system comes with different configurations to support scalable requirements and can accept up to 30 Wp Solar Panels. It can support small entrepreneurs for providing charging facilities to various products introduced by Prakruthi Power. It is extremely useful for Home Lighting in rural areas without power and those suffering heavy power cuts, small kiosks, shops, offices etc.

The PP Solar AC/DC Power Generator with AC/DC input and AC/DC output is a very compact unit with the latest PCB technology integrating solar controller, inverter & UPS with auto switchover all combined into one. It can accept 100 to 180 Wp & 18V Solar Panels and give AC 220V, DC 12V and USB 5.0V output. It is available in 500W, 1000W, 2000W and 3000W combinations. It is very useful for both, areas suffering heavy power interruptions and rural areas for Homes, shops, Service centers and small offices.

The Business entity, GLOBAL TELELINKS is pioneered by Ch. Venkateswara Rao an engineering graduate from BITS Pilani, and Post Graduate in Business Administration, with over 30 years experience in many innovative areas of Technology and Industry. He draws his inspiration and ideas from a core of renowned environmentalists, energy consultants, and experienced engineers from The “Energy Conservation Mission” a wing of 'The Institution of Engineers (India), Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh.

Solar DC Generator with AC/DC Input & AC/DC output

(Controller & inverter integration)

Mini Home Solar Power Lighting System (Best choice for emergency lighting

and powerless area)

PP SDCG is an integrated solar controller, inverter & UPS with auto

switchover all combined into one unit. This product is simple, convenient

and highly efficient. INPUT: (A) SOLAR: 18V Solar Panel with 100Wp to 180

Wp; (B) AC: 220V (Regular Mains) OUTPUT: (a) AC: 220V (b) DC: 12V (c) USB:

5.0V

Solar DC Generator with AC/DC Input & AC/DC output( C o n t r o l l e r & i n v e r t e r integration)

Mini Home Solar Power Lighting System (Best choice for emergency lighting and powerless area)

Solar panel: 10 to 30 Wp solar panels with mono crystalline or polycrystalline material.

Input:

Output:

1. solar panel charging; 2. AC/DC power adapter charging;3. car power adapter charging 4. Pedal Power Charging

:4Ah or 7Ah lead acid battery / Ni-MH battery/ Lithium battery. 3 indicator lights to show, battery charging,discharging and capacity. On/Off switch and product system working indicator light.

Intelligent chip management system provides protection for charging and discharging & short circuit. 3 LED indicator lights show Battery energy availability.

3 DC 12V ports supporting 1.5A at each port with indicator lights and on/off switch. Each socket can further support 4 extensions using a 4 X 1 cable adapter. 2 USB 5V ports for mobile phone charging or for using any USB product.

Battery

System:

PP Solar DC Generator with AC/DC Input & AC/DC output(CONTROLLER & INVERTER INTEGRATION)

SPECIFICATION Solar DC Generator with AC/DC Output

5-3-456/A/20, 201, II FloorMaruthi Grandeaur, Dwarakapuri Road,

Punjagutta, Hyderabad - 500082.

Global Telelinks

Tel:+ 91-4023350291 / Fax:+ 91-40-23350292Global Telelinks



Global Telelinks has added the following two new products “Mini Home Lighting System” and Solar AC/DC generator to its existing range of products. Both the products have extensive use in areas without power and where there are severe power availability problems.

The Mini Home Lighting System a compact solar based unit with Solar/AC input and DC output both 12V and USB. It comes with an intelligent chip management base unit and supports upto 3 lights, a fan and a mobile charging facility. The system comes with different configurations to support scalable requirements and can accept up to 30 Wp Solar Panels. It can support small entrepreneurs for providing charging facilities to various products introduced by Prakruthi Power. It is extremely useful for Home Lighting in rural areas without power and those suffering heavy power cuts, small kiosks, shops, offices etc.

The PP Solar AC/DC Power Generator with AC/DC input and AC/DC output is a very compact unit with the latest PCB technology integrating solar controller, inverter & UPS with auto switchover all combined into one. It can accept 100 to 180 Wp & 18V Solar Panels and give AC 220V, DC 12V and USB 5.0V output. It is available in 500W, 1000W, 2000W and 3000W combinations. It is very useful for both, areas suffering heavy power interruptions and rural areas for Homes, shops, Service centers and small offices.

The Business entity, GLOBAL TELELINKS is pioneered by Ch. Venkateswara Rao an engineering graduate from BITS Pilani, and Post Graduate in Business Administration, with over 30 years experience in many innovative areas of Technology and Industry. He draws his inspiration and ideas from a core of renowned environmentalists, energy consultants, and experienced engineers from The “Energy Conservation Mission” a wing of 'The Institution of Engineers (India), Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh.

Solar DC Generator with AC/DC Input & AC/DC output

(Controller & inverter integration)

Mini Home Solar Power Lighting System (Best choice for emergency lighting

and powerless area)

PP SDCG is an integrated solar controller, inverter & UPS with auto

switchover all combined into one unit. This product is simple, convenient

and highly efficient. INPUT: (A) SOLAR: 18V Solar Panel with 100Wp to 180

Wp; (B) AC: 220V (Regular Mains) OUTPUT: (a) AC: 220V (b) DC: 12V (c) USB:

5.0V

Solar DC Generator with AC/DC Input & AC/DC output( C o n t r o l l e r & i n v e r t e r integration)

Mini Home Solar Power Lighting System (Best choice for emergency lighting and powerless area)

Solar panel: 10 to 30 Wp solar panels with mono crystalline or polycrystalline material.

Input:

Output:

1. solar panel charging; 2. AC/DC power adapter charging;3. car power adapter charging 4. Pedal Power Charging

:4Ah or 7Ah lead acid battery / Ni-MH battery/ Lithium battery. 3 indicator lights to show, battery charging,discharging and capacity. On/Off switch and product system working indicator light.

Intelligent chip management system provides protection for charging and discharging & short circuit. 3 LED indicator lights show Battery energy availability.

3 DC 12V ports supporting 1.5A at each port with indicator lights and on/off switch. Each socket can further support 4 extensions using a 4 X 1 cable adapter. 2 USB 5V ports for mobile phone charging or for using any USB product.

Battery

System:

PP Solar DC Generator with AC/DC Input & AC/DC output(CONTROLLER & INVERTER INTEGRATION)

SPECIFICATION Solar DC Generator with AC/DC Output



Global Telelinks

Tel:+ 91-4023350291 / Fax:+ 91-40-23350292Global Telelinks



“Building owners and tenants are reminded of the high cost of energy every time they open their monthly utility bills. Energy costs are the largest operating expense for most commercial properties, accounting for 25-30% of a typical building's annual operating budget”

Energy Conservation Measures Can Yield Significant Savings

No wonder many developers are making green design a centerpiece of new developments. But owners of existing

Reducing energy costs can have a significant impact on the buildings also can reduce costs and improve bottom-line bottom line of a business and make commercial buildings

more attractive to current and prospective tenants. A 2008 performance by taking a green approach. By selecting and study of more than 1,300 buildings by the CoStar Group implementing the right energy conservation measures found that buildings with the Energy Star label or LEED (ECMs), building owners and operators can reduce energy (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) costs by as much as 30%, according to the American certification not only performed better, they also Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning commanded premium rents, enjoyed higher occupancy Engineers (ASHRAE).rates and sold for higher prices on the open market. For example, renovations to Hotel Le Meridien, Bangalore,

GREEN STRATEGIESBalancing green with financial results

By Rajesh Sikka

How commercial building owners and operators can improve their financial performance by implementing green strategies

Rajesh Sikka, as a Business Leader, is responsible for the overall business management in the region, driving business results across all streams. Rajesh is also a member of India Operating Council of Ingersoll Rand in India. Rajesh is a member of ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers), ISHRAE, the Indian Green Building Council and the American Chamber of Commerce in India. Rajesh earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Delhi College of Engineering in the year 1991.

reduced energy, operating and maintenance costs for its Partner with an energy services company (ESCO) such as owners. Replacing and upgrading the heating, ventilating Trane, to identify ECM opportunities, set priorities and and air conditioning (HVAC) system and installing a Trane drive implementation. Choose an ESCO with a long-Tracer SummitTM building automation system in the standing industry presence, solid reputation, experience 256,161-square-foot building delivered US $85,000 in with similar buildings and proven track record.annual energy cost savings. In addition to the energy and cost savings, the building managers have noted a 40% Compare building performance with industry benchmarks reduction in noise level and a drop in service costs of using aggregate data available from Energy Star; around 30%. The improvement in the reliability and ASHRAE; the Environmental Protection Agency; the efficiency of the systems has also resulted in reduced Energy and Resources Institute-India; Bureau of Energy greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced sustainability. Efficiency- Government of India; Indian Green Building Most importantly, the new systems are making the hotel's Council or other industry sources. This step is usually both operating conditions more stable and provide greater valuable and educational.comfort for guests.

Remember that a building is a system, so ECMs are often Improvements to the mechanical systems at The Claridges, interrelated. For example, adding window tinting may Delhi, were just as dramatic. By installing a high efficiency mean increasing interior lighting, which may in turn require and CFC (chlorofluorocarbons)-free, chilled-water system adjustments to the HVAC system. A capable ESCO can and a secondary pumping system to modulate water-flow in make sure that the net effect of all changes is considered.air-handling units, the hotel's management increased efficiency and reduced energy consumption and costs by Understand utility rate structures and choose ECMs that approximately 10-15%. In addition, improvements take advantage of favorable rates, such as the flexible rates included upgrading air handling unit valves from three-way some utilities offer that can change with as little as 15 to a two-way state-of-the-art pressure independent type to minutes notice. New HVAC and control technology achieve accurate modulation. The hotel has also signed an enables managers to respond quickly to vary the load with annual maintenance contract with Trane to ensure that the rate thus optimizing costs.systems continue to operate at top efficiency. Consider the total impact of retrofit costs and savings on the

building's financial model. For example, understand how leases are structured and determine whether and how the Systematic Approach Delivers Greatest costs and benefits of energy-saving retrofits are allocated to Benefittenants. Remember that it takes training, service and regular maintenance to keep HVAC and other mechanical Building owners consistently see the quickest return on systems running at peak efficiency so they can deliver the investment from installing window tinting to reduce sun return on investment numbers that justified their exposure; upgrading lighting fixtures, bulbs and controls; acquisition in the first place.and installing high-efficiency HVAC and automated

control systems that optimize HVAC central plant Energy Conservation Measures Bolster the performance. But every building and operating Bottom Lineenvironment is different. An ECM that might be perfect for

one building and set of circumstances may be totally wrong for another. Building owners need to be wary of the one- With a still-uncertain economy and volatile energy prices in size-fits-all approach. the forecast, commercial building owners are constantly

looking for ways to reduce their operating costs and A systematic, sensible energy conservation strategy improve profitability. With today's highly efficient HVAC requires that owners do their homework. With the right technologies and other ECMs, owners and operators can information, they can choose ECMs that meet their reduce energy consumption, push savings to the bottom building's particular needs and provide a return on line, shrink their carbon footprints and create a investment that justifies the up-front capital outlay. comfortable, affordable environment that will attract and Following are steps owners should take before investing in retain the best tenants.any major improvements:

20 21

“Building owners and tenants are reminded of the high cost of energy every time they open their monthly utility bills. Energy costs are the largest operating expense for most commercial properties, accounting for 25-30% of a typical building's annual operating budget”

Energy Conservation Measures Can Yield Significant Savings

No wonder many developers are making green design a centerpiece of new developments. But owners of existing

Reducing energy costs can have a significant impact on the buildings also can reduce costs and improve bottom-line bottom line of a business and make commercial buildings

more attractive to current and prospective tenants. A 2008 performance by taking a green approach. By selecting and study of more than 1,300 buildings by the CoStar Group implementing the right energy conservation measures found that buildings with the Energy Star label or LEED (ECMs), building owners and operators can reduce energy (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) costs by as much as 30%, according to the American certification not only performed better, they also Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning commanded premium rents, enjoyed higher occupancy Engineers (ASHRAE).rates and sold for higher prices on the open market. For example, renovations to Hotel Le Meridien, Bangalore,

GREEN STRATEGIESBalancing green with financial results

By Rajesh Sikka

How commercial building owners and operators can improve their financial performance by implementing green strategies

Rajesh Sikka, as a Business Leader, is responsible for the overall business management in the region, driving business results across all streams. Rajesh is also a member of India Operating Council of Ingersoll Rand in India. Rajesh is a member of ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers), ISHRAE, the Indian Green Building Council and the American Chamber of Commerce in India. Rajesh earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Delhi College of Engineering in the year 1991.

reduced energy, operating and maintenance costs for its Partner with an energy services company (ESCO) such as owners. Replacing and upgrading the heating, ventilating Trane, to identify ECM opportunities, set priorities and and air conditioning (HVAC) system and installing a Trane drive implementation. Choose an ESCO with a long-Tracer SummitTM building automation system in the standing industry presence, solid reputation, experience 256,161-square-foot building delivered US $85,000 in with similar buildings and proven track record.annual energy cost savings. In addition to the energy and cost savings, the building managers have noted a 40% Compare building performance with industry benchmarks reduction in noise level and a drop in service costs of using aggregate data available from Energy Star; around 30%. The improvement in the reliability and ASHRAE; the Environmental Protection Agency; the efficiency of the systems has also resulted in reduced Energy and Resources Institute-India; Bureau of Energy greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced sustainability. Efficiency- Government of India; Indian Green Building Most importantly, the new systems are making the hotel's Council or other industry sources. This step is usually both operating conditions more stable and provide greater valuable and educational.comfort for guests.

Remember that a building is a system, so ECMs are often Improvements to the mechanical systems at The Claridges, interrelated. For example, adding window tinting may Delhi, were just as dramatic. By installing a high efficiency mean increasing interior lighting, which may in turn require and CFC (chlorofluorocarbons)-free, chilled-water system adjustments to the HVAC system. A capable ESCO can and a secondary pumping system to modulate water-flow in make sure that the net effect of all changes is considered.air-handling units, the hotel's management increased efficiency and reduced energy consumption and costs by Understand utility rate structures and choose ECMs that approximately 10-15%. In addition, improvements take advantage of favorable rates, such as the flexible rates included upgrading air handling unit valves from three-way some utilities offer that can change with as little as 15 to a two-way state-of-the-art pressure independent type to minutes notice. New HVAC and control technology achieve accurate modulation. The hotel has also signed an enables managers to respond quickly to vary the load with annual maintenance contract with Trane to ensure that the rate thus optimizing costs.systems continue to operate at top efficiency. Consider the total impact of retrofit costs and savings on the

building's financial model. For example, understand how leases are structured and determine whether and how the Systematic Approach Delivers Greatest costs and benefits of energy-saving retrofits are allocated to Benefittenants. Remember that it takes training, service and regular maintenance to keep HVAC and other mechanical Building owners consistently see the quickest return on systems running at peak efficiency so they can deliver the investment from installing window tinting to reduce sun return on investment numbers that justified their exposure; upgrading lighting fixtures, bulbs and controls; acquisition in the first place.and installing high-efficiency HVAC and automated

control systems that optimize HVAC central plant Energy Conservation Measures Bolster the performance. But every building and operating Bottom Lineenvironment is different. An ECM that might be perfect for

one building and set of circumstances may be totally wrong for another. Building owners need to be wary of the one- With a still-uncertain economy and volatile energy prices in size-fits-all approach. the forecast, commercial building owners are constantly

looking for ways to reduce their operating costs and A systematic, sensible energy conservation strategy improve profitability. With today's highly efficient HVAC requires that owners do their homework. With the right technologies and other ECMs, owners and operators can information, they can choose ECMs that meet their reduce energy consumption, push savings to the bottom building's particular needs and provide a return on line, shrink their carbon footprints and create a investment that justifies the up-front capital outlay. comfortable, affordable environment that will attract and Following are steps owners should take before investing in retain the best tenants.any major improvements:

20 21

INTODUCTION: retrofits.

Cost of Electricity is a major share in the total operating cost To obtain kW / TR value it is obvious, that one needs to

of an enterprise. Ever rising energy bills and reduced measure power consumption in kW and refrigeration

availability, necessitates the need for efficient use and effect in TR. Power measurements, i.e. the input power

innovative techniques. A sizable portion of electricity (to to the drives of the refrigeration compressor, chilled &

the tune of 40-50%) is consumed by utilities like condenser water pumps, cooling tower fan, is an easy

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning alone, in most hotels, task involving use of a portable power analyzer or panel

hospitals, commercial buildings and dairy units. This mounted power/energy meters. In contrast, the TR of the

article presents a compilation of some of the best practices refrigeration effect or load is a slightly more involved

in vogue in Indian industries, with energy saving potential assessment in the sense that, chilled water flow

of the order of 20 40%, Best practices like: incorporation measurements are to be undertaken.

of SCADA & BMS, Variable Speed Drives (VSD' s),

Earth Air Tunnels (EAT), Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) TR in a basic reflects the amount of heat removed or the

etc. are few among them. The best practices discussed in chilling effect, which would render 1 British Ton of water

this paper are already in practice and implemented (in into ice in a period of 24 hours.

India) and show great promise for large scale adoption in The TR effect can be calculated by the relation: TR = Q X

the near future. C X (T T ) / 3024p i o

Performance Assessment of the Refrigeration & A/c Where:

system ? TR is the cooling duty

? Q is the mass flow rate of the chilled

TR? Yes TR or Tons of Refrigeration is a commonly used water/brine coolant in kg/hr. oand familiar term even by non-techies. It is something ? C is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg Cp

that even a housewife, barely initiated in technicalities ? T is the inlet temperature of coolant to i

owould figure out & understand. However it clues one, evaporator (chiller) in C.

only to the capacity and size of an air conditioning or ? T is the outlet temperature of coolant from o

orefrigeration system, but not its performance. evaporator (chiller) in C.

Flow measurement is the most tricky and difficult part in the

In industry on the other hand, where great footage is overall assessment of the refrigeration system. Generally,

accorded to the quantum & quality of the refrigeration flow measurements and indicators are not provided for in a

effect and where the power consumption & efficiency of majority of the cases. Only in recently installed new

the system are crucial, the term KW/TR has mileage and systems, off late are we finding online flow meters.

greater relevance and is the more apt energy performance Ultrasonic flow meters are now available in the market,

related indicator in use. It simultaneously reflects the which can be used for measuring liquid flows. Magnetic

quantum of power consumed (kW) per unit of flow meters are also widely used though these have to be

refrigeration effect (TR) i.e. the specific power installed in the pipe line. For measuring air flows, (in

consumption for the refrigeration system or the machine, cooling towers and A/c ducts) anemometers are good bet. A

as the case may be. Moreover kW and TR in any facility pitot tube can also be used for air flow measurements in A/c

are parameters that are not too difficult to measure. ducts.

Like any other specific power consumption indicator, kW / Once we have a handle on kW/TR values, then can be

TR can be widely and conveniently used for comparison expressed, either in terms of Coefficient of Performance

with bench marks, for inert-se comparison amongst a (COP) or Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), and other

bank of machines & for performance trend analysis. It commonly used energy performance indicators.

speaks of the conversion efficiency in broad terms and an The relationship between kW/TR, COP & EER is

upward trend warns of bad performance. Timely featured below:

intervention to curb the rising trend would be in order,

perhaps by restoring to good

maintenance & operating practices

and / or incorporating appropriate

efficient technological changes /

Best Practices for Energy Conservationin Refrigeration and Air ConditioningG’Subramanyam

23

INTODUCTION: retrofits.

Cost of Electricity is a major share in the total operating cost To obtain kW / TR value it is obvious, that one needs to

of an enterprise. Ever rising energy bills and reduced measure power consumption in kW and refrigeration

availability, necessitates the need for efficient use and effect in TR. Power measurements, i.e. the input power

innovative techniques. A sizable portion of electricity (to to the drives of the refrigeration compressor, chilled &

the tune of 40-50%) is consumed by utilities like condenser water pumps, cooling tower fan, is an easy

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning alone, in most hotels, task involving use of a portable power analyzer or panel

hospitals, commercial buildings and dairy units. This mounted power/energy meters. In contrast, the TR of the

article presents a compilation of some of the best practices refrigeration effect or load is a slightly more involved

in vogue in Indian industries, with energy saving potential assessment in the sense that, chilled water flow

of the order of 20 40%, Best practices like: incorporation measurements are to be undertaken.

of SCADA & BMS, Variable Speed Drives (VSD' s),

Earth Air Tunnels (EAT), Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) TR in a basic reflects the amount of heat removed or the

etc. are few among them. The best practices discussed in chilling effect, which would render 1 British Ton of water

this paper are already in practice and implemented (in into ice in a period of 24 hours.

India) and show great promise for large scale adoption in The TR effect can be calculated by the relation: TR = Q X

the near future. C X (T T ) / 3024p i o

Performance Assessment of the Refrigeration & A/c Where:

system ? TR is the cooling duty

? Q is the mass flow rate of the chilled

TR? Yes TR or Tons of Refrigeration is a commonly used water/brine coolant in kg/hr. oand familiar term even by non-techies. It is something ? C is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg Cp

that even a housewife, barely initiated in technicalities ? T is the inlet temperature of coolant to i

owould figure out & understand. However it clues one, evaporator (chiller) in C.

only to the capacity and size of an air conditioning or ? T is the outlet temperature of coolant from o

orefrigeration system, but not its performance. evaporator (chiller) in C.

Flow measurement is the most tricky and difficult part in the

In industry on the other hand, where great footage is overall assessment of the refrigeration system. Generally,

accorded to the quantum & quality of the refrigeration flow measurements and indicators are not provided for in a

effect and where the power consumption & efficiency of majority of the cases. Only in recently installed new

the system are crucial, the term KW/TR has mileage and systems, off late are we finding online flow meters.

greater relevance and is the more apt energy performance Ultrasonic flow meters are now available in the market,

related indicator in use. It simultaneously reflects the which can be used for measuring liquid flows. Magnetic

quantum of power consumed (kW) per unit of flow meters are also widely used though these have to be

refrigeration effect (TR) i.e. the specific power installed in the pipe line. For measuring air flows, (in

consumption for the refrigeration system or the machine, cooling towers and A/c ducts) anemometers are good bet. A

as the case may be. Moreover kW and TR in any facility pitot tube can also be used for air flow measurements in A/c

are parameters that are not too difficult to measure. ducts.

Like any other specific power consumption indicator, kW / Once we have a handle on kW/TR values, then can be

TR can be widely and conveniently used for comparison expressed, either in terms of Coefficient of Performance

with bench marks, for inert-se comparison amongst a (COP) or Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), and other

bank of machines & for performance trend analysis. It commonly used energy performance indicators.

speaks of the conversion efficiency in broad terms and an The relationship between kW/TR, COP & EER is

upward trend warns of bad performance. Timely featured below:

intervention to curb the rising trend would be in order,

perhaps by restoring to good

maintenance & operating practices

and / or incorporating appropriate

efficient technological changes /

Best Practices for Energy Conservationin Refrigeration and Air ConditioningG’Subramanyam

23

Typical normative kW/TR values, for different vapor

Compression refrigerationmachine are:

actual real time data available at his finger tips. The facility to view key process parameters like, temperature, pressure and

flow of chilled water, cooling water and air, and input power consumption of compressors, pumps, fans, allows the operating personnel to analyze and instantaneously take corrective action. The optimised utilization of equipment running time manifests as reduced energy consumption. The real time consumption trend, by individual departments, helps

in overall optimization, leading to energy savings. Several The above figures includes Compressor power alone. If one adds the chilled water / condenser water pumps power and also the cooling tower fan power, then these kW/TR values may slightly go up. One often encounters the reciprocating compression systems in the field. The typical benchmark overall kW/TR figures including compressor, condenser pump, chiller pump, cooling tower fan, could be 1 to 1.1 for air conditioning systems.

For Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR), Systems the energy performance indicator is Kcal/TR instead of kW/TR. The typical Kcal/TR values as follows:

In their endeavor to retain their competitive edge in the fiercely competitive market place, most of the business enterprises are readily adopting best practices in pursuit of energy conservation and energy cost reduction. Some of the popular and notable ones in the cooling/refrigeration field are discussed below:

pharmaceutical and dairy units have implemented SCADA Recent technologies, best practices, systems that have been and have achieved overall energy savings of the order of 5 10%. Many commercial building are also going for Building Management Systems (BMS).

Optimised running of cold water and hot water pumps

Very often one finds the cold well and hot well concept being followed, in chilled water / brine centralized systems. Invariably, users encounter the nagging

successfully adopted and implemented are: problem of hot water mixing into the cold water by overflow, ? SCADA system for Air Conditioning Plants thus killing the advantage of refrigeration, and losing

precious energy in the process. To overcome this wasteful ? Optimised running of cold & hot water pumpsphenomenon, the speed (rpm) of the cold and hot water pumps ? Optimised running of Cooling Tower fanscan be varied as per need, to control flow as well as pressure,

? Optimised running of Air Handling Units (AHU's) by installing PID controllers and variable speed drives.through PID controls & VFD's

Motor speed is varies based on level in the cold / hot well and ? Installation of VAR Systems in process industries also the pressure in the cold water header. The power savings including Hotels & Hospitalsthat have been achieved by some of the Dairy industries are

? Adoption of Air ambiator for low cost air cooling worth more than Rs.2 lakhs annually, with an investment of requirements Rs.4 lakhs. The investment has been paid back in less than 2

years.? Replacing old efficient window A/C's with the latest

energy efficient A/C'sOptimised running of cooling tower fans

? Use of Hybrid Water sink Energy Efficient window CT fan operation can be optimised by installing temperature A/c controllers for the cooling tower and Variable Speed Drives

(VFD's) for the cooling tower fans. The controller provided in ? Traditional cooling with Wind Towersthe cooling tower pump house keeps track of the temperature ? Use of underground Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) to of cold water in the header through the sensor provided in the

supply pre-cooled air header and accordingly VFD varies the speed of the CT fans ? Generation of hot water by waste heat recovery motor. This automatically optimises CT fan operation and

results in sizable power savings especially for a 24 x 7 type of through De-superheatingoperation. A majority of modern dairies and pharma industries have implemented this type of system. A good SCADA system for Air Conditioning Plantsnumber of industrial units hsve also implemented ON/OFF controls actuated based on cooling tower sump water Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, temperature as a low cost solution. The power savings thus is a sophisticated automation, data acquisition and data achieved by one of the modern dairy, in cooling tower fan logging tool as well as a control option during operation, thus alone was around Rs.8 lakhs annually.facilitating operators to effect parameter changes based on

system. We can able to achieve temperatures much below the the sensor provided in the header and accordingly VFD wet bulb temperature by using two stage cooling. varies the speed of the CT fans motor. This automatically The capital cost of the this system is also less and this system optimises CT fan operation and results in sizable power can be used for outpatient wards of hospitals, canteens, savings especially for a 24 x 7 type of operation. A majority cinema halls, etc., the following table gives the capital cost, of modern dairies and pharma industries have implemented operating energy cost of different systems i.e Vapour this type of system. A good number of industrial units hsve compression and the air ambiatoralso implemented ON/OFF controls actuated based on

cooling tower sump water temperature as a low cost solution. The power savings thus achieved by one of the modern dairy, in cooling tower fan alone was around Rs.8 lakhs annually.

Optimised running of Air Handling Units (AHU's) through PID controls & VFD'sOptimization of Air Handling Units (AHU's) can be achieved by installing controllers and Variable Speed Drives for the AHU blowers. The controller installed in the AHU's continuously tracks & monitors the temperature inside the air conditioned area, and accordingly, the speed of the blower motor is varied by the Variable frequency d r i v e s ( V F D ' s ) r e s u l t i n g i n l o w e r p o w e r consumption.These types of controls and VFD's have become common now a days in most of the commercial buildings like hotels and hospitals. In industries also they have potentials to save energy to the tune of 15-20%.

Installation of VAR Systems in process industries Replacing old inefficient window A/c's with the energy including Hotels & Hospitalsefficient A/c's.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR) or Vapour The old window A/c's are bound to consume more energy. Absorption Machine (VAM) are being used by many process The window A/c's which are designed about 10 years back, industries like Pharma, Rayon, Textiles, Fertilizers,

the specific energy consumption is around 2 2.5 kW/TR. Refineries and Power plants where steam or waste heat is The present genre state of the art, window A/c's with scroll available in fact in one of the process industry in India had

replaced existing single effect VAM to double effect VAM compressor are more efficient and are designed to consume for cost savings. Recently one of the leading Rayon industry about 1.2 to 1.4 kW/R. With the implementation of has replaced the existing centrifugal chillers by installing

standards and labeling programme by Bureau of Energy 525 TR single effect vapour absorption chillers. The Efficiency (BEE), the user has a choice to go for energy reported cost benefits are as follows.efficient window A/c's (including split A/c) before he buys. Towards energy cost reduction, many people are going for The following table gives the inter comparison of energy direct fired VAR system, where steam is not available. One consumption of different models of A/c's, which are of the innovative method adopted by a multi specialty available in India.hospital in Vadodara, Gujarat is use of solar energy for air

Use of Hybrid Water sink Energy Efficient

window A/c

New type of energy-efficient air conditioners are

available in the market, that are more energy

efficient (at least 30% when compared to 3-star

rated ACs). The fluid that collects and releases it at

the condenser is called refrigerant. A pump, called

the compressor, forces the refrigerant through the

circuit of tubing and fins in the coils. Air moves

through the tiny spaces between the fins and is

cooled by the refrigerant in the coils. This cycle is 2conditioning. By generating 3 kg/cm steam by using solar called vapour compression cycle. In the Hybrid A/c use the

concentric panels, they could able to run the VAR machines same compression cycle by adding another stage in and reduce their high power bills. condensation as seen in the photograph here. A unique

condenser and evaporator design allowing for faster Adoption of air ambiator technology for low cost air condensation and evaporation makes the cycle more coolingefficient than the conventional vapour compression cycle. In

We can reduce our air conditioning energy cost by 50-60% most of our installations, we have been able to achieve by adopting air ambiator technology. If you are able to

average power consumption of 0.7 KW/toncompromise little on humidity, we can go for air ambiator .

24 25

Typical normative kW/TR values, for different vapor

Compression refrigerationmachine are:

actual real time data available at his finger tips. The facility to view key process parameters like, temperature, pressure and

flow of chilled water, cooling water and air, and input power consumption of compressors, pumps, fans, allows the operating personnel to analyze and instantaneously take corrective action. The optimised utilization of equipment running time manifests as reduced energy consumption. The real time consumption trend, by individual departments, helps

in overall optimization, leading to energy savings. Several The above figures includes Compressor power alone. If one adds the chilled water / condenser water pumps power and also the cooling tower fan power, then these kW/TR values may slightly go up. One often encounters the reciprocating compression systems in the field. The typical benchmark overall kW/TR figures including compressor, condenser pump, chiller pump, cooling tower fan, could be 1 to 1.1 for air conditioning systems.

For Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR), Systems the energy performance indicator is Kcal/TR instead of kW/TR. The typical Kcal/TR values as follows:

In their endeavor to retain their competitive edge in the fiercely competitive market place, most of the business enterprises are readily adopting best practices in pursuit of energy conservation and energy cost reduction. Some of the popular and notable ones in the cooling/refrigeration field are discussed below:

pharmaceutical and dairy units have implemented SCADA Recent technologies, best practices, systems that have been and have achieved overall energy savings of the order of 5 10%. Many commercial building are also going for Building Management Systems (BMS).

Optimised running of cold water and hot water pumps

Very often one finds the cold well and hot well concept being followed, in chilled water / brine centralized systems. Invariably, users encounter the nagging

successfully adopted and implemented are: problem of hot water mixing into the cold water by overflow, ? SCADA system for Air Conditioning Plants thus killing the advantage of refrigeration, and losing

precious energy in the process. To overcome this wasteful ? Optimised running of cold & hot water pumpsphenomenon, the speed (rpm) of the cold and hot water pumps ? Optimised running of Cooling Tower fanscan be varied as per need, to control flow as well as pressure,

? Optimised running of Air Handling Units (AHU's) by installing PID controllers and variable speed drives.through PID controls & VFD's

Motor speed is varies based on level in the cold / hot well and ? Installation of VAR Systems in process industries also the pressure in the cold water header. The power savings including Hotels & Hospitalsthat have been achieved by some of the Dairy industries are

? Adoption of Air ambiator for low cost air cooling worth more than Rs.2 lakhs annually, with an investment of requirements Rs.4 lakhs. The investment has been paid back in less than 2

years.? Replacing old efficient window A/C's with the latest

energy efficient A/C'sOptimised running of cooling tower fans

? Use of Hybrid Water sink Energy Efficient window CT fan operation can be optimised by installing temperature A/c controllers for the cooling tower and Variable Speed Drives

(VFD's) for the cooling tower fans. The controller provided in ? Traditional cooling with Wind Towersthe cooling tower pump house keeps track of the temperature ? Use of underground Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) to of cold water in the header through the sensor provided in the

supply pre-cooled air header and accordingly VFD varies the speed of the CT fans ? Generation of hot water by waste heat recovery motor. This automatically optimises CT fan operation and

results in sizable power savings especially for a 24 x 7 type of through De-superheatingoperation. A majority of modern dairies and pharma industries have implemented this type of system. A good SCADA system for Air Conditioning Plantsnumber of industrial units hsve also implemented ON/OFF controls actuated based on cooling tower sump water Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, temperature as a low cost solution. The power savings thus is a sophisticated automation, data acquisition and data achieved by one of the modern dairy, in cooling tower fan logging tool as well as a control option during operation, thus alone was around Rs.8 lakhs annually.facilitating operators to effect parameter changes based on

system. We can able to achieve temperatures much below the the sensor provided in the header and accordingly VFD wet bulb temperature by using two stage cooling. varies the speed of the CT fans motor. This automatically The capital cost of the this system is also less and this system optimises CT fan operation and results in sizable power can be used for outpatient wards of hospitals, canteens, savings especially for a 24 x 7 type of operation. A majority cinema halls, etc., the following table gives the capital cost, of modern dairies and pharma industries have implemented operating energy cost of different systems i.e Vapour this type of system. A good number of industrial units hsve compression and the air ambiatoralso implemented ON/OFF controls actuated based on

cooling tower sump water temperature as a low cost solution. The power savings thus achieved by one of the modern dairy, in cooling tower fan alone was around Rs.8 lakhs annually.

Optimised running of Air Handling Units (AHU's) through PID controls & VFD'sOptimization of Air Handling Units (AHU's) can be achieved by installing controllers and Variable Speed Drives for the AHU blowers. The controller installed in the AHU's continuously tracks & monitors the temperature inside the air conditioned area, and accordingly, the speed of the blower motor is varied by the Variable frequency d r i v e s ( V F D ' s ) r e s u l t i n g i n l o w e r p o w e r consumption.These types of controls and VFD's have become common now a days in most of the commercial buildings like hotels and hospitals. In industries also they have potentials to save energy to the tune of 15-20%.

Installation of VAR Systems in process industries Replacing old inefficient window A/c's with the energy including Hotels & Hospitalsefficient A/c's.

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR) or Vapour The old window A/c's are bound to consume more energy. Absorption Machine (VAM) are being used by many process The window A/c's which are designed about 10 years back, industries like Pharma, Rayon, Textiles, Fertilizers,

the specific energy consumption is around 2 2.5 kW/TR. Refineries and Power plants where steam or waste heat is The present genre state of the art, window A/c's with scroll available in fact in one of the process industry in India had

replaced existing single effect VAM to double effect VAM compressor are more efficient and are designed to consume for cost savings. Recently one of the leading Rayon industry about 1.2 to 1.4 kW/R. With the implementation of has replaced the existing centrifugal chillers by installing

standards and labeling programme by Bureau of Energy 525 TR single effect vapour absorption chillers. The Efficiency (BEE), the user has a choice to go for energy reported cost benefits are as follows.efficient window A/c's (including split A/c) before he buys. Towards energy cost reduction, many people are going for The following table gives the inter comparison of energy direct fired VAR system, where steam is not available. One consumption of different models of A/c's, which are of the innovative method adopted by a multi specialty available in India.hospital in Vadodara, Gujarat is use of solar energy for air

Use of Hybrid Water sink Energy Efficient

window A/c

New type of energy-efficient air conditioners are

available in the market, that are more energy

efficient (at least 30% when compared to 3-star

rated ACs). The fluid that collects and releases it at

the condenser is called refrigerant. A pump, called

the compressor, forces the refrigerant through the

circuit of tubing and fins in the coils. Air moves

through the tiny spaces between the fins and is

cooled by the refrigerant in the coils. This cycle is 2conditioning. By generating 3 kg/cm steam by using solar called vapour compression cycle. In the Hybrid A/c use the

concentric panels, they could able to run the VAR machines same compression cycle by adding another stage in and reduce their high power bills. condensation as seen in the photograph here. A unique

condenser and evaporator design allowing for faster Adoption of air ambiator technology for low cost air condensation and evaporation makes the cycle more coolingefficient than the conventional vapour compression cycle. In

We can reduce our air conditioning energy cost by 50-60% most of our installations, we have been able to achieve by adopting air ambiator technology. If you are able to

average power consumption of 0.7 KW/toncompromise little on humidity, we can go for air ambiator .

24 25

heat at the evaporator and releases it at the condenser is through the towers and spraying water, similar to air

called refrigerant. A pump, called the compressor, forces coolers, we can able to reduce ambient air temperature by Othe refrigerant through the circuit of tubing and fins in the 5-7 C. By passing this cool air through the chiller water

coils. Air moves through the tiny spaces between the fins fan coil in the AHU's, we can able to reduce the air

and is cooled by the refrigerant in the coils. This cycle is conditioning load of the building by 2-3%. This is being

called vapour compression cycle. In the Hybrid A/c use practiced at the CII-Godrej Green Business Centre at

Hyderabad, the first building outside

USA to get platinum rating by LEED,

USA.

Use of Underground Earth Air

Tunnel (EAT) to supply pre-cooled

air

The principle of the tunnel is to take

advantage of consis tency in

temperature through out the year at

certain depth below ground. At a depth

of 4M below the ground, the

temperature remains constant, round

the year and is equal to the annual

average temperature of a place. For the same compression cycle by adding another stage in Oinstance, Delhi this temperature is between 25-26 C. So, if condensation as seen in the photograph here. A unique

air is passed through such earth tunnel, before funneling condenser and evaporator design allowing for faster into a room, we can expect it to be cool in summer and condensation and evaporation makes the cycle more warm in the winter. In this system air is passed through the efficient than the conventional vapour compression cycle. underground pipes and then circulated in the rooms by In most of our installations, we have been able to achieve AHU's to reduce heat load. However the tunnels cannot average power consumption of 0.7 KW/tonremove the excess humidity from the air during monsoon,

humid summers. So, additional chillers have to be installed

to achieve the required comfort levels. The additional

investment required to construct the Earth Air Tunnel can By constructing Wind Towers and drawing fresh air intake be paid back within an year. The TERI's Gual Pahri

Campus near Delhi has incorporated this type of system

Generation of hot water by waste heat recovery through De-superheating

We are more familiar with waste heat recovery from

furnaces, boilers, DG sets etc. Waste heat recovery from

refrigeration and Air conditioning system has become a

reality. By de-superheating the refrigerant from the

discharge of compressor, before sending to the condenser, Owe can able to produce hot water at 55-60 C. As a thumb

rule, we can generate 20 lit/TR hot water with a ? T of 30 OC. This type of system is more useful for hotels.

.

Traditional cooling with Wind Tower

discharge of compressor, before sending to the condenser, buildings. The air conditioning loads are day by day Owe can able to produce hot water at 55-60 C. As a thumb increasing and creating burden on our already overloaded

rule, we can generate 20 lit/TR hot water with a ? T of 30 electricity grid. By adopting best practices that are given OC. This type of system is more useful for hotels. in this article will able to save energy to the tune of 10-20%

Conclusion: depending on the application. The best practices discussed

The Energy Bill towards refrigeration and Air conditioning in this paper are already in practice and implemented (in

alone is contributing to 50-60% in majority of the India) and show great promise for large scale adoption in

industries such as Dairy, Hotels, Hospitals and commercial the near future.

G.Subramanyam is Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Certified Energy Auditor and also

a IGBC Green Building Accredited Professional with over 22 years of proven success in

undertaking Energy Conservation projects. Awarded three times Best Energy Auditor of

the Year for the year 2007-08 & 2008-09, 2009-10.. Worked with National Productivity

Council for 20 years in the Energy Management Division. Currently heading Siri Exergy

& Carbon Advisory Services (P) Ltd., Hyderabad. Presently overseeing Energy Efficiency,

Project Development & Registration of CDM projects with UNFCCC & capacity building.

Expertise in energy management, project management, financing and implementation of

energy efficiency projects under ESCO model, as well as policy analysis. Distinction of

winning Rs.56,000/- cash prizes for contributing to Technical writing on various issues

related to Energy Efficiency & CDM through the website www.energymanagertraining

.com so far. One of Finalist in the Demonstration Marketplace 2006 Global contest of The

World Bank”

Email:[email protected]

26 27


VOL-I (i) AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 2011 90

ENERGY BLITZ






heat at the evaporator and releases it at the condenser is through the towers and spraying water, similar to air

called refrigerant. A pump, called the compressor, forces coolers, we can able to reduce ambient air temperature by Othe refrigerant through the circuit of tubing and fins in the 5-7 C. By passing this cool air through the chiller water

coils. Air moves through the tiny spaces between the fins fan coil in the AHU's, we can able to reduce the air

and is cooled by the refrigerant in the coils. This cycle is conditioning load of the building by 2-3%. This is being

called vapour compression cycle. In the Hybrid A/c use practiced at the CII-Godrej Green Business Centre at

Hyderabad, the first building outside

USA to get platinum rating by LEED,

USA.

Use of Underground Earth Air

Tunnel (EAT) to supply pre-cooled

air

The principle of the tunnel is to take

advantage of consis tency in

temperature through out the year at

certain depth below ground. At a depth

of 4M below the ground, the

temperature remains constant, round

the year and is equal to the annual

average temperature of a place. For the same compression cycle by adding another stage in Oinstance, Delhi this temperature is between 25-26 C. So, if condensation as seen in the photograph here. A unique

air is passed through such earth tunnel, before funneling condenser and evaporator design allowing for faster into a room, we can expect it to be cool in summer and condensation and evaporation makes the cycle more warm in the winter. In this system air is passed through the efficient than the conventional vapour compression cycle. underground pipes and then circulated in the rooms by In most of our installations, we have been able to achieve AHU's to reduce heat load. However the tunnels cannot average power consumption of 0.7 KW/tonremove the excess humidity from the air during monsoon,

humid summers. So, additional chillers have to be installed

to achieve the required comfort levels. The additional

investment required to construct the Earth Air Tunnel can By constructing Wind Towers and drawing fresh air intake be paid back within an year. The TERI's Gual Pahri

Campus near Delhi has incorporated this type of system

Generation of hot water by waste heat recovery through De-superheating

We are more familiar with waste heat recovery from

furnaces, boilers, DG sets etc. Waste heat recovery from

refrigeration and Air conditioning system has become a

reality. By de-superheating the refrigerant from the

discharge of compressor, before sending to the condenser, Owe can able to produce hot water at 55-60 C. As a thumb

rule, we can generate 20 lit/TR hot water with a ? T of 30 OC. This type of system is more useful for hotels.

.

Traditional cooling with Wind Tower

discharge of compressor, before sending to the condenser, buildings. The air conditioning loads are day by day Owe can able to produce hot water at 55-60 C. As a thumb increasing and creating burden on our already overloaded

rule, we can generate 20 lit/TR hot water with a ? T of 30 electricity grid. By adopting best practices that are given OC. This type of system is more useful for hotels. in this article will able to save energy to the tune of 10-20%

Conclusion: depending on the application. The best practices discussed

The Energy Bill towards refrigeration and Air conditioning in this paper are already in practice and implemented (in

alone is contributing to 50-60% in majority of the India) and show great promise for large scale adoption in

industries such as Dairy, Hotels, Hospitals and commercial the near future.

G.Subramanyam is Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Certified Energy Auditor and also

a IGBC Green Building Accredited Professional with over 22 years of proven success in

undertaking Energy Conservation projects. Awarded three times Best Energy Auditor of

the Year for the year 2007-08 & 2008-09, 2009-10.. Worked with National Productivity

Council for 20 years in the Energy Management Division. Currently heading Siri Exergy

& Carbon Advisory Services (P) Ltd., Hyderabad. Presently overseeing Energy Efficiency,

Project Development & Registration of CDM projects with UNFCCC & capacity building.

Expertise in energy management, project management, financing and implementation of

energy efficiency projects under ESCO model, as well as policy analysis. Distinction of

winning Rs.56,000/- cash prizes for contributing to Technical writing on various issues

related to Energy Efficiency & CDM through the website www.energymanagertraining

.com so far. One of Finalist in the Demonstration Marketplace 2006 Global contest of The

World Bank”

Email:[email protected]

26 27


VOL-I (i) AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 2011 90

ENERGY BL TI Z






“Radiant light and heat from the Sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydro-electricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on earth”

MW/km square (megawatt per kilometer square). With a geographical area of 3.287 million km square, this amounts to 657.4 million MW. However, 87.5% of the land is used for agriculture, forests, fallow lands, etc., 6.7% for housing, industry, etc., and 5.8% is either barren, snow bound, or generally inhabitable. Thus, only 12.5% of the land area amounting to 0.413 million km square can, in theory, be used for solar energy installations.

Even if 10% of this area can be used, the available solar energy would be 8 million MW, which is equivalent to 5,909 mtoe (million tons of oil equivalents) per year.

In July 2009, India unveiled a $19 billion plan, to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020.Under the plan, solar-powered equipment and applications would be mandatory in all government buildings including hospitals and hotels. On November 18, 2009, it was reported that India was ready to launch its National Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, with plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013.

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), India has a vast potential for renewable energy sources, coal/peat account for nearly 40% of India's total energy especially in areas such as solar power, biomass and wind consumption, followed by nearly 27% for combustible power. Technological breakthroughs for cost-effective renewables and waste. Oil accounts for nearly 24% of total photovoltaic technology could generate a quantum leap in energy consumption, natural gas 6%, hydroelectric power the renewable energy sector since India is well endowed almost 2%, nuclear nearly 1%, and other renewables less with solar insolation (average of 6 kwh/sq.mt./day). India than 0.5%. plans to announce increased subsidies for solar-power

generation, as the country looks to scale up production of Although nuclear power comprises a very small percentage of total energy consumption at this time, it is expected to increase in light of international civil nuclear energy cooperation deals. According to the Indian government, nearly 30% of India's total energy needs are met through imports.

Currently, installed base of renewable energy is 16,492.42 MW which is 10.12% of total installed base with the southern state of Tamil Nadu contributing nearly a third of it (5008.26 MW) largely through wind power. India is world's 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of global energy consumption. The economy of India, measured in US$ exchange-rate terms, is the 25th largest in the world, with a GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of around $1 trillion (2008). GDP growth rate of 9.0% for the fiscal year 2007-2008 which makes it the second fastest big emerging economy, after China, in the world. There is a very high demand for energy, which is currently satisfied mainly by coal, foreign oil and petroleum, which are apart from being a non-renewable.

Solar Energy

In India, in the solar energy sector, some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km² area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 gigawatts. India is endowed with rich solar energy resource. The average intensity of solar radiation received on India is 200







Solar Energy


renewable energy and show it is committed to mitigating

climate change.

India just had 2.12 megawatts of grid-connected solar generation capacity. As part of the National Solar Mission, the ministry aims to bolster the annual photovoltaic production to at least 1,000 megawatts a year by 2017. With an installed capacity of 123 GW, the country currently faces energy shortage of 8 % and a peak demand shortage of 11.6 %. In order to sustain a growth rate of 8 %, it is estimated that the power generation capacity in India would have to increase to 306 GW in the next ten years which is 2.5 times current levels. However, as of October 2009, India is currently ranked number one along with the United States in terms of installed solar energy generation

FOCUSINDIA: Sun's most favored nation

By M. R. Menon

capacity. date by RULON. CLP India, the Group's subsidiary in The Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) has India, is partnering with wind turbine manufacturer installed India's largest solar photovoltaic power plant at Enercon (India) Limited to develop this greenfield Yalesandra village in Kolar district of Karnataka. Built at project in India's north-western state of Gujarat. Suzlon, the cost of about $13 million, the plant makes use of India's largest wind power company, has risen to ranking modular crystalline technology to generate solar energy. 5th worldwide, with 7.7%of the global market share in just over a decade. Suzlon holds some 52% of market

share in India. Suzlon's success has made India the Wind energydeveloping country leader in advanced wind turbine technology. The development of wind power in India began in the

1990s, and has significantly increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry Hydropower compared with Denmark or the US, India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. The India is endowed with economically exploitable and worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached viable hydro potential assessed to be

about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor (1,48,701 MW installed capacity). In addition, 6,780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. However, only 19.9% of the potential has been harnessed so far. Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario.

157,899 MW by the end of 2009. USA (35,159 MW), India was one of the pioneering countries in establishing Germany (25,777 MW), Spain (19,149 MW) and China hydro-electric power plants. The power plant at (25,104 MW) are ahead of India in 5th position. The short Darjeeling and Shimsha (Shivanasamudra) was gestation periods for installing wind turbines, and the established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and is one of increasing reliability and performance of wind energy the first in Asia. The installed capacity as of 2008 was machines has made wind power a favored choice for approximately 36,877. The public sector has a capacity addition in India. predominant share of 97% in this sector. In addition, 56 Samana wind farm is the largest wind project undertaken to number of pumped storage projects have also been

identified with probable installed capacity of 94,000 MW. In addition to this, hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6,782 MW from 1,512 sites.

Biomass

Biomass has been a key player in energy generation even in the past. Biomass, defined as all land and water based vegetation as well as organic wastes, fulfilled almost all of human kind's energy need prior to the industrial revolution. In present day scenario, once again its utilization for generation of energy has gained momentum because of l imi t ed ava i l ab i l i t y o f t he conventional energy resources as

28 29

“Radiant light and heat from the Sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydro-electricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on earth”







Solar Energy








Solar Energy


renewable energy and show it is committed to mitigating

climate change.

India just had 2.12 megawatts of grid-connected solar generation capacity. As part of the National Solar Mission, the ministry aims to bolster the annual photovoltaic production to at least 1,000 megawatts a year by 2017. With an installed capacity of 123 GW, the country currently faces energy shortage of 8 % and a peak demand shortage of 11.6 %. In order to sustain a growth rate of 8 %, it is estimated that the power generation capacity in India would have to increase to 306 GW in the next ten years which is 2.5 times current levels. However, as of October 2009, India is currently ranked number one along with the United States in terms of installed solar energy generation

FOCUSINDIA: Sun's most favored nation

By M. R. Menon

capacity. date by RULON. CLP India, the Group's subsidiary in The Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) has India, is partnering with wind turbine manufacturer installed India's largest solar photovoltaic power plant at Enercon (India) Limited to develop this greenfield Yalesandra village in Kolar district of Karnataka. Built at project in India's north-western state of Gujarat. Suzlon, the cost of about $13 million, the plant makes use of India's largest wind power company, has risen to ranking modular crystalline technology to generate solar energy. 5th worldwide, with 7.7%of the global market share in just over a decade. Suzlon holds some 52% of market

share in India. Suzlon's success has made India the Wind energydeveloping country leader in advanced wind turbine technology. The development of wind power in India began in the

1990s, and has significantly increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry Hydropower compared with Denmark or the US, India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. The India is endowed with economically exploitable and worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached viable hydro potential assessed to be

about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor (1,48,701 MW installed capacity). In addition, 6,780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. However, only 19.9% of the potential has been harnessed so far. Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario.

157,899 MW by the end of 2009. USA (35,159 MW), India was one of the pioneering countries in establishing Germany (25,777 MW), Spain (19,149 MW) and China hydro-electric power plants. The power plant at (25,104 MW) are ahead of India in 5th position. The short Darjeeling and Shimsha (Shivanasamudra) was gestation periods for installing wind turbines, and the established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and is one of increasing reliability and performance of wind energy the first in Asia. The installed capacity as of 2008 was machines has made wind power a favored choice for approximately 36,877. The public sector has a capacity addition in India. predominant share of 97% in this sector. In addition, 56 Samana wind farm is the largest wind project undertaken to number of pumped storage projects have also been

identified with probable installed capacity of 94,000 MW. In addition to this, hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6,782 MW from 1,512 sites.

Biomass

Biomass has been a key player in energy generation even in the past. Biomass, defined as all land and water based vegetation as well as organic wastes, fulfilled almost all of human kind's energy need prior to the industrial revolution. In present day scenario, once again its utilization for generation of energy has gained momentum because of l imi t ed ava i l ab i l i t y o f t he conventional energy resources as

28 29

well as environmental concern due to GHG emissions. gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%), and homegrown (making us less dependent on foreign oil).In the past decade there has been renewed interest in the India has reasonably good potential for geothermal; the biomass as a renewable energy source worldwide. The potential geothermal provinces can produce 10,600 MW major reasons for this are as follows: of power. Rocks covered on the surface of India ranging

First of all technological developments relating to the conversion, crop production, etc. promise the application of biomass at lower cost and with higher conversion efficiency than was possible previously.

In Western Europe and in the US, the second main stimulus is food surpluses producing agricultural sector. This situation has led to a policy in which land is set aside in order to reduce surpluses. In these regions, a number of factors associated with surplus land, such as the de-population of rural areas and payment of significant subsidies to keep land fallow, have provided sufficient driving force to the introduction of alternative, non-food crops desirable.

Thirdly, the potential threat posed by climate change, due to high emission levels of greenhouse gases, the most important being CO2, has become a major stimulus for in age from more than 4500 million years to the present

day and distributed in different geographical units. The rocks comprise of Archean, Proterozoic, the marine and continental Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Teritary, Quaternary etc., More than 300 hot spring locations have been identified by Geological survey of India (Thussu, 2000). But yet geothermal power projects has not been exploited at all, owing to a variety of reasons, the chief being the availability of plentiful coal at cheap costs. However, with increasing environmental problems with coal based projects, India will need to start depending on clean and eco-friendly energy sources in future; one of

thwhich could be geothermal. India occupies 15 position in geothermal power use by country.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need for transition from petroleum-renewable energy sources in general. When produced by based energy systems to one based on renewable sustainable means, biomass emits roughly the same resources to decrease reliance on depleting reserves of amount of carbon during conversion as is taken up during fossil fuels and to mitigate climate change. In addition, plant growth.renewable energy has the potential to create many employment opportunities at all levels, especially in The use of biomass therefore does not contribute to a build rural areas. So Isolated systems, whose cost depends on up of CO2 in the atmosphere. India is very rich in biomass load factor are needed to be linked with rural industry. and has a potential of 16,881MW (agro-residues and Innovative financing is also a requirement. plantations), 5,000MW (bagasse cogeneration) and 2,700MW (energy recovery from waste). Biomass power Mainstreaming of renewables is very essential. Energy generation in India is an industry that attracts investments security, economic growth and environment protection of over Rs. 600 crores every year, generating more than are the national energy policy drivers of any country of 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of the world. The need to boost the efforts for further more than 10 million man-days in the rural areas.development and promotion of renewable energy sources has been felt world over in light of high prices of Geothermal Energy crude oil.

Geothermal energy is the earth's natural heat available A disparaging part of the solution lies in promoting inside the earth. This thermal energy contained in the rock renewable energy technologies as a way to address and fluid that filled up fractures and pores in the earth's concerns about energy security, economic growth in the crust can profitably be used for various purposes. This face of rising energy prices, competitiveness, health energy is accessed by drilling water or steam wells in a costs and environmental degradation. The cost-process similar to drilling for oil. effectiveness of Wind and Small Hydro power energy should also be taken into account. Geothermal energy is an enormous, underused heat and

power resource that is clean (emits little or no greenhouse

An emphasis should be given on presenting the real picture combustion and biomass gasification technologies, of massive renewable energy potential; it would be promoting the development and manufacture of small possible to attract foreign investments to herald a Green wind electric generators, and enhancing the Energy Revolution in India. regulatory/tariff regime in order to main stream

renewable energy sources in the national power system. Specific action include promoting deployment, innovation and basic research in renewable energy technologies, India's quest for energy security and sustainable resolving the barriers to development and commercial development rests a great deal on the ability to tap energy deployment of biomass, hydropower, solar and wind from alternate sources or the renewable sources. technologies, promoting straight (direct) biomass

usher in energy access for all, including the most India is perceived as a developing country, but it is disadvantaged and the remotest of our habitations. developing at a pace that is not matched by many

others. India has experienced significant economic In its decentralized or stand alone avatar, renewable growth. Yet the fact remains that its growth is energy is the most appropriate, scalable, and optimal constrained by energy supply and availability. solution for providing power to thousands of remote Although the country has seen an impressive increase and hilly villages and hamlets. Even today, millions of in installed capacity addition, from barely about 1,350 decentralized energy systems, solar lighting systems, MW at the time of independence (1947) to about irrigation pumps, aero-generators, biogas plants, solar 160,000 MW today, over 90,000 MW of new cookers, biomass gasifiers, and improved cook stoves, generation capacity is required in the next seven years. are being used in the remotest, inaccessible corners of A corresponding investment is required in

t h e c o u n t r y . transmission and Providing energy distribution. access to be most d i s advan taged The increasing a n d r e m o t e a p p e t i t e f o r communities can energy that has become one the developed in the biggest drivers of recent past has inclusive growth.b e e n f u r t h e r

complicated by T h o u g h s o l a r r a p i d l y energy i s the d i m i n i s h i n g f u t u r e , w i n d c o n v e n t i o n a l energy is where sources, like oil India competes a n d c o a l . To g l o b a l l y i n further add to the manufac tu r ing p r o b l e m s o f and deployment increased demand in the present and constrained scenario. India supply, there are has an installed serious questions capacity of over about pursuing a

11,000 MW of wind energy, and occupies the fifth fossil fuel-led growth strategy, especially in the position in the world, after USA, Germany, China and context of environmental concerns. The challenge Spain. India's policy framework in wind energy facing a developing nation such as India is to meet its generation is extremely investor-friendly, and an increasing energy needs while minimizing the damage attractive tariff and regulatory regime provide a strong to the environment. This is why, while striving to foundation for the growth of the sector. India's bridge its energy deficit, it wants to increase the share Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has of clean, sustainable, new and renewable energy recently taken the decision to introduce generation-sources. Whether or not renewable energy completely based incentives, a scheme whereby investors, as well replaces fossil fuel, India is determined to develop as getting the tariff as determined by the respective renewable energy to its fullest potential.state regulatory commissions, will also receive a Today, India stands among the top five countries in the financial incentive per unit of electricity generated world in terms of renewable energy capacity. India has over ten years. The decision to incentivize the an installed base of over 15 GW, which is around 9% generation of power will create a level playing field of country's total power generation capacity and between contributes over 3% in the electricity mix. While the

significance of renewable energy from the twin Biomass, which is an eco-friendly source for perspectives of energy security and environmental production of electricity, also holds considerable sustainability is usually well appreciated, what is often promise for India. Estimates indicate that, with the overlooked, or less appreciated, is the capacity to

INDIA MOVES FORWARD WITH ITS CLEAN ENERGY CONCEPT

30 31

well as environmental concern due to GHG emissions. gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%), and homegrown (making us less dependent on foreign oil).In the past decade there has been renewed interest in the India has reasonably good potential for geothermal; the biomass as a renewable energy source worldwide. The potential geothermal provinces can produce 10,600 MW major reasons for this are as follows: of power. Rocks covered on the surface of India ranging

First of all technological developments relating to the conversion, crop production, etc. promise the application of biomass at lower cost and with higher conversion efficiency than was possible previously.

In Western Europe and in the US, the second main stimulus is food surpluses producing agricultural sector. This situation has led to a policy in which land is set aside in order to reduce surpluses. In these regions, a number of factors associated with surplus land, such as the de-population of rural areas and payment of significant subsidies to keep land fallow, have provided sufficient driving force to the introduction of alternative, non-food crops desirable.

Thirdly, the potential threat posed by climate change, due to high emission levels of greenhouse gases, the most important being CO2, has become a major stimulus for in age from more than 4500 million years to the present

day and distributed in different geographical units. The rocks comprise of Archean, Proterozoic, the marine and continental Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Teritary, Quaternary etc., More than 300 hot spring locations have been identified by Geological survey of India (Thussu, 2000). But yet geothermal power projects has not been exploited at all, owing to a variety of reasons, the chief being the availability of plentiful coal at cheap costs. However, with increasing environmental problems with coal based projects, India will need to start depending on clean and eco-friendly energy sources in future; one of

thwhich could be geothermal. India occupies 15 position in geothermal power use by country.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need for transition from petroleum-renewable energy sources in general. When produced by based energy systems to one based on renewable sustainable means, biomass emits roughly the same resources to decrease reliance on depleting reserves of amount of carbon during conversion as is taken up during fossil fuels and to mitigate climate change. In addition, plant growth.renewable energy has the potential to create many employment opportunities at all levels, especially in The use of biomass therefore does not contribute to a build rural areas. So Isolated systems, whose cost depends on up of CO2 in the atmosphere. India is very rich in biomass load factor are needed to be linked with rural industry. and has a potential of 16,881MW (agro-residues and Innovative financing is also a requirement. plantations), 5,000MW (bagasse cogeneration) and 2,700MW (energy recovery from waste). Biomass power Mainstreaming of renewables is very essential. Energy generation in India is an industry that attracts investments security, economic growth and environment protection of over Rs. 600 crores every year, generating more than are the national energy policy drivers of any country of 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of the world. The need to boost the efforts for further more than 10 million man-days in the rural areas.development and promotion of renewable energy sources has been felt world over in light of high prices of Geothermal Energy crude oil.

Geothermal energy is the earth's natural heat available A disparaging part of the solution lies in promoting inside the earth. This thermal energy contained in the rock renewable energy technologies as a way to address and fluid that filled up fractures and pores in the earth's concerns about energy security, economic growth in the crust can profitably be used for various purposes. This face of rising energy prices, competitiveness, health energy is accessed by drilling water or steam wells in a costs and environmental degradation. The cost-process similar to drilling for oil. effectiveness of Wind and Small Hydro power energy should also be taken into account. Geothermal energy is an enormous, underused heat and

power resource that is clean (emits little or no greenhouse

An emphasis should be given on presenting the real picture combustion and biomass gasification technologies, of massive renewable energy potential; it would be promoting the development and manufacture of small possible to attract foreign investments to herald a Green wind electric generators, and enhancing the Energy Revolution in India. regulatory/tariff regime in order to main stream

renewable energy sources in the national power system. Specific action include promoting deployment, innovation and basic research in renewable energy technologies, India's quest for energy security and sustainable resolving the barriers to development and commercial development rests a great deal on the ability to tap energy deployment of biomass, hydropower, solar and wind from alternate sources or the renewable sources. technologies, promoting straight (direct) biomass

usher in energy access for all, including the most India is perceived as a developing country, but it is disadvantaged and the remotest of our habitations. developing at a pace that is not matched by many

others. India has experienced significant economic In its decentralized or stand alone avatar, renewable growth. Yet the fact remains that its growth is energy is the most appropriate, scalable, and optimal constrained by energy supply and availability. solution for providing power to thousands of remote Although the country has seen an impressive increase and hilly villages and hamlets. Even today, millions of in installed capacity addition, from barely about 1,350 decentralized energy systems, solar lighting systems, MW at the time of independence (1947) to about irrigation pumps, aero-generators, biogas plants, solar 160,000 MW today, over 90,000 MW of new cookers, biomass gasifiers, and improved cook stoves, generation capacity is required in the next seven years. are being used in the remotest, inaccessible corners of A corresponding investment is required in

t h e c o u n t r y . transmission and Providing energy distribution. access to be most d i s advan taged The increasing a n d r e m o t e a p p e t i t e f o r communities can energy that has become one the developed in the biggest drivers of recent past has inclusive growth.b e e n f u r t h e r

complicated by T h o u g h s o l a r r a p i d l y energy i s the d i m i n i s h i n g f u t u r e , w i n d c o n v e n t i o n a l energy is where sources, like oil India competes a n d c o a l . To g l o b a l l y i n further add to the manufac tu r ing p r o b l e m s o f and deployment increased demand in the present and constrained scenario. India supply, there are has an installed serious questions capacity of over about pursuing a

11,000 MW of wind energy, and occupies the fifth fossil fuel-led growth strategy, especially in the position in the world, after USA, Germany, China and context of environmental concerns. The challenge Spain. India's policy framework in wind energy facing a developing nation such as India is to meet its generation is extremely investor-friendly, and an increasing energy needs while minimizing the damage attractive tariff and regulatory regime provide a strong to the environment. This is why, while striving to foundation for the growth of the sector. India's bridge its energy deficit, it wants to increase the share Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has of clean, sustainable, new and renewable energy recently taken the decision to introduce generation-sources. Whether or not renewable energy completely based incentives, a scheme whereby investors, as well replaces fossil fuel, India is determined to develop as getting the tariff as determined by the respective renewable energy to its fullest potential.state regulatory commissions, will also receive a Today, India stands among the top five countries in the financial incentive per unit of electricity generated world in terms of renewable energy capacity. India has over ten years. The decision to incentivize the an installed base of over 15 GW, which is around 9% generation of power will create a level playing field of country's total power generation capacity and between contributes over 3% in the electricity mix. While the

significance of renewable energy from the twin Biomass, which is an eco-friendly source for perspectives of energy security and environmental production of electricity, also holds considerable sustainability is usually well appreciated, what is often promise for India. Estimates indicate that, with the overlooked, or less appreciated, is the capacity to

INDIA MOVES FORWARD WITH ITS CLEAN ENERGY CONCEPT

30 31

present utilization pattern of crop residues, the amount boundless and clean energy into reality. From rooftop solar of surplus biomass materials will be about 150 million power in urban agglomerations, to decentralized and off-tons, which could generate about 16,000 MW of grid solutions in remote rural communities the power. opportunities in renewable power are immense. We believe

that governments, in their facilitative role, have to create Hydro projects up to 25 MW capacities are termed as enabling ecosystems, which will, in turn, in facilitate the small hydro, and this energy stream has a potential of over 15,000 MW. Currently, a capacity addition of about 300 MW per annum is being achieved from small hydro projects about 70% is coming through the private sector. So far, hydropower projects with a capacity of over 2,700 MW have been set up in the country, and projects for about 900 MW are in various stages of implementation. The aim is to double the current growth rate, and take it to a capacity addition of 500 MW per year in next two-three years.

The challenge in the renewable energy sector generally, and in India particularly, is to reduce the per-unit cost of renewable energy. Hence, there is a continuous need to innovate to increase efficiencies and bring down costs. Innovations can be brought

healthy unleashing of the entrepreneurial spirit of the about in various ways it is possible to harness lower private sector and lead to the rapid development and wind speeds; the energy of tides and waves can be deployment of renewable energy,” says MNRE's Minister channeled to produce electricity; alternate transport Dr. Farooq Abdulla.fuels can make the journeys less carbon intensive;

hydrogen can be an ideal energy storage and carrier; India has a 12% shortage in power during peak hours and it is possible to have a larger grid with lower losses between 5:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M. As such massive of electricity.renewable energy projects are needed to supplement conventional energy like coal, petroleum, gas, etc.Innovations need not always be technology-based.

Insightful policy interventions can also significantly “India occupies 5th position in the world in Wind Energy. increase the use of renewable energy. For instance, in Hitherto depreciation benefits are given to large industries India MNRE is working with the regulators to lay that set up wind farms. In Denmark most of the wind down the framework for tradable renewable energy turbines are owned by wind farm co-operatives. The same certificates. While this will enable the ministry to concept can be promoted in India. A renewable energy fund achieve a larger share of renewable energy in the (Bonds) can be created and those invest in them can be electricity mix, the federal regulator's recent exempted from Income tax under Section 80C.announcement of normative guidelines for provincial . regulators to fix tariffs for renewable energy will In India an attempt can be made to install Offshore Wind provide a mechanism for better returns for renewable since it has long coast. Other areas where much efforts to energy developers. harness renewables include efficient LED lighting, hydrogen and fuel cells, increasing energy efficiency in “For centuries, the Indian tradition has worshipped the irrigation pump sets, electric vehicles, etc.” says Dr. A. sun, the wind, the earth, and water, as sources of life, Jagadeesh, a renewable energy expert from Andhra Pradesh, energy and creation. Today's technology provides us India. with a real opportunity to transform the promise of

“The technology of steam engine is not new. The British Empire was built and expanded in the world by using only steam engines. They used steam engines in boats and steamers, in vehicles and railways, in war equipments, in factories, in textile mills and so on. Because, Steam engine is simpler than diesel engine”

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32 33

M.R. Menon has more than two decades of experience as a journalist and a writer on Energy andEnvironment subjects, interacting with energy sectors both conventional as well as non-conventional in India and abroad. He was also the editor and publisher of 'Sun Power', a quarterly renewable energy magazine during 1995-2002. His contact email address: [email protected]

present utilization pattern of crop residues, the amount boundless and clean energy into reality. From rooftop solar of surplus biomass materials will be about 150 million power in urban agglomerations, to decentralized and off-tons, which could generate about 16,000 MW of grid solutions in remote rural communities the power. opportunities in renewable power are immense. We believe

that governments, in their facilitative role, have to create Hydro projects up to 25 MW capacities are termed as enabling ecosystems, which will, in turn, in facilitate the small hydro, and this energy stream has a potential of over 15,000 MW. Currently, a capacity addition of about 300 MW per annum is being achieved from small hydro projects about 70% is coming through the private sector. So far, hydropower projects with a capacity of over 2,700 MW have been set up in the country, and projects for about 900 MW are in various stages of implementation. The aim is to double the current growth rate, and take it to a capacity addition of 500 MW per year in next two-three years.

The challenge in the renewable energy sector generally, and in India particularly, is to reduce the per-unit cost of renewable energy. Hence, there is a continuous need to innovate to increase efficiencies and bring down costs. Innovations can be brought

healthy unleashing of the entrepreneurial spirit of the about in various ways it is possible to harness lower private sector and lead to the rapid development and wind speeds; the energy of tides and waves can be deployment of renewable energy,” says MNRE's Minister channeled to produce electricity; alternate transport Dr. Farooq Abdulla.fuels can make the journeys less carbon intensive;

hydrogen can be an ideal energy storage and carrier; India has a 12% shortage in power during peak hours and it is possible to have a larger grid with lower losses between 5:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M. As such massive of electricity.renewable energy projects are needed to supplement conventional energy like coal, petroleum, gas, etc.Innovations need not always be technology-based.

Insightful policy interventions can also significantly “India occupies 5th position in the world in Wind Energy. increase the use of renewable energy. For instance, in Hitherto depreciation benefits are given to large industries India MNRE is working with the regulators to lay that set up wind farms. In Denmark most of the wind down the framework for tradable renewable energy turbines are owned by wind farm co-operatives. The same certificates. While this will enable the ministry to concept can be promoted in India. A renewable energy fund achieve a larger share of renewable energy in the (Bonds) can be created and those invest in them can be electricity mix, the federal regulator's recent exempted from Income tax under Section 80C.announcement of normative guidelines for provincial . regulators to fix tariffs for renewable energy will In India an attempt can be made to install Offshore Wind provide a mechanism for better returns for renewable since it has long coast. Other areas where much efforts to energy developers. harness renewables include efficient LED lighting, hydrogen and fuel cells, increasing energy efficiency in “For centuries, the Indian tradition has worshipped the irrigation pump sets, electric vehicles, etc.” says Dr. A. sun, the wind, the earth, and water, as sources of life, Jagadeesh, a renewable energy expert from Andhra Pradesh, energy and creation. Today's technology provides us India. with a real opportunity to transform the promise of

“The technology of steam engine is not new. The British Empire was built and expanded in the world by using only steam engines. They used steam engines in boats and steamers, in vehicles and railways, in war equipments, in factories, in textile mills and so on. Because, Steam engine is simpler than diesel engine”

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32 33

M.R. Menon has more than two decades of experience as a journalist and a writer on Energy andEnvironment subjects, interacting with energy sectors both conventional as well as non-conventional in India and abroad. He was also the editor and publisher of 'Sun Power', a quarterly renewable energy magazine during 1995-2002. His contact email address: [email protected]

in modules of 3 or 5 concentrators. At focal point, there will be ? 100,000 solar thermal power plants for tiny heat receiver where steam will be produced which will run cement plants, capacity 10 KW;steam engine which can be directly connected to various ? 2500,000 solar thermal power plants for various machines. Steam engine can also drive alternator to produce industries, capacity 5 to10 KW;electricity. For 1 KW power, maximum 16 Sq.M. reflectors are ? 2000,000 solar thermal power plants for required. Thus, tiny solar thermal power plant will be strongly electricity generation of 20,000 MW, viable compared to giant coal power plant. So it will spread capacity10 KW;everywhere very fast in such a way that present giant coal ? 5000,000 solar power plants for charging consuming plants will lose ground for their existence in 20 batteries for 5000000 electric years time and they all will have to close down permanently.vehicles capacity 1 to 10 KW;

So entire world is poised for unprecedented huge energy Total 15 million solar power plants in India revolution from centralized polluting giant power plants to

tiny environment friendly solar power plants, from miseries to In the above picture, it can be seen that there are no big happiness, from poverty to prosperity, from multinational centralized factories and no big centralized power plants companies to home based industries, from cities and slums to but still there are millions of industries. Most of the people prosperous villages, from centralized power structure in a few will be working at home or nearest to their homes hands to autonomous village republics. Then there will be eliminating unnecessary transport. Most of the production equitable society free from exploitation, free from poverty, will be for local consumption. Transport will be through unemployment, disparity, pollution, war and other evils. Then e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e . true democracy will emerge and real global family will come

in to existence leading to prosperity of all with local The tiny solar thermal plant RAVIRAJ-32 manufactured by production and local consumption. Then everybody will enjoy Tinytech Plants in Rajkot, India, is a 32 Sq.M. solar peaceful life without tension. Thus Mahatma Gandhi's concentrator and steam engine combined with simplest cherished dream will be realized.technology. These tiny solar thermal power plant will consist of solar concentrators of 6 M x 6 M size preferably

V.K. Desai is a mechanical engineer and a law graduate Born in poor farmer's family and was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's life, his heart always burns for poor, oppressed and trodden people. In 1982, he founded TINYTECH PLANTS in Rajkot and since then he is deeply engrossed in development of small and simple technology for creating and strengthening local economy. At present Mr. Desai is engrossed in the development of various technologies such as wind mills, wind turbines, solar thermal power plant, steam engines and hence entire business is run by his son Gopal Desai who is also a mechanical engineer. In fact, development of appropriate technology is their partial activity.

RAVIRAJ-32 10 hp - 6kw solar steam power plant

The increasing clamor for energy and satisfying it with a combination of conventional and renewable resources is a big challenge. Accompanying energy problems in almost all parts of the world, another problem that is assuming critical proportions is that of urban waste accumulation. Waste generation rates are affected by s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , d e g r e e o f industrialization, and climate. Generally, the greater the economic prosperity and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced. Reduction in the volume and mass of solid waste is a crucial issue especially in the light of limited availability of final disposal sites in many parts of the world.

Waste-to-energy

Waste-to-Energy (WTE) is the use of modern combustion and biochemical technologies to recover energy, usually in the form of electricity and steam, from urban wastes. These new technologies can reduce the volume of the original waste by 90%, depending upon composition and use of outputs. The main categories of waste-to-energy technologies are physical technologies, which process waste to make it more useful as fuel; thermal technologies, which can yield heat, fuel oil, or syngas from both organic and inorganic wastes; and biological technologies, in which bacterial fermentation is used to digest organic wastes to yield fuel.

Waste-to-energy technologies can address a host of The quantity of waste produced all over the world environmental issues, such as land use and pollution from amounted to more than 12 billion tonnes in 2006, with landfills, and increasing reliance on fossil fuels. In many estimates of up to 13 billion tonnes in 2011. The rapid countries, the availability of landfill capacity has been increase in population coupled with changing lifestyle and steadily decreasing due to regulatory, planning and consumption patterns is expected to result in an environmental permitting constraints. As a result, new exponential increase in waste generation of up to 18 billion approaches to waste management are rapidly being written tonnes by year 2020. Ironically, most of the wastes are into public and institutional policies at local, regional and disposed of in open fields, along highways or burnt national levels.wantonly.

Waste-to-Energy: Market Analysis and Industry Trends

By Salman Zafar

34 35

in modules of 3 or 5 concentrators. At focal point, there will be ? 100,000 solar thermal power plants for tiny heat receiver where steam will be produced which will run cement plants, capacity 10 KW;steam engine which can be directly connected to various ? 2500,000 solar thermal power plants for various machines. Steam engine can also drive alternator to produce industries, capacity 5 to10 KW;electricity. For 1 KW power, maximum 16 Sq.M. reflectors are ? 2000,000 solar thermal power plants for required. Thus, tiny solar thermal power plant will be strongly electricity generation of 20,000 MW, viable compared to giant coal power plant. So it will spread capacity10 KW;everywhere very fast in such a way that present giant coal ? 5000,000 solar power plants for charging consuming plants will lose ground for their existence in 20 batteries for 5000000 electric years time and they all will have to close down permanently.vehicles capacity 1 to 10 KW;

So entire world is poised for unprecedented huge energy Total 15 million solar power plants in India revolution from centralized polluting giant power plants to

tiny environment friendly solar power plants, from miseries to In the above picture, it can be seen that there are no big happiness, from poverty to prosperity, from multinational centralized factories and no big centralized power plants companies to home based industries, from cities and slums to but still there are millions of industries. Most of the people prosperous villages, from centralized power structure in a few will be working at home or nearest to their homes hands to autonomous village republics. Then there will be eliminating unnecessary transport. Most of the production equitable society free from exploitation, free from poverty, will be for local consumption. Transport will be through unemployment, disparity, pollution, war and other evils. Then e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e . true democracy will emerge and real global family will come

in to existence leading to prosperity of all with local The tiny solar thermal plant RAVIRAJ-32 manufactured by production and local consumption. Then everybody will enjoy Tinytech Plants in Rajkot, India, is a 32 Sq.M. solar peaceful life without tension. Thus Mahatma Gandhi's concentrator and steam engine combined with simplest cherished dream will be realized.technology. These tiny solar thermal power plant will consist of solar concentrators of 6 M x 6 M size preferably

V.K. Desai is a mechanical engineer and a law graduate Born in poor farmer's family and was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's life, his heart always burns for poor, oppressed and trodden people. In 1982, he founded TINYTECH PLANTS in Rajkot and since then he is deeply engrossed in development of small and simple technology for creating and strengthening local economy. At present Mr. Desai is engrossed in the development of various technologies such as wind mills, wind turbines, solar thermal power plant, steam engines and hence entire business is run by his son Gopal Desai who is also a mechanical engineer. In fact, development of appropriate technology is their partial activity.

RAVIRAJ-32 10 hp - 6kw solar steam power plant

The increasing clamor for energy and satisfying it with a combination of conventional and renewable resources is a big challenge. Accompanying energy problems in almost all parts of the world, another problem that is assuming critical proportions is that of urban waste accumulation. Waste generation rates are affected by s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , d e g r e e o f industrialization, and climate. Generally, the greater the economic prosperity and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced. Reduction in the volume and mass of solid waste is a crucial issue especially in the light of limited availability of final disposal sites in many parts of the world.

Waste-to-energy

Waste-to-Energy (WTE) is the use of modern combustion and biochemical technologies to recover energy, usually in the form of electricity and steam, from urban wastes. These new technologies can reduce the volume of the original waste by 90%, depending upon composition and use of outputs. The main categories of waste-to-energy technologies are physical technologies, which process waste to make it more useful as fuel; thermal technologies, which can yield heat, fuel oil, or syngas from both organic and inorganic wastes; and biological technologies, in which bacterial fermentation is used to digest organic wastes to yield fuel.

Waste-to-energy technologies can address a host of The quantity of waste produced all over the world environmental issues, such as land use and pollution from amounted to more than 12 billion tonnes in 2006, with landfills, and increasing reliance on fossil fuels. In many estimates of up to 13 billion tonnes in 2011. The rapid countries, the availability of landfill capacity has been increase in population coupled with changing lifestyle and steadily decreasing due to regulatory, planning and consumption patterns is expected to result in an environmental permitting constraints. As a result, new exponential increase in waste generation of up to 18 billion approaches to waste management are rapidly being written tonnes by year 2020. Ironically, most of the wastes are into public and institutional policies at local, regional and disposed of in open fields, along highways or burnt national levels.wantonly.

Waste-to-Energy: Market Analysis and Industry Trends

By Salman Zafar

34 35

waste minimisation, recycling, materials recovery, Technology Optionscomposting, biogas production, energy recovery through RDFs, gasification and residual land filling.A wide variety of conversion methods are available for

realizing the potential of waste as an energy source, ranging from very simple systems for disposing of dry Size of the industrywaste to more complex technologies capable of dealing with large amounts of industrial waste. These methods can Around 130 million tonnes of municipal solid waste be broadly divided into thermal and biological processes. (MSW) are combusted annually in over 600 waste-to-Some of the emerging technologies are summarized energy (WTE) facilities globally that produce electricity below: and steam for district heating and recovered metals for 1. Gasification Conversion of carbonaceous recycling. Since 1995, the global WTE industry increased materials into synthesis gas by reacting waste at high by more than 16 million tonnes of MSW. Incineration, with temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or energy recovery, is the most common waste-to-energy steam. method employed worldwide. Over the last five years, 2. Thermal depolymerization process of reducing waste incineration in Europe has generated between an complex materials into light crude oil. average of 4% to 8% of their countries' electricity and 3. Anaerobic digestion (AD) Making use of between an average of 10% to 15% of the continent's microorganisms to break down biodegradable material in domestic heat. absence of oxygen.4. Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) Currently, the European nations are recognized as global combination technique where recyclable elements are leaders of the SWM and

WTE movement. They are followed behind by the Asia Pacific region and N o r t h A m e r i c a respectively. In 2007 there are more than 600 WTE plants in 35 different countries, including large countries such as China and s m a l l o n e s s u c h a s Bermuda. Some of the newest plants are located in Asia.

T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s processes 14 percent of its trash in WTE plants. Denmark, on the other hand, processes more than any other country 54 percent of i ts waste materials.

As at the end of 2008, Europe had more than 475 WTE plants across its regions - more than any

other continent in the world removed from a mixed waste stream and a biological that processes an average of 59 million tonnes of waste per process is used to extract energy from the elements. The annum. In the same year, the European WTE industry as a types of biological processes utilized encompass anaerobic whole had generated revenues of approximately digestion, composting and bio-drying.US$4.5bn. Legislative shifts by European governments 5. Pyrolysis - Thermal degradation of organic have seen considerable progress made in the region's WTE materials through use of indirect, external source of heat. industry as well as in the implementation of advanced Product is char, bio-oil and syngastechnology and innovative recycling solutions. The most 6.Plasma Gasification - Use of electricity passed through important piece of WTE legislation pertaining to the region graphite or carbon electrodes, with steam and/or oxygen / has been the European Union's Landfill Directive, which air injection to produce electrically conducting gas was officially implemented in 2001 which has resulted in (plasma). Organic materials are converted to syngas of the the planning and commissioning of an increasing number various modern energy conversion methods, pyrolysis and of WTE plants over the past five years. plasma gasification are attracting maximum attention these

days, and these technologies have the potential to change the face of solid waste management in the coming years. Global market trendsPresent trends indicate a move away from single solutions such as mass burn or landfill towards the integration of The global market for WTE technologies was valued at more advanced WTE technologies, based on setting US$19.9bn in 2008. This has been forecasted to increase to priorities for waste treatment methods. These include US$26.2bn by 2014. While the biological WTE segment is

expected to grow more rapidly from US$1.4bn in 2008 to The WTE market in Europe is forecasted to expand at an approximately US$2.5bn in 2014, the thermal WTE exponential rate and will continue to do so for at least the segment is nonetheless estimated to still constitute the vast next 10 years. The continent's WTE capacity is projected to bulk of the entire industry's worth. This segment was increase by around 13 million tonnes, with almost 100 new valued at US$18.5bn in 2008 and is forecasted to expand to WTE facilities to come online by 2012. In 2008, the WTE US$23.7bn in 2014. market in Europe consisted of approximately 250 players

due in large to the use of bulky and expensive centralized The global market for waste to energy technologies has WTE facilities, littered throughout Western Europe.shown substantial growth over the last five years, increasing from $4.83 billion in 2006, to $7.08 billion in Conclusion2010 with continued market growth through the global economic downturn. Over the coming decade, growth The world's view of waste has changed dramatically in trends are expected to continue, led by expansion in the US, recent years and it is now seen as a resource to feed the

ever-growing demand for energy. The growing use of waste-to-energy as a method to dispose solid and liquid wastes and generate power has greatly reduced environmental impacts of municipal solid w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t , including emissions of greenhouse gases. The global energy market is witnessing a shift toward w a s t e t o e n e r g y technologies due to growing energy demands worldwide, the rapid depletion of conventional sources of energy, and c o n c e r n s o v e r environmental pollution from conventional energy sources.

An increase in the quantity European, Chinese, and Indian markets. By 2021, based on of waste generated, coupled with the need for proper means continued growth in Asian markets combined with the of waste disposal as well as widespread adoption of maturation of European waste management regulations technology and better collection efficiency of municipal and European and US climate mitigation strategies, the solid waste offers significant growth opportunities in the annual global market for waste to energy technologies will Indian market. As WTE facilities are increasingly exceed $27 billion, for all technologies combined. becoming profitable cash generators in their own right,

private sector companies and investors have been Asia-Pacific's waste-to-energy market will post substantial increasingly taking a greater stake in this industry. Private growth by 2015, as more countries view the technology as a participants in India have shown considerable interest in sustainable alternative to landfills for disposing waste projects to generate power from MSW, and several of them while generating clean energy. In its new report, Frost & are operational and using a diverse range of technologies, Sullivan said the industry could grow at a compound despite the lack of annual rate of 6.7 percent for thermal waste-to-energy and 9.7 percent for biological waste-to-energy from 2008 to 2015.

subsidies and support from the government and municipal authorities.

Salman Zafar is a Renewable Energy Advisor with expertise in biomass energy, waste-to-energy, waste management, cleantech investment and social entrepreneurship. He is widely respected in cleantech circles worldwide and is closely associated with a host of cleantech and environmental companies from USA, Singapore, India, Bangladesh etc. He has successfully accomplished a wide range of technical/commercial assignments in biomass energy, waste-to-energy, waste management and cleantech fund-raising in different parts of the world. Salman has been a significant contributor towards popularizing biomass energy technologies and in making 'waste-to-energy' a byline for sustainable development. He is a prolific writer with more than forty articles in reputed journals, magazines, newsletters, websites and blogs. Salman possesses Master's and Bachelor's degrees in Chemical Engineering from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India) and can be reached at [email protected]

36 37

waste minimisation, recycling, materials recovery, Technology Optionscomposting, biogas production, energy recovery through RDFs, gasification and residual land filling.A wide variety of conversion methods are available for

realizing the potential of waste as an energy source, ranging from very simple systems for disposing of dry Size of the industrywaste to more complex technologies capable of dealing with large amounts of industrial waste. These methods can Around 130 million tonnes of municipal solid waste be broadly divided into thermal and biological processes. (MSW) are combusted annually in over 600 waste-to-Some of the emerging technologies are summarized energy (WTE) facilities globally that produce electricity below: and steam for district heating and recovered metals for 1. Gasification Conversion of carbonaceous recycling. Since 1995, the global WTE industry increased materials into synthesis gas by reacting waste at high by more than 16 million tonnes of MSW. Incineration, with temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or energy recovery, is the most common waste-to-energy steam. method employed worldwide. Over the last five years, 2. Thermal depolymerization process of reducing waste incineration in Europe has generated between an complex materials into light crude oil. average of 4% to 8% of their countries' electricity and 3. Anaerobic digestion (AD) Making use of between an average of 10% to 15% of the continent's microorganisms to break down biodegradable material in domestic heat. absence of oxygen.4. Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) Currently, the European nations are recognized as global combination technique where recyclable elements are leaders of the SWM and

WTE movement. They are followed behind by the Asia Pacific region and N o r t h A m e r i c a respectively. In 2007 there are more than 600 WTE plants in 35 different countries, including large countries such as China and s m a l l o n e s s u c h a s Bermuda. Some of the newest plants are located in Asia.

T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s processes 14 percent of its trash in WTE plants. Denmark, on the other hand, processes more than any other country 54 percent of i ts waste materials.

As at the end of 2008, Europe had more than 475 WTE plants across its regions - more than any

other continent in the world removed from a mixed waste stream and a biological that processes an average of 59 million tonnes of waste per process is used to extract energy from the elements. The annum. In the same year, the European WTE industry as a types of biological processes utilized encompass anaerobic whole had generated revenues of approximately digestion, composting and bio-drying.US$4.5bn. Legislative shifts by European governments 5. Pyrolysis - Thermal degradation of organic have seen considerable progress made in the region's WTE materials through use of indirect, external source of heat. industry as well as in the implementation of advanced Product is char, bio-oil and syngastechnology and innovative recycling solutions. The most 6.Plasma Gasification - Use of electricity passed through important piece of WTE legislation pertaining to the region graphite or carbon electrodes, with steam and/or oxygen / has been the European Union's Landfill Directive, which air injection to produce electrically conducting gas was officially implemented in 2001 which has resulted in (plasma). Organic materials are converted to syngas of the the planning and commissioning of an increasing number various modern energy conversion methods, pyrolysis and of WTE plants over the past five years. plasma gasification are attracting maximum attention these

days, and these technologies have the potential to change the face of solid waste management in the coming years. Global market trendsPresent trends indicate a move away from single solutions such as mass burn or landfill towards the integration of The global market for WTE technologies was valued at more advanced WTE technologies, based on setting US$19.9bn in 2008. This has been forecasted to increase to priorities for waste treatment methods. These include US$26.2bn by 2014. While the biological WTE segment is

expected to grow more rapidly from US$1.4bn in 2008 to The WTE market in Europe is forecasted to expand at an approximately US$2.5bn in 2014, the thermal WTE exponential rate and will continue to do so for at least the segment is nonetheless estimated to still constitute the vast next 10 years. The continent's WTE capacity is projected to bulk of the entire industry's worth. This segment was increase by around 13 million tonnes, with almost 100 new valued at US$18.5bn in 2008 and is forecasted to expand to WTE facilities to come online by 2012. In 2008, the WTE US$23.7bn in 2014. market in Europe consisted of approximately 250 players

due in large to the use of bulky and expensive centralized The global market for waste to energy technologies has WTE facilities, littered throughout Western Europe.shown substantial growth over the last five years, increasing from $4.83 billion in 2006, to $7.08 billion in Conclusion2010 with continued market growth through the global economic downturn. Over the coming decade, growth The world's view of waste has changed dramatically in trends are expected to continue, led by expansion in the US, recent years and it is now seen as a resource to feed the

ever-growing demand for energy. The growing use of waste-to-energy as a method to dispose solid and liquid wastes and generate power has greatly reduced environmental impacts of municipal solid w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t , including emissions of greenhouse gases. The global energy market is witnessing a shift toward w a s t e t o e n e r g y technologies due to growing energy demands worldwide, the rapid depletion of conventional sources of energy, and c o n c e r n s o v e r environmental pollution from conventional energy sources.

An increase in the quantity European, Chinese, and Indian markets. By 2021, based on of waste generated, coupled with the need for proper means continued growth in Asian markets combined with the of waste disposal as well as widespread adoption of maturation of European waste management regulations technology and better collection efficiency of municipal and European and US climate mitigation strategies, the solid waste offers significant growth opportunities in the annual global market for waste to energy technologies will Indian market. As WTE facilities are increasingly exceed $27 billion, for all technologies combined. becoming profitable cash generators in their own right,

private sector companies and investors have been Asia-Pacific's waste-to-energy market will post substantial increasingly taking a greater stake in this industry. Private growth by 2015, as more countries view the technology as a participants in India have shown considerable interest in sustainable alternative to landfills for disposing waste projects to generate power from MSW, and several of them while generating clean energy. In its new report, Frost & are operational and using a diverse range of technologies, Sullivan said the industry could grow at a compound despite the lack of annual rate of 6.7 percent for thermal waste-to-energy and 9.7 percent for biological waste-to-energy from 2008 to 2015.

subsidies and support from the government and municipal authorities.

Salman Zafar is a Renewable Energy Advisor with expertise in biomass energy, waste-to-energy, waste management, cleantech investment and social entrepreneurship. He is widely respected in cleantech circles worldwide and is closely associated with a host of cleantech and environmental companies from USA, Singapore, India, Bangladesh etc. He has successfully accomplished a wide range of technical/commercial assignments in biomass energy, waste-to-energy, waste management and cleantech fund-raising in different parts of the world. Salman has been a significant contributor towards popularizing biomass energy technologies and in making 'waste-to-energy' a byline for sustainable development. He is a prolific writer with more than forty articles in reputed journals, magazines, newsletters, websites and blogs. Salman possesses Master's and Bachelor's degrees in Chemical Engineering from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India) and can be reached at [email protected]

36 37

he likelihood of a major earthquake in Germany will have to use coal, dubbed “dirty” by Germany is slim. The possibility that it mindless opponents of anything that might let you turn would be followed by a catastrophic on a light bulb.T

tsunami is unlikely. These are the events that If you Google “nuclear energy” you will learn that caused the failure of the Fukushima plant in Japan, nuclear power provides about six percent of the world's but that has not deterred Germany from its recent energy and an estimated fifteen percent of its announcement that it would close all 17 of its electricity. The U.S., France, and Japan account for nuclear reactors by 2022.about fifty percent of the electricity generated by

This is pure panic and not something one would expect nuclear power. from Germans who have always excelled at the

There have been nuclear and radiation accidents. development and use of new technologies. Other than Fukushima was the result of unprecedented geological Japan that has good reason to close Fukushima and events, something no amount of planning and caution reconsider its use of nuclear energy, few other nations have can prevent. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster was largely indicated any change in their policies regarding it.the result of its staff manually overriding its safety

The world is in desperate need of real grownups to run its control systems. The Three-Mile Island accident in various nations and, instead, the only growth industry to 1979 did not endanger anyone. It coincided with a film which one can reliably point is stupidity. “The China Syndrome” that had no basis in fact.

The endless blather about “alternative” or “renewable” Simply stated, nuclear power plants are not atomic energy sources has led to the waste of billions on wind and bombs that go off when a “meltdown” occurs. Under solar power, neither of which would exist if governments normal circumstances plants can be shut down in the did not lavish subsidies or issue mandates for its event of a malfunction.unpredictable and unproductive delivery of electricity.

Germany's over-reaction to the Fukushima accident has Germany has long had a Green Party and its Chancellor, nothing to do with reality, science, economics or any Angela Merkel, heads of Social Democrat-Green other sensible response. Nuclear power provides about coalition. In general, environmentalists worldwide hate the 23% of its electrical energy and, despite that, generation of energy by any source, but particularly if it is Germany's electricity prices have “more than doubled nuclear or coal. Ironically, by shutting its nuclear plants, in the past decade” according to a Wall Street Journal


report. The decision to phase out nuclear power will affect heating as the result of too much carbon dioxide in the Germany's ability to remain competitive in the global atmosphere and the U.S. Environmental Protection marketplace, particularly as regards its heavy industries Agency is still insisting that it be regulated as a that require large amounts of electricity. “pollutant” even though all life on Earth depends upon

it as the “food” that generates every piece of vegetation, The decision was part environmental, part political. It is crops, forests, and beautiful flowers.entirely idiotic as is always the case when these two factors come together. To no one's surprise, one of its largest It is stupid to shut down perfectly good nuclear plants as utilities, E.ON, announced it would sue the pants off the Germany plans to do. It is stupid to insist on covering government to compensate for its financial losses. Others areas the size of several states to generate solar energy are likely to join it. or spoil the landscape with wind turbines that kill

hundreds of thousands of birds and bats every year Environmentalism in all its many forms is opposed to any while, combined with solar, contribute barely three and all forms of energy generation and use with the percent to our electrical supply. exception of wind, solar, and the so-called biofuels. Here in the U.S. Greens have fought any expansion of the use of Ordinary people know that stupid people are in charge coal, despite the fact that just over half of all electricity of making decisions like Germany's nuclear energy generated depends on it. The Obama administration has panic or the moratorium on drilling for oil in the Gulf of waged a public war on the extraction, refining, and use of Mexico. oil. Nuclear power generates about twenty percent of the

Ordinary people understand the need for more energy electricity in the U.S.based on traditional sources.

It is the growth of government that lies at the heart of so Ordinary Americans know it is stupid to require an many of the problems the West has encountered. Coupled environmental impact study in order to shoot off some with the environmental movement's insanity, we get bans fireworks on the Fourth of July. on the incandescent light bulb, insane requirements for

increased mileage from a gallon of gasoline that is required Ordinary Americans know that there are some very bad, to include ethanol, a chemical element that actually even evil, decisions being made that will undermine our reduces mileage! future.

We have all just escaped the ravages of a massive, global campaign to convince everyone that the Earth was rapidly

Alan Caruba is the founder of The National Anxiety Center, a clearinghouse for information and commentary on "scare campaigns" designed to influence public opinion and policy. Begun in 1990, the Center has attracted national attention and a vast audience for Caruba's weekly commentary, "Warning Signs", posted on the Center's Internet site, www.anxietycenter.com, and excerpted widely on other sites.

His new book, "Warning Signs" has just been published by Merril Press. It is a collection of his weekly columns of the same name. Caruba is the author of several books, a contributor to others, and widely published in consumer and trade publications over his long career

A former fulltime journalist, Caruba is a member of the Society of Professional Journalists, as well as the American Society of Journalists and Authors, and the National Association of Science Writers. In addition, a charter member of the National Book Critics Circle, Caruba maintains www.bookviews.com, an Internet site offering news of the best new fiction and non-fiction.

These days, he writes about a broad spectrum of public issues including environmentalism, education, energy, immigration, the United Nations, and international affairs. He has authored three "pocket" guides, "The Pocket Guide to Militant Islam", "America: A Nation Without Borders", and "The United Nations Versus the United States", each available from the Internet site of The National Anxiety Center.

The CEO of The Caruba Organization (www.caruba.com), he is a veteran public relations counselor.

He can be contacted by email at [email protected] or by writing to him care of The Caruba Organization, 28 West Third Street, Suite 1321, South Orange, NJ 07079 (E-Mail: [email protected])

38 39

he likelihood of a major earthquake in Germany will have to use coal, dubbed “dirty” by Germany is slim. The possibility that it mindless opponents of anything that might let you turn would be followed by a catastrophic on a light bulb.T

tsunami is unlikely. These are the events that If you Google “nuclear energy” you will learn that caused the failure of the Fukushima plant in Japan, nuclear power provides about six percent of the world's but that has not deterred Germany from its recent energy and an estimated fifteen percent of its announcement that it would close all 17 of its electricity. The U.S., France, and Japan account for nuclear reactors by 2022.about fifty percent of the electricity generated by

This is pure panic and not something one would expect nuclear power. from Germans who have always excelled at the

There have been nuclear and radiation accidents. development and use of new technologies. Other than Fukushima was the result of unprecedented geological Japan that has good reason to close Fukushima and events, something no amount of planning and caution reconsider its use of nuclear energy, few other nations have can prevent. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster was largely indicated any change in their policies regarding it.the result of its staff manually overriding its safety

The world is in desperate need of real grownups to run its control systems. The Three-Mile Island accident in various nations and, instead, the only growth industry to 1979 did not endanger anyone. It coincided with a film which one can reliably point is stupidity. “The China Syndrome” that had no basis in fact.

The endless blather about “alternative” or “renewable” Simply stated, nuclear power plants are not atomic energy sources has led to the waste of billions on wind and bombs that go off when a “meltdown” occurs. Under solar power, neither of which would exist if governments normal circumstances plants can be shut down in the did not lavish subsidies or issue mandates for its event of a malfunction.unpredictable and unproductive delivery of electricity.

Germany's over-reaction to the Fukushima accident has Germany has long had a Green Party and its Chancellor, nothing to do with reality, science, economics or any Angela Merkel, heads of Social Democrat-Green other sensible response. Nuclear power provides about coalition. In general, environmentalists worldwide hate the 23% of its electrical energy and, despite that, generation of energy by any source, but particularly if it is Germany's electricity prices have “more than doubled nuclear or coal. Ironically, by shutting its nuclear plants, in the past decade” according to a Wall Street Journal


report. The decision to phase out nuclear power will affect heating as the result of too much carbon dioxide in the Germany's ability to remain competitive in the global atmosphere and the U.S. Environmental Protection marketplace, particularly as regards its heavy industries Agency is still insisting that it be regulated as a that require large amounts of electricity. “pollutant” even though all life on Earth depends upon

it as the “food” that generates every piece of vegetation, The decision was part environmental, part political. It is crops, forests, and beautiful flowers.entirely idiotic as is always the case when these two factors come together. To no one's surprise, one of its largest It is stupid to shut down perfectly good nuclear plants as utilities, E.ON, announced it would sue the pants off the Germany plans to do. It is stupid to insist on covering government to compensate for its financial losses. Others areas the size of several states to generate solar energy are likely to join it. or spoil the landscape with wind turbines that kill

hundreds of thousands of birds and bats every year Environmentalism in all its many forms is opposed to any while, combined with solar, contribute barely three and all forms of energy generation and use with the percent to our electrical supply. exception of wind, solar, and the so-called biofuels. Here in the U.S. Greens have fought any expansion of the use of Ordinary people know that stupid people are in charge coal, despite the fact that just over half of all electricity of making decisions like Germany's nuclear energy generated depends on it. The Obama administration has panic or the moratorium on drilling for oil in the Gulf of waged a public war on the extraction, refining, and use of Mexico. oil. Nuclear power generates about twenty percent of the

Ordinary people understand the need for more energy electricity in the U.S.based on traditional sources.

It is the growth of government that lies at the heart of so Ordinary Americans know it is stupid to require an many of the problems the West has encountered. Coupled environmental impact study in order to shoot off some with the environmental movement's insanity, we get bans fireworks on the Fourth of July. on the incandescent light bulb, insane requirements for

increased mileage from a gallon of gasoline that is required Ordinary Americans know that there are some very bad, to include ethanol, a chemical element that actually even evil, decisions being made that will undermine our reduces mileage! future.

We have all just escaped the ravages of a massive, global campaign to convince everyone that the Earth was rapidly

Alan Caruba is the founder of The National Anxiety Center, a clearinghouse for information and commentary on "scare campaigns" designed to influence public opinion and policy. Begun in 1990, the Center has attracted national attention and a vast audience for Caruba's weekly commentary, "Warning Signs", posted on the Center's Internet site, www.anxietycenter.com, and excerpted widely on other sites.

His new book, "Warning Signs" has just been published by Merril Press. It is a collection of his weekly columns of the same name. Caruba is the author of several books, a contributor to others, and widely published in consumer and trade publications over his long career

A former fulltime journalist, Caruba is a member of the Society of Professional Journalists, as well as the American Society of Journalists and Authors, and the National Association of Science Writers. In addition, a charter member of the National Book Critics Circle, Caruba maintains www.bookviews.com, an Internet site offering news of the best new fiction and non-fiction.

These days, he writes about a broad spectrum of public issues including environmentalism, education, energy, immigration, the United Nations, and international affairs. He has authored three "pocket" guides, "The Pocket Guide to Militant Islam", "America: A Nation Without Borders", and "The United Nations Versus the United States", each available from the Internet site of The National Anxiety Center.

The CEO of The Caruba Organization (www.caruba.com), he is a veteran public relations counselor.

He can be contacted by email at [email protected] or by writing to him care of The Caruba Organization, 28 West Third Street, Suite 1321, South Orange, NJ 07079 (E-Mail: [email protected])

38 39

naturally occurring sodium and stations and/or thermal storage potassium salts. The stored heat is installations may be located close to able to generate superheated steam the marine terminal.that sustains the operation of steam turbines over periods of several hours, The thermal-battery ships would be driving electrical generators. There recharged during layovers at port, may be scope to scale down the using interconnecting insulated steam thermal energy storage technology for pipes. It is also possible to combust use in short-distance marine gaseous fuels such as producer gas on transportation. board the ship during layovers at port,

to recharge the thermal storage Future development of heat-of-fusion system. The ship could recharge on

Steam powered ships and marine thermal energy storage systems may thermal sources and fuels that may vessels have sailed the oceans and include eutectic mixtures of the otherwise present a hazard if carried waterways of the world for well over a oxides and hydroxides or oxides and onboard ship, especially services that century. Many navies still boil water fluorides of the same naturally include passenger transportation. to produce steam in their ships and occurring metals. Several bi-metallic Stored onboard thermal energy may submarines to drive steam turbines oxides such as lithium aluminum offer a low-cost marine propulsive that in turn drive electric generating oxide (Li-O-Al=O, LiAlO2) occur option.equipment. The propellers on many naturally in the earth. Mixtures of navy and commercial ships are closely related bi-metallic oxides Higher Performance Thermal electrically driven. offer the potential for increased Storage

thermal energy storage in the same New developments in thermal energy size of package. Such metallic-oxides Heat-of-fusion thermal storage s torage technology provides mixtures may extend the voyage systems offer cost advantages over opportunity to re-introduce steam distances of thermal rechargeable chemical battery energy storage power to ships and vessels that sail ships, the optimal mixture being the technologies, as well as many times relatively short distances, in contrast fluoride and oxide of thorium. the service duration. While molten to extended oceanic voyages. Some mixtures of naturally occurring thermal storage systems involve Marine Application nitrates of sodium and potassium are g r o u p s o f w e l l - i n s u l a t e d now being used for thermal energy accumulators capable of holding The sheer size of a ship provides storage, many other molten mixtures saturated water at high-pressure, even scope to undertake such research and involving naturally occurring metallic within the super-critical range. Other the ocean provides a natural heat sink oxides are possible. It is also possible systems store thermal energy in the to sustain the operation of a marine to manufacture any of several bi-latent heat of fusion of mixtures of steam condenser. Steam turbines have metallic oxides to increase thermal molten salts. been used in ships and electrically storage capacity per unit weight, at

driven propellers are long proven in slightly higher temperatures.Thermal Energy Storage commercial marine transportation.

Oil tankers are the largest ships afloat Reacting recycled molten aluminum The solar thermal power industry has at some 1600-ft length, 200-ft width with caustic soda (NaOH) will found it necessary to develop some and weighing in at over 500,000- produce Na3AlO3 that can be mixed form of grid-scale energy storage that tonnes deadweight, with engines with naturally occurring cryolite can allow solar thermal power rated at 35,000kW (35MW) output. (Na3AlF6) to produce a useable stations to continue to provide electric melting temperature, with higher power after sunset, or during short A solar thermal energy storage system thermal storage capacity. Reacting periods of cloud cover. Several of 28,000-tonnes of molten salt aluminum with potassium hydroxide companies are developing thermal mixture can develop 50MW for 7.5- will produce K3AlO3 that can be storage systems based on the heat-of- hours. The system flows the molten mixed with both cryolite and fus ion of mixtures of cos t - mixture between the storage tanks and Na3AlO3. I t wil l melt at a competitive salt mixtures. Salts such the boilers. Some 20,000-tonnes of temperature closer to that of the as sodium nitrate, potassium that low-cost mixture plus some molten nitrates of sodium and carbonate along with related rock 1,000-tonnes of engine equipment potassium, with higher thermal salts occur naturally and are would constitute less than 5% of the storage capacity (KJ/Kg or BTU/lb).commercially available in large fully laden deadweight of the ship and quantities at low cost. provide some 7.5-hours of service. There is the option of mixing naturally The molten salt thermal energy Modern steam ships that use thermal occurring minerals such as cryolite storage installation in Nevada USA is storage technology may operate (Na3AlF6) plus aluminum-oxide-rated at 280MW and stores thermal short-distance routes carrying freight hydroxide [AlO (OH)] also know by energy in a molten mixture of or as a bulk carrier. Thermal power trade names Diaspore and Bhoemite]

“The earth's crust offers a range of materials that may form the basis of grid-scale and marine-scale thermal energy storage batteries. Such technology can allow power stations to generate electric power and allow large ships to undertake short-distance voyages at locations where marine transportation has logistical advantages over land-based transportation”

OPPORTUNITIES: SOLAR THERMAL POWERPotential for Propulsive Thermal Energy Storage in a Modern Steam Powered Ship

to raise thermal storage capacity at rotation using piston-valves can also Extended Ship Routescompetitive cost. The objective would introduce variable inlet timing to the be either to raise power output or engine. It is a method by which to Thermal energy storage ships using extend operating range. The molten efficiently adjust power output. The eutectic mixtures metallic-oxide or bi-mixture of sodium and potassium engines may also operate as a 3-stage metallic oxides for thermal storage nitrates will still flow through piping steam expansion system involving may sail extended routes that may systems to carry heat between the high-pressure, intermediate-pressure include:thermal storage tank(s) and the and low-pressure sections of the - Wellington and Christchurchboilers. engine to ensure optimal thermal - Melbourne and Hobart

efficiency. It would be possible to use - Shanghai and Taipei, Direct Drive Option double-jointed cardan drive shafts and Nagasaki and/or Pusan

closely spaced rod drive mechanisms - Hong Kong and TaiwanWhile a downsized version of a power housed inside a casing to connect the - Helsinki and Stockholmstation size thermal storage system rotary engine system to a propeller - Tunis and Romecould sustain the operation of steam installed on an azipod. - Barcelona and Algiersturbines in a large ship, there is the - London and Rotterdamoption of using a direct drive Ship Routespropulsion system. Many of the large Conclusion:marine diesel engines directly drive Thermal energy storage ships using the propeller that rotates at 75 to salt mixtures may see service on many The earth's crust offers a range of 100RPM. These engines are built to short-distance routes around the materials that may form the basis of rotate in both clockwise and counter- world. These routes would include: grid-scale and marine-scale thermal clockwise directions. - Florida and Nassau, Bahamas or may energy storage batteries. Such

provide service b e t w e e n technology can allow power stations Several designs of posi t ive- some of the Caribbean islands. to generate electric power and allow displacement rotary engines are - Buenos Aires and Montevideo large ships to undertake short-distance compact and able to operate on steam. - Barcelona (Spain) and the Balearic voyages at locations where marine There may be scope to adapt several of Islands t ranspor ta t ion has log is t i ca l these engines to bi-directional - Rome, Italy and the islands of a d v a n t a g e s o v e r l a n d - b a s e d rotation capability so as to directly Sardinia and/or Corsica transportation. There is scope do drive large-scale marine propellers. - Havana and Miami and/or Tampa undertake further research into higher This may be accomplished by - Liverpool and Dublin, Liverpool and performance thermal energy storage installing piston-type control valves Belfast mixtures, suitable for short-distance and bypass valves in the pipes connect - Port Sudan and Jeddah marine propulsive applications. A to the engine ports, to allow the same - Nagasaki (Japan) and Pusan (South steam powered ship engine powered pair of inlet/outlet ports to operate in Korea). by a bi-directional rotary engine offers the reversed order. - Vancouver and Nanaimo, Sydney the option for direct-drive operation.

(NS) and Port-aux-BasqueAdapting positive-displacement - Melbourne and Tasmaniarotary engines for bi-directional

Harry Valentine holds a degree in engineering and has a background in free-market economics. He has undertaken extensive research into the field of transportation energy over a period of 20-years and has published numerous technical articles on the subject. His economics commentaries have included several articles on issues that pertain to electric power generation. He lives in Canada and can be reached by e-mail at [email protected]

By Harry Valentine

40 41

ENERGY

E N E R , G Y

means

arth ever xpects eturns uarding ou…..

naturally occurring sodium and stations and/or thermal storage potassium salts. The stored heat is installations may be located close to able to generate superheated steam the marine terminal.that sustains the operation of steam turbines over periods of several hours, The thermal-battery ships would be driving electrical generators. There recharged during layovers at port, may be scope to scale down the using interconnecting insulated steam thermal energy storage technology for pipes. It is also possible to combust use in short-distance marine gaseous fuels such as producer gas on transportation. board the ship during layovers at port,

to recharge the thermal storage Future development of heat-of-fusion system. The ship could recharge on

Steam powered ships and marine thermal energy storage systems may thermal sources and fuels that may vessels have sailed the oceans and include eutectic mixtures of the otherwise present a hazard if carried waterways of the world for well over a oxides and hydroxides or oxides and onboard ship, especially services that century. Many navies still boil water fluorides of the same naturally include passenger transportation. to produce steam in their ships and occurring metals. Several bi-metallic Stored onboard thermal energy may submarines to drive steam turbines oxides such as lithium aluminum offer a low-cost marine propulsive that in turn drive electric generating oxide (Li-O-Al=O, LiAlO2) occur option.equipment. The propellers on many naturally in the earth. Mixtures of navy and commercial ships are closely related bi-metallic oxides Higher Performance Thermal electrically driven. offer the potential for increased Storage

thermal energy storage in the same New developments in thermal energy size of package. Such metallic-oxides Heat-of-fusion thermal storage s torage technology provides mixtures may extend the voyage systems offer cost advantages over opportunity to re-introduce steam distances of thermal rechargeable chemical battery energy storage power to ships and vessels that sail ships, the optimal mixture being the technologies, as well as many times relatively short distances, in contrast fluoride and oxide of thorium. the service duration. While molten to extended oceanic voyages. Some mixtures of naturally occurring thermal storage systems involve Marine Application nitrates of sodium and potassium are g r o u p s o f w e l l - i n s u l a t e d now being used for thermal energy accumulators capable of holding The sheer size of a ship provides storage, many other molten mixtures saturated water at high-pressure, even scope to undertake such research and involving naturally occurring metallic within the super-critical range. Other the ocean provides a natural heat sink oxides are possible. It is also possible systems store thermal energy in the to sustain the operation of a marine to manufacture any of several bi-latent heat of fusion of mixtures of steam condenser. Steam turbines have metallic oxides to increase thermal molten salts. been used in ships and electrically storage capacity per unit weight, at

driven propellers are long proven in slightly higher temperatures.Thermal Energy Storage commercial marine transportation.

Oil tankers are the largest ships afloat Reacting recycled molten aluminum The solar thermal power industry has at some 1600-ft length, 200-ft width with caustic soda (NaOH) will found it necessary to develop some and weighing in at over 500,000- produce Na3AlO3 that can be mixed form of grid-scale energy storage that tonnes deadweight, with engines with naturally occurring cryolite can allow solar thermal power rated at 35,000kW (35MW) output. (Na3AlF6) to produce a useable stations to continue to provide electric melting temperature, with higher power after sunset, or during short A solar thermal energy storage system thermal storage capacity. Reacting periods of cloud cover. Several of 28,000-tonnes of molten salt aluminum with potassium hydroxide companies are developing thermal mixture can develop 50MW for 7.5- will produce K3AlO3 that can be storage systems based on the heat-of- hours. The system flows the molten mixed with both cryolite and fus ion of mixtures of cos t - mixture between the storage tanks and Na3AlO3. I t wil l melt at a competitive salt mixtures. Salts such the boilers. Some 20,000-tonnes of temperature closer to that of the as sodium nitrate, potassium that low-cost mixture plus some molten nitrates of sodium and carbonate along with related rock 1,000-tonnes of engine equipment potassium, with higher thermal salts occur naturally and are would constitute less than 5% of the storage capacity (KJ/Kg or BTU/lb).commercially available in large fully laden deadweight of the ship and quantities at low cost. provide some 7.5-hours of service. There is the option of mixing naturally The molten salt thermal energy Modern steam ships that use thermal occurring minerals such as cryolite storage installation in Nevada USA is storage technology may operate (Na3AlF6) plus aluminum-oxide-rated at 280MW and stores thermal short-distance routes carrying freight hydroxide [AlO (OH)] also know by energy in a molten mixture of or as a bulk carrier. Thermal power trade names Diaspore and Bhoemite]

“The earth's crust offers a range of materials that may form the basis of grid-scale and marine-scale thermal energy storage batteries. Such technology can allow power stations to generate electric power and allow large ships to undertake short-distance voyages at locations where marine transportation has logistical advantages over land-based transportation”

OPPORTUNITIES: SOLAR THERMAL POWERPotential for Propulsive Thermal Energy Storage in a Modern Steam Powered Ship

to raise thermal storage capacity at rotation using piston-valves can also Extended Ship Routescompetitive cost. The objective would introduce variable inlet timing to the be either to raise power output or engine. It is a method by which to Thermal energy storage ships using extend operating range. The molten efficiently adjust power output. The eutectic mixtures metallic-oxide or bi-mixture of sodium and potassium engines may also operate as a 3-stage metallic oxides for thermal storage nitrates will still flow through piping steam expansion system involving may sail extended routes that may systems to carry heat between the high-pressure, intermediate-pressure include:thermal storage tank(s) and the and low-pressure sections of the - Wellington and Christchurchboilers. engine to ensure optimal thermal - Melbourne and Hobart

efficiency. It would be possible to use - Shanghai and Taipei, Direct Drive Option double-jointed cardan drive shafts and Nagasaki and/or Pusan

closely spaced rod drive mechanisms - Hong Kong and TaiwanWhile a downsized version of a power housed inside a casing to connect the - Helsinki and Stockholmstation size thermal storage system rotary engine system to a propeller - Tunis and Romecould sustain the operation of steam installed on an azipod. - Barcelona and Algiersturbines in a large ship, there is the - London and Rotterdamoption of using a direct drive Ship Routespropulsion system. Many of the large Conclusion:marine diesel engines directly drive Thermal energy storage ships using the propeller that rotates at 75 to salt mixtures may see service on many The earth's crust offers a range of 100RPM. These engines are built to short-distance routes around the materials that may form the basis of rotate in both clockwise and counter- world. These routes would include: grid-scale and marine-scale thermal clockwise directions. - Florida and Nassau, Bahamas or may energy storage batteries. Such

provide service b e t w e e n technology can allow power stations Several designs of posi t ive- some of the Caribbean islands. to generate electric power and allow displacement rotary engines are - Buenos Aires and Montevideo large ships to undertake short-distance compact and able to operate on steam. - Barcelona (Spain) and the Balearic voyages at locations where marine There may be scope to adapt several of Islands t ranspor ta t ion has log is t i ca l these engines to bi-directional - Rome, Italy and the islands of a d v a n t a g e s o v e r l a n d - b a s e d rotation capability so as to directly Sardinia and/or Corsica transportation. There is scope do drive large-scale marine propellers. - Havana and Miami and/or Tampa undertake further research into higher This may be accomplished by - Liverpool and Dublin, Liverpool and performance thermal energy storage installing piston-type control valves Belfast mixtures, suitable for short-distance and bypass valves in the pipes connect - Port Sudan and Jeddah marine propulsive applications. A to the engine ports, to allow the same - Nagasaki (Japan) and Pusan (South steam powered ship engine powered pair of inlet/outlet ports to operate in Korea). by a bi-directional rotary engine offers the reversed order. - Vancouver and Nanaimo, Sydney the option for direct-drive operation.

(NS) and Port-aux-BasqueAdapting positive-displacement - Melbourne and Tasmaniarotary engines for bi-directional

Harry Valentine holds a degree in engineering and has a background in free-market economics. He has undertaken extensive research into the field of transportation energy over a period of 20-years and has published numerous technical articles on the subject. His economics commentaries have included several articles on issues that pertain to electric power generation. He lives in Canada and can be reached by e-mail at [email protected]

By Harry Valentine

40 41

ENERGY

E N E R , G Y

means

arth ever xpects eturns uarding ou…..

GREEN BUSINESS

By Staff Writer

An insight into green purchasing trade, trends and techniques

the spend triumvirate to meet now that we have "organic" and "local" food and "eco-friendly" labeling and "energy-star" standards, but it is, in fact, the most challenging criterion! A food product does not necessarily have a low carbon footprint just because it is "organic" or "local"; just because a product is "eco-friendly" when used, does not mean that it's production process was "eco-friendly"; and just because a product is "energy-star" compliant does not mean that it will have the best overall energy utilization.

What is green purchasing?Buying local produce makes sense during the fall harvest

What is green purchasing? Simply put, it is one of the three season, because you are eliminating the carbon footprint cornerstones of sustainable purchasing, where the other that accompanies transportation, but it does not make sense two cornerstones are sound social policy and economic in the spring when the entire product is coming from soundness. However, whereas economic soundness greenhouses. Why? The energy footprint associated with a insures that the overall decision is sound from a life-cycle greenhouse often has a much higher carbon footprint than cost and corporate sustainability perspective, and whereas transporting products by land from the opposite social policy addresses your need to be a responsible hemisphere. Eco-friendly detergent is much better than corporate citizen when it comes to human rights and hazardous bleach, but if it has been produced in a factory welfare, green purchasing addresses the environmental that (still) uses a process that generates toxic chemicals as impact of your buying decision. byproducts, it is not very eco-friendly at all. And your

average energy-star desktop workstation still consumes G r e e n 80+ watts of power, which really adds up if your employees Purchasing, never turn them off. If all your employees are doing is also known as word-processing and internet purchasing, they could be Environment using a thin-client that only consumes 4W of power when a l l y in use, and a fraction of a watt in standby mode, hosted on a P r e f e r a b l e multi-core modern server that supports automatic power-P u r c h a s i n g down of processors, drives, and power supplies when ( E P P ) i s utilization drops beyond a certain threshold.i m p o r t a n t , and not just Why go green?because we would need Green materials provide myriad environmental benefits. the resources They can replace toxic materials that may be harmful to to sustain us if people or animals. Also, some products save energy and everyone in water, while others limit solid waste and manufacturing t h e w o r l d releases. For example, going green provides hospitals with c o n s u m e d financial benefits by reducing a hospital's dependence on

l i k e t h e hazardous materials and hazardous-waste disposal costs. developed world do. It's important because purchasers, be Personal protective equipment costs also drop when they government, corporate, or institutional, yield a great hazardous materials are limited. Additionally, using green influence over the future of the planet with every buying materials creates a healthier environment for patients, decision they make - and because every purchase has a workers and employees through reduced exposure to hidden cost on the environment. cleaners, solvents, paints and other hazardous substances.

One might think that buying green is the easiest criterion of

Furthermore, with the recent popularity of environmental ? Hasbro promised that 75% of its paperboard causes, adopting greener materials can be a major boost packaging will come from recycled materials in to a hospital's image. Using green materials fosters 2011.positive external publicity and community support when data on a hospital's environmental efforts are released to According to Joel Makower, executive editor of the public. GreenBiz.com and principal author of the report,

“Companies are thinking bigger and longer-term about Due to growing public awareness on environmental sustainability a sea change from their otherwise issues, consumers are increasingly including notoriously incremental, short-term thinking. And, environmental criteria in their purchasing trends. They during these tough times, many have doubled down on are willing to buy products that: their sustainability activities and commitments. During

2010, we saw a steady march of progress, with some of ? Consume less energy; the world's biggest companies and brands putting a stake

in the ground in the name of environmental (and, ? Consume less raw materials and produce less sometimes) social sustainability.”waste such as packaging;

? Help the development of small producers (fair This steady march toward progress is marked by 10 big trade);trends that Makower identifies in the 2011 State of Green ? Are manufactured in a way that is less Business Report including:damaging to the environment;

? Minimize the overall carbon footprint.1. Consumer giants awaken to green big push by consumer package good companies to make bold

Importance of green purchasing growing sustainability commitments;stronger

2. Companies aim for “zero” growth of zero-waste goals In recent years, the importance of green purchasing by and achievements by big companies;the public and private sector to reduce environmental damage has been a local point throughout the globe. 3. The developing world yanks the supply chain key Consumers are becoming more aware of the earth's issues like “conflict minerals” and sustainable palm oil fragility and the need to preserve its resources. In light of rattling supply chains;the negative impact indicted on the environment to date, consumer preference is for environmentally friendly 4. Greener transport gains speed new green technologies goods and services. Governments are under pressure to coming to market not just electric vehicles and plug-in take a firmer stand to reduce environmental hazards, and cars, but also trucks, trains, and planes;many have enacted new laws, prompting enterprises to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their 5. Sustainable food sourcing becomes palatable more products and services. commitments by big companies, led by Wal-Mart;

6. Metrics and standards become the rule a surge of interest on sustainability standards and on standardizing

In 2010, U.S. corporations continued to enhance their metrics for assessing companies;sustainable business efforts by making bigger, bolder, longer-term sustainability commitments. That's 7. Greener chemistry comes out of the lab combination according to the 4th annual State of Green Business of toxics headlines around the world and surge of new report from GreenBiz. The report measures the progress products from Big Chemical makes this a mainstream of U.S. business and the economy from an market;environmental perspective, and highlights key trends in corporate culture in regard to the environment. 8. Companies learn to close the loop the growth of new

products made from recycled materials;This year's report shows a dramatic shift occurring in mainstream business: Companies are thinking bigger and 9. Water foot printing makes a splash the growth of longer-term about sustainability: An analysis of methodologies and technologies for understanding the businesses in 2010 shows that even during economically challenging times, many companies invested more in their sustainability activities and have made bold new sustainability commitments.

For example:

? Procter & Gamble made a commitment to power all of their factories with renewable energy within the next 10 years;

? FedEx committed to improve vehicle fuel efficiency by 20% by 2020;

? Wal-Mart pledged to sell $1 billion of fresh produce sourced from 1,000 small- and medium-sized farmers;

42 43

GREEN BUSINESS

By Staff Writer

An insight into green purchasing trade, trends and techniques

the spend triumvirate to meet now that we have "organic" and "local" food and "eco-friendly" labeling and "energy-star" standards, but it is, in fact, the most challenging criterion! A food product does not necessarily have a low carbon footprint just because it is "organic" or "local"; just because a product is "eco-friendly" when used, does not mean that it's production process was "eco-friendly"; and just because a product is "energy-star" compliant does not mean that it will have the best overall energy utilization.

What is green purchasing?Buying local produce makes sense during the fall harvest

What is green purchasing? Simply put, it is one of the three season, because you are eliminating the carbon footprint cornerstones of sustainable purchasing, where the other that accompanies transportation, but it does not make sense two cornerstones are sound social policy and economic in the spring when the entire product is coming from soundness. However, whereas economic soundness greenhouses. Why? The energy footprint associated with a insures that the overall decision is sound from a life-cycle greenhouse often has a much higher carbon footprint than cost and corporate sustainability perspective, and whereas transporting products by land from the opposite social policy addresses your need to be a responsible hemisphere. Eco-friendly detergent is much better than corporate citizen when it comes to human rights and hazardous bleach, but if it has been produced in a factory welfare, green purchasing addresses the environmental that (still) uses a process that generates toxic chemicals as impact of your buying decision. byproducts, it is not very eco-friendly at all. And your

average energy-star desktop workstation still consumes G r e e n 80+ watts of power, which really adds up if your employees Purchasing, never turn them off. If all your employees are doing is also known as word-processing and internet purchasing, they could be Environment using a thin-client that only consumes 4W of power when a l l y in use, and a fraction of a watt in standby mode, hosted on a P r e f e r a b l e multi-core modern server that supports automatic power-P u r c h a s i n g down of processors, drives, and power supplies when ( E P P ) i s utilization drops beyond a certain threshold.i m p o r t a n t , and not just Why go green?because we would need Green materials provide myriad environmental benefits. the resources They can replace toxic materials that may be harmful to to sustain us if people or animals. Also, some products save energy and everyone in water, while others limit solid waste and manufacturing t h e w o r l d releases. For example, going green provides hospitals with c o n s u m e d financial benefits by reducing a hospital's dependence on

l i k e t h e hazardous materials and hazardous-waste disposal costs. developed world do. It's important because purchasers, be Personal protective equipment costs also drop when they government, corporate, or institutional, yield a great hazardous materials are limited. Additionally, using green influence over the future of the planet with every buying materials creates a healthier environment for patients, decision they make - and because every purchase has a workers and employees through reduced exposure to hidden cost on the environment. cleaners, solvents, paints and other hazardous substances.

One might think that buying green is the easiest criterion of

Furthermore, with the recent popularity of environmental ? Hasbro promised that 75% of its paperboard causes, adopting greener materials can be a major boost packaging will come from recycled materials in to a hospital's image. Using green materials fosters 2011.positive external publicity and community support when data on a hospital's environmental efforts are released to According to Joel Makower, executive editor of the public. GreenBiz.com and principal author of the report,

“Companies are thinking bigger and longer-term about Due to growing public awareness on environmental sustainability a sea change from their otherwise issues, consumers are increasingly including notoriously incremental, short-term thinking. And, environmental criteria in their purchasing trends. They during these tough times, many have doubled down on are willing to buy products that: their sustainability activities and commitments. During

2010, we saw a steady march of progress, with some of ? Consume less energy; the world's biggest companies and brands putting a stake

in the ground in the name of environmental (and, ? Consume less raw materials and produce less sometimes) social sustainability.”waste such as packaging;

? Help the development of small producers (fair This steady march toward progress is marked by 10 big trade);trends that Makower identifies in the 2011 State of Green ? Are manufactured in a way that is less Business Report including:damaging to the environment;

? Minimize the overall carbon footprint.1. Consumer giants awaken to green big push by consumer package good companies to make bold

Importance of green purchasing growing sustainability commitments;stronger

2. Companies aim for “zero” growth of zero-waste goals In recent years, the importance of green purchasing by and achievements by big companies;the public and private sector to reduce environmental damage has been a local point throughout the globe. 3. The developing world yanks the supply chain key Consumers are becoming more aware of the earth's issues like “conflict minerals” and sustainable palm oil fragility and the need to preserve its resources. In light of rattling supply chains;the negative impact indicted on the environment to date, consumer preference is for environmentally friendly 4. Greener transport gains speed new green technologies goods and services. Governments are under pressure to coming to market not just electric vehicles and plug-in take a firmer stand to reduce environmental hazards, and cars, but also trucks, trains, and planes;many have enacted new laws, prompting enterprises to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their 5. Sustainable food sourcing becomes palatable more products and services. commitments by big companies, led by Wal-Mart;

6. Metrics and standards become the rule a surge of interest on sustainability standards and on standardizing

In 2010, U.S. corporations continued to enhance their metrics for assessing companies;sustainable business efforts by making bigger, bolder, longer-term sustainability commitments. That's 7. Greener chemistry comes out of the lab combination according to the 4th annual State of Green Business of toxics headlines around the world and surge of new report from GreenBiz. The report measures the progress products from Big Chemical makes this a mainstream of U.S. business and the economy from an market;environmental perspective, and highlights key trends in corporate culture in regard to the environment. 8. Companies learn to close the loop the growth of new

products made from recycled materials;This year's report shows a dramatic shift occurring in mainstream business: Companies are thinking bigger and 9. Water foot printing makes a splash the growth of longer-term about sustainability: An analysis of methodologies and technologies for understanding the businesses in 2010 shows that even during economically challenging times, many companies invested more in their sustainability activities and have made bold new sustainability commitments.

For example:

? Procter & Gamble made a commitment to power all of their factories with renewable energy within the next 10 years;

? FedEx committed to improve vehicle fuel efficiency by 20% by 2020;

? Wal-Mart pledged to sell $1 billion of fresh produce sourced from 1,000 small- and medium-sized farmers;

42 43

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ßæaækÇÕ�1ÝŸÎÝ©{©ÜU�zÜspéø�aJáñÚqßX#È’�ä®&‘^ò�–¦sƒP�®¾)”(”Þî‚’¡k¶Æ%ü–µhü••�(HÜ²Ò�Y•Â&OŸ™ß·•nöÀH.øÊ—p:�œ0ý �éùÃÓ•vC×k8¤q••$ñ»PÈz�®Iq•$û�´Ôn�0²�g›ì

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ß†m7¿‰�÷•fË)9¤�¤�Ziþ �ç{æ°ÀTŸ3C×¤³�„£>ØŠ�¹áu”½“j�G…ºø• ßT4�äÄ¥ó_?�÷-™.�Šzæ�@v1"I{lßsY@o÷œfš.ÂÒá«@OãwEÙèÂ›e• ßT4�äÄ¥ó_î¶G³H8(^Êñ• ßT4�äÄ¥ó_6�tmÙ�>ª�L<¨�J}éUˆóß4i “c—µT½[Äcz�›”ý�}�£ãÛc[�®šl{M� s°‚sM©M• ßT4�äÄ¥ó_6`@�|èTÀç× yi•Æ¶lŸÆì�‹÷

ß�ái3˜ êä±EU"ïƒ�áužÓ¬AÕi6Ê”¤8H�©æz¢Ëó‡¦Æî‚Yx�u•î? • ßÅ¦�äJ*•hµ!ù_�‡º&�«Ò�7£ß›•7�èoV<�l¤8H�ëûFU�ø�ÕŸ3Ÿixä±~ŽùÆÖ �Ÿ�©Éñ�ç�©Òl”½Q'þMwŸÔ$ÆßX#íÙ>%ïT:�ãwâò�–`Ë_ó>�Õi3�•¤n��"¶Æ³Nvž2[1Æî�?� ßÙ¿•BòÉy”½žvW¤â¹%ýÞ+L~êÛo`PwgÓ<¨Þ™�šÍ8ªf�� ÓâZõ?•œ7ß›P�å¯6�o§�©‚O�)8¤q>©v†–c0ÄX1û�Ÿ3�•_X€Ÿ32Íg•�²Û� ßË§W�Ç‰a‘i@¬Ò²ŠðÑ¨Ò=R½ó&’‚¸ëÜ�5kžŸ••µ!��—½ó)�@v�þ4j´ÍF{ßX?&ÛÂŒV<Ä±,p��¨r��ãó^©v×k�ÊÙ£7£7Ë¿Þxh�®Îö�¹•·àê(yì ß•ôÒ•L�æ•"úÒ=�öÎ9�éÀ˜�Êº&¸©=©šÍó)Pƒï[Ž~¥Û�Z!•}³•Æû1ß·\'®6�� ß£&BòD�è³�dD�jÖ¶ŽúÛ@«ƒh›Ñ=©�,b•�ñ†vf•}³æRˆô‰yiÕ

ß\Þ0ò¡cþÉ<�€Î3�ìÍ8�è¿L•·sßÏdTŠ½)•»¬â•Ð�o¥•Ë`Ì`‹��·í8

informal green procurement policy rose from 34% to (Big-Net, no date), an indicator of the growth in green 60% of respondents (62% by 2008). In Canada and the purchasing within Europe is government sector. As big US, the majority ñ 76% and 64% respectively ñ of retailers such as Wal-Mart move into sustainable government departments or agencies have green purchasing, this will further mainstream the practice. purchasing policies. In Canada, 51% of responding firms For example, in 2006 Wal-Mart committed to run its had a green purchasing policy, as did 57% of US firms, operations on 100% renewable energy, produce zero while in Canada 64% of non-profits had such programs waste and double offerings of organic foods. It also alongside 55% of US non-profits. announced a 2011 seafood goal to only carry seafood

certified wild by the Marine Stewardship Council, a The AT Kearney study that analyzed the green group dedicated to preventing the depletion of ocean life purchasing practices of Fortune 100 companies found from over fishing. that 38% had a sustainability purchasing policy. Six out of eight sustainability metrics tracked by study Green purchasing trend in Asiarespondents concerned environmental issues, indicating that green purchasing was a major focus of their Asia, today, is the world's largest manufacturing hub and programs, including use of recycled materials, impact of is emerging as the new nexus of potent force in material waste, material toxicity, use of sustainable promoting eco-products and green technologies. Against sources, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. a backdrop of increasing consumer awareness

concerning global climate change and demand for green The EcoMarkets Report reveals the following outlook products, many businesses are Going Green.for green purchasing over the next two years (based on 692 respondents from Canada, US and Mexico): The United Nations, European Union, North America

and countries such as Japan and Korea have enacted ? 76% of organizations predict they will be more legislations and regulations to support green purchasing.

active in green purchasing, These countries are also the world's largest consumers of ? 21% of organizations predict they will be goods and services, and their consumption preference

neither more or less active, will severely impact on the way that goods are manufactured in Asia.? 1% of organizations predict they will be less

active (TerraChoice, 2007) (The 2008 report In realization of this new trend, Asia is also in the race to which surveyed only Canada and US with 336 produce low carbon green technology and eco-products. respondents revealed that 91% predict more Products such as paper, office supplies, motor cars, activity in green purchasing over the next two office automation equipment (computers, printers etc.), years. furniture, clothing, food, lighting equipment and household appliances; as well as services including These predictions suggest a trend towards increasing banking, construction, cleaning, printing, hotels, green purchasing activity in the years ahead. In Europe, transportation and electricity supply are currently being membership of the ìBuy-It-Green Network has seen its subjected to green procurement by the government.membership of government purchasers more than double

from 1997 to 2001, and more than triple since 2001

Please share your Knowledge and Expertise with us!!

SUBMISSIONS

The intent of 'Energy Blitz' is to be a moderated journal with the best and brightest submitted articles and papers published bi-monthly. We welcome articles from readers on energy and environmental issues in India and abroad.

Here's how to submit an article:

First, e-mail your article to [email protected]. We accept articles as original contributions. As you're writing your article, please remember: Offer fresh ideas. We are looking for articles with a unique approach. We probably won't publish articles on topics already heavily covered in other journals. Our mission is to generate candid discussion of relevant energy and environment topics, not to serve as an echo chamber for Indian policy.

Steer clear of technical language. Not everyone is a specialist in a certain field. Ideas should be accessible to the widest audience. Provide original research or reporting to support your ideas. And be prepared to document statements. We fact check everything we publish.

Copyrights: Contributors will retain their copyrighted work. However, submitting an article or paper implies the author grants license to 'Energy Blitz' to publish the work. Bio/photo. When submitting your article, please include a short biography and a high-resolution digital photo of yourself of at least 300 DPI resolution and then, e-mail us your manuscript as a Microsoft Word attachment to: [email protected]

44 45

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informal green procurement policy rose from 34% to (Big-Net, no date), an indicator of the growth in green 60% of respondents (62% by 2008). In Canada and the purchasing within Europe is government sector. As big US, the majority ñ 76% and 64% respectively ñ of retailers such as Wal-Mart move into sustainable government departments or agencies have green purchasing, this will further mainstream the practice. purchasing policies. In Canada, 51% of responding firms For example, in 2006 Wal-Mart committed to run its had a green purchasing policy, as did 57% of US firms, operations on 100% renewable energy, produce zero while in Canada 64% of non-profits had such programs waste and double offerings of organic foods. It also alongside 55% of US non-profits. announced a 2011 seafood goal to only carry seafood

certified wild by the Marine Stewardship Council, a The AT Kearney study that analyzed the green group dedicated to preventing the depletion of ocean life purchasing practices of Fortune 100 companies found from over fishing. that 38% had a sustainability purchasing policy. Six out of eight sustainability metrics tracked by study Green purchasing trend in Asiarespondents concerned environmental issues, indicating that green purchasing was a major focus of their Asia, today, is the world's largest manufacturing hub and programs, including use of recycled materials, impact of is emerging as the new nexus of potent force in material waste, material toxicity, use of sustainable promoting eco-products and green technologies. Against sources, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. a backdrop of increasing consumer awareness

concerning global climate change and demand for green The EcoMarkets Report reveals the following outlook products, many businesses are Going Green.for green purchasing over the next two years (based on 692 respondents from Canada, US and Mexico): The United Nations, European Union, North America

and countries such as Japan and Korea have enacted ? 76% of organizations predict they will be more legislations and regulations to support green purchasing.

active in green purchasing, These countries are also the world's largest consumers of ? 21% of organizations predict they will be goods and services, and their consumption preference

neither more or less active, will severely impact on the way that goods are manufactured in Asia.? 1% of organizations predict they will be less

active (TerraChoice, 2007) (The 2008 report In realization of this new trend, Asia is also in the race to which surveyed only Canada and US with 336 produce low carbon green technology and eco-products. respondents revealed that 91% predict more Products such as paper, office supplies, motor cars, activity in green purchasing over the next two office automation equipment (computers, printers etc.), years. furniture, clothing, food, lighting equipment and household appliances; as well as services including These predictions suggest a trend towards increasing banking, construction, cleaning, printing, hotels, green purchasing activity in the years ahead. In Europe, transportation and electricity supply are currently being membership of the ìBuy-It-Green Network has seen its subjected to green procurement by the government.membership of government purchasers more than double

from 1997 to 2001, and more than triple since 2001

Please share your Knowledge and Expertise with us!!

SUBMISSIONS

The intent of 'Energy Blitz' is to be a moderated journal with the best and brightest submitted articles and papers published bi-monthly. We welcome articles from readers on energy and environmental issues in India and abroad.

Here's how to submit an article:

First, e-mail your article to [email protected]. We accept articles as original contributions. As you're writing your article, please remember: Offer fresh ideas. We are looking for articles with a unique approach. We probably won't publish articles on topics already heavily covered in other journals. Our mission is to generate candid discussion of relevant energy and environment topics, not to serve as an echo chamber for Indian policy.

Steer clear of technical language. Not everyone is a specialist in a certain field. Ideas should be accessible to the widest audience. Provide original research or reporting to support your ideas. And be prepared to document statements. We fact check everything we publish.

Copyrights: Contributors will retain their copyrighted work. However, submitting an article or paper implies the author grants license to 'Energy Blitz' to publish the work. Bio/photo. When submitting your article, please include a short biography and a high-resolution digital photo of yourself of at least 300 DPI resolution and then, e-mail us your manuscript as a Microsoft Word attachment to: [email protected]

44 45

Date post:	30-Mar-2016
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