ISSUE 1806 Application Spotlight on: Intelligent Sensing Component Focus: Pages 3-9 TE Connectivity’s solid-state relays offer excellent thermal performance when switching loads up to 40A Design Notes: Pages 10-11 OSRAM explains the use of human-centric lighting. Plus industrial automation sensors from Littelfuse Application Spotlight: Pages 12-21 Optical sensor module from TT Electronics detects reflective media even in bright ambient light Technical View: Pages 22-23 New 8-bit MCUs are extending their capabilities to stave off competition from the 32-bit MCU Board of the Month: Page 21 Vishay’s SensorXplorer ™ kit enables rapid evaluation of light, colour and proximity sensors
Transcript
I S S U E 1 8 0 6
Application Spotlight on:
Intelligent Sensing
Component Focus: Pages 3-9 TE Connectivity’s solid-state relays offer excellent thermal performance when switching loads up to 40A
Design Notes: Pages 10-11 OSRAM explains the use of human-centric lighting. Plus industrial automation sensors from Littelfuse
Application Spotlight: Pages 12-21 Optical sensor module from TT Electronics detects reflective media even in bright ambient light
Technical View: Pages 22-23 New 8-bit MCUs are extending their capabilities to stave off competition from the 32-bit MCU
Board of the Month: Page 21 Vishay’s SensorXplorer™ kit enables rapid evaluation of light, colour and proximity sensors
F T M T E C H N O L O G Y W A T C HN E W S I N B R I E F
F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N
As a global broadline distributor supporting manufacturers in every sector of industry, Future Electronics has the privilege of serving customers which are generating the fast growth we see today in demand for smart and connected products. And the company hears a clear message from its customers: that OEMs are succeeding in adding or extracting more value from existing products or applications by equipping them to collect more data more effectively.
Alex WatsonEMEA Business Development Manager, SensorsFuture Electronics
As a result, Future Electronics is seeing sharp increases in demand for the components that enable this data to be gathered, interpreted, used and shared – demand which is reflected by the choice of Intelligent Sensing as the theme for this issue of FTM.
Intelligence in sensing implies integration of logic capabilities, firmware and algorithms into the sensor device to provide a ready-to-use output, rather than a raw voltage or capacitance which requires compensation, linearisation and conversion.
Motion sensors from STMicroelectronics, for instance, combine a MEMS sensing element with digital circuitry to provide linearised orientation and acceleration measurements. Examples include the LIS2MDL, featured on page 15 and the ISM330DLC, on page 20. And a ROHM Semiconductor MEMS accelerometer, the KX126-1063, on page 18, includes the intelligence required to implement complete user-interface functions, such as tap and double-tap detection.
Integration is a key feature of sensors used in building-automation applications. In fact, OEMs which manufacture products for lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, security and safety all have a stake in the future of intelligent sensing in homes, offices and factories. These OEMs face the choice of whether to collaborate or compete to be one of the top suppliers of smart building data. To help them add more value to their product designs, new sensors are becoming ever easier to use. The TSYS temperature sensors from TE Connectivity, on page 17, the SCD30 air-quality sensor from Sensirion, on page 14
Module combines USB data communication and power supply
Murata has introduced the NMUSB2022PMC, a surface-mount powered data isolator module which provides dual-port USB data and power isolation from a single upstream port. When used in conjunction with a USB host, a single NMUSB2022PMC module operates as two USB hubs for cascaded applications, and provides a 5V/500mA power supply to each downstream port. Reinforced isolation of 250Vrms provides safety, immunity to EMI and breaking of ground loops.
Launch of two-die mid-power LED for general lighting applications
Lumileds has launched the LUXEON 3030 2D, a two-die mid-power LED with a square light-emitting surface. The new LED is a reliable, high-flux light source for general lighting applications such as downlights, high-bay and low-bay fixtures and outdoor lighting.
New sensing solutions for industrial designs incorporating metalsCypress Semiconductor has unveiled the PSoC® 4700 series of microcontrollers which uses inductive sensing to detect touch inputs in products which have metal surfaces. The PSoC 4700 makes inductive sensing as easy to use as Cypress’ popular CapSense® solutions for capacitive sensing.
and the MP23AB01DH audio sensor from ST, on page 13, are all examples of intelligent sensors which may be easily integrated into the next generation of building-automation systems.
In many of the intelligent devices featured in this FTM, embedded firmware and advanced processing capabilities simplify the functions of sensor data processing and analytics and help to reduce the OEM’s time to market. Today’s integrated sensors quickly collect, analyse and transfer information to reduce the burden on the host microcontroller or applications processor, thereby saving cost, and reducing power consumption and latency.
This means that it is a good time for design engineers to be exploring the capabilities of sensor components and extending their use of them, and as always, the technical experts at Future Electronics are on hand to help with this. Contact your local branch, or email [email protected] with any question you might want to put to me on the topic of sensors.
S E E P R E V I O U S I S S U E S O F F T M AT W W W. M Y- F T M . C O M
Integrated features and higher efficiency extend appeal of Arm Cortex-M4-based MCUs
Two microcontroller lines from STMicroelectronics offer increased energy efficiency and more integrated features to add to the appeal of the STM32F4 Access Line of MCUs for high-performance embedded designs.
Qualified for operation at temperatures up to 125°C, the STM32F413 MCU is intended for use in always-on sensor-acquisition applications, and is also ideally suited to general-purpose industrial designs. The similar STM32F423 is additionally equipped with advanced encryption functions including a true random number generator and an AES-256 cryptographic hardware accelerator.
Delivering high performance with high energy efficiency, the new STM32F4 MCUs are based on a 100MHz Arm® Cortex®-M4 core. Supported by ST’s power-saving Dynamic Efficiency technologies, the devices draw a current in Run mode as low as 112µA/MHz.
STMICROELECTRONICS The STM32F413 and STM32F423 feature up to 1.5Mbytes of on-board Flash memory and a large 320kbytes of SRAM. A rich set of audio capabilities includes a serial audio interface and an enhanced voice-acquisition interface with multi-channel Digital Filter for Sigma-Delta Modulators (DFSDM), which enables low-power sound localisation and beam forming.
The devices also provide a wide range of peripherals, including two 12-bit DACs, up to ten UART interfaces and three CAN 2.0B interfaces.
The STM32F4x3 MCUs also provide a 100MHz dual-mode Quad SPI channel for connecting serial off-chip memory, and a 16-bit flexible memory controller for external SRAM, PSRAM or NOR Flash.
NUCLEO-F413ZH: Board can be used with Arm mbed online resources
interface• USB OTG interface• Four I2C interfaces• Six pulse density modulation interfaces• Two full-duplex I2S interfaces• Three simplex I2S interfaces
New automotive-grade Hall-effect ICs offer wide choice of switching sensitivities
Diodes Inc., has introduced the AH336xQ and AH339xQ series of high-voltage, unipolar Hall-effect switch ICs for automotive applications.
The automotive-qualified AH336xQ and AH339xQ magnetic switches offer a wide range of operating sensitivities. Intended for position and proximity sensing in automotive applications, these contactless switches may be used in both the cabin and the engine compartment.
The AH336xQ and AH339xQ are activated when a magnetic South pole of sufficient strength is presented perpendicular to the package. They switch on when the magnetic flux density exceeds the defined operating threshold, BOP, and switch off when the flux density falls below the release threshold, BRP. Ten sensitivity options, ranging from a highly sensitive 30G BOP device to a low-sensitivity 275G
DIODES INCORPORATED BOP version, address the needs of a wide range of automotive applications.
The BOP and BRP thresholds provide a tight operating window with adequate hysteresis for reliable operation, while a low temperature coefficient ensures the stability of the switching points.
A chopper-stabilised design minimises offsets and gives fast power-on and response times, which are important in reducing sensing delays and accuracy errors.
Diodes Hall-effect switches: Fast power-on and response
APPLICATIONS• Seat-buckle fastening detection• Open, close and lock detection in doors
and boot• Position sensing for gear stick, wipers,
mirrors and valves• Sunroof and window control• Steering lock/immobilisation• Air-conditioning compression• Contactless switches
FEATURES• Good RF noise immunity• Supply-voltage range: 3.0V to 28V • Single open-drain output with over-current
Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
The NUCLEO-F413ZH STM32 Nucleo board comes with a debugger/programmer, software libraries and examples. It can be used directly with Arm mbed™ online resources. Orderable Part Number: NUCLEO-F413ZH
New potential for electronics products to sense real-world phenomena with introduction of more intelligent sensors
C O M P O N E N T F O C U S
F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N
Boost regulator module for single-cell batteries offers low stand-by power consumption
250mA LDO regulator draws very low current in stand-by and shut-down modes
RECOM has extended its R-78S series of boost switching regulator modules, which is intended for use in IoT devices and wireless transceivers powered by a single-cell battery.
The LDLN025 from STMicroelectronics is a Low-Dropout (LDO) voltage regulator which provides a clean, accurate and stable output for noise-sensitive loads, and which offers low power dissipation for use in battery-powered applications.
Combining a wide input-voltage range, high efficiency and low stand-by losses, the R-78S regulator extends the working lifetime of single-cell batteries by maintaining a stable output all the way down to the cut-off voltage at which the battery is fully discharged.
This means that devices such as microcontrollers, wireless modules or IoT systems can be supplied from a single 1.5V cell, providing a longer run-time than systems powered by a conventional 3V button battery.
The first R-78S series device provided a stable 3.3V output from an input voltage ranging from 3.15V to 0.65V. Now RECOM has added two new parts: • the R-78S1.8-0.1 offers a 1.8V output
suitable for supplying a Bluetooth® radio transceiver, and operates from an input range of 0.65V to 1.3V
The LDLN025 is produced in multiple versions each with a fixed output voltage, from the lowest at 1.2V to the highest at 5.0V. All operate from an input-voltage range of 1.5V to 5.5V, and supply a maximum output current of 250mA.
Thanks to its ultra-low noise value and high Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR), the LDLN025 provides a very clean output, suitable for very sensitive loads. It is stable with ceramic capacitors.
RECOM
STMICROELECTRONICS
APPLICATIONS• IoT sensors and transmitters• Remote monitoring and data-logging
FEATURES• 6.5μVrms output noise• Very high PSRR: • 80dB at 100Hz • 60dB at 100kHz• ±2% output-voltage accuracy across line,
load and temperature• Internal soft-start• Operating-temperature range:
-40°C to 125°C
• the R-78S3.6-0.1 offers a 3.6V output for a LoRaWAN™ radio transceiver, and operates from an input range of 0.65V to 3.3V
The efficiency of the R-78S series can reach 93% at full load, and over 90% even at light loads. No-load current is 160μA, falling to 7μA when the Control pin is used.
An integrated under-voltage lock-out circuit protects rechargeable cells from damage due to deep discharging. The R-78S is certified as compliant with the new EN62368-1 standard.
RECOM has also produced the R-REF02-78S Reference Design Board, which provides a ready-to-use 3.3V power-supply design for Internet of Things devices.
At the same time, it is efficient in its use of power: the typical dropout voltage when supplying a 250mA load is 120mV. Quiescent current is just 12μA when there is no load, which makes this device suitable for battery-powered systems which have long periods of operation in stand-by mode. An Enable function can put the device into shut-down mode to reduce power usage even further, drawing a current lower than 1μA.
The LDLN025 includes short-circuit and thermal protection functions.
Low-power LDO ideal for use in battery-powered applications
The STLQ020 from STMicroelectronics is a Low-Dropout (LDO) voltage regulator which features low power consumption in stand-by and shut-down modes, to help extend run-time between charges in battery-powered applications.
The STLQ020 linear regulator, which operates from an input voltage ranging from 2V to 5.5V, supplies a maximum output current of 200mA. The typical dropout voltage at the maximum load is 160mV.
The power performance of the STLQ020 is particularly impressive when the host application is in stand-by mode. Quiescent current is just 0.3μA at no load. The STLQ020 may be put in shut-down mode via an Enable pin, reducing total current to 1nA.
The low power consumption of the STLQ020 LDO does not compromise its ability to provide a stable, accurate output. It offers a fast response to transient loads, and has a good Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) thanks to its adaptive biasing circuit.
STMICROELECTRONICS
The STLQ020 linear regulator provides a maximum output of 200mA
Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
These boards provide several test points for measuring voltages and currents, to allow engineers to evaluate the R-78S’ wide input-voltage range, high efficiency and low stand-by losses, all of which extend the working lifetime of an AA battery. Orderable Part Numbers: Evaluation Board: R-78S3.3-0.1-EVM-1 Reference Design Board: R-REF02-78S
The STEVAL-LDO001V1 is a multi-LDO board which enables designers to evaluate the LDLN025 high-performance LDO voltage regulator alongside three other LDOs: the LDBL20, the LD39130S, and the STLQ020. Orderable Part Number: STEVAL-LDO001V1
Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
Evaluate the STLQ020 LDO voltage regulator alongside three other LDOs: the LDBL20, LD39130S, and LDLN025. Orderable Part Number: STEVAL-LDO001V1
F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N
New DEXAL power and signal interface transforms luminaires into networked smart lights
OSRAM’s DEXAL® is a non-proprietary, intra-luminaire interface which is based on the DALI® communications standard for lighting equipment. It provides a power channel and enables bi-directional communication between a compatible OSRAM OPTOTRONIC® LED driver and DEXAL components integrated in lighting fixtures.
This DEXAL technology allows manufacturers to create smart, connected lighting fixtures with just a single interface which is supported by multiple lighting management systems.
By integrating DEXAL capability into new lighting equipment designs, and by using compatible OPTOTRONIC LED drivers, lighting manufacturers can provide various benefits to their customers.
OSRAM
APPLICATIONS• LED lighting equipment• Lighting control networks
CLM FEATURES• Works with OSRAM ENCELIUM®
• Able to control single or multiple luminaires in a single space
• UL recognised
• The DEXAL interface transforms conventional fixtures into smart nodes in a lighting-control network
• Luminaires with a DEXAL interface can extract valuable, fixture-specific data to support maintenance operations. This includes data on power and energy consumption, temperature profile, operating hours and diagnostic information.
OSRAM products which support the DEXAL interface include OPTOTRONIC LED driver modules. Compatible OPTOTRONIC drivers are available with a range of output-current ratings up to 1,400mA, and operate from an input-voltage range of 120V to 277V AC.
The drivers offer a constant-lumen function, and provide over-temperature protection when combined with an external temperature sensor. The drivers are compatible with DALI version 1, parts 101, 102 and 207.
OSRAM also supplies the DEXAL-compatible Connected Lighting Module (CLM). When integrated into a luminaire design, the CLM
enables the luminaire to connect to wireless lighting management systems via a ZigBee® radio connection. The CLM may be installed in a standard 0.5" knock-out in the luminaire’s housing.
OSRAM OPTOTRONIC LED driver: Constant Lumen Output function automatically compensates for lumen depreciation over time
S E E P R E V I O U S I S S U E S O F F T M AT W W W. M Y- F T M . C O M
Solid-state relays offer good thermal performance when switching loads up to 40A
Integrated reader IC offers built-in compliance with multiple NFC protocols
STMicroelectronics’ ST25R3911B is a highly integrated NFC reader IC, which includes an RF Analogue Front End (AFE) and a data framing engine compliant with various NFC and RFID protocols.
TE Connectivity’s (TE) Potter & Brumfield SSRDC series of solid-state relays uses DC switching technology with efficient FETs which dissipate little waste heat.
The ST25R3911B is intended for use in NFC infrastructure equipment in which the user needs high RF performance and flexibility combined with low power consumption.
This reader IC offers the built-in capability to perform various NFC functions, including: • ISO 18092 (NFCIP-1) initiator• ISO 18092 (NFCIP-1) active target• ISO 14443A or ISO 14443B reader,
supporting high bit rates• ISO 15693 reader • FeliCa™ reader
Implementation of other standard and custom protocols, such as MIFARE™ Classic, is possible using the ST25R3911B’s AFE, and implementing framing in an external microcontroller.
The device features automatic antenna tuning technology for use in applications with directly driven antennas. The ST25R3911B contains two differential low-impedance antenna drivers.
Coupling between the low-voltage control signal and the high-voltage power output is achieved with optical technology, enabling the relays to provide high isolation of 1,500V DC.
The SSRDC series relays are suitable for use in applications that have DC loads, reliably switching up to 40A to the load.
TE recommends that the base of the SSRDC device is mounted on a heat-sink to ensure that it operates within its rated temperature conditions. The base of the relay is formed of aluminium to provide for good thermal conductivity.
STMICROELECTRONICS
TE CONNECTIVITY
The ST25R3911B offers various features which conserve energy in power-constrained applications. It has a low-power capacitive sensor which provides a wake-up function, enabling the main NFC reader circuit to be held in quiescent mode until the capacitive sensor detects the presence of an NFC tag or card.
The ST25R3911B also contains a low-power Resistor/Capacitor (RC) oscillator and wake-up timer which can be used to wake-up the system after a set time period, and to detect the presence of a tag.
The ST25R3911B reader may be used with the ST range of NFC interface tag ICs: the ST25DV04K, ST25DV16K and ST25DV64K devices are NFC RFID tags featuring 4kbits, 16kbits or 64kbits of EEPROM memory. These tag ICs provide an I2C interface to a host microcontroller as well as a wireless interface to any NFC or RFID reader.
ST25R3911B: RC oscillator detects presence of tag
SSRDC series: Aluminium base for good thermal conductivity TE Connectivity and the TE logo are trademarks
7
APPLICATIONS• Industrial machinery• Transportation• Building controls
FEATURES• Standard hockey-puck package • Chassis-mount style• UL recognised
APPLICATIONS• NFC infrastructure equipment
FEATURES• Dynamic Power Output function• User-selectable and automatic gain control• Capable of driving two antennas in single-
ended mode• Oscillator input capable of operating with
13.56MHz or 27.12MHz crystal with fast start-up
• Serial peripheral interface • Supply-voltage range: 2.4V to 5.5V• Operating-temperature range:
C O M P O N E N T F O C U S C O M P O N E N T F O C U S
Integrated transceiver enables design of compact KNX nodes
STMicroelectronics has introduced a highly integrated transceiver which helps to streamline the design of end nodes that support KNX, the popular network communications protocol for building-automation systems.
The STKNX is a certified KNX transceiver and is approved for use in KNX TP1-256 twisted-pair networks. Housed in a small 4mm x 4mm QFN package and requiring few external components, the STKNX can be used to implement compact KNX node designs.
And because the STKNX provides a simple interface to a host microcontroller, users can easily develop a smaller, simpler circuit to replace existing designs based on the use of discrete components for the physical layer.
STMICROELECTRONICS
APPLICATIONS• Devices operating on a KNX twisted-pair
network
FEATURES• KNX bus power extractor supports bus
current up to 30mA• Adjustable KNX bus-current slew rate • No crystal required• Operating-temperature range:
-40°C to 85°C
The STKNX device features two integrated voltage regulators for external use in the application: a selectable 3.3V/5V linear regulator supplying a maximum of 20mA, and an adjustable switching DC-DC step-down converter supplying a maximum of 150mA.
The STKNX guarantees safe coupling to the KNX bus. It monitors the bus and provides a warning signal when it detects a loss of bus power.
STKNX: Approved for use in KNX twisted-pair networks
Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
The ST25R3911B-DISCO is a ready-to-use kit featuring the ST25R3911B HF reader/NFC initiator IC.The ST25R3911B-DISCO can be operated as ISO18092 (NFCIP-1) active and passive initiator, ISO18092 (NFCIP-1) active target, ISO 14443A and B reader supporting very high bit rates, or a long-range ISO15693 and FeliCa™ reader. Orderable Part Number: ST25R3911B-DISCO
Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
The EVALKITSTKNX kit is a board integrating the STMicroelectronics miniature STKNX transceiver. This kit includes all the necessary components required to evaluate the performance of the STKNX circuit and to develop a KNX device for operation on twisted-pair cabling. Orderable Part Number: EVALKITSTKNX
Part Number Maximum Load Current
Maximum Operating Voltage
2330274-1 12A 200V DC with DC input
2330274-2 25A 200V DC with DC input
2330274-3 40A 200V DC with DC input
F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N
3A-rated signal connectors provide secure mechanical termination
Waterproof, shielded circular connectors have IP68 rating
TE Connectivity’s Signal Double Lock connectors have a 2.5mm centreline pitch and are available in both wire-to-wire and wire-to-board configurations.
Hirose has introduced the LF series of robust, compact circular connectors for applications which require a high level of water resistance.
This large family of compact, single-row connectors accepts wire sizes between 26 AWG and 20 AWG with insulation diameters as large as 1.8 mm.
The Signal Double Lock connector system consists of plug and cap housings for wire termination, optional double lock plates, crimp contacts and PCB pin headers in both standard and high-profile versions. Double-lock plates ensure positive loading of contacts in the housing, and prevent contacts from being mated half-way. The connector makes an audible click when the contact is fully inserted into the housing.
The LF connectors, which have a bayonet locking mechanism, are supplied as cable-mount plugs, panel-mount receptacles and cable-mount jacks for in-line connections.
The connectors feature an electrically shielded structure with springs inside the housing. These springs ensure the connections between the shielded cables, plug shell and mated receptacle are secure.
Waterproof gaskets are placed at each internal joint to prevent water intrusion into the connector, guaranteeing IP68-rated water resistance.
TE CONNECTIVITY
HIROSE
APPLICATIONS• Gaming equipment• Vending machines• Fan modules• Industrial controls• Garage door openers• Household appliances• Security systems• Business equipment• HVAC system controls
FEATURES• 250V AC/DC voltage rating• Maximum 3A current per line• Polarizing ribs on plug housing • Number of positions:
• 2-13 in wire-to-board connectors • 2-10 in wire-to-wire connectors
• UL recognised, CSA certified and TÜV approved
• Board-mounted headers compatible with resin or conformal coatings
APPLICATIONS• Machine tools • Measuring equipment • Sensors • Security cameras • Servo motors • Base transmitter stations • Industrial robots • Medical equipment • LED lighting
26 AWG• Maximum current ratings: 2A, 5A or 10A • Maximum voltage ratings:
125V AC/175V DC• UL and TÜV recognised• 1,000 mating cycles
TE has extended the family of Signal Double Lock connectors to include parts made in material that meets the glow wire test according to the IEC 60335-1 5th edition standard for household and similar appliances, and that conforms to the specifications of UL 94 V-0.
The simple assembly procedure allows the waterproof gaskets to be sealed and the cable and shielding to be clamped simultaneously by the tightening ring, with very little tooling required. The connector design reduces the number of components needed to make a cable assembly, and cuts production costs and time.
Signal Double Lock: Supplied in standard and high-profile versions TE Connectivity and the TE logo are trademarks TE Connectivity and the TE logo are trademarks
TE Connectivity and the TE logo are trademarksHirose LF series: Bayonet locking mechanism
S E E P R E V I O U S I S S U E S O F F T M AT W W W. M Y- F T M . C O M
Receptacles and housings combine low insertion force with high retention strength
2.5mm-centreline connector family ideal for space-constrained signal circuits
TE Connectivity’s (TE) Economy Power 2.5 wire-to-board and wire-to-wire connector family is designed for signal circuit applications.
TE Connectivity (TE) produces a wide range of Positive Lock receptacles and housings which provide a superior choice in terms of performance, ease of use and cost competitiveness.
Based on the proven Economy Power connector and featuring a compact 2.5mm centreline, the advanced Economy Power 2.5 line connectors are rated for 250V AC and support current throughputs of up to 4.2A.
Both standard and new low insertion-force contacts are available. Contacts are sized to accept either 26 to 22 AWG wire or 24 to 20 AWG wire. Each contact features a wire barrel, insulation barrel and locking window. The wire barrel has serrations which aid wire retention. Asymmetrical terminals can only be loaded one way within the housing.
The contacts are available in strip form for termination using an automatic machine.
There are three series of terminals in the TE Positive Lock portfolio. Receptacles in the Mark I family feature a lower insertion force than any other receptacles in their class. To reduce the risk of unwanted back-out, the receptacles’ termination is completed with a mechanical snap that the assembler can both hear and feel. Mark I receptacles provide a reliable, easy to use solution for high-current
applications.Combining low insertion force
with high retention strength, the Mark II family provides a cost-effective, reliable means to terminate electrical circuits.
Recently introduced models in the Mark II family meet the requirements of high-temperature applications. The High Temperature 250 series features nickel-plated, high-strength, low-alloy steel terminals rated for operation at up to 250°C, and a new liquid-crystal polymer housing rated for up to 240°C. Both straight and flag configurations are available.
TE CONNECTIVITY
TE CONNECTIVITY The Mark III family of Positive Lock receptacles enhance both insertion force and contact retention strength to facilitate assembly operations. The Mark III receptacle’s detent lever, similar to that of the Mark II product, has a cut-out in the back transition area of the terminal.
Economy Power 2.5: Current rating up to 4.2A
Positive Lock receptacles: High-temperature versions available
9
APPLICATIONS• Home appliances• Industrial equipment• Control cabinets• Robotic arms• Railway rolling stock• Automotive systems
FEATURES• High reliability• Accommodates wide range of wire sizes• Choice of housing materials and colours
APPLICATIONS• Household appliances• Commercial and building equipment• Industrial machinery • HVAC controls• Coin changers• Vending machines• Lighting equipment• Garage door openers
S E E P R E V I O U S I S S U E S O F F T M AT W W W. M Y- F T M . C O M 11
How to choose the ideal sensor for industrial automation applications
Motion-control and automation systems for industrial use have to cope with the hazards of dirt and dust commonly found in factory settings. In addition, conveyors and pick-and-place systems can be subject to vibration and shocks which threaten the stability of the control circuit’s sensors. The sensing technology used for position measurement and object detection in industrial equipment must therefore provide exceptional durability to maintain the required accuracy over a long operating lifetime.
Both analogue and digital sensor types can meet this need, as the examples in this Design Note show.
Analogue Hall-effect sensors for stability and precision In the past, an analogue Hall-effect sensor would measure the flux density of its paired magnet, which meant that its operation was greatly influenced by the ambient temperature. Improvements to analogue Hall-effect technology enable the sensor chip to measure the angle of the flux field instead of its amplitude, making it much less sensitive to temperature changes. As a result, today’s Hall-effect sensors provide a stable analogue output across a wide temperature range.
Both rotary and linear Hall-effect sensors are suitable for analogue sensing applications. In Hall-effect sensors from Littelfuse, multiple programming points are available up to the full 360° of rotation. Each programming point represents a voltage or PWM output value which corresponds to a given angle of the magnetic field. This results in a high-
accuracy, high-resolution ratiometric output signal relative to the degree of rotation.
A linear Hall-effect sensor measures the linear movement of a magnetic field rather than the rotation. Littelfuse linear sensors are programmable for a set output voltage which is ratiometric for a given travel distance. The sensor measures the linear movement and relative flux angle of a magnetic actuator over ≤30mm of travel with a
single Hall-effect chip. This results in a ratiometric output signal relative to the movement of the sensor.
Digital reed and Hall-effect sensors for high reliability Digital position sensors provide a more convenient output configuration for some applications, and Littelfuse digital sensors provide outstanding reliability in magnetic sensing applications.
A reed switch’s contacts are hermetically sealed in a glass tube, as shown in Figure 1.
LITTELFUSE
The contacts are made of precious metal. This electrical switch does not require any power to operate.
Littelfuse digital magnetic sensors combine a Hall-effect sensing element with circuitry to provide a digital on/off output signal which corresponds to a change in the magnetic field. The sensing system itself thus has no moving parts, as shown in Figure 3.
The Hall-effect device’s active circuitry continuously draws a small amount of current.
Fig. 1: A reed switch is hermetically sealed
Fig. 2: Reed sensor detects the opening and closure of an elevator door
Fig. 3: Hall-effect sensor assembly in a rotary motion-sensing application
Fig. 4: Hall-effect sensor used to measure the speed of a conveyor system
Users set to gain health and well-being benefits from new generation of human-centric lighting schemes
The LED has emerged in the 21st century as the dominant light-source technology, largely supplanting the traditional incandescent technologies that illuminated buidings throughout the previous century.
Originally, the appeal of LED lighting systems rested largely on their long operating lifetime and their high efficacy. Improvements to LED technology and LED packaged devices are continuing to extend these benefits, but now the lighting industry is turning its attention to other parameters of the performance of LED lighting schemes, and in particular the quality of the light that they produce.
For instance, many LED lighting companies have introduced or are developing products for Human Centric Lighting (HCL) systems. This Design Note explains what is meant by HCL, and the reasons for its adoption in commercial and industrial lighting applications.
Biological effect of lighting Unnoticed by most people in everyday life, the biological impact of lighting on human health and behaviour is profound. This impact is the result of the evolution of the human species. Our biological functions and processes are mainly based on our roots in equatorial Africa: because of this, our bodies operate on a constant rhythm of 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night. Human biology has only partially adapted to life in other parts of the world in which the length of days and nights changes during the course of the year.
The human body is made to be active during the day and to regenerate during the night, when various natural repair processes take place. For people’s well-being, both phases are important. And the difference between the activity phase and the recovery phase has to be as clear as possible.
The aim of HCL is to align the operation of artificial lighting schemes with the human body clock, and to recognise the primitive response of the human body to light at different times of day.
In an HCL scheme, brightness is increased during the day, and light with a higher blue content will be used. The cells in the retina that regulate the body’s internal clock are sensitive to this blue content in the spectrum of visible light. A wide-area light distribution across the ceiling or the walls is important to create a sky of light, as shown in Figure 1.
OSRAM
In the evening, spot illumination with a low blue content and low intensity is better suited to the body in its night mode.
This different spectral content of light at different times of day is reflected in the preferred colour temperatures: in the morning, colour temperatures of 5,300K or 6,000K mimic the activating impact of bright morning sunlight. During the day, it makes sense to continue to use lights with a cool colour temperature for long periods of time. Towards evening, these values should be reduced to below 3,000K.
Scientific studies have verified the positive effects of HCL on health and well-being. Long-term tests in schools, for example, have demonstrated that the rate of errors is reduced and that concentration and sustained attention are significantly improved. These factors are, of course, also important for office work. HCL could make office staff more productive, less prone to make mistakes and be absent from work through sickness less frequently.
Light management systems enable HCL and other functionsHCL is part of a wider trend in the lighting industry to provide more sophisticated, building-wide control of lighting schemes, in contrast to the traditional method of lighting control performed with a local on/off switch for every stand-alone luminaire.
In large-scale lighting industrial and commercial lighting installations, there is scope to save money by applying motion- and presence-detection systems, and by implementing special features such as the Constant Lumen Output (CLO) function. CLO is a feature of many of the OPTOTRONIC® LED drivers produced by OSRAM.
The use of intelligent control systems enables the user to flexibly group and address individual luminaires, clusters of luminaires or entire areas via light-management or building-management systems, as shown in Figure 2. Separate sites may even be connected and controlled remotely, a capability of the OSRAM ENCELIUM system.
The development of HCL technologies and sophisticated light management systems means that more and more installations in future will use dimmable instead of switchable lighting solutions. More widely, the implementation of LED technology is making everything connected with lighting equipment more intelligent.
OSRAM therefore expects to see increased use of LED driver data, such as information on energy consumption, dimming levels and remaining lifetime. These data can be used to optimise energy efficiency, for predictive planning and to streamline lighting maintenance operations.
Fig. 1: Human-centric lighting in office lighting schemes adjusts the colour spectrum at different times of day. (Picture credit: OSRAM)
Fig. 2: Industrial buildings are starting to realise the benefits of sophisticated LED lighting control
D E S I G N N O T E
F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N10
The CMV50000 from ams is the industry’s first global-shutter CMOS image sensor to offer high resolution of 48Mpixels.
The MP23AB01DH from STMicroelectronics is a low-power microphone which combines a MEMS capacitive sound-sensing element and a sensor interface IC in a compact 3.4mm x 2.5mm x 1mm metal-cap LGA package.
It enables camera manufacturers to replace Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensors, which have traditionally been required for ultra-high resolution applications, with a comparable CMOS image sensor, which is easier to integrate in camera designs, operates at much higher frame rates and consumes less power than a CCD sensor.
The CMV50000 is a 35mm-format image sensor which has 7,920 x 6,002 4.6µm-sized pixels. The sensor’s pixel array is based on ams’ patented eight-transistor pixel architecture. This architecture offers low noise and excellent electronic shutter efficiency. Because the CMV50000 has a global shutter rather than a rolling shutter, it can capture images of fast-moving objects without distortion or motion artefacts.
Operating at a fast 30 frames/s with 12-bit pixel depth at full resolution, the CMV50000
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STMICROELECTRONICS
is ideal for use in high-speed machine-vision systems, such as the Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) equipment used in LCD panel factories. It is also suitable for TV broadcasting equipment and video cameras.
The CMV50000 has a serial peripheral interface for configuration and software control, and 22 LVDS channels for image data output, each operating at up to 830Mbits/s. An on-chip PLL generates all clock frequencies required internally from a single clock input.
The MP23AB01DH, a single-ended analogue bottom-port microphone, offers excellent audio characteristics, including a typical 65dB signal-to-noise ratio. Its acoustic overload point is 135dB.
Sensitivity to sound is rated at -38dBV ±1dBV at a frequency of 1kHz. The MP23AB01DH provides a fully differential output to minimise common-mode noise.
Like other microphones which are based on MEMS technology, the MP23AB01DH is less susceptible to mechanical vibrations, temperature variations and electromagnetic interference than traditional electret microphones.
The MP23AB01DH operates over an extended temperature range of -40°C to 85°C.
CMV50000: Ideal for machine-vision applications
MEMS microphone: Withstands vibration and temperature swings
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F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N
High-resolution CMOS image sensor platform provides multiple design options in a single package outline
ON Semiconductor has introduced the new X-Class platform, a family of image sensors which allows a single camera design to support not only multiple product resolutions but also different pixel functionality.
The first devices in the new platform are the high-performance 12Mpixel XGS 12000 and the 4K Ultra-High Definition (UHD) XGS 8000 image sensors.
The X-Class image sensor platform enables a new dimension in camera design by supporting multiple CMOS pixel architectures in the same image sensor family. This allows a single camera design not only to support multiple product resolutions, but also various pixel features, such as larger pixels which trade resolution at a given optical format for higher sensitivity and low-noise operation to increase dynamic range.
By supporting these different pixel architectures through a common high-bandwidth, low-power interface, camera manufacturers can use existing inventory and accelerate the time-to-market for new camera designs.
ON SEMICONDUCTOR The XGS 12000 and XGS 8000, are based on the first pixel architecture to be deployed in this platform: an advanced 3.2µm global-shutter CMOS pixel which features superior imaging performance, high image uniformity and low noise.
The XGS 12000 features a 4,096 x 3,072 pixel array in a one-inch optical format to supply the imaging detail and performance needed for modern machine-vision and inspection applications. XGS 12000 parts
Intelligent Sensing: recommended parts and manufacturers
Sensor Hub MCUDual-core MCUs (Arm® Cortex®-M0+ and Cortex-M4F) are well suited for intelligent sensor hubs in consumer or industrial applications.• Cortex-M0+ based sub-system enables system
monitoring, Bluetooth® or communication stack hosting, real-time sensor aggregation
• Cortex-M4F based sub-system enables digital signal processing such as sensor fusion engine, audio/acoustic processing, vibration analytics, pattern recognition, environmental sensing and deep neural networks
• Cypress PSOC® 6 ; STM STM32WB ; NXP K32W0x are dual-core BLE MCUs
Single-core MCUs can apply when communication link is entirely managed outside or application is cost sensitive for example; ST STM32L4 or L4+; NXP LPC54xxx series or Microchip SAM4L
Software• ST: X-CUBE-MEMS1 for motion MEMS algorithms for
sensor fusion, activity recognition, sensor calibration or X-CUBE-MEMSMIC1 for acoustic algorithm for echo cancellation or array beam forming
• NXP: IOT Sensing Software Dev Kit (ISSDK) to perform fusion and data debugging feature
• Bosch: BSX professional software enables motion sensor fusion and BSEC enabling environmental data fusion for temperature, humidity, air quality.
ConnectivityIn addition to BLE, LPWAN can also be the connectivity medium of choice for intelligent sensing applications like smart cities (structural health monitoring, parking or traffic flow management, pollution measurement)• ST S2-LP for Sigfox • Murata CMWX1ZZABZ-078 for LoRaWAN™/Sigfox• NXP OL2385 for Sigfox• Microchip RN2483/RN2903 for LoRaWan and
ATA8520 for Sigfox• Sierra Wireless HL78xx ; WP77xx or Gemalto ENS31/
EMS31/ELS61 covering NB-IOT or LTE-CATM1 cellular LPWAN
Wi-Fi® for infrastructure • Cypress WICED software (running on Cypress silicon-
based Murata module) provides a highly customisable Wi-Fi / BT software framework supporting networking protocols, cloud platform, security (Wi-Fi and networking like TLS) – enabled by Future Nebula board
• Microchip WINC1500 or WILCxxxx modules provide proven interoperability
• Panasonic Wi-Fi modules such as PAN9420Future Electronics also provides a solution for IOlink slave wired industrial connectivity such as ST’s L6362A or IDT’s ZIOL2201/2401
SensorsFuture electronics provides a wide range of sensors for a multitude of applications (consumer, industrial and automotive grade). This includes: • Motion or shock mems sensors (NXP, ST, ROHM
Semiconductor, BOSCH Sensortec, TE, Murata)• Position sensors • Environmental (pressure, humidity, gas, dust, light and
colour) from NXP, ST, IDT, Bosch, Panasonic• Acoustic: microphones and related processors • Analogue front-end for high-end sensors (linearisation,
calibration) such as IDT’s ZSCxxxxx / ZSSCxxxx sensor conditioners
• Image sensors from ON Semiconductor or ams
Power Supply• Rohm Semiconductor’s buck BD70522GUL (180nA Iq)
or BD83070QWL buck boost• Wireless charging for sealed, water- or dust-proof
sensor node• ST’s STWLC04, NXP’s MWPR1516, ROHM
Semiconductor’s BD57015GWL• Many options for battery chargers, fuel gauge or even
energy-harvesting circuits
For technical support contact your local Future Electronics branch or email [email protected]
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The STEVAL-MKI139V5 is supplied as a daughterboard featuring four MP23AB01DH analogue MEMS microphones. It is possible to detach each microphone, which is mounted on its own coupon board. Orderable Part Number: STEVAL-MKI139V5
with a 10Gbit Ethernet interface operate at full resolution at speeds up to 90 frames/s. A USB 3.0 interface in other XGS 12000 parts supports a 27 frames/s output at full resolution.
The XGS 8000 has a 4,096 x 2,160 pixel array in a 1/1.1-inch optical format and is also provided in two speed grades: 130 and 75 frames/s, suitable for use in broadcast equipment.
OPTICALSENSORS
MOTIONSENSORS
WI-FI orLPWAN
ENVIRONMENTALSENSORS
SENSORCONDITIONER
BIOSENSORS
MICROPHONES
POWERSUPPLY
SENSOR HUBMICROCONTROLLER
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Magnetic sensor provides accurate, low-noise digital measurements
IoT rapid prototyping board includes on-board motion sensors and altimeter
Humidity and temperature sensor offers consistent, linear digital output
The HTU21D from TE Connectivity (TE) is a digital combined relative humidity and temperature sensor in a low-profile DFN package with a small 3mm x 3mm footprint.
STMicroelectronics’ LIS2MDL is an ultra low-power three-axis digital magnetic sensor which has a magnetic field dynamic range of ±50 gauss.
NXP Semiconductors supplies a board which provides a development platform for sensor-rich Internet of Things (IoT) nodes.
The sensor provides linearised measurement outputs in a digital format over an I²C interface. TE’s polymer sensor materials combined with an optimised calibration slope and accurate offset give reliable, consistent performance even in the most demanding conditions. Every unit is individually calibrated and tested: a lot identification mark is printed on the sensor and an electronic identification code is stored on the chip for easy traceability.
The LIS2MDL provides accurate measurements of magnetic field strength in three dimensions. With offset compensation enabled, the magnetic sensor offset is a maximum of ±60mgauss. Noise in high-resolution mode is 3mgaussrms.
The LIS2MDL provides a 16-bit data output over an I2C serial bus interface which supports 100kHz standard, 400kHz Fast mode, 1MHz Fast mode+ and 3.4MHz high-speed operation.
The Rapid IoT Prototyping Kit, which has the orderable part number SLN-RPK-NODE, is supplied with a comprehensive suite of tools and software, including a real-time operating system, drivers, middleware, applications for the iOS and Android mobile operating environments, and cloud connectivity. It is also supported by NXP’s MCUXpresso software development kit and configuration tool.
The kit has a Kinetis K64F microcontroller with a 120MHz Arm® Cortex®-M4 core as its central element, and supports Bluetooth® Low Energy, Thread and ZigBee® wireless connectivity. It provides a capable platform
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NXP SEMICONDUCTORS The adjustable resolution of the HTU21D’s measurements can be configured by the system designer, from 8- up to 12-bit resolution for relative humidity, and from 12- to 14-bit resolution for temperature. The measurement range of the relative humidity sensor is 0-100%. The temperature sensor operates between -40°C and 125°C.
The sensor also has a serial peripheral interface.The device can be configured to generate
an interrupt signal on detection of a magnetic field. It operates over a temperature range of -40°C to 85°C.
The LIS2MDL is backed by a hardware abstraction layer for the Android™ mobile operating platform, and by software drivers for the Linux operating system.
for the implementation of many of the sensor functions required in IoT devices. The Rapid IoT Prototyping Kit’s board includes: • The FXAS21002C, a complete three-
axis digital gyroscope in a compact QFN package. It supports full-scale measurement ranges up to ±2,000°/s.
• The FXOS8700CQ, a motion sensor system-on-chip consisting of a 14-bit accelerometer and a 16-bit magnetometer with a high-performance ASIC. The device provides an
eCompass solution capable of a typical orientation resolution of ±0.1° and <±5° compass
heading accuracy in most applications.• The MPL3115A2, a compact
piezoresistive absolute pressure sensor with an I2C interface. Its pressure measurement range supports operation in altimeter applications at any surface elevation on Earth.
Other sensor options include a temperature sensor, air-quality sensor, ambient light sensor and capacitive touch sensor. The kit can be easily expanded by using compatible MikroElektronika Click modules.
HTU21D: Identification mark for easy traceability
LIS2MDL: Low offset and low noise
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APPLICATIONS• Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
FEATURES• Low power consumption • Fast response time • Instantaneous desaturation after long
periods in saturation phase
APPLICATIONS• Tilt-compensated compasses • Map rotation • Intelligent power saving for handheld
devices • Gaming and virtual-reality input devices
FEATURES• Three magnetic field channels• Supply-voltage range: 1.71V to 3.6 V• Selectable power modes and resolution• Single measurement mode• Embedded self-test• Built-in temperature sensor
APPLICATIONS• IoT equipment
• Smart home/smart building • Smart cities • Industrial • Smart appliances • Unmanned land vehicles • Drones
• Designs needing a small form factor, low power and low cost
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F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N
Combined CO2, humidity and temperature sensor module supports HVAC and indoor air-quality applications
The cost-competitive SCD30 sensor module from Sensirion combines CMOSens® Technology for infrared gas detection with a humidity and temperature sensor to enable the highly accurate, stable measurement of absolute Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentrations in ambient air.
The 7mm-high module has a footprint of just 35mm x 23mm, which means that it can easily be integrated into a wide range of end-product designs.
CO2 measurements captured by the SCD30 module can play an important role in modern air-quality management applications, because the concentration of CO2 is a key indicator of indoor air quality. Since the introduction
SENSIRIONof strict energy-consumption standards and better insulation, homes have become increasingly efficient, but air quality can suffer as a result. Active ventilation is needed to maintain a comfortable and healthy indoor environment, and to improve the well-being and productivity of residents. The accurate and stable CO2, temperature and
humidity measurements provided by Sensirion’s SCD30 enable
manufacturers to develop new solutions that both increase
energy efficiency and support well-being.
With the benefit of algorithms developed by Sensirion for the modelling of, and
compensation for, the effect of external sources
of heat, the SCD30 is able to produce accurate measurements of
ambient humidity and temperature without the requirement for any additional components. The module also implements a dual-channel technique for the measurement of CO2 concentrations which provides automatic compensation for long-term drift.
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APPLICATIONS• Demand-controlled ventilation• HVAC equipment• Air conditioners• Air purifiers• Smart home equipment• IoT devices
FEATURES• NDIR measurement principle• Built-in reference channel• Built-in temperature compensation of CO2
measurements• Fully calibrated and linearised• UART and I2C interfaces
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The STEVAL-MKI181V1 is an adapter board designed to facilitate the evaluation of MEMS devices in the LIS2MDL product family. The board offers an effective solution for fast system prototyping and device evaluation in the user’s application. Orderable Part Number: STEVAL-MKI181V1
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Sensirion’s SEK-Environmental Sensing evaluation kit enables the quick and easy evaluation of Sensirion’s environmental sensors. It combines plug-and-play hardware with easy-to-use viewer software for in-depth evaluation. Each evaluation kit includes a Sensirion SensorBridge, connector cables and sensor samples. Orderable Part Number: SEK-SCD30
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Orderable Part Number: SLN-RPK-NODE
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Reflective optical sensor combines reliability with high immunity to interference from ambient light
Automotive-grade three- and four-channel IR transmissive sensors for position-measurement encoders
Temperature sensor chips achieve very high accuracy of ±0.1°C
TE Connectivity (TE) supplies a series of digital temperature sensors which offer accuracy of ±0.1°C, superior to other chip-scale temperature sensors on the market today.
TT Electronics has introduced the Photologic® V OPB9000 reflective optical sensor module for industrial and medical applications. The sensor provides dependable edge and presence detection of reflective media under a wide range of ambient light conditions.
The TCUT1630X01 and TCUT1800X01 from Vishay are compact transmissive sensors which include Infrared (IR) emitters and photo-transistor detectors located face-to-face in a surface-mount package. The sensor can detect the position of an object such as an optical codewheel moving between the arms of the device.
The TSYS series of sensors are supplied in miniature packages designed for use in space-constrained board designs. The series includes the ultra-accurate TSYS01 parts, which are housed in a 4mm x 4mm, 16-lead QFN package.
The TSYS01 offers ±0.1°C accuracy over a measurement range of -5°C to 50°C, while the TSYS01-1 achieves the same accuracy over a wider range of -20°C to 70°C. The accuracy of
The surface-mount TCUT1630X01 and TCUT1800X01 each measure 5.5mm x 5.9mm x 7mm, and provide a gap of 3mm between the emitter and detector. With a taller dome than previous-generation devices, and an additional channel for a vertical push function or indexing tab, the TCUT1630X01 is ideal for turn
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VISHAY both devices is guaranteed to be ±0.5°C over the full operating-temperature range of -40°C to 125°C.
Other features of the TSYS01 parts also contribute to high system performance in temperature-monitoring applications. Response to changes in temperature is very fast thanks to the chips’ quick thermal response and short conversion time.
The OPB9000 sensor provides a CMOS logic output, and offers programmable sensitivity and output polarity settings. Its very high immunity to optical interference – it can handle ambient light brighter than 25klux – allows for reliable operation in any conditions, from a dark room to bright sunlight. At the same time, its high sensitivity means that it can detect media that produce a change in reflectance of as little as 30%.
Self-calibration eliminates the need for constant recalibration as the module’s LED ages. Temperature compensation and
automatic gain control enable it to reliably function in the most demanding and dynamic conditions.
The integrated OPB9000 module includes an Infrared (IR)emitter, IR sensor, analogue front-end and digital interface in a miniature 4.0mm x 2.2mm x 1.5mm surface-mount package. By eliminating the need for complex external analogue circuitry, the OPB9000 simplifies system design and reduces board space requirements by up to 80%.
and push encoding. It features one IR emitter and three detectors.
The quad-channel TCUT1800X01 includes two IR emitters and four detectors, and can detect up to 16 positions, a capability suitable for absolute and incremental encoding applications.
TSYS sensors: Fast response to changes in temperature
OPB9000: Module integrates IR emitter and detector
Vishay transmissive sensors: 3mm gap between emitter and detector
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APPLICATIONS• Temperature loggers • Instrumentation• Fitness trackers and smart watches• Thermostats
FEATURES• Switchable I2C and serial peripheral
interfaces• Factory calibration and compensation• Supply-voltage range: 2.2V to 3.6V
APPLICATIONS• Industrial printers• Dispensing equipment• Factory automation equipment • Safety and security devices• Portable laboratory and medical
equipment• Materials handling equipment
FEATURES• Single-command calibration with on-chip
EEPROM • Temperature-compensated LED drive
circuit • 6μs response time • Operating-temperature range:
-40°C to 85°C• Supply-voltage range: 2.7V to 5.5V
APPLICATIONS (Automotive)• Encoders in high-temperature
environments close to motors • Interior knobs • Ignition locks • Adaptive headlights • Electric power steering
APPLICATIONS (Industrial/Energy)• Gas and water meters • Vending machines • Credit-card readers • Door and panel opening detection
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F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N
High-density PIR motion sensor detects presence of human body over range of up to 17m
Panasonic has extended its PaPIRs family of passive infrared presence-detection sensors with new long-distance types which are capable of detecting a human body up to 17m away. The long-distance PaPIRs sensors feature a very small optic, enabling easy integration into space-constrained housings.
The new long-distance pyroelectric sensors are additions to two series of PaPIRs devices: • the EKMC sensors, which
feature stand-by current of 170µA
• the low-power EKMB sensors for battery-free and battery-operated devices. The EKMB devices’ stand-by current is 1µA ,2µA or 6µA.
PANASONIC The quad sensor-based design offers a very high detection-zone density of 128 to give a reliable response even over long distances. The detection area is circular and symmetrical: this simplifies integration and assembly of the sensor into the end product, because its field of view is not directional.
A special lens design with an additional lip allows fast integration into applications which require an Ingress Protection (IP) rating, with the addition of an o-ring or other sealing device.
PaPIRs proximity sensor: Very small optic
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APPLICATIONS• Lighting controls • Street lights• Security cameras
The TSYS01 parts are also notable for their low power consumption - they draw less than 12.5µA in normal operation.
The devices’ digital output makes them easy to integrate into microcontroller-based system designs.
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S E E P R E V I O U S I S S U E S O F F T M AT W W W. M Y- F T M . C O M
Launch of miniature, low-noise PLL module
MEMS accelerometer provides built-in pedometer, free-fall detection and other motion-sensor functions
Complete proximity-sensing module includes IR emitter and sensors in a single package
STMicroelectronics’ VL6180X is an innovative proximity and Ambient Light Sensing (ALS) module which takes an unusual approach to the measurement of distance from a reflective surface.
CTS Corporation has announced the introduction of the VFJA9591C, a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) timing module which offers very low noise for use in high-speed communications and network equipment.
The KX126-1063 from Kionix, a ROHM Semiconductor group company, is a three-axis MEMS accelerometer which is supplied with algorithms implementing a pedometer and functions for tracking orientation and detecting tap/double tap, activity and free-fall events.
It is based on ST’s patented FlightSense™ technology. This enables absolute distance to be measured independent of the target’s reflectance. Unlike conventional Infrared (IR) ALS systems, which estimate distance by measuring the amount of light reflected back from the object (which is materially affected by the object’s colour and surface), the VL6180X precisely measures the time that light takes to travel to the nearest object and to be reflected back to the sensor.
Combining an IR emitter, a range sensor and an ambient light sensor in a three-in-one production-ready package, the VL6180X is easy to integrate and saves the end-product manufacturer from making long and costly optical and mechanical design optimisations. No additional optics or gasket are required.
Use of the new CTS module enables the designers of communications equipment and other systems to minimise the risk of generating and propagating parasitic noise through the timing circuit. Featuring low phase noise of <-160dBc/Hz at 100kHz, the VFJA9591C provides dual LVCMOS outputs and offers enable/disable and lock-detect functions. The module has a 9.5mm x 9.1mm footprint and is 3.6mm high.
CTS introduced the new module in response to efforts by communications system manufacturers to increase channel capacity and transport speed while keeping jitter noise as low as possible. Noise propagation in networks that operate at high
It offers a user-configurable full-scale measurement range of ±2g, ±4g or ±8g, and an output data rate up to 25.6kHz. Its measurements of acceleration are very stable over the full operating-temperature range. It can survive extreme shocks.
The device can operate in a low-power stand-by mode when still. The threshold for triggering its wake-up and sleep functions is configurable to a level as low as 3.9mg.
The KX126’s sense element is fabricated using Kionix’ proprietary plasma micromachining process technology.
STMICROELECTRONICS
CTS CORPORATION
ROHM SEMICONDUCTOR
The ALS provides a calibrated measurement of ambient light intensity as a lux value.
The module is designed for low-power operation: • ranging and ALS measurements may be
automatically performed at user-defined intervals
• multiple threshold and interrupt schemes are provided, which enables the system to keep calls to the host microcontroller to a minimum
Host control and reading of measurement results are performed over an I2C interface.
Optional additional functions, such as measurement-ready and threshold interrupts, are available via two programmable general-purpose I/O pins.
frequencies and high bit rates can create data distortion during signal synthesis or clock recovery stages. Any spurious noise generated while synthesising or recovering a network clock can propagate through the system layers, and might corrupt data packets.
Traditionally, system design engineers have used a multi-stage timing topology which locks, at one end, to a stable low-frequency reference source, and at the other end to PLL circuitry. The PLL multiplies the reference source to higher frequency rates required for data transmission. The VFJA9591C provides an ASIC-based integrated PLL solution which attenuates short-term noise, or jitter, and multiplies low frequencies, while helping design teams to reduce development time and effort.
An ASIC integrated into the accelerometer’s package performs signal conditioning and implements intelligent user-programmable functions.
The accelerometer is supplied in a 2mm x 2mm x 0.9mm LGA plastic package which is pin-compatible with the KX122 from Kionix. An internal voltage regulator ensures stable operation over the supply-voltage range of 1.71V to 3.6V.
distance• Rejects ambient light interference• Cross-talk compensation for cover glass• ALS is sensitive at very low light levels
APPLICATIONS• Telecoms equipment• Military communications equipment • Base transmitter stations• Autonomous vehicles • Digital video equipment • Test and measurement equipment• Radar systems
FEATURES• Input-frequency range:
10MHz to 200MHz• Dual-ended output-frequency range:
10MHz to 160MHz • 85fs jitter at output frequency <100MHz• 15Hz modulation bandwidth• 100ns maximum enable/disable time
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Robust, accurate MEMS tilt sensor suitable for use in harsh and noisy environments
TE Connectivity (TE) supplies the DOG2, a dual-axis MEMS inclinometer for industrial and automotive applications such as platform levelling, dynamic engine management, tip-over protection and tilt warnings.
The DOG2 is notable for its fast response time and good accuracy. A built-in digital signal processor implements correction functions including temperature compensation, and a filter to eliminate the effect of noise sources such as vibrations. It also enables adjustment to optimise the sensor’s performance in specific environments.
The DOG2 sensor has a compact PA6.6 housing and compression limiter bushings for safe installation. It is resistant to oil, grease and fuel, making it suitable for use in engines.
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DOG2 tilt sensor: Housing resistant to oil, grease and fuel
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APPLICATIONS• Mobile and stationary cranes • Lift platforms • Building control systems• Weighing systems • On- and off-road vehicles
FEATURES• Supply-voltage range: 8V to 30V DC • 12-bit resolution • 100Hz refresh rate • Operating-temperature range:
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Orderable Part Number: KX126-1063-EVBOA1
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The P-NUCLEO-6180X1 evaluation pack consists of a NUCLEO-F401RE main board featuring an STM32F401 microcontroller, and one VL6180X expansion board. This board contains a slider switch for selecting range and ambient light measurements, and a four-digit display. Orderable Part Number: P-NUCLEO-6180X1
TE Connectivity and the TE logo are trademarks
The M5800 from TE Connectivity (TE) is an industrial pressure transducer which has a rotatable display for easy reading of pressure measurements in any installation.
Offering precise and accurate pressure measurements, the M5800 can be easily configured to meet almost any requirement. Configuration options include pressure range up to a maximum of 15,000psi, pressure port type, analogue output type and electrical connection.
The user can set the display to zero to give a more precise pressure measurement for the application.
The M5800 draws a maximum current of 30mA in active operation. It includes an optional stainless steel snubber.
TE CONNECTIVITY
APPLICATIONS• Industrial process-control systems• Pumps • Compressors • Hydraulic and pneumatic systems
FEATURES• Reverse polarity protection on input • Short-circuit protection on output • ±0.25% accuracy • ±1.0% total error within compensated
temperature range • Operating-temperature range:
-40°C to 85°C • IP67 weatherproof rating• CE marked
To apply for these free boards go to: www.my-boardclub.com/ftmTerms and conditions apply. Visit www.my-boardclub.com/about_us for details
Demo kit enables rapid evaluation of light, colour and proximity sensors
The SensorXplorer™ is a demonstration kit for evaluating the Vishay digital sensors featured on sensor boards provided by Vishay. These boards, along with their respective software modules, can be used to demonstrate and test each sensor’s functions, allowing the user to quickly understand how various settings affect the sensor’s outputs. The SensorXplorer board includes a USB-to-I2C interface chip, a 3.3V regulator, indicator LEDs, and multiple general-purpose I/Os to control the operation of each board and to allow data to be read and displayed on a PC.
Various optical sensor boards compatible with the SensorXplorer kit are available, including boards for the VCNL4xxx series of proximity and ambient light sensors and the VEML60xx series of colour and light sensors.
Future Electronics’ Board Club: supporting innovative electronics designEurope’s electronics industry thrives on the application of innovation and creativity, and an essential innovator’s tool in design projects is the development board. The Board Club website is a Future Electronics resource for users of development boards. Here, and only here, Board Club members can gain access to exclusive free development boards and development board offers.If you would like to register for membership, please visit: www.my-boardclub.com/register.php
VISHAY
SensorXplorer board: Enables sensor data to be viewed on a PC
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Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
Orderable Part Number: SENSOREXPLOREROrderable Part Number: STEVAL-MKI182V1
A P P L I C A T I O N S P O T L I G H T : I N T E L L I G E N T S E N S I N GA P P L I C A T I O N S P O T L I G H T : I N T E L L I G E N T S E N S I N G
F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N
Magnetic sensors provide reliable contactless angle measurement for rotary motion applications
Combined MEMS accelerometer and gyroscope in a single compact package
Monolithic Power Systems’ MagAlpha range of magnetic position sensors uses the innovative SpinAxis™ Hall-effect sensing technique to provide fast and accurate angular position measurements.
The ISM330DLC is a system-in-package featuring a high-performance 3D digital accelerometer and 3D digital gyroscope tailored for Industry 4.0 applications. The micromachined sensing elements of the accelerometer and gyroscope are implemented on the same silicon die, providing superior stability and robustness.
The MagAlpha range includes the MA702, MA704, MA710 and MA730 parts which measure the angle of rotation at a resolution from 10-bit to 14-bit, and provide their outputs over digital SPI or SSI channels, and via incremental ABZ quadrature and PWM outputs.
Also in the MagAlpha range, the MA302 and MA310 feature SPI and incremental ABZ interfaces, and additionally offer UVW signals for use in Brushless DC (BLDC) motor commutation.
A notable feature of SpinAxis technology is the ability to maintain low measurement latency at very high rotation speeds.
The motion sensor includes built-in firmware which implements functions including tilt detection, free-fall detection, wake-up, 6D/4D orientation, and click and double-click recognition.
The ISM330DLC has a full-scale acceleration range of ±2g/±4g/±8g/±16g and an angular rate range of ±125°ps/±250°ps/±500°ps /±1,000°ps/±2,000°ps. It offers high measurement accuracy while consuming
MONOLITHIC POWER SYSTEMS
STMICROELECTRONICS
A direct phase-to-digital conversion replaces the complex sine-cosine + arctangent method traditionally used by competing magnetic position sensors. Using SpinAxis technology, the MagAlpha sensors are able to capture angle measurements at higher speed and with lower latency.
MagAlpha position sensors may be placed at the end of the rotating shaft, paired with a two-pole diametric polarised magnet. They also support a side-of-shaft magnet topology, giving the designer greater flexibility in the mechanical design of the system.
MagAlpha sensors are packaged in a cost effective 3mm x 3mm QFN package.
little power: it draws a current of just 0.75mA in high-performance mode with both the accelerometer and gyroscope active. The device is suitable for use in battery-powered products.
The ISM330DLC includes a configurable signal-processing path which is notable for its low latency and low noise, and a filter circuit which enhances control-loop stability. The device’s digital measurement outputs are supplied to the application via an auxiliary serial peripheral interface which is configurable for both the gyroscope and accelerometer.
The ISM330DLC is supplied in a plastic LGA package measuring 2.5mm x 3.0mm x 0.9mm.
MagAlpha: Supports on-axis and side-of-shaft topologies
ISM330DLC: Low latency and low noise
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APPLICATIONS• Actuators• BLDC motors
FEATURES• 1MHz sampling frequency• 10µs angle measurement latency at
rotation speeds up to 100krpm• Magnetic field range: 15mT to 150mT • 3.3V supply voltage • 12mA operating current• Operating-temperature range:
Industrial pressure sensor includes rotatable display screen
Apply now at my-boardclub.comFast-track board request code: FTM86A
The TBMA is a test board for the MagAlpha magnetic position-sensor family. TBMA boards are supplied in one of two formats: round for end-of-shaft configurations, and long, in which the sensor is mounted on the edge of the board for side-of-shaft and end-of-shaft configurations. Orderable Part Numbers: TBMA-Q-RD: Round, TBMA-Q-LT: Long
TE Connectivity and the TE logo are trademarks
T E C H N I C A L V I E W
S E E P R E V I O U S I S S U E S O F F T M AT W W W. M Y- F T M . C O M 23
What is more, the CIP line-up includes a high-current I/O, which is connected to a single pin protected by current-balancing circuitry. Providing an output of as much as 100mA, this high-current I/O is sufficient to fire an external triac to switch on the heating elements. Both the built-in zero-crossing detection function and the high-current I/O enable the designer to eliminate external components which would be required by other MCUs.
Implemented via a CIP, the zero-crossing detection function requires no optocoupler for isolation from the high mains voltage. And the high-current I/O eliminates the normal need for an external power transistor. This reduction in component requirements saves bill-of-material cost, assembly cost and board space.
In fact, the whole of the power-control circuit may be implemented inside an 8-bit PIC® MCU, and without any call on the CPU. All of these functions can be configured with an easy-to-use tool, the MPLAB® Code Configurator, a plug-in to Microchip’s MPLAB® X integrated development environment for PIC® MCUs. This tool is a graphical programming environment which generates C code for insertion into a product design’s code base. It greatly reduces the requirement for the designer to refer to the MCU’s datasheet, and reduces the time and effort involved in implementing peripherals in an 8-bit design.
Motor control is another application that is well served by CIPs. For instance, the math accelerator is a hardware version of a multiplier; it can implement in eight CPU cycles a function that would require 520 cycles when implemented conventionally in software.
Another example of the way that CIPs can offload software-intensive tasks which would be implemented by the CPU in a conventional 8-bit MCU is the automatic adjustment of an LCD display’s brightness in response to the intensity of ambient light. In a conventional MCU architecture, this task reads the input from an external ambient light sensor, calculates the appropriate pixel brightness, and then refreshes the pixel-control signal with an updated current value. This approach requires the execution of a complex control routine in the CPU, as shown in Figure 1.
In the new 8-bit PIC® MCU architecture, however, much of this work can instead be implemented by a type of CIP called a ‘configurable logic cell’, as shown in Figure 2. Again the MPLAB Code Configurator is used to configure this peripheral as any of a limited selection of logic functions such as AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates and flip-flops. A serial peripheral interface – another CIP - connects the CPU to the configurable logic cell, and a PWM driver – a third CIP – provides for current regulation, as shown in Figure 3.
Implemented conventionally in software, as illustrated in Figure 1, this circuit consumes the entire bandwidth of a processor operating at a high clock speed, and is likely to exceed the capability even of a
microcontroller based on the 32-bit Arm® Cortex®-M0+ core. Using CIPs, the burden on the CPU is almost entirely eliminated, leaving it free to perform other system tasks, and allowing operation at a low core clock speed with a slower oscillator, resulting in reduced power and cost.
Opportunity to adopt a new approach to system implementationThe examples described above show that a dramatic reduction in CPU overhead can be achieved by implementing substantial elements of an application in CIP hardware, rather than as software routines running in the CPU. This in effect produces an increase in the CPU’s bandwidth, but without the need to migrate the entire design to a new 32-bit platform.
Clearly this calls for a new approach to the implementation of system designs, requiring the designer to work out those elements of the application which can best be implemented in CIPs, with the least possible call on the CPU. This new method of implementing typical 8-bit functions is made considerably easier than it might be by the availability of the MPLAB Code Configurator, which is intuitive and provides great time savings in practice.
Designers who are prepared to adopt this new approach will be able to introduce new features into existing end-product designs and to improve their performance without the upheaval entailed in moving to a 32-bit device. They will also enjoy consequent savings in power consumption and cost.
Once again, the 8-bit MCU shows that it has plenty of life left in it.
Fig. 3: This simple implementation reduces the burden on the CPU to just a single instruction for each refresh cycle
Why the best choice for upgrading an 8-bit MCU might be… another 8-bit MCU
The upgrade path for the user of a conventional 8-bit microcontroller which has reached the limit of its capabilities, and which cannot support the application’s requirement for more features and better performance, is in most cases assumed to be a 32-bit MCU. The 32-bit device will execute more complex code faster, enabling the designer to implement more sophisticated features and to improve performance. With 32-bit MCUs available at unit prices as low as $0.50, there might even be only a negligible impact on the system’s bill-of-materials cost in upgrading from an 8-bit MCU.
So obvious is the apparent superiority of the 32-bit MCU in terms of speed and performance that market watchers have, for some years, been predicting that sales of 8-bit MCUs will go into terminal decline and that most new designs will opt for the greater potential offered by 32-bit devices.
Those market watchers are still waiting for their prediction to come true. In fact, users of 8-bit MCUs are now as likely to discover scope for increased processor throughput and higher system performance in the latest generation of 8-bit MCUs as they are in low-cost 32-bit alternatives. And by sticking with an 8-bit processing platform, design engineers benefit from the use of familiar development tools and instruction sets and the potential to re-use existing application code, as well as the high-current capability and superior robustness of 8-bit devices.
This article describes the latest architecture of the market-leading family of 8-bit PIC® MCUs from Microchip, showing how it provides the effect of increasing CPU bandwidth without requiring an increase in bit width.
Architectural breakthrough in new-generation 8-bit MCUsWhen a design engineer is considering upgrading a design from an 8-bit MCU to a 32-bit MCU, it is normally at least in part because the 8-bit MCU’s CPU is acting as a bottleneck, slowing down the running of application code and impairing the system’s ability to run real-time applications deterministically.
By implementing the design on an MCU with a 32-bit processor such as an Arm® Cortex®-M series core, this bottleneck is immediately removed, although the enhanced processing capability comes at the cost of higher power consumption and code complexity.
Migration to 32-bit computing, then, solves the bottleneck problem by dramatically widening the neck of the bottle: many more instructions are then able to pass through the CPU.
A different solution to the same problem is to create additional, parallel computing resources, dramatically reducing the number of instructions which have to pass through the 8-bit CPU bottleneck, while still supporting additional and more sophisticated functions and providing higher system performance. This is the solution now being offered by Microchip in its latest range of 8-bit PIC® MCUs.
The way it has achieved this is by creating an architecture consisting, as before, of a single 8-bit CPU, but now supplemented by a wide range of Core-Independent Peripherals (CIPs). Each CIP is a hardware resource which supports a fixed function. The functions that Microchip has chosen to support with CIPs are well matched to the typical 8-bit user’s requirements. They include an array of analogue capabilities, PWM and waveform generators, timers including an angular timer and charge time measurement, logic and math functions, monitoring functions, wired and wireless communication peripherals, touch sensing and display controller modules, and power-management peripherals.
Clearly, there will be some among the 8-bit user community who are implementing functions not provided by CIPs, and who will not be helped by the new architecture. But most mainstream 8-bit designs are catered for by the selection of CIPs available in new PIC® MCUs.
By ‘core-independent peripherals’, Microchip means hardware resources which run autonomously in the background, without needing to continually transmit interrupt signals to the CPU. By offloading functions to CIPs, the designer can reduce the processing burden on the CPU.
The way that CIPs might be used in practice can be illustrated through the example of a toaster – a classic 8-bit application. First, the components of the toaster’s switch-mode power supply can be assembled from CIPs, including:• programmable switch-mode controller• 10-bit or 16-bit PWM drivers• high-speed comparators• a DAC• slope compensation
Since a toaster’s heating elements draw a high current, there is a risk of generating EMI, of causing clicks and pops, and of stressing system components when the toaster is turned on. An 8-bit PIC® MCU can eliminate this risk by implementing zero-voltage switching. Again the CIP components are available to implement this function: an analogue zero-crossing detection function is provided, and an angular timer can measure the intervals between zero-voltage points. This allows the designer to time the turn-on of the heating elements at a zero-crossing point, or at any chosen point between zero-voltage events.
Fig. 1: A complex state machine implemented in software requires intensive processor operation
Fig. 2: A simple pixel control circuit based on a configurable logic cell replaces a function which would typically be implemented in firmware in a conventional MCU design
T E C H N I C A L V I E W
F O L L O W U S N O W – S E A R C H F T M B O A R D C L U B O N22
READ THIS ARTICLE TO FIND OUT ABOUT:
• How Microchip has extended the capability of core-independent peripherals to increase the effective bandwidth of its 8-bit MCUs
• Common functions that are suitable for implementation in core-independent peripherals
• Core-independent peripherals in action: automatic display brightness control
By Ian FosberryField Applications Engineer, Future Electronics
