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Issues in Veterinary Science
Nick Kriek, Dean
Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria
What is veterinary science?
The veterinary profession exists globally and plays a critical role in many fields pertaining to the health of animals and the health and welfare of humankind
The veterinary profession in South Africa 2500 registered veterinarians 70% in private practice 70% of those in small animal practice 30% in public practice 150 Specialists
Companion animal practice
Dogs and cats Other animals kept as pets Horses Horse-racing industry
Other types of private practice
Mixed practice Production animal practice
Cattle Small stock Pigs Poultry
Wildlife
Public practice
Governmental regulatory veterinary services Disease surveillance Diagnostic laboratories Epidemiology, GIS and other data-
management systems Disease control
Public practice
Certification Import-export control Policy development Public health
Research
Public practice
Academia Para-statals (ARC, MRC, NRF, etc) NGOs (PPF, PFI, MPI, Organised
agriculture and related activities, etc) Industry
Pharmaceutical companies Feed industry
Public practice - CPAs
Adequate and sustainable amounts of food for human consumption
Safe food Control of zoonotic diseases Control of serious animal diseases (TADs) Bio-terrorism Veterinary public health
Public practice - CPAs
Diagnostic services Import/export control Conservation of biodiversity Environmental health Wildlife, livestock, farming and
communities interface Research
Critical factors: contribution by the veterinary profession Enabling the economic production of
Sustainable and sufficient amounts of Safe animal protein, and By-products needed by various manufacturing sectors
Veterinary public health Increasing the health and welfare of the
communities of South Africa indirectly through poverty reduction and wealth creation, and
Animal welfare
Developing world
Implementation of policies to drive development: Poverty reduction Provision of sustainable sources of animal protein Control of zoonoses Control of important diseases of animals (epidemic
and TADs), and Primary health care specifically to benefit humans
Problems with delivery
Service delivery: perceptions Regulatory services
The current disarray because of decentralisation
Disease surveillance Inadequate disease surveillance because of
Decentralised management The different priorities, standards and norms Lack of human and financial resources, and Decrease in quality and functionality of diagnostic
laboratories
Data management and GIS systems are inadequate
Diagnostic services Decline of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
(OVI) as a national reference laboratory (Ministerial Report – Minister of Science and Technology - The status of research at the OVI, OBP and the Faculty of Veterinary Science)
Provincial, regional and state veterinary laboratories: Lack of Human resources Infrastructure Laboratory apparatus, and
to sustain the activities on an adequate level
National and provincial departments of agriculture
Norms and standards differ Constitutional dilemma Sustainability of current system Impact on the control of diseases Impact on acceptability of certification International status
Research
Decline in research capacity: OVI Historical institutional poor research output of
the Veterinary Faculties
Rural private practice
Decline in numbers and involvement Universal trend Reasons varied and complex Impact on commercial and emerging
farming sectors
Human resources
Numerous vacancies for veterinarians and technologists
Pronounced effect on the standards of services provided
The post establishments do not necessarily reflect the optimal numbers of employees
Little or no provision made for career paths and
No provision for recognition of specialists
Perceptions that employment in veterinary services and in public health in particular, is not an acceptable career path
The training of veterinarians
Veterinary training
The nature of training, and The activities of the veterinary profession cannot
remain as they are at the moment Should they not change
The profession may find itself irrelevant in a society where the necessary services may then be offered by other professions and disciplines more suited to address the various needs
Veterinary education in SA: Regional and international issues
Regulatory veterinary medicine Risk management Epidemiology Certification Import-export control
Veterinary education in SA: Regional and international issues Diagnostics Zoonoses Data management Veterinary public health
Veterinary education in SA: Drivers
Impossible to fully train a veterinarian that will be able to address all the needs of the various sectors
Future of the current veterinary curriculum Expanding needs and levels of
sophistication of the various sectors
Veterinary education: perceptions A perceived bias in the training programme on
companion animals and private practice The single faculty causes an unacceptable
degree of inbreeding Faculty lacks the capacity to address the diverse
needs of the South African livestock sector and of Government
Inadequately financed A lack of competency in research
Veterinary education: perceptions
Too few black and coloured veterinarians Training is too long and expensive Inappropriate training from the perspective
of Government and certain sectors of industry and organised agriculture
The expanding content and sophistication of veterinary training
Options in veterinary training
Tracking or streaming within a single curriculum
A degree of pre-graduate ‘specialization’,
or
Eventually, the development of two or
more independent degree programmes
Options in veterinary training Two or more different programmes Basic generic (core) training Emphasis on different fields of activity:
Large animal practice with emphasis on management (financial and farm)
Mixed animal practice Regulatory veterinary medicine Wildlife and environmental health practice Small animal practice Equine practice
Needs to implement changes in training programme Changes in the Veterinary and Para-
veterinary Act Perceptions of the profession and the
general public Political awareness and will to change Urgency of the matter – time-lag
Specific issues to deal with
Specific issues to deal with
A total lack of awareness of what veterinarians do A general perception that veterinarians are doctors of
pets There is a perceived low status of the profession in
society The income of veterinarians, be they in private of public
practice, does not compare favourably with those of the professions
The working hours of veterinarians are long and the work is physical
Specific issues to deal with
The training period is long and the programme is expensive
The programme is difficult and the volume of material overwhelming
There are perceptions that the University of Pretoria imposes special restrictions to limit access to black students
Specific issues to deal with There is a perception that the University of
Pretoria remains an exclusively white, Afrikaans university
There is a perception that the environment on the Onderstepoort campus is foreign and does not cater for the needs of black students
There are perceptions that there may be elements of racism on the Onderstepoort campus that make life difficult for the black students
Veterinary specialization
Postgraduate programmes and specialization
There is a lack of adequate post-graduate programmes in certain fields of activity
Areas needed by Government to fulfil its needs and obligations
International criteria pertaining to certification
Proposed actions
(Recruitment strategy document: Dept of Agriculture and Land Affairs)
Proposed actions
Create an integrated and fully functional national state veterinary service
Develop a marketing plan Create awareness Develop a comprehensive organizational
diagram outlining the full complement of required staff
Proposed actions
Develop a financial plan Develop and implement a suitable
recruitment programme Attend to the needs of transformation Attend to the needs of Government Consider the possibility of attracting trained
veterinarians from SADC countries and elsewhere in Africa
Proposed actions
Consider utilising veterinarians already retired to act as mentors
Facilitate student recruitment from the designated groups
Facilitate the development and implementation of suitable formal training programmes
Proposed actions
Recruit suitable employees Improve levels of training Develop and implement a retention strategy Improve working conditions Develop adequate infrastructure
commensurate with the expected levels of activity and within the context of accreditation and international quality control requirements
Proposed actions
Liaise with role players Facilitate adequate and appropriate
training Facilitate adaptation of formal training
programmes Ensure financial security and sustainability
Sustainability of the Faculty of Veterinary Science Recognition that it is the only faculty of its
kind in SA Recognition of its relevance Recognition of its strategic importance for
the country Recognition of its vulnerability Recognition of its financial insecurity
Financial issues
INCOME
Subsidy (old SAPSE formula) R35,162 m
Tuition fees R7,214 m
Own income R6,577 m
Total Income R48,953 m
Income and Expenditure
Faculty of Veterinary Science for 2001
EXPENDITURE R (2001)m
Remuneration of staff C1 Instruction and research staffC2 Administrative staffC3 Service workers
R29,125 mR18,189 mR 3,552 m
Sub total: Staff costs R50,866 m
Expenditure on supplies (services, small capital items, research allocation, etc)
R13,508 m
Sub total: Direct cost R64,374 m
Overhead costs of Faculty R27,172 m
Total expenditure R91,546 m
Deficit [Expenditure less income] before ad hoc allocation (DoE)
(R42,593 m)
Ad hoc allocation (DoE) R16,500 m
Deficit [Expenditure less income] after ad hoc allocation (DoE)
(R26,093 m)
Comparison of Subsidy Generated for 2003 and 2004
Faculty2003 2004 Diff Diff %
R’000 R’000 R’000 R’000
Economic and Management Sciences
92 500 103 532 11 032 11,9%
Humanities 64 077 90 550 26 473 41,3%
Education 67 780 65 744 (2 036) -3,0%
Law 34 565 36 202 1 637 4,7%
Theology 12 272 27 166 14 894 121,0%
EBIT* 169 334 118 402 (50 932) -30,0%
Natural and Agricultural 130 791 138 962 8 171 7,4%
Health Sciences 124 218 116 859 (7 359) -5,9%
Veterinary Science 51 103 39 551 (11 552) -22,6%
Total 746 640 736 968 (9 672) -1,3%
EXPENDITURE R (2004)m
Remuneration of staff C1 Instruction and research staffC2 Administrative staffC3 Service workers
R33,033 mR25,611 mR 4,598 m
Sub total: Staff costs R63,242 m
Expenditure on supplies (services, small capital items, research allocation, etc)
R20,384 m
Sub total: Direct cost R83,626 m
Overhead costs of Faculty R27,224 m
Total Expenditure R110,850 m
Faculty of Veterinary Science: Actual income and expenditure for 2004
INCOME
Subsidy (old SAPSE formula) R39,550 m
Tuition fees R11,766 m
Own income R7,526 m
Total income R58,842 m
Deficit (Expenditure less income) before ad hoc allocation (DoE)
(R52,008 m)
Ad hoc allocation (DoE) 0
Deficit (Expenditure less income) after ad hoc allocation (DoE)
(R52,008 m)
Comparative cost of training of health professionals per student for 2002/2003 (Gauteng)
Programme Cost to UPR
Additional funding for training
(Prov./National)R
Total cost of training
R
Medicine 71 313 144,099 215 412
Dentistry 111 623 209,800 321 423
Veterinary 194 021 0 194 021
Laboratories/Units
Income (R)Operating
expenses(R)
Salaries (R) Overheads (R)Total
Expenditure (R) Shortfall (R)
Tropical Diseases labs
285,890 428,487 2,597,650 678,641 3,704,778 3,418,888
Clinical Pathology 364,144 437,215 835,697 716,020 1,988,932 1,624,789
Paraclinical Sciences
309,872 363,808 979,810 893,145 2,236,763 1,926,891
Production Animal Studies
1,996,800 1,628,736 847,698 634,278 3,110,712 1,113,912
Electron Microscopy
26,824 139,113 441,895 300,189 881,197 854,373
In vitro Fertilisation 1,304 12,842 63,206 317,140 393,188 391,8844
RIA 146,487 147,834 239,645 317,140 704,619 558,132
Subtotal 3,153,012 3,149,314 6,207,850 3,839,600 13,196,764 10,043,752
OVAH1 5,703,524 5,989,822 9,611,272 3,902,814 19,503,908 13,800384
CACS2 0 0 4,432,214 1,432,041 5,864,255 5,864,255
PAS3 0 0 2,360,349 1,268,559 3,628,908 3,628,909
Subtotal 5,703,524 5,898,822 16,403,835 6,603,414 28,906,071 23,293,548
OTAU 203,000 423,888 22,754,018 1,381,347 24,559,253 4,356,253
Buildings 0 0 0 1,663,435 1,663,435 1,663,435
Subtotal 203,000 423,888 2,754,018 3,044,781 6,222,687 6,019,687
Total 9,059,536 9,563,024 25,365,703 13,487,794 48,416,521 39,356,985
Recapitalization
The veterinary academic hospital was extensively upgraded in 1992
During the 13 years since this upgrading, the hospital equipment and equipment in research and diagnostic laboratories have deteriorated
Recapitalization needed for the: Veterinary academic hospital, Ambulatory and outpatient clinics, Herd health, and Diagnostic support and research laboratories
The cost of recapitalization is estimated to be in the region of R64,8m
PROPOSALS
It is proposed that the Department of Education consider:
Adapting the New Funding Framework to facilitate a special subsidy allocation to defray the enormous cost connected with The administration, Maintenance and operation of a veterinary academic hospital
complex, Research and diagnostic support laboratories, and The animal farm (OTAU)
PROPOSALS
Enter into negotiations with the National Department of Agriculture and the Department of Science and Technology to
Explore possible alternative sources of financing for those components of the
Veterinary academic hospital at Onderstepoort, e.g. the large animal component, and the
Research and diagnostic support laboratories Farm animal facility
PROPOSALS
Possible alternatives of financing the pressing need for refurbishing the theatres, wards, instruments, apparatus, and allied support laboratories in the veterinary academic hospital, and
Allocating a special grant for this purpose
The future of Veterinary Science in SA
Critical decisions to be made Relevance Funding National and provincial structures Post establishment Recognition of specialization Globalization and regionalization