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Issues with the Articles of Confederation:
Weak federal government, power rested with the states
Congress could not tax
Congress could not regulate trade between the states
Congress could not make states obey trade treaties with foreign nations
Each state had only one vote
No Executive branch
No Court system
Needed 9 of 13 votes to pass laws
Needed all 13 state votes to amend
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Shay’s Rebellion
Falling crop prices hurt MA farmers, many of whom fought in Revolutionary War
Farmers wrote to Legislature for lower taxes and no more foreclosures but were ignored
Daniel Shays led hundreds to courthouses to scare bankruptcy judges but rebellion was crushed when small army was sent to restore order
Disorder got many people thinking if this nation was ungovernable under the Articles
1786 - Representatives from five states met in Annapolis, Maryland to discuss trade issues
1787 - Congress invited all 13 states to Philadelphia “for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.”
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Delegates to the Convention:
55 delegates from 12 states
They had more political experience that any comparable gathering of leaders of any newly independent nation at any time in history
President: George Washington
Delaware: John Dickinson
Virginia: James Madison, Edmund Randolph
South Carolina:Charles Pinckney
Connecticut: Roger Sherman
New York: Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey: William Paterson
Pennsylvania: Ben Franklin, Gouvenor Morris
Rhode Island did not send a representative
“the home of the otherwise minded
Research a delegate
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Debates:
Should representatives in legislature be determined by population or should each state have an equal number of votes
If representation is based on population, how should slaves be counted; as property or people?
How should we elect a chief executive?
How can we keep one branch from getting more powerful than another
What powers should the national government have
What powers should stay with states
Agreed: National Government with 3 branches
THE GREAT COMPROMISE - REPRESENTATION
New Jersey PlanEach state gets an equal number of representatives
Small States planWilliam Paterson
Problem:How should states be
represented in Congress
CompromiseRepresentation in Senate
based on NEW JERSEY plan, Representation in
House based on VIRGINIA plan
two-house legislatureRoger ShermanVirginia Plan
Base representation on population larger states get
more representativesEdmund Randolph
Proposals
Northern Stateshad few slaves
Slaves should not count for representation in the Housebut should count for taxes
Southern Stateshad a large slave population
Slaves should count for representation
in the House but not for taxes
Compromisethree out of every five slaves
would be counted in the population of a state for
representation in the House and for taxes
Three-Fifths Compromise
How do slaves count for population
1. In House of Representatives 2. Direct Taxes to national government
V
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More Issues over Slavery
A. Slave Trade
North
Congress should regulate trade between states and foreign countries
South
Congress might use power to regulate trade to tax their exports and stop slave trade
Commerce Compromise
Congress could regulate trade between states and with foreign countries.
Congress could tax imports but not exports and could not stop slave trade until 1808
B. Runaway Slaves
Could not get freedom by running to a free state. They would be sent back.
Count the words
Article 1Sections 1 - 10
Aricle 2Sections 1 - 4
Article 3Sections 1 - 3
Legislative Branchmakes the LAWS
Executive BranchENFORCES the laws
Judicial BranchJUDGES the laws
Two Houses
Senate
Each statehas 2 reps
N.J.
House of Reps
based onpopulati
onVA
Article 4 - Relations among StatesArticle 5 -Amending the Constitution
Article 6 - National Debts, Supremacy of National Laws, OathsArticle 7 - Ratification
AMENDMENTS
United States Constitution the highest law in the land
Legislative Branch Makes lawsSenate House of
Representatives• 2 elected representative from each state• Must be 30 years old, a citizen for 9 years and live in the state they represent• Serve for six years• V.P is President of Senate• Elects a president-pro-tempore to preside when V.P. is absent
• Number of representatives from each state is based on population, which is why the country has a census every 10 years• Must be 25 years old, a citizen for 7 years, and live in the state they represent• Serve for 2 years• Elects a Speaker as the President of the House
Powers: Checks & Balance:Tax Can override a Presidential veto with 2/3 voteBorrow Money Can impeach or remove a PresidentRegulate Trade with foreign nations and states Can refuse to appoint a presidential nomineeEstablish weights and measures Can refuse to ratify a presidential treatyPunish counterfeitingDeclare WarCreate an army and navy Can refuse to confirm a judicial nomineeEstablish a postal service Can propose a constitutional AmendmentCoin money Can impeach or remove judges
Executive Branch Enforces Laws
President: Vice President: Cabinet 35 years old President of Senate Secretary of State a born citizen Succeeds the President serve a total of 10 yrs Serve a total of 10 yrs Secretary of Defense Electoral College Electoral College Secretary of Treasury
Powers: Checks and BalancesCommander – in – Chief of Military Veto Bills Make Treaties with foreign nations Call Special Session of CongressMakes annual report on the state of the nation once a year Recommend Laws
Appoints cabinet, ambassadors, and Supreme Court Justices Appoints Supreme Court Justices
Grants reprieves or delays punishment of crimes against the U.S. Grants Pardons
Judicial Branch Judges LawsSupreme Court
9 Justices appointed for life
District and Appeals Courts
Powers•Hear cases about Constitution, federal laws, or treaties•Hear cases involving ambassadors, shipping, or disputes • between states•Hear cases of suits brought by citizens against other countries•Hears cases involving Treason
CHECKS & BALANCES• Can declare laws unconstitutional• Can rule that laws of executive acts are unconstitutional• Presides over impeachment trials
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